apply storage changes

Merge branch 'master' into image_animations
Merge pull request #5879 from PerBothner/image-ext
2026-08-30 22:31:27 +02:00 · 2026-08-30 22:21:04 +02:00 · 2026-08-30 22:11:27 +02:00 · 2026-08-30 12:40:59 -07:00 · 2026-08-30 08:52:48 -07:00 · 2026-08-28 22:15:05 +02:00
687 changed files with 40604 additions and 34323 deletions
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+---
+name: benchmark
+description: Run and author benchmark tests in xterm.js. Use when editing benchmark files, working in `*.benchmark.ts`, or when asked how to run the full benchmark suite, a single benchmark file, or a single benchmark case.
+---
+
+# Benchmark Run Instructions
+
+## Running Benchmarks
+
+- Full suite: `npm run benchmark`
+- Single benchmark file:
+  - Tree: `npm run benchmark -- -t out-test/benchmark/Event.benchmark.js`
+  - Run file: `npm run benchmark -- -s "out-test/benchmark/Event.benchmark.js" out-test/benchmark/Event.benchmark.js`
+- Single context/case:
+  - Use `-t` to get the path, then:
+  - `npm run benchmark -- -s "<path>" out-test/benchmark/Event.benchmark.js`
+
+## Benchmark Case Selection
+
+When writing benchmark instructions:
+
+- Use `RuntimeCase` to measure pure runtime in ms.
+- Use `ThroughputRuntimeCase` when measuring throughput in MB/s.
+
+## Notes
+
+- Benchmarks run from built JS in `out-test/benchmark/*.benchmark.js`.
+- Keep `NODE_PATH=./out` (handled by the npm script).
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
 ---
-applyTo: '**/*.test.ts'
+name: unit-test
+description: Write and review xterm.js unit tests with project conventions. Use when editing `*.test.ts` files or when asked for test authoring guidelines.
 ---
-When writing unit tests follow these rules:
+
+# Unit Test Instructions
+
+When writing unit tests, follow these rules:

 - When writing unit tests for addons, always create a real xterm.js instance instead of mocking it.
 - Prefer `assert.ok` over `assert.notStrictEqual` when checking something is undefined or not.
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 {
  "name": "xterm.js",
-  "image": "mcr.microsoft.com/devcontainers/typescript-node:18-bookworm",
+  "image": "mcr.microsoft.com/devcontainers/typescript-node:22-bookworm",
  "features": {
    "ghcr.io/devcontainers/features/node:1": {
-      "version": 18
+      "version": 22
    } // yarn
  },
  "forwardPorts": [
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ indent_style = space
 indent_size = 2
 insert_final_newline = true
 trim_trailing_whitespace = true
-end_of_line = lf

 [*.{j,t}s]
 max_line_length = 100
@@ -1,273 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "env": {
-    "browser": true,
-    "es2021": true,
-    "node": true
-  },
-  "parser": "@typescript-eslint/parser",
-  "parserOptions": {
-    "project": [
-      "demo/tsconfig.json",
-      "src/browser/tsconfig.json",
-      "src/common/tsconfig.json",
-      "src/headless/tsconfig.json",
-      "src/vs/tsconfig.json",
-      "test/benchmark/tsconfig.json",
-      "test/playwright/tsconfig.json",
-      "addons/addon-attach/src/tsconfig.json",
-      "addons/addon-attach/test/tsconfig.json",
-      "addons/addon-clipboard/src/tsconfig.json",
-      "addons/addon-clipboard/test/tsconfig.json",
-      "addons/addon-fit/src/tsconfig.json",
-      "addons/addon-fit/test/tsconfig.json",
-      "addons/addon-image/src/tsconfig.json",
-      "addons/addon-image/test/tsconfig.json",
-      "addons/addon-ligatures/src/tsconfig.json",
-      "addons/addon-progress/src/tsconfig.json",
-      "addons/addon-progress/test/tsconfig.json",
-      "addons/addon-search/src/tsconfig.json",
-      "addons/addon-search/test/tsconfig.json",
-      "addons/addon-serialize/src/tsconfig.json",
-      "addons/addon-serialize/test/tsconfig.json",
-      "addons/addon-serialize/benchmark/tsconfig.json",
-      "addons/addon-unicode11/src/tsconfig.json",
-      "addons/addon-unicode11/test/tsconfig.json",
-      "addons/addon-unicode-graphemes/src/tsconfig.json",
-      "addons/addon-unicode-graphemes/test/tsconfig.json",
-      "addons/addon-unicode-graphemes/benchmark/tsconfig.json",
-      "addons/addon-web-links/src/tsconfig.json",
-      "addons/addon-web-links/test/tsconfig.json",
-      "addons/addon-webgl/src/tsconfig.json",
-      "addons/addon-webgl/test/tsconfig.json"
-    ],
-    "sourceType": "module"
-  },
-  "ignorePatterns": [
-    "addons/*/src/third-party/*.ts",
-    "src/vs/*",
-    "out/*",
-    "out-test/*",
-    "out-esbuild/*",
-    "out-esbuild-test/*",
-    "**/inwasm-sdks/*",
-    "**/typings/*.d.ts",
-    "**/node_modules",
-    "**/*.js",
-    "**/*.mjs"
-  ],
-  "plugins": [
-    "@stylistic/ts",
-    "@typescript-eslint",
-    "jsdoc"
-  ],
-  "rules": {
-    "@stylistic/ts/indent": [
-      "warn",
-      2
-    ],
-    "@stylistic/ts/semi": [
-      "warn",
-      "always"
-    ],
-    "@stylistic/ts/quotes": [
-      "warn",
-      "single",
-      { "allowTemplateLiterals": true }
-    ],
-
-    "@typescript-eslint/array-type": [
-      "warn",
-      {
-        "default": "array",
-        "readonly": "generic"
-      }
-    ],
-    "@typescript-eslint/consistent-type-assertions": "warn",
-    "@typescript-eslint/consistent-type-definitions": "warn",
-    "@typescript-eslint/explicit-function-return-type": [
-      "warn",
-      {
-        "allowExpressions": true
-      }
-    ],
-    "@typescript-eslint/explicit-member-accessibility": [
-      "warn",
-      {
-        "accessibility": "explicit",
-        "overrides": {
-          "constructors": "off"
-        }
-      }
-    ],
-    "@typescript-eslint/member-delimiter-style": [
-      "warn",
-      {
-        "multiline": {
-          "delimiter": "semi",
-          "requireLast": true
-        },
-        "singleline": {
-          "delimiter": "comma",
-          "requireLast": false
-        }
-      }
-    ],
-    "@typescript-eslint/naming-convention": [
-      "warn",
-      { "selector": "default", "format": ["camelCase"],
-        "filter": {
-          "regex": "^[a-z]",
-          "match": true
-        }
-      },
-      // variableLike
-      { "selector": "variable", "format": ["camelCase", "UPPER_CASE"] },
-      { "selector": "variable", "filter": "^I.+Service$", "format": ["PascalCase"], "prefix": ["I"] },
-      // memberLike
-      { "selector": "memberLike", "modifiers": ["private"], "format": ["camelCase"], "leadingUnderscore": "require" },
-      { "selector": "memberLike", "modifiers": ["protected"], "format": ["camelCase"], "leadingUnderscore": "require" },
-      { "selector": "enumMember", "format": ["UPPER_CASE"] },
-      // memberLike - Allow enum-like objects to use UPPER_CASE
-      { "selector": "property", "modifiers": ["public"], "format": ["camelCase", "UPPER_CASE"],
-        "filter": {
-          "regex": "^[a-z]",
-          "match": true
-        }
-      },
-      // restrict on* naming for events only
-      { "selector": "method", "modifiers": ["public"], "format": ["camelCase", "UPPER_CASE"], "custom": {
-        "regex": "^on[A-Z].+",
-        "match": false
-      } },
-      { "selector": "method", "modifiers": ["private"], "format": ["camelCase"], "leadingUnderscore": "require", "custom": {
-        "regex": "^on[A-Z].+",
-        "match": false
-      } },
-      { "selector": "method", "modifiers": ["protected"], "format": ["camelCase"], "leadingUnderscore": "require", "custom": {
-        "regex": "^on[A-Z].+",
-        "match": false
-      } },
-      // typeLike
-      { "selector": "typeLike", "format": ["PascalCase"] },
-      { "selector": "interface", "format": ["PascalCase"], "prefix": ["I"] }
-    ],
-    "@typescript-eslint/no-confusing-void-expression": [
-      "warn",
-      { "ignoreArrowShorthand": true }
-    ],
-    "@typescript-eslint/no-useless-constructor": "warn",
-    "@typescript-eslint/prefer-namespace-keyword": "warn",
-    "@typescript-eslint/type-annotation-spacing": "warn",
-
-    "comma-dangle": [
-      "warn",
-      {
-        "objects": "never",
-        "arrays": "never",
-        "functions": "never"
-      }
-    ],
-    "curly": [
-      "warn",
-      "multi-line"
-    ],
-    "eol-last": "warn",
-    "eqeqeq": [
-      "warn",
-      "always"
-    ],
-    "jsdoc/check-alignment": 1,
-    "jsdoc/check-param-names": 1,
-    "jsdoc/no-multi-asterisks": 1,
-    "keyword-spacing": "warn",
-    "max-len": [
-      "warn",
-      {
-        "code": 1000, // Don't enforce for code
-        "comments": 100,
-        "ignoreTrailingComments": true,
-        "ignoreUrls": true,
-        "ignorePattern": "^ *((?<vt_comment>(//|\\*) @vt)|(?<table_comment>\\* \\| )|(?<commented_code>//  ))"
-      }
-    ],
-    "new-parens": "warn",
-    "no-duplicate-imports": "warn",
-    "no-else-return": [
-      "warn",
-      {
-        "allowElseIf": false
-      }
-    ],
-    "no-eval": "warn",
-    "no-extra-semi": "error",
-    "no-irregular-whitespace": "warn",
-    "no-restricted-imports": [
-      "warn",
-      {
-        "patterns": [
-          ".*\\/out\\/.*"
-        ]
-      }
-    ],
-    "no-restricted-syntax": [
-      "warn",
-      {
-        "selector": "CallExpression[callee.name='requestAnimationFrame']",
-        "message": "The global requestAnimationFrame() should be avoided, call it on the parent window from ICoreBrowserService."
-      },
-      {
-        "selector": "CallExpression[callee.name='cancelAnimationFrame']",
-        "message": "The global cancelAnimationFrame() should be avoided, call it on the parent window from ICoreBrowserService."
-      },
-      {
-        "selector": "CallExpression > MemberExpression[object.name='window'][property.name='requestAnimationFrame']",
-        "message": "window.requestAnimationFrame() should be avoided, call it on the parent window from ICoreBrowserService."
-      },
-      {
-        "selector": "CallExpression > MemberExpression[object.name='window'][property.name='cancelAnimationFrame']",
-        "message": "window.cancelAnimationFrame() should be avoided, call it on the parent window from ICoreBrowserService."
-      },
-      {
-        "selector": "MemberExpression[object.name='window'][property.name='devicePixelRatio']",
-        "message": "window.devicePixelRatio should be avoided, get it from ICoreBrowserService."
-      }
-    ],
-    "no-trailing-spaces": "warn",
-    "no-unsafe-finally": "warn",
-    "no-unused-vars": ["warn", {
-      "vars": "all",
-      "args": "none"
-    }],
-    "no-var": "warn",
-    "one-var": [
-      "warn",
-      "never"
-    ],
-    "object-curly-spacing": [
-      "warn",
-      "always"
-    ],
-    "prefer-const": "warn",
-    "spaced-comment": [
-      "warn",
-      "always",
-      {
-        "markers": ["/"],
-        "exceptions": ["-"]
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  "overrides": [
-    {
-      "files": [
-        "**/*.api.ts",
-        "**/*.test.ts"
-      ],
-      "rules": {
-        "object-curly-spacing": "off",
-        "max-len": "off",
-        "no-unused-vars": "off"
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
@@ -1,107 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "env": {
-    "browser": true,
-    "es2021": true,
-    "node": true
-  },
-  "parser": "@typescript-eslint/parser",
-  "plugins": [
-    "@stylistic/ts",
-    "@typescript-eslint",
-    "jsdoc"
-  ],
-  "rules": {
-    "@stylistic/ts/indent": [
-      "warn",
-      2
-    ],
-    "@stylistic/ts/semi": [
-      "warn",
-      "always"
-    ],
-    "@stylistic/ts/quotes": [
-      "warn",
-      "single",
-      { "allowTemplateLiterals": true }
-    ],
-
-    "@typescript-eslint/array-type": [
-      "warn",
-      {
-        "default": "array",
-        "readonly": "generic"
-      }
-    ],
-    "@typescript-eslint/explicit-function-return-type": [
-      "warn",
-      {
-        "allowExpressions": true
-      }
-    ],
-    "@typescript-eslint/member-delimiter-style": [
-      "warn",
-      {
-        "multiline": {
-          "delimiter": "semi",
-          "requireLast": true
-        },
-        "singleline": {
-          "delimiter": "comma",
-          "requireLast": false
-        }
-      }
-    ],
-    "@typescript-eslint/naming-convention": [
-      "warn",
-      { "selector": "typeLike", "format": ["PascalCase"] },
-      { "selector": "interface", "format": ["PascalCase"], "prefix": ["I"] }
-    ],
-    "@typescript-eslint/prefer-namespace-keyword": "warn",
-    "@typescript-eslint/type-annotation-spacing": "warn",
-
-    "comma-dangle": [
-      "warn",
-      {
-        "objects": "never",
-        "arrays": "never",
-        "functions": "never"
-      }
-    ],
-    "curly": [
-      "warn",
-      "multi-line"
-    ],
-    "eol-last": "warn",
-    "eqeqeq": [
-      "warn",
-      "always"
-    ],
-    "jsdoc/check-alignment": 1,
-    "jsdoc/check-param-names": 1,
-    "keyword-spacing": "warn",
-    "max-len": [
-      "warn",
-      {
-        "code": 1000, // Don't enforce for code
-        "comments": 80,
-        "ignoreUrls": true,
-        "ignorePattern": "^ *(?<ps_description>\\* Ps=)"
-      }
-    ],
-    "no-extra-semi": "error",
-    "no-irregular-whitespace": "warn",
-    "no-trailing-spaces": "warn",
-    "object-curly-spacing": [
-      "warn",
-      "always"
-    ],
-    "spaced-comment": [
-      "warn",
-      "always",
-      {
-        "markers": ["/"],
-        "exceptions": ["-"]
-      }
-    ]
-  }
-}
@@ -6,14 +6,19 @@ on:
  pull_request:
    branches: [ "master" ]

+permissions:
+  contents: read 
+
 jobs:
  build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    timeout-minutes: 10
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+    - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
    - name: Use Node.js 22.x
-      uses: actions/setup-node@v3
+      uses: actions/setup-node@a0853c24544627f65ddf259abe73b1d18a591444 # v5
      with:
        node-version: 22.x
        cache: 'npm'
@@ -62,11 +67,14 @@ jobs:
          ./addons/addon-web-links/lib/* \
          ./addons/addon-web-links/out/* \
          ./addons/addon-web-links/out-*/* \
+          ./addons/addon-web-fonts/lib/* \
+          ./addons/addon-web-fonts/out/* \
+          ./addons/addon-web-fonts/out-*/* \
          ./addons/addon-webgl/lib/* \
          ./addons/addon-webgl/out/* \
          ./addons/addon-webgl/out-*st/*
    - name: Upload artifacts
-      uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+      uses: actions/upload-artifact@b7c566a772e6b6bfb58ed0dc250532a479d7789f # v6
      with:
        name: build-artifacts
        path: compressed-build.zip
@@ -76,9 +84,11 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    timeout-minutes: 10
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+    - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
    - name: Use Node.js 22.x
-      uses: actions/setup-node@v3
+      uses: actions/setup-node@a0853c24544627f65ddf259abe73b1d18a591444 # v5
      with:
        node-version: 22.x
        cache: 'npm'
@@ -97,16 +107,18 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    timeout-minutes: 10
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+    - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
    - name: Use Node.js 22.x
-      uses: actions/setup-node@v3
+      uses: actions/setup-node@a0853c24544627f65ddf259abe73b1d18a591444 # v5
      with:
        node-version: 22.x
        cache: 'npm'
    - name: Install dependencies
      run: |
        npm ci
-    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+    - uses: actions/download-artifact@37930b1c2abaa49bbe596cd826c3c89aef350131 # v7
      with:
        name: build-artifacts
    - name: Unzip artifacts
@@ -126,6 +138,7 @@ jobs:
        exit $EXIT_CODE

  test-unit:
+    needs: build
    timeout-minutes: 20
    strategy:
      matrix:
@@ -133,21 +146,18 @@ jobs:
        runs-on: [ubuntu, macos, windows]
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.runs-on }}-latest
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+    - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
    - name: Use Node.js ${{ matrix.node-version }}.x
-      uses: actions/setup-node@v3
+      uses: actions/setup-node@a0853c24544627f65ddf259abe73b1d18a591444 # v5
      with:
        node-version: ${{ matrix.node-version }}.x
        cache: 'npm'
    - name: Install dependencies
      run: |
        npm ci
-    - name: Wait for build job
-      uses: NathanFirmo/wait-for-other-job@v1.1.1
-      with:
-        token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-        job: build
-    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+    - uses: actions/download-artifact@37930b1c2abaa49bbe596cd826c3c89aef350131 # v7
      with:
        name: build-artifacts
    - name: Unzip artifacts
@@ -163,6 +173,7 @@ jobs:
      run: npm run test-unit --forbid-only

  test-integration:
+    needs: build
    timeout-minutes: 20
    strategy:
      matrix:
@@ -171,9 +182,11 @@ jobs:
        browser: [chromium, firefox, webkit]
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.runs-on }}
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+    - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
    - name: Use Node.js ${{ matrix.node-version }}.x
-      uses: actions/setup-node@v3
+      uses: actions/setup-node@a0853c24544627f65ddf259abe73b1d18a591444 # v5
      with:
        node-version: ${{ matrix.node-version }}.x
        cache: 'npm'
@@ -182,12 +195,7 @@ jobs:
        npm ci
    - name: Install playwright
      run: npx playwright install --with-deps ${{ matrix.browser }}
-    - name: Wait for build job
-      uses: NathanFirmo/wait-for-other-job@v1.1.1
-      with:
-        token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-        job: build
-    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+    - uses: actions/download-artifact@37930b1c2abaa49bbe596cd826c3c89aef350131 # v7
      with:
        name: build-artifacts
    - name: Unzip artifacts
@@ -199,32 +207,36 @@ jobs:
          unzip -o compressed-build.zip
        fi
        ls -R
-    - name: Build demo
-      run: npm run esbuild-demo
+    - name: Build demo client
+      run: npm run esbuild-demo-client
+    - name: Build demo server
+      run: npm run esbuild-demo-server
    - name: Integration tests (core) # Tests use 50% workers to reduce flakiness
-      run: npm run test-integration-${{ matrix.browser }} --workers=50% --forbid-only --suite=core
+      run: npm run test-integration-${{ matrix.browser }} -- --workers=50% --forbid-only --suite=core
    - name: Integration tests (addon-attach)
-      run: npm run test-integration-${{ matrix.browser }} --workers=50% --forbid-only --suite=addon-attach
+      run: npm run test-integration-${{ matrix.browser }} -- --workers=50% --forbid-only --suite=addon-attach
    - name: Integration tests (addon-clipboard)
-      run: npm run test-integration-${{ matrix.browser }} --workers=50% --forbid-only --suite=addon-clipboard
+      run: npm run test-integration-${{ matrix.browser }} -- --workers=50% --forbid-only --suite=addon-clipboard
    - name: Integration tests (addon-fit)
-      run: npm run test-integration-${{ matrix.browser }} --workers=50% --forbid-only --suite=addon-fit
+      run: npm run test-integration-${{ matrix.browser }} -- --workers=50% --forbid-only --suite=addon-fit
    - name: Integration tests (addon-image)
-      run: npm run test-integration-${{ matrix.browser }} --workers=50% --forbid-only --suite=addon-image
+      run: npm run test-integration-${{ matrix.browser }} -- --workers=50% --forbid-only --suite=addon-image
    - name: Integration tests (addon-progress)
-      run: npm run test-integration-${{ matrix.browser }} --workers=50% --forbid-only --suite=addon-progress
+      run: npm run test-integration-${{ matrix.browser }} -- --workers=50% --forbid-only --suite=addon-progress
    - name: Integration tests (addon-search)
-      run: npm run test-integration-${{ matrix.browser }} --workers=50% --forbid-only --suite=addon-search
+      run: npm run test-integration-${{ matrix.browser }} -- --workers=50% --forbid-only --suite=addon-search
    - name: Integration tests (addon-serialize)
-      run: npm run test-integration-${{ matrix.browser }} --workers=50% --forbid-only --suite=addon-serialize
+      run: npm run test-integration-${{ matrix.browser }} -- --workers=50% --forbid-only --suite=addon-serialize
    - name: Integration tests (addon-unicode-graphemes)
-      run: npm run test-integration-${{ matrix.browser }} --workers=50% --forbid-only --suite=addon-unicode-graphemes
+      run: npm run test-integration-${{ matrix.browser }} -- --workers=50% --forbid-only --suite=addon-unicode-graphemes
    - name: Integration tests (addon-unicode11)
-      run: npm run test-integration-${{ matrix.browser }} --workers=50% --forbid-only --suite=addon-unicode11
+      run: npm run test-integration-${{ matrix.browser }} -- --workers=50% --forbid-only --suite=addon-unicode11
+    - name: Integration tests (addon-web-fonts)
+      run: npm run test-integration-${{ matrix.browser }} -- --workers=50% --forbid-only --suite=addon-web-fonts
    - name: Integration tests (addon-web-links)
-      run: npm run test-integration-${{ matrix.browser }} --workers=50% --forbid-only --suite=addon-web-links
+      run: npm run test-integration-${{ matrix.browser }} -- --workers=50% --forbid-only --suite=addon-web-links
    - name: Integration tests (addon-webgl)
-      run: npm run test-integration-${{ matrix.browser }} --workers=50% --forbid-only --suite=addon-webgl
+      run: npm run test-integration-${{ matrix.browser }} -- --workers=50% --forbid-only --suite=addon-webgl

  release-dry-run:
    needs: build
@@ -233,9 +245,11 @@ jobs:
      matrix:
        node-version: [22]
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+    - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
    - name: Use Node.js ${{ matrix.node-version }}.x
-      uses: actions/setup-node@v3
+      uses: actions/setup-node@a0853c24544627f65ddf259abe73b1d18a591444 # v5
      with:
        node-version: ${{ matrix.node-version }}.x
        cache: 'npm'
@@ -244,7 +258,7 @@ jobs:
        npm ci
    - name: Install playwright
      run: npx playwright install
-    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+    - uses: actions/download-artifact@37930b1c2abaa49bbe596cd826c3c89aef350131 # v7
      with:
        name: build-artifacts
    - name: Unzip artifacts
@@ -8,6 +8,11 @@ on:
  schedule:
    - cron: '41 17 * * 0'

+permissions:
+  actions: read          
+  contents: read          
+  security-events: write 
+
 jobs:
  analyze:
    name: Analyze
@@ -24,12 +29,14 @@ jobs:

    steps:
    - name: Checkout repository
-      uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
    - name: Initialize CodeQL
-      uses: github/codeql-action/init@v2
+      uses: github/codeql-action/init@8aad20d150bbac5944a9f9d289da16a4b0d87c1e # v4
      with:
        languages: ${{ matrix.language }}
    - name: Autobuild
-      uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@v2
+      uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@8aad20d150bbac5944a9f9d289da16a4b0d87c1e # v4
    - name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
-      uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@v2
+      uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@8aad20d150bbac5944a9f9d289da16a4b0d87c1e # v4
@@ -9,6 +9,9 @@ on:
    paths:
      - .github/workflows/copilot-setup-steps.yml

+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
  copilot-setup-steps:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
@@ -18,9 +21,11 @@ jobs:

    steps:
      - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
      - name: Use Node.js 22.x
-        uses: actions/setup-node@v3
+        uses: actions/setup-node@a0853c24544627f65ddf259abe73b1d18a591444 # v5
        with:
          node-version: 22.x
          cache: 'npm'
@@ -6,13 +6,18 @@ on:
    # without running tests to save time to publish
    branches: [ "master" ]

+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
  release:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+    - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
    - name: Use Node.js 22.x
-      uses: actions/setup-node@v3
+      uses: actions/setup-node@a0853c24544627f65ddf259abe73b1d18a591444 # v5
      with:
        node-version: 22.x
        cache: 'npm'
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ node_modules/
 .lock-wscript
 lib/
 out/
+out-demo/
 out-test/
 out-esbuild/
 out-esbuild-test/
@@ -16,11 +17,16 @@ docs/
 npm-debug.log
 /.idea/
 .env
+mise.toml
 build/
 .DS_Store
 yarn.lock
 test-results/

+# Tracing/debug files
+.cursor/nal-trace/
+.cursor/*.log
+
 # Keep bundled code out of Git
 dist/
 demo/dist/
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-Antonis Kalipetis <akalipetis@sourcelair.com>
-Antonis Kalipetis <akalipetis@sourcelair.com> <akalipetis@gmail.com>
-Daniel Imms <daimms@microsoft.com> <tyriar@tyriar.com>
-Paris Kasidiaris <paris@sourcelair.com>
-Paris Kasidiaris <pariskasidiaris@gmail.com>
-Thanasis Daglis <thanasis@sourcelair.com>
-Thanasis Daglis <thanasis@sourcelair.com> <ath.daglis@gmail.com>
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-NODE_PATH=./out
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-require:
-  - source-map-support/register
-reporter: spec
-color: true
-check-leaks: true
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-package-lock=false
@@ -1 +1 @@
-18
+22
@@ -0,0 +1,374 @@
+{
+  "$schema": "./node_modules/oxlint/configuration_schema.json",
+  "plugins": [
+    "import",
+    "typescript"
+  ],
+  "categories": {
+    "correctness": "off"
+  },
+  "options": {
+    "typeAware": true,
+    "maxWarnings": 0
+  },
+  "env": {
+    "builtin": true
+  },
+  "ignorePatterns": [
+    "addons/*/src/third-party/*.ts",
+    "**/out/*",
+    "**/out-test/*",
+    "**/out-esbuild/*",
+    "**/out-esbuild-test/*",
+    "**/inwasm-sdks/*",
+    "**/typings/*.d.ts",
+    "**/node_modules",
+    "**/*.js",
+    "**/*.mjs"
+  ],
+  "rules": {
+    "constructor-super": "error",
+    "for-direction": "error",
+    "getter-return": "error",
+    "no-async-promise-executor": "error",
+    "no-case-declarations": "error",
+    "no-class-assign": "error",
+    "no-compare-neg-zero": "error",
+    "no-cond-assign": "error",
+    "no-const-assign": "error",
+    "no-constant-binary-expression": "error",
+    "no-constant-condition": "error",
+    "no-control-regex": "error",
+    "no-debugger": "error",
+    "no-delete-var": "error",
+    "no-dupe-class-members": "error",
+    "no-dupe-else-if": "error",
+    "no-dupe-keys": "error",
+    "no-duplicate-case": "error",
+    "no-empty": "error",
+    "no-empty-character-class": "error",
+    "no-empty-pattern": "error",
+    "no-empty-static-block": "error",
+    "no-ex-assign": "error",
+    "no-extra-boolean-cast": "error",
+    "no-fallthrough": "error",
+    "no-func-assign": "error",
+    "no-global-assign": "error",
+    "no-import-assign": "error",
+    "no-invalid-regexp": "error",
+    "no-irregular-whitespace": "error",
+    "no-loss-of-precision": "error",
+    "no-misleading-character-class": "error",
+    "no-new-native-nonconstructor": "error",
+    "no-nonoctal-decimal-escape": "error",
+    "no-obj-calls": "error",
+    "no-prototype-builtins": "error",
+    "no-redeclare": "error",
+    "no-regex-spaces": "error",
+    "no-self-assign": "error",
+    "no-setter-return": "error",
+    "no-shadow-restricted-names": "error",
+    "no-sparse-arrays": "error",
+    "no-this-before-super": "error",
+    "no-unassigned-vars": "error",
+    "no-unexpected-multiline": "error",
+    "no-unreachable": "error",
+    "no-unsafe-finally": "error",
+    "no-unsafe-negation": "error",
+    "no-unsafe-optional-chaining": "error",
+    "no-unused-labels": "error",
+    "no-unused-private-class-members": "error",
+    "no-unused-vars": "error",
+    "no-useless-backreference": "error",
+    "no-useless-catch": "error",
+    "no-useless-escape": "error",
+    "no-with": "error",
+    "preserve-caught-error": "error",
+    "require-yield": "error",
+    "use-isnan": "error",
+    "valid-typeof": "error",
+    "no-array-constructor": "error",
+    "no-unused-expressions": "error",
+    "typescript/ban-ts-comment": "error",
+    "typescript/no-duplicate-enum-values": "error",
+    "typescript/no-empty-object-type": "error",
+    "typescript/no-explicit-any": "error",
+    "typescript/no-extra-non-null-assertion": "error",
+    "typescript/no-misused-new": "error",
+    "typescript/no-namespace": "error",
+    "typescript/no-non-null-asserted-optional-chain": "error",
+    "typescript/no-require-imports": "error",
+    "typescript/no-this-alias": "error",
+    "typescript/no-unnecessary-type-constraint": "error",
+    "typescript/no-unsafe-declaration-merging": "error",
+    "typescript/no-unsafe-function-type": "error",
+    "typescript/no-wrapper-object-types": "error",
+    "typescript/prefer-as-const": "error",
+    "typescript/prefer-namespace-keyword": "error",
+    "typescript/triple-slash-reference": "error",
+    "import/no-cycle": "error"
+  },
+  "overrides": [
+    {
+      "files": [
+        "**/*.ts",
+        "**/*.tsx",
+        "**/*.mts",
+        "**/*.cts"
+      ],
+      "rules": {
+        "constructor-super": "off",
+        "getter-return": "off",
+        "no-class-assign": "off",
+        "no-const-assign": "off",
+        "no-dupe-class-members": "off",
+        "no-dupe-keys": "off",
+        "no-func-assign": "off",
+        "no-import-assign": "off",
+        "no-new-native-nonconstructor": "off",
+        "no-obj-calls": "off",
+        "no-redeclare": "off",
+        "no-setter-return": "off",
+        "no-this-before-super": "off",
+        "no-unreachable": "off",
+        "no-unsafe-negation": "off",
+        "no-var": "error",
+        "no-with": "off",
+        "prefer-const": "error",
+        "prefer-rest-params": "error",
+        "prefer-spread": "error"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "files": [
+        "**/*.ts"
+      ],
+      "jsPlugins": [
+        "@stylistic/eslint-plugin",
+        {
+          "name": "jsdoc-js",
+          "specifier": "eslint-plugin-jsdoc"
+        },
+        "oxlint-plugin-eslint"
+      ],
+      "rules": {
+        "@stylistic/comma-spacing": [
+          "warn",
+          {
+            "before": false,
+            "after": true
+          }
+        ],
+        "@stylistic/indent": [
+          "warn",
+          2
+        ],
+        "@stylistic/semi": [
+          "warn",
+          "always"
+        ],
+        "@stylistic/quotes": [
+          "warn",
+          "single",
+          {
+            "allowTemplateLiterals": "always"
+          }
+        ],
+        "@stylistic/member-delimiter-style": [
+          "warn",
+          {
+            "multiline": {
+              "delimiter": "semi",
+              "requireLast": true
+            },
+            "singleline": {
+              "delimiter": "comma",
+              "requireLast": false
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "@stylistic/type-annotation-spacing": "warn",
+        "@stylistic/space-unary-ops": "warn",
+        "@stylistic/keyword-spacing": "warn",
+        "@stylistic/max-len": [
+          "warn",
+          {
+            "code": 1000,
+            "comments": 100,
+            "ignoreTrailingComments": true,
+            "ignoreUrls": true,
+            "ignorePattern": "^ *((?<vt_comment>(//|\\*) @vt)|(?<table_comment>\\* \\| )|(?<commented_code>//  ))"
+          }
+        ],
+        "@stylistic/new-parens": "warn",
+        "@stylistic/no-extra-semi": "error",
+        "@stylistic/no-trailing-spaces": "warn",
+        "eslint-js/object-curly-spacing": [
+          "warn",
+          "always"
+        ],
+        "@stylistic/spaced-comment": [
+          "warn",
+          "always",
+          {
+            "markers": [
+              "/"
+            ],
+            "exceptions": [
+              "-"
+            ]
+          }
+        ],
+        "jsdoc-js/check-alignment": "warn",
+        "jsdoc-js/check-param-names": "warn",
+        "jsdoc-js/multiline-blocks": "warn",
+        "jsdoc-js/no-multi-asterisks": "warn",
+        "eslint-js/one-var": [
+          "warn",
+          "never"
+        ],
+        "eslint-js/no-restricted-syntax": [
+          "warn",
+          {
+            "selector": "CallExpression[callee.name='requestAnimationFrame']",
+            "message": "The global requestAnimationFrame() should be avoided, call it on the parent window from ICoreBrowserService."
+          },
+          {
+            "selector": "CallExpression[callee.name='cancelAnimationFrame']",
+            "message": "The global cancelAnimationFrame() should be avoided, call it on the parent window from ICoreBrowserService."
+          },
+          {
+            "selector": "CallExpression > MemberExpression[object.name='window'][property.name='requestAnimationFrame']",
+            "message": "window.requestAnimationFrame() should be avoided, call it on the parent window from ICoreBrowserService."
+          },
+          {
+            "selector": "CallExpression > MemberExpression[object.name='window'][property.name='cancelAnimationFrame']",
+            "message": "window.cancelAnimationFrame() should be avoided, call it on the parent window from ICoreBrowserService."
+          },
+          {
+            "selector": "MemberExpression[object.name='window'][property.name='devicePixelRatio']",
+            "message": "window.devicePixelRatio should be avoided, get it from ICoreBrowserService."
+          }
+        ],
+        "curly": [
+          "warn",
+          "multi-line"
+        ],
+        "eqeqeq": [
+          "warn",
+          "always"
+        ],
+        "no-duplicate-imports": "warn",
+        "no-else-return": [
+          "warn",
+          {
+            "allowElseIf": false
+          }
+        ],
+        "no-eval": "warn",
+        "no-irregular-whitespace": "warn",
+        "no-restricted-imports": [
+          "warn",
+          {
+            "patterns": [
+              ".*\\/out\\/.*"
+            ]
+          }
+        ],
+        "no-unsafe-finally": "warn",
+        "no-unused-vars": "off",
+        "no-var": "warn",
+        "no-empty": "off",
+        "no-empty-pattern": "off",
+        "no-cond-assign": "off",
+        "no-case-declarations": "off",
+        "for-direction": "off",
+        "no-prototype-builtins": "off",
+        "no-useless-escape": "off",
+        "no-self-assign": "off",
+        "no-async-promise-executor": "off",
+        "prefer-rest-params": "off",
+        "no-control-regex": "off",
+        "no-fallthrough": "off",
+        "prefer-spread": "off",
+        "prefer-const": "warn",
+        "no-unused-expressions": "off",
+        "typescript/array-type": [
+          "warn",
+          {
+            "default": "array",
+            "readonly": "generic"
+          }
+        ],
+        "typescript/consistent-type-assertions": "warn",
+        "typescript/consistent-type-definitions": "warn",
+        "typescript/explicit-function-return-type": [
+          "warn",
+          {
+            "allowExpressions": true
+          }
+        ],
+        "typescript/explicit-member-accessibility": [
+          "warn",
+          {
+            "accessibility": "explicit",
+            "overrides": {
+              "constructors": "off"
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "typescript/no-confusing-void-expression": [
+          "warn",
+          {
+            "ignoreArrowShorthand": true
+          }
+        ],
+        "typescript/no-useless-constructor": "warn",
+        "typescript/prefer-nullish-coalescing": [
+          "warn",
+          {
+            "ignorePrimitives": true
+          }
+        ],
+        "typescript/prefer-namespace-keyword": "warn",
+        "typescript/no-unused-vars": [
+          "warn",
+          {
+            "vars": "all",
+            "args": "none"
+          }
+        ],
+        "typescript/no-require-imports": "off",
+        "typescript/no-explicit-any": "off",
+        "typescript/no-wrapper-object-types": "off",
+        "typescript/no-empty-object-type": "off",
+        "typescript/no-unsafe-function-type": "off",
+        "typescript/no-this-alias": "off",
+        "typescript/no-namespace": "off",
+        "typescript/no-duplicate-enum-values": "off"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "files": [
+        "**/*.api.ts",
+        "**/*.test.ts"
+      ],
+      "rules": {
+        "eslint-js/object-curly-spacing": "off",
+        "@stylistic/max-len": "off",
+        "typescript/no-unused-vars": "off",
+        "typescript/explicit-function-return-type": "off",
+        "typescript/explicit-member-accessibility": "off"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "files": [
+        "demo/**/*.ts",
+        "**/*.benchmark.ts"
+      ],
+      "rules": {
+        "typescript/prefer-nullish-coalescing": "off"
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+{
+  "$schema": "./node_modules/oxlint/configuration_schema.json",
+  "options": {
+    "maxWarnings": 0
+  },
+  "env": {
+    "builtin": true
+  },
+  "overrides": [
+    {
+      "files": [
+        "typings/**/*.d.ts"
+      ],
+      "plugins": [
+        "typescript"
+      ],
+      "jsPlugins": [
+        "@stylistic/eslint-plugin",
+        {
+          "name": "jsdoc-js",
+          "specifier": "eslint-plugin-jsdoc"
+        },
+        "oxlint-plugin-eslint"
+      ],
+      "rules": {
+        "@stylistic/indent": [
+          "warn",
+          2
+        ],
+        "@stylistic/semi": [
+          "warn",
+          "always"
+        ],
+        "@stylistic/quotes": [
+          "warn",
+          "single",
+          {
+            "allowTemplateLiterals": "always"
+          }
+        ],
+        "@stylistic/member-delimiter-style": [
+          "warn",
+          {
+            "multiline": {
+              "delimiter": "semi",
+              "requireLast": true
+            },
+            "singleline": {
+              "delimiter": "comma",
+              "requireLast": false
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "@stylistic/type-annotation-spacing": "warn",
+        "@stylistic/keyword-spacing": "warn",
+        "@stylistic/max-len": [
+          "warn",
+          {
+            "code": 1000,
+            "comments": 80,
+            "ignoreUrls": true,
+            "ignorePattern": "^ *(?<ps_description>\\* Ps=)"
+          }
+        ],
+        "@stylistic/no-extra-semi": "error",
+        "@stylistic/no-trailing-spaces": "warn",
+        "eslint-js/object-curly-spacing": [
+          "warn",
+          "always"
+        ],
+        "@stylistic/spaced-comment": [
+          "warn",
+          "always",
+          {
+            "markers": [
+              "/"
+            ],
+            "exceptions": [
+              "-"
+            ]
+          }
+        ],
+        "@stylistic/comma-dangle": [
+          "warn",
+          {
+            "objects": "never",
+            "arrays": "never",
+            "functions": "never"
+          }
+        ],
+        "@stylistic/eol-last": "warn",
+        "curly": [
+          "warn",
+          "multi-line"
+        ],
+        "eqeqeq": [
+          "warn",
+          "always"
+        ],
+        "jsdoc-js/check-alignment": "warn",
+        "jsdoc-js/check-param-names": "warn",
+        "no-irregular-whitespace": "warn",
+        "typescript/array-type": [
+          "warn",
+          {
+            "default": "array",
+            "readonly": "generic"
+          }
+        ],
+        "typescript/explicit-function-return-type": [
+          "warn",
+          {
+            "allowExpressions": true
+          }
+        ],
+        "typescript/prefer-namespace-keyword": "warn"
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+    "recommendations": [
+        "dbaeumer.vscode-eslint"
+    ]
+}
@@ -15,9 +15,6 @@
        "--recursive",
        "${workspaceRoot}/out/**/*.test.js"
      ],
-      "env": {
-        "NODE_PATH": "${workspaceRoot}/out"
-      },
      "sourceMaps": true,
      "outFiles": [ "${workspaceRoot}/out/**/*.js" ],
      "internalConsoleOptions": "openOnSessionStart"
@@ -61,7 +58,7 @@
      "runtimeExecutable": "npm",
      "runtimeArgs": ["start"],
      "stopOnEntry": true,
-      "runtimeVersion": "18",
+      "runtimeVersion": "22",
      "serverReadyAction": {
        "action": "openExternally",
        "pattern": "App listening to (http://.*?:[0-9]+)"
@@ -1,23 +1,4 @@
 {
-  "files.associations": {
-    ".eslintrc.json.typings": "jsonc"
-  },
-  "files.exclude": {
-    "**/.nyc_output": true
-  },
  "typescript.preferences.importModuleSpecifier": "non-relative",
-  "typescript.preferences.quoteStyle": "single",
-  "mochaExplorer.envPath": ".mocha.env",
-  "mochaExplorer.files": [
-    "out/**/*.test.js",
-    "addons/**/out/*.test.js",
-    "out-*/**/*.test.js",
-    "addons/**/out-*/*.test.js"
-  ],
-  "mochaExplorer.watch": [
-    "out/**/*.js",
-    "addons/**/out/*.js",
-    "out-*/**/*.js",
-    "addons/**/out-*/*.js"
-  ]
+  "typescript.preferences.quoteStyle": "single"
 }
@@ -10,13 +10,22 @@
  "tasks": [
    // Compound tasks
    {
-      "label": "Development",
-      "dependsOn": ["demo-server", "tsc", "esbuild", "esbuild-demo"],
+      "label": "dev",
+      "detail": "Runs all tasks required to run the demo in a single terminal using concurrently. This does not support problem matching.",
+      "type": "npm",
+      "script": "dev",
+      "isBackground": true,
      "group": {
        "kind": "build",
        "isDefault": true
      }
    },
+    {
+      "label": "dev (separate terminals)",
+      "detail": "Runs all tasks required to run the demo in separate terminals. This does support problem matching.",
+      "dependsOn": ["demo-server", "tsc", "esbuild", "esbuild-demo-client", "esbuild-demo-server"],
+      "group": "build"
+    },

    // Demo
    {
@@ -55,9 +64,21 @@
      }
    },
    {
-      "label": "esbuild-demo",
+      "label": "esbuild-demo-client",
      "type": "npm",
-      "script": "esbuild-demo-watch",
+      "script": "esbuild-demo-client-watch",
+      "dependsOn": ["esbuild", "tsc"],
+      "group": "build",
+      "isBackground": true,
+      "problemMatcher": "$esbuild-watch",
+      "presentation": {
+        "group": "xterm-demo"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "label": "esbuild-demo-server",
+      "type": "npm",
+      "script": "esbuild-demo-server-watch",
      "dependsOn": ["esbuild", "tsc"],
      "group": "build",
      "isBackground": true,
@@ -22,9 +22,12 @@ npm run build && npm run esbuild # Build all TypeScript and bundle
 **Testing**:
 - Unit tests: `npm run test-unit` (Mocha)
 - Unit tests filtering to file: `npm run test-unit -- **/fileName.ts
- Per-addon unit tests: `npm run test-unit addons/addon-image/out-esbuild/*.test.js`
+- Per-addon unit tests: `npm run test-unit -- addons/addon-image/out-esbuild/*.test.js`
 - Integration tests: `npm run test-integration` (Playwright across Chrome/Firefox/WebKit)
- Per-addon integration tests: `npm run test-integration --suite=addon-search`
+- Integration tests by file: `npm run test-integration -- test/playwright/InputHandler.test.ts`. Never use grep to filter tests, it doesn't work
+- Integration tests by addon: `npm run test-integration -- --suite=addon-search`. Suites always follow the format `addon-<something>`
+- Lint: `npm run lint` (oxlint with type-aware rules, then ESLint for `naming-convention` only), `npm run lint-api` for `typings/`, `npm run lint-fix` for oxlint auto-fix
+- Lint changes: `npm run lint-changes` to lint only changed files, `npm run lint-changes-fix` to fix them

 ## Addon Development Pattern

@@ -55,6 +58,13 @@ export class MyAddon implements ITerminalAddon {
 - Proposed APIs require `allowProposedApi: true` option
 - Constructor-only options (cols, rows) cannot be changed after instantiation

+**Disposable Management**:
+- When a disposable object can be replaced over time, prefer a registered `MutableDisposable` over manual dispose/reassign logic.
+- Register it on the owning class (for example, `this._register(new MutableDisposable())`) and assign through `.value`; this automatically disposes the previous value and avoids accidentally leaking resources.
+
+**TypeScript Constants**:
+- Prefer `const enum` over top-level `const` declarations for primitive constants when appropriate, since values are inlined and avoid runtime property lookups.
+
 **Testing Utilities**: Use `TestUtils.ts` helpers:
 - `openTerminal(ctx, options)` for setup
 - `pollFor(page, fn, expectedValue)` for async assertions
@@ -89,3 +99,15 @@ const cell = line?.getCell(0);
 ## Writing unit tests

 - Unit tests live alongside the source code file of the thing it's testing with a .test.ts suffix.
+
+## Cursor Cloud specific instructions
+
+**Demo server**: Start with `npm start` (port 3000). The demo server uses node-pty to spawn real shell sessions over WebSocket. Integration tests auto-start it via Playwright's `webServer` config, so you don't need to start it manually for `npm run test-integration`.
+
+**Build before testing**: Always run `npm run build && npm run esbuild` before `npm run test-unit`. Integration tests also need `npm run esbuild-demo-client` and `npm run esbuild-demo-server`. The update script handles this automatically on session start.
+
+**No external services**: This project has zero external dependencies (no databases, Docker, or APIs). Everything runs locally with Node.js.
+
+**TypeScript compiler**: The project uses `tsgo` (native TypeScript compiler preview) rather than standard `tsc`. It's installed via the `@typescript/native-preview` package.
+
+**Lint only changed files**: Prefer `npm run lint-changes` over `npm run lint` when iterating on code changes — it's significantly faster.
@@ -1,104 +1,50 @@
 # How to contribute to xterm.js

- [Opening issues for bug reports or feature requests](#opening-issues)
 - [Contributing code](#contributing-code)
+- [Opening issues](#opening-issues)
+- [Answering discussion questions](#answering-discussion-questions)
+
+## Contributing code
+
+You can find issues to work on by looking at issues labeled with [help wanted](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+label%3A%22help+wanted%22) or [good first issue](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+label%3A%22good+first+issue%22). It's a good idea to comment on the issue saying that you're looking into it, just in case someone else comes along and you duplicate work. Once you have your issue, here are the steps to contribute:
+
+- Fork [xterm.js](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/) ([how to fork a repo](https://help.github.com/articles/fork-a-repo)).
+- Get the [xterm.js demo](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/wiki/Contributing#running-the-demo) running.
+- Make the fix and verify it works in the demo. Be sure to follow thew general code style of the rest of the project.
+- If your changes are easy to test or likely to regress in the future, add tests. These could be unit or integration (playwright) tests.
+- Submit a pull request ([how to create a pull request](https://help.github.com/articles/fork-a-repo)).
+
+> ![TIP]
+> Don't put more than one feature or fix in a single pull request. The smaller pull requests are the easier they are to review and merge.
+
+By contributing code to xterm.js you:
+
+ - Agree to license the contributed code under xterm.js' [MIT license](LICENSE).
+ - Confirm that you have the right to contribute and license the code in question. This means that either you hold all rights on the code, or the rights holder has explicitly granted the right to use it like this, through a compatible open source license or through a direct agreement with you.

 ## Opening issues

 The preferred way to report bugs or request features is to use
-[GitHub issues](http://github.com/sourcelair/xterm.js/issues). Before
-opening an issue, read these pointers.
+[GitHub issues](http://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/issues).

-### Opening issues effectively
+### Creating great issues

- Include information about **the browser in which the problem occurred**. Even
-  if you tested several browsers, and the problem occurred in all of them,
-  mention this fact in the bug report. Also include browser version numbers and
-  the operating system that you're on.
+- Include information about **the browser in which the problem occurred** or the terminal being used. If you tested several browsers and the problem occurred in all of them, mention this fact in the bug report. Also include browser version numbers and the operating system that you're on.
+- Include the version of xterm.js being used, preferably either with the latest `beta` tagged release on npm or reproducing in the demo on the `master` branch.
+- Mention precisely what went wrong. What did you expect to happen? What happened instead? Describe the exact steps a maintainer has to take to make the problem occur.
+- If the problem can not be reproduced in the [demo of xterm.js](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/wiki/Contributing#running-the-demo), provide an HTML document that demonstrates the problem.
+- Be polite and follow [the code of conduct](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js?tab=coc-ov-file#readme).

- Mention which release of xterm.js you're using. Preferably, try also with
-  the current HEAD of the master branch, to ensure the problem has not already been
-  fixed.
+### Issue triaging philosophy

- Mention precisely what went wrong. What did you expect to happen? What happened instead? Describe the
-  exact steps a maintainer has to take to make the problem occur.
+It's pretty common for maintainers of large open source projects to suffer from burnout, especially when needing to triage a large number of incoming issues instead of actually building things. Here are some of the steps we take to try mitigate this:

- If the problem can not be reproduced in the [demo of xterm.js](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/wiki/Contributing#running-the-demo), please provide an HTML document that demonstrates the problem.
-
- Be polite. Issues with an indignant or belligerent tone tend to be moved to the
-  bottom of the pile.
+- Support questions live in [GH discussions](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/discussions), issues may be transferred there without further comment and core maintainers may or may not participate in discussions.
+- Issues are strictly for well defined features or bugs that are _actionable_.
+- Sometimes features are out of scope. A common example of this is a niche feature that the pricipal implementation ([VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/)) won't leverage and therefore would be difficult to maintain and likely suffer from bitrot. The reporter may not agree with this, but you could always create an addon if that works or maintain your own fork if it comes to that.
+- If a feature does not have a clear way forward or needs more discussion it may be closed ro moved to a discussion.
+- If a bug is not easily reproducible it may be closed or moved to a discussion. Generally issues that are labeled are something we want to do or has actionable steps to look into further.

 ## Answering discussion questions

-Issues are only meant to track (likely) feature requests and bugs. We use [GitHub Discussions](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/discussions) for general Q&A as well as discussing possible features. If you want to help out, many questions get asked over at the [discussions page](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/discussions) which could use an expert as the core team is often stretched thin.
-
-## Contributing code
-
-You can find issues to work on by looking at the [help wanted](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+label%3A%22help+wanted%22) or [good first issue](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+label%3A%22good+first+issue%22) issues. It's a good idea to comment on the issue saying that you're taking it, just in case someone else comes along and you duplicate work. Once you have your issue, here are the steps to contribute:
-
- Fork [xterm.js](https://github.com/sourcelair/xterm.js/)
-  ([how to fork a repo](https://help.github.com/articles/fork-a-repo)).
- Get the [xterm.js demo](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/wiki/Contributing#running-the-demo) running.
- Make your changes.
- If your changes are easy to test or likely to regress, add tests. Tests go into `test`, directory.
- Follow the general code style of the rest of the project (see below).
- Submit a pull request
-([how to create a pull request](https://help.github.com/articles/fork-a-repo)).
-  Don't put more than one feature/fix in a single pull request.
-
-By contributing code to xterm.js you:
-
- - Agree to license the contributed code under xterm.js' [MIT
-   license](LICENSE).
-
- - Confirm that you have the right to contribute and license the code
-   in question. (Either you hold all rights on the code, or the rights
-   holder has explicitly granted the right to use it like this,
-   through a compatible open source license or through a direct
-   agreement with you.)
-
-### Test coverage
-
-One area that always needs attention is improving out unit test coverage, you can view the code coverage report on [Azure Pipelines](https://dev.azure.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/_build/latest?definitionId=3) by clicking the Code Coverage tab.
-
-## Testing
-
-### Unit tests
-
-Unit tests are run with `npm run test-unit`:
-
-```sh
-# All unit tests
-npm run test-unit
-
-# Absolute file path
-npm run test-unit out-esbuild/browser/Terminal.test.js
-
-# Filter by wildcard
-npm run test-unit out-esbuild/**/Terminal.test.js
-
-# Specific addon unit tests tests
-npm run test-unit addons/addon-image/out-esbuild/*.test.js
-
-# Multiple files
-npm run test-unit out-esbuild/**/Terminal.test.js out-esbuild/**/InputHandler.test.js
-```
-
-These use mocha to run all `.test.js` files within the esbuild output (`out-esbuild/`).
-
-### Integration tests
-
-Integration tests are run with `npm run test-integration`:
-
-```sh
-# All integration tests
-npm run test-integration
-
-# Core integration tests
-npm run test-integration --suite=core
-
-# Specific addon integration tests
-npm run test-integration --suite=addon-search
-```
-
-These use `@playwright/test` to run all tests within the esbuild test output (`out-esbuild-test/`).
+Issues are only meant to track (likely) feature requests and bugs. We use [GitHub Discussions](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/discussions) for general Q&A as well as discussing possible features. If you want to help out, many questions get asked over at the [discussions page](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/discussions) which could use an expert as the core team is often stretched thin.
@@ -1,30 +1,59 @@
-# [![xterm.js logo](images/logo-full.png)](https://xtermjs.org)
+# [![xterm.js](images/logo-full.png)](https://xtermjs.org)

-Xterm.js is a front-end component written in TypeScript that lets applications bring fully-featured terminals to their users in the browser. It's used by popular projects such as VS Code, Hyper and Theia.
+Xterm.js is a frontend component that enables applications to bring fully-featured terminals to their users in the browser. It's used by popular projects such as [VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/) (and its forks), [Tabby](https://tabby.sh/) and [Hyper](https://hyper.is/).

 ## Features

 - **Terminal apps just work**: Xterm.js works with most terminal apps such as `bash`, `vim`, and `tmux`, including support for curses-based apps and mouse events.
- **Performant**: Xterm.js is *really* fast, it even includes a GPU-accelerated renderer.
+- **Performant**: Xterm.js is *really* fast and includes an optional GPU-accelerated renderer.
 - **Rich Unicode support**: Supports CJK, emojis, and IMEs.
- **Self-contained**: Requires zero dependencies to work.
- **Accessible**: Screen reader and minimum contrast ratio support can be turned on.
- **And much more**: Links, theming, addons, well documented API, etc.
+- **Self-contained**: The core library has zero dependencies.
+- **Accessible**: Screen reader mode and minimum contrast ratio support can be turned on.
+- **And much more**: Links, theming, custom glyphs, addons, well documented API, etc.

 ## What xterm.js is not

 - Xterm.js is not a terminal application that you can download and use on your computer.
- Xterm.js is not `bash`. Xterm.js can be connected to processes like `bash` and let you interact with them (provide input, receive output).
+- Xterm.js is not `bash`. Xterm.js can be connected to processes like `bash` and let you interact with them (provide input, receive output) through a library like [node-pty](https://github.com/microsoft/node-pty).

 ## Getting Started

-First, you need to install the module, we ship exclusively through [npm](https://www.npmjs.com/), so you need that installed and then add xterm.js as a dependency by running:
+First, you need to install the module. We ship exclusively through [npm](https://www.npmjs.com), so you need that installed and then add [@xterm/xterm](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@xterm/xterm) as a dependency by running:

 ```bash
-npm install @xterm/xterm
+npm install --save @xterm/xterm
 ```

-To start using xterm.js on your browser, add the `xterm.js` and `xterm.css` to the head of your HTML page. Then create a `<div id="terminal"></div>` onto which xterm can attach itself. Finally, instantiate the `Terminal` object and then call the `open` function with the DOM object of the `div`.
+The recommended way to load xterm.js with the ES module syntax, either using TypeScript or a modern JS tooling. Note that both CommonJS and ES module files are shipped with the npm package.
+
+```javascript
+import { Terminal } from '@xterm/xterm';
+```
+
+Then instantiate a `Terminal` object, open it on an element and write to it:
+
+```javascript
+const term = new Terminal();
+term.open(document.getElementById('terminal'));
+term.write('Hello from \x1B[1;3;31mxterm.js\x1B[0m $ ')
+```
+
+Most use cases will hook up input and output to a pseudoterminal API such as [node-pty](https://www.npmjs.com/package/node-pty) which will drive the terminal.
+
+```javascript
+pty.onData(data => term.write(data));
+term.onData(data => pty.write(data));
+```
+
+Then make sure to also include the `css/xterm.css` file, for example in HTML:
+
+```html
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="node_modules/@xterm/xterm/css/xterm.css" />
+```
+
+### Standalone example
+
+Here is a complete standalone example in a HTML file:

 ```html
 <!doctype html>
@@ -36,7 +65,7 @@ To start using xterm.js on your browser, add the `xterm.js` and `xterm.css` to t
    <body>
      <div id="terminal"></div>
      <script>
-        var term = new Terminal();
+        const term = new Terminal();
        term.open(document.getElementById('terminal'));
        term.write('Hello from \x1B[1;3;31mxterm.js\x1B[0m $ ')
      </script>
@@ -44,22 +73,12 @@ To start using xterm.js on your browser, add the `xterm.js` and `xterm.css` to t
  </html>
 ```

-### Importing
-
-The recommended way to load xterm.js is via the ES6 module syntax:
-
-```javascript
-import { Terminal } from '@xterm/xterm';
-```
-
 ### Addons

-⚠️ *This section describes the new addon format introduced in v3.14.0, see [here](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/blob/3.14.2/README.md#addons) for the instructions on the old format*
-
 Addons are separate modules that extend the `Terminal` by building on the [xterm.js API](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/blob/master/typings/xterm.d.ts). To use an addon, you first need to install it in your project:

 ```bash
-npm i -S @xterm/addon-web-links
+npm install --save @xterm/addon-web-links
 ```

 Then import the addon, instantiate it and call `Terminal.loadAddon`:
@@ -80,50 +99,51 @@ The xterm.js team maintains the following addons, but anyone can build them:
 - [`@xterm/addon-clipboard`](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/tree/master/addons/addon-clipboard): Access the browser's clipboard
 - [`@xterm/addon-fit`](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/tree/master/addons/addon-fit): Fits the terminal to the containing element
 - [`@xterm/addon-image`](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/tree/master/addons/addon-image): Adds image support
+- [`@xterm/addon-ligatures`](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/tree/master/addons/addon-ligatures): Enables rendering of ligatures
+- [`@xterm/addon-progress`](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/tree/master/addons/addon-progress): Adds support for the progress API (`OSC 9;4`)
 - [`@xterm/addon-search`](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/tree/master/addons/addon-search): Adds search functionality
- [`@xterm/addon-serialize`](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/tree/master/addons/addon-serialize): Serializes the terminal's buffer to a VT sequences or HTML
+- [`@xterm/addon-serialize`](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/tree/master/addons/addon-serialize): Serializes the terminal's buffer to VT sequences or HTML
+- [`@xterm/addon-unicode-graphemes`](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/tree/master/addons/addon-unicode-graphemes): Enhanced unicode support including grapheme clustering (experimental)
 - [`@xterm/addon-unicode11`](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/tree/master/addons/addon-unicode11): Updates character widths to their unicode11 values
+- [`@xterm/addon-web-fonts`](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/tree/master/addons/addon-web-fonts): Easily integrate web fonts
 - [`@xterm/addon-web-links`](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/tree/master/addons/addon-web-links): Adds web link detection and interaction
 - [`@xterm/addon-webgl`](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/tree/master/addons/addon-webgl): Renders xterm.js using a `canvas` element's webgl2 context

 ## Browser Support

-Since xterm.js is typically implemented as a developer tool, only modern browsers are supported officially. Specifically the latest versions of *Chrome*, *Edge*, *Firefox*, and *Safari*.
-
-Xterm.js works seamlessly in [Electron](https://electronjs.org/) apps and may even work on earlier versions of the browsers. These are the versions we strive to keep working.
+Since xterm.js is typically implemented as a developer tool, generally only modern evergreen browsers are supported officially. Specifically the latest versions of *Chrome*, *Edge*, *Firefox*, and *Safari*. Xterm.js also works seamlessly in [Electron](https://electronjs.org/) apps and may even work on earlier versions of the browsers. These are the versions we strive to keep working.

 ### Node.js Support

-We also publish [`xterm-headless`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/xterm-headless) which is a stripped down version of xterm.js that runs in Node.js. An example use case for this is to keep track of a terminal's state where the process is running and using the serialize addon so it can get all state restored upon reconnection.
+We also publish [`@xterm/headless`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@xterm/headless) which is a stripped down version of xterm.js that runs headless in Node.js. An example use case for this is to keep track of a terminal's state where the process is running and using the [serialize addon](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@xterm/addon-serialize) so it can get all state restored upon reconnection.

 ## API

 The full API for xterm.js is contained within the [TypeScript declaration file](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/blob/master/typings/xterm.d.ts), use the branch/tag picker in GitHub (`w`) to navigate to the correct version of the API.

-Note that some APIs are marked *experimental*, these are added to enable experimentation with new ideas without committing to support it like a normal [semver](https://semver.org/) API. Note that these APIs can change radically between versions, so be sure to read release notes if you plan on using experimental APIs.
+Some APIs may be marked with *experimental*, these are added to enable experimentation with new ideas without committing to support it like a normal [semver](https://semver.org/) API. Note that these APIs can change radically between versions, so be sure to read release notes if you plan on using experimental APIs.

 ## Releases

-Xterm.js follows a monthly release cycle roughly.
-
-All current and past releases are available on this repo's [Releases page](https://github.com/sourcelair/xterm.js/releases), you can view the [high-level roadmap on the wiki](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/wiki/Roadmap) and see what we're working on now by looking through [Milestones](https://github.com/sourcelair/xterm.js/milestones).
+Stable releases are done on an as needed basis. All current and past releases are available on this repo's [releases page](https://github.com/sourcelair/xterm.js/releases), you can see what's planned for upcoming releases looking through the repository [milestones](https://github.com/sourcelair/xterm.js/milestones).

 ### Beta builds

-Our CI releases beta builds to npm for every change that goes into master. Install the latest beta build with:
+Beta releases are continuously published off the `master` branch. Install the latest beta build with:

 ```bash
-npm install -S @xterm/xterm@beta
+npm install --save @xterm/xterm@beta
 ```

-These should generally be stable, but some bugs may slip in. We recommend using the beta build primarily to test out new features and to verify bug fixes.
+The principal implementation (VS Code) typically uses the latest or near the latest beta build. Generally they are quite stable but can potentially contain bugs or breaking changes. If stability is very important we recommend using the beta build primarily to test out new features and to verify bug fixes, unless you're tracking what's landing and are comfortable taking that risk.

 ## Contributing

-You can read the [guide on the wiki](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/wiki/Contributing) to learn how to contribute and set up xterm.js for development.
+Read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md) to learn how to contribute to the project.

 ## Real-world uses
-Xterm.js is used in several world-class applications to provide great terminal experiences.
+
+Xterm.js is used in many world-class applications to provide great terminal experiences.

 - [**SourceLair**](https://www.sourcelair.com/): In-browser IDE that provides its users with fully-featured Linux terminals based on xterm.js.
 - [**Microsoft Visual Studio Code**](http://code.visualstudio.com/): Modern, versatile, and powerful open source code editor that provides an integrated terminal based on xterm.js.
@@ -230,14 +250,25 @@ Xterm.js is used in several world-class applications to provide great terminal e
 - [**ecmaOS**](https://ecmaos.sh): A kernel and suite of applications tying modern web technologies into a browser-based operating system.
 - [**LabEx**](https://labex.io): Interactive learning platform with hands-on labs and xterm.js-based online terminals, focused on learn-by-doing approach.
 - [**EmuDevz**](https://afska.github.io/emudevz): A free coding game where players learn how to build an emulator from scratch.
+- [**SSH Connection Manager**](https://github.com/Amtrend/ssh-manager): Modern web-based SSH terminal and SFTP manager with AES-256 encryption, PWA support, and session management.
+- [**WooTTY**](https://github.com/icoretech/wootty): Flawless browser terminal for real operators.
+- [**Orca**](https://github.com/stablyai/orca): Agentic development environment for 100x builders.
+- [**4bit**](https://ciembor.github.io/4bit): Terminal Color Scheme Designer.
+- [**Cate**](https://github.com/0-AI-UG/cate): Open source desktop IDE on an infinite zoomable canvas. Editor, browser, and terminal panels float in spatial space; the terminals are xterm.js with the WebGL addon, backed by node-pty.
+- [**OmnyShell PWA**](https://github.com/OmnyGrid/omnyshell_web): Web client for [**OmnyShell**](https://github.com/OmnyGrid/omnyshell), featuring remote terminals, a built-in IDE, AI-assisted workflows, and detachable/resumable sessions for seamless browser-based access to nodes.
+- [**kmux**](https://github.com/kkd927/kmux): A keyboard-centric terminal workspace for running parallel AI coding agents side by side on macOS and Linux.
+- [**LynxHub**](https://github.com/KindaBrazy/LynxHub): Cross-platform, extensible terminal and browser for AI management.
+- [**Codeman**](https://github.com/Ark0N/Codeman): Self-hosted mission control for AI coding agents, streaming live tmux sessions to browser and phone.
+- [**JSVIsion**](https://github.com/blendsdk/jsvision): A Turbo Vision-Style TUI SDK for TypeScript. We use xterm.js in our docs to show live JSVision examples running in a web terminal.
+- [**BitFun**](https://github.com/GCWing/BitFun): Open-source desktop AI agent whose integrated terminals and read-only terminal output views use xterm.js with the Fit, Web Links, and WebGL addons.
 - [And much more...](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/network/dependents?package_id=UGFja2FnZS0xNjYzMjc4OQ%3D%3D)

-Do you use xterm.js in your application as well? Please [open a Pull Request](https://github.com/sourcelair/xterm.js/pulls) to include it here. We would love to have it on our list. Note: Please add any new contributions to the end of the list only.
+Do you use xterm.js in your application as well? Please [open a Pull Request](https://github.com/sourcelair/xterm.js/pulls) to include it here. We would love to have it on our list. Please add any new contributions to the end of the list.

 ## License Agreement

 If you contribute code to this project, you implicitly allow your code to be distributed under the MIT license. You are also implicitly verifying that all code is your original work.

-Copyright (c) 2017-2022, [The xterm.js authors](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/graphs/contributors) (MIT License)<br>
+Copyright (c) 2017-2026, [The xterm.js authors](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/graphs/contributors) (MIT License)<br>
 Copyright (c) 2014-2017, SourceLair, Private Company ([www.sourcelair.com](https://www.sourcelair.com/home)) (MIT License)<br>
 Copyright (c) 2012-2013, Christopher Jeffrey (MIT License)
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
    "xterm.js"
  ],
  "scripts": {
-    "build": "../../node_modules/.bin/tsc -p .",
+    "build": "../../node_modules/.bin/tsgo -p .",
    "prepackage": "npm run build",
    "package": "../../node_modules/.bin/webpack",
    "prepublishOnly": "npm run package",
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ interface IAttachOptions {
  bidirectional?: boolean;
 }

-export class AttachAddon implements ITerminalAddon , IAttachApi {
+export class AttachAddon implements ITerminalAddon, IAttachApi {
  private _socket: WebSocket;
  private _bidirectional: boolean;
  private _disposables: IDisposable[] = [];
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ test.beforeAll(async ({ browser }) => {
 });
 test.afterAll(async () => await ctx.page.close());

-test.describe('Search Tests', () => {
+test.describe('AttachAddon', () => {

  test.beforeEach(async () => {
    await ctx.proxy.reset();
@@ -5,10 +5,9 @@ const config: PlaywrightTestConfig = {
  timeout: 10000,
  projects: [
    {
-      name: 'ChromeStable',
+      name: 'Chromium',
      use: {
-        browserName: 'chromium',
-        channel: 'chrome'
+        browserName: 'chromium'
      }
    },
    {
@@ -9,13 +9,15 @@
    "outDir": "../out-test",
    "sourceMap": true,
    "removeComments": true,
-    "baseUrl": ".",
    "paths": {
      "common/*": [
        "../../../src/common/*"
      ],
      "browser/*": [
        "../../../src/browser/*"
+      ],
+      "*": [
+        "./*"
      ]
    },
    "strict": true,
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "name": "@xterm/addon-clipboard",
-  "version": "0.1.0",
-  "lockfileVersion": 3,
-  "requires": true,
-  "packages": {
-    "": {
-      "name": "@xterm/addon-clipboard",
-      "version": "0.1.0",
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "js-base64": "^3.7.5"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/js-base64": {
-      "version": "3.7.7",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/js-base64/-/js-base64-3.7.7.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-7rCnleh0z2CkXhH67J8K1Ytz0b2Y+yxTPL+/KOJoa20hfnVQ/3/T6W/KflYI4bRHRagNeXeU2bkNGI3v1oS/lw==",
-      "license": "BSD-3-Clause"
-    }
-  }
-}
@@ -16,13 +16,10 @@
    "xterm.js"
  ],
  "scripts": {
-    "build": "../../node_modules/.bin/tsc -p .",
+    "build": "../../node_modules/.bin/tsgo -p .",
    "prepackage": "npm run build",
    "package": "../../node_modules/.bin/webpack",
    "prepublishOnly": "npm run package",
    "start": "node ../../demo/start"
-  },
-  "dependencies": {
-    "js-base64": "^3.7.5"
  }
 }
@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@
 */

 import type { IDisposable, ITerminalAddon, Terminal } from '@xterm/xterm';
-import { type IClipboardProvider, ClipboardSelectionType, type IBase64 } from '@xterm/addon-clipboard';
-import { Base64 as JSBase64 } from 'js-base64';
+import { type IClipboardProvider, type IBase64 } from '@xterm/addon-clipboard';

 export class ClipboardAddon implements ITerminalAddon {
  private _terminal?: Terminal;
@@ -25,7 +24,7 @@ export class ClipboardAddon implements ITerminalAddon {
    return this._disposable?.dispose();
  }

-  private _readText(sel: ClipboardSelectionType, data: string): void {
+  private _readText(sel: string, data: string): void {
    const b64 = this._base64.encodeText(data);
    this._terminal?.input(`\x1b]52;${sel};${b64}\x07`, false);
  }
@@ -36,7 +35,7 @@ export class ClipboardAddon implements ITerminalAddon {
      return true;
    }

-    const pc = args[0] as ClipboardSelectionType;
+    const pc = args[0];
    const pd = args[1];
    if (pd === '?') {
      const text = this._provider.readText(pc);
@@ -70,30 +69,53 @@ export class ClipboardAddon implements ITerminalAddon {
 }

 export class BrowserClipboardProvider implements IClipboardProvider {
-  public async readText(selection: ClipboardSelectionType): Promise<string> {
-    if (selection !== 'c') {
-      return Promise.resolve('');
-    }
+  public readText(selection: string): Promise<string> {
    return navigator.clipboard.readText();
  }

-  public async writeText(selection: ClipboardSelectionType, text: string): Promise<void> {
-    if (selection !== 'c') {
-      return Promise.resolve();
-    }
+  public writeText(selection: string, text: string): Promise<void> {
    return navigator.clipboard.writeText(text);
  }
 }

+/**
+ * TODO: Once the base64 handling on Uint8Arrays is more common,
+ * remove the btoa/atob fallbacks below.
+ */
+interface IUint8ArrayB64 extends Uint8Array {
+  toBase64(): string;
+}
+interface IUint8ArrayB64Ctor extends Uint8ArrayConstructor {
+  fromBase64(s: string): IUint8ArrayB64;
+}
+
 export class Base64 implements IBase64 {
  public encodeText(data: string): string {
-    return JSBase64.encode(data);
+    const bytes = new TextEncoder().encode(data) as IUint8ArrayB64;
+    if (bytes.toBase64 !== undefined) {
+      return bytes.toBase64();
+    }
+    let bin = '';
+    for (let i = 0; i < bytes.length; i++) {
+      bin += String.fromCharCode(bytes[i]);
+    }
+    return btoa(bin);
  }
  public decodeText(data: string): string {
-    const text = JSBase64.decode(data);
-    if (!JSBase64.isValid(data) || JSBase64.encode(text) !== data) {
+    if ((Uint8Array as IUint8ArrayB64Ctor).fromBase64 !== undefined) {
+      try {
+        return new TextDecoder().decode((Uint8Array as IUint8ArrayB64Ctor).fromBase64(data));
+      } catch {}
      return '';
    }
-    return text;
+    try {
+      const bin = atob(data);
+      const bytes = new Uint8Array(bin.length);
+      for (let i = 0; i < bin.length; ++i) {
+        bytes[i] = bin.charCodeAt(i);
+      }
+      return new TextDecoder().decode(bytes);
+    } catch {}
+    return '';
  }
 }
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ test.describe('ClipboardAddon', () => {

  test.beforeEach(async ({}, testInfo) => {
    // DEBT: This test doesn't work since the migration to @playwright/test
-    if (ctx.browser.browserType().name() !== 'chromium') {
+    if (ctx.browser.browserType().name() === 'webkit') {
      testInfo.skip();
      return;
    }
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ test.describe('ClipboardAddon', () => {
      await ctx.page.context().grantPermissions(['clipboard-read', 'clipboard-write']);
    }
    await ctx.page.evaluate(`
-      window.term.reset()
+      window.term.reset();
      window.clipboard?.dispose();
      window.clipboard = new ClipboardAddon();
      window.term.loadAddon(window.clipboard);
@@ -48,6 +48,14 @@ test.describe('ClipboardAddon', () => {
      await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b]52;c;${testDataEncoded}\x07`);
      deepEqual(await ctx.page.evaluate(() => window.navigator.clipboard.readText()), testDataDecoded);
    });
+    test('primary selection', async () => {
+      await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b]52;p;${testDataEncoded}\x07`);
+      deepEqual(await ctx.page.evaluate(() => window.navigator.clipboard.readText()), testDataDecoded);
+    });
+    test('empty selection (default)', async () => {
+      await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b]52;;${testDataEncoded}\x07`);
+      deepEqual(await ctx.page.evaluate(() => window.navigator.clipboard.readText()), testDataDecoded);
+    });
    test('invalid base64 string', async () => {
      await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b]52;c;${testDataEncoded}invalid\x07`);
      deepEqual(await ctx.page.evaluate(() => window.navigator.clipboard.readText()), '');
@@ -60,19 +68,46 @@ test.describe('ClipboardAddon', () => {
  });

  test.describe('read data', async function (): Promise<any> {
-    test('simple string', async () => {
+    test.beforeAll(async () => {
      await ctx.page.evaluate(`
        window.data = [];
        window.term.onData(e => data.push(e));
      `);
+    });
+    test('simple string', async () => {
+      await ctx.page.evaluate('window.data.length = 0;');
      await ctx.page.evaluate(() => window.navigator.clipboard.writeText('hello world'));
      await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b]52;c;?\x07`);
      deepEqual(await ctx.page.evaluate('window.data'), [`\x1b]52;c;${testDataEncoded}\x07`]);
    });
+    test('primary selection', async () => {
+      await ctx.page.evaluate('window.data.length = 0;');
+      await ctx.page.evaluate(() => window.navigator.clipboard.writeText('hello world'));
+      await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b]52;p;?\x07`);
+      deepEqual(await ctx.page.evaluate('window.data'), [`\x1b]52;p;${testDataEncoded}\x07`]);
+    });
    test('clear clipboard', async () => {
      await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b]52;c;!\x07`);
      await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b]52;c;?\x07`);
      deepEqual(await ctx.page.evaluate(() => window.navigator.clipboard.readText()), '');
    });
  });
+
+  test.describe('non-ASCII', () => {
+    const testDataEncoded = '4oKsbWzDpMO8dMOf';
+    const testDataDecoded = '€mläütß';
+    test('write simple string', async () => {
+      await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b]52;c;${testDataEncoded}\x07`);
+      deepEqual(await ctx.page.evaluate(() => window.navigator.clipboard.readText()), testDataDecoded);
+    });
+    test('read simple string', async () => {
+      await ctx.page.evaluate(`
+        window.data2 = [];
+        window.term.onData(e => data2.push(e));
+      `);
+      await ctx.page.evaluate((d) => window.navigator.clipboard.writeText(d), testDataDecoded);
+      await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b]52;c;?\x07`);
+      deepEqual(await ctx.page.evaluate('window.data2'), [`\x1b]52;c;${testDataEncoded}\x07`]);
+    });
+  });
 });
@@ -5,10 +5,9 @@ const config: PlaywrightTestConfig = {
  timeout: 10000,
  projects: [
    {
-      name: 'ChromeStable',
+      name: 'Chromium',
      use: {
-        browserName: 'chromium',
-        channel: 'chrome'
+        browserName: 'chromium'
      }
    },
    {
@@ -9,13 +9,15 @@
    "outDir": "../out-test",
    "sourceMap": true,
    "removeComments": true,
-    "baseUrl": ".",
    "paths": {
      "common/*": [
        "../../../src/common/*"
      ],
      "browser/*": [
        "../../../src/browser/*"
+      ],
+      "*": [
+        "./*"
      ]
    },
    "strict": true,
@@ -30,18 +30,6 @@ declare module '@xterm/addon-clipboard' {
    public dispose(): void
  }

-  /**
-   * Clipboard selection type. This is used to specify which selection buffer to
-   * read or write to.
-   * - SYSTEM `c`: The system clipboard.
-   * - PRIMARY `p`: The primary clipboard. This is provided for compatibility
-   *  with Linux X11.
-   */
-  export const enum ClipboardSelectionType {
-    SYSTEM = 'c',
-    PRIMARY = 'p',
-  }
-
  export interface IBase64 {
    /**
    * Converts a utf-8 string to a base64 string.
@@ -78,36 +66,39 @@ declare module '@xterm/addon-clipboard' {
  export interface IClipboardProvider {
    /**
     * Gets the clipboard content.
-     * @param selection The clipboard selection to read.
+     * @param selection The clipboard selection to read (see OSC 52 spec of xterm).
     * @returns A promise that resolves with clipboard selection data.
     */
-    readText(selection: ClipboardSelectionType): string | Promise<string>;
+    readText(selection: string): string | Promise<string>;

    /**
     * Sets the clipboard content.
-     * @param selection The clipboard selection to set.
+     * @param selection The clipboard selection to set (see OSC 52 spec of xterm).
     * @param data The clipboard text to write.
     */
-    writeText(selection: ClipboardSelectionType, text: string): void | Promise<void>;
+    writeText(selection: string, text: string): void | Promise<void>;
  }

  /**
-   * The clipboard provider interface that enables xterm.js to access the system clipboard.
+   * The clipboard provider interface that enables xterm.js to access the browser clipboard.
+   *
+   * Note that this clipboard provider does not implement own cut buffers as xterm does,
+   * but redirect the selection parameter always to navigator.clipboard.
   */
  export class BrowserClipboardProvider implements IClipboardProvider{
    /**
     * Reads text from the clipboard.
-     * @param selection The selection type to read from.
+     * @param selection The selection type to read from (always refers to navigator.clipboard).
     * @returns A promise that resolves with the text from the clipboard.
     */
-    public readText(selection: ClipboardSelectionType): Promise<string>;
+    public readText(selection: string): Promise<string>;

    /**
     * Writes text to the clipboard.
-     * @param selection The selection type to write to.
+     * @param selection The selection type to write to (always refers to navigator.clipboard).
     * @param data The text to write to the clipboard.
     * @returns A promise that resolves when the text has been written to the clipboard.
     */
-    public writeText(selection: ClipboardSelectionType, data: string): Promise<void>;
+    public writeText(selection: string, data: string): Promise<void>;
  }
 }
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# THIS IS AN AUTOGENERATED FILE. DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE DIRECTLY.
-# yarn lockfile v1
-
-
-js-base64@^3.7.5:
-  version "3.7.7"
-  resolved "https://registry.npmjs.org/js-base64/-/js-base64-3.7.7.tgz"
-  integrity sha512-7rCnleh0z2CkXhH67J8K1Ytz0b2Y+yxTPL+/KOJoa20hfnVQ/3/T6W/KflYI4bRHRagNeXeU2bkNGI3v1oS/lw==
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
    "xterm.js"
  ],
  "scripts": {
-    "build": "../../node_modules/.bin/tsc -p .",
+    "build": "../../node_modules/.bin/tsgo -p .",
    "prepackage": "npm run build",
    "package": "../../node_modules/.bin/webpack",
    "prepublishOnly": "npm run package",
@@ -3,9 +3,8 @@
 * @license MIT
 */

-import type { Terminal, ITerminalAddon } from '@xterm/xterm';
+import type { Terminal, ITerminalAddon, IRenderDimensions } from '@xterm/xterm';
 import type { FitAddon as IFitApi } from '@xterm/addon-fit';
-import { IRenderDimensions } from 'browser/renderer/shared/Types';
 import { ViewportConstants } from 'browser/shared/Constants';

 interface ITerminalDimensions {
@@ -20,10 +19,23 @@ interface ITerminalDimensions {
  cols: number;
 }

-const MINIMUM_COLS = 2;
-const MINIMUM_ROWS = 1;
+const enum Constants {
+  MINIMUM_COLS = 2,
+  MINIMUM_ROWS = 1
+}

-export class FitAddon implements ITerminalAddon , IFitApi {
+function getWindow(e: Node): Window {
+  if (e?.ownerDocument?.defaultView) {
+    return e.ownerDocument.defaultView;
+  }
+
+  return window;
+}
+function _getComputedStyle(el: HTMLElement): CSSStyleDeclaration {
+  return getWindow(el).getComputedStyle(el, null);
+}
+
+export class FitAddon implements ITerminalAddon, IFitApi {
  private _terminal: Terminal | undefined;

  public activate(terminal: Terminal): void {
@@ -38,14 +50,7 @@ export class FitAddon implements ITerminalAddon , IFitApi {
      return;
    }

-    // TODO: Remove reliance on private API
-    const core = (this._terminal as any)._core;
-
-    // Force a full render
-    if (this._terminal.rows !== dims.rows || this._terminal.cols !== dims.cols) {
-      core._renderService.clear();
-      this._terminal.resize(dims.cols, dims.rows);
-    }
+    this._terminal.resize(dims.cols, dims.rows);
  }

  public proposeDimensions(): ITerminalDimensions | undefined {
@@ -57,35 +62,34 @@ export class FitAddon implements ITerminalAddon , IFitApi {
      return undefined;
    }

-    // TODO: Remove reliance on private API
-    const core = (this._terminal as any)._core;
-    const dims: IRenderDimensions = core._renderService.dimensions;
+    const dims: IRenderDimensions | undefined = this._terminal.dimensions;

-    if (dims.css.cell.width === 0 || dims.css.cell.height === 0) {
+    if (!dims || dims.css.cell.width === 0 || dims.css.cell.height === 0) {
      return undefined;
    }

-    const scrollbarWidth = (this._terminal.options.scrollback === 0
+    const showScrollbar = this._terminal.options.scrollbar?.showScrollbar ?? true;
+    const scrollbarWidth = (this._terminal.options.scrollback === 0 || !showScrollbar
      ? 0
-      : (this._terminal.options.overviewRuler?.width || ViewportConstants.DEFAULT_SCROLL_BAR_WIDTH));
+      : (this._terminal.options.scrollbar?.width ?? ViewportConstants.DEFAULT_SCROLL_BAR_WIDTH));

-    const parentElementStyle = window.getComputedStyle(this._terminal.element.parentElement);
-    const parentElementHeight = parseInt(parentElementStyle.getPropertyValue('height'));
-    const parentElementWidth = Math.max(0, parseInt(parentElementStyle.getPropertyValue('width')));
-    const elementStyle = window.getComputedStyle(this._terminal.element);
+    const parentElementStyle = _getComputedStyle(this._terminal.element.parentElement);
+    const parentElementHeight = Math.max(0, parseInt(parentElementStyle.getPropertyValue('height'), 10) || 0);
+    const parentElementWidth = Math.max(0, parseInt(parentElementStyle.getPropertyValue('width'), 10) || 0);
+    const elementStyle = _getComputedStyle(this._terminal.element);
    const elementPadding = {
-      top: parseInt(elementStyle.getPropertyValue('padding-top')),
-      bottom: parseInt(elementStyle.getPropertyValue('padding-bottom')),
-      right: parseInt(elementStyle.getPropertyValue('padding-right')),
-      left: parseInt(elementStyle.getPropertyValue('padding-left'))
+      top: parseInt(elementStyle.getPropertyValue('padding-top'), 10) || 0,
+      bottom: parseInt(elementStyle.getPropertyValue('padding-bottom'), 10) || 0,
+      right: parseInt(elementStyle.getPropertyValue('padding-right'), 10) || 0,
+      left: parseInt(elementStyle.getPropertyValue('padding-left'), 10) || 0
    };
    const elementPaddingVer = elementPadding.top + elementPadding.bottom;
    const elementPaddingHor = elementPadding.right + elementPadding.left;
    const availableHeight = parentElementHeight - elementPaddingVer;
    const availableWidth = parentElementWidth - elementPaddingHor - scrollbarWidth;
    const geometry = {
-      cols: Math.max(MINIMUM_COLS, Math.floor(availableWidth / dims.css.cell.width)),
-      rows: Math.max(MINIMUM_ROWS, Math.floor(availableHeight / dims.css.cell.height))
+      cols: Math.max(Constants.MINIMUM_COLS, Math.floor(availableWidth / dims.css.cell.width)),
+      rows: Math.max(Constants.MINIMUM_ROWS, Math.floor(availableHeight / dims.css.cell.height))
    };
    return geometry;
  }
@@ -119,6 +119,17 @@ test.describe('FitAddon', () => {
      strictEqual(await ctx.proxy.cols, 2);
      strictEqual(await ctx.proxy.rows, 1);
    });
+
+    test('same dimensions', async function(): Promise<any> {
+      await setDimensions();
+      await ctx.page.evaluate(`window.fit.fit()`);
+      const cols: number = await ctx.proxy.cols;
+      const rows: number = await ctx.proxy.rows;
+      // Calling fit() again at the same container size should not throw
+      await ctx.page.evaluate(`window.fit.fit()`);
+      strictEqual(await ctx.proxy.cols, cols);
+      strictEqual(await ctx.proxy.rows, rows);
+    });
  });
 });

@@ -5,10 +5,9 @@ const config: PlaywrightTestConfig = {
  timeout: 10000,
  projects: [
    {
-      name: 'ChromeStable',
+      name: 'Chromium',
      use: {
-        browserName: 'chromium',
-        channel: 'chrome'
+        browserName: 'chromium'
      }
    },
    {
@@ -9,13 +9,15 @@
    "outDir": "../out-test",
    "sourceMap": true,
    "removeComments": true,
-    "baseUrl": ".",
    "paths": {
      "common/*": [
        "../../../src/common/*"
      ],
      "browser/*": [
        "../../../src/browser/*"
+      ],
+      "*": [
+        "./*"
      ]
    },
    "strict": true,
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 ## @xterm/addon-image

-Inline image output in xterm.js. Supports SIXEL and iTerm's inline image protocol (IIP).
+Inline image output in xterm.js. Supports SIXEL, iTerm's inline image protocol (IIP)
+and partially Kitty's terminal graphics prtocol (TGP).


 ![](fixture/example.png)
@@ -25,12 +26,14 @@ const customSettings: IImageAddonOptions = {
  pixelLimit: 16777216,       // max. pixel size of a single image
  sixelSupport: true,         // enable sixel support
  sixelScrolling: true,       // whether to scroll on image output
-  sixelPaletteLimit: 256,     // initial sixel palette size
-  sixelSizeLimit: 25000000,   // size limit of a single sixel sequence
+  sixelPaletteLimit: 4096,    // initial sixel palette size
+  sixelSizeLimit: 33554432,   // size limit of a single sixel sequence
  storageLimit: 128,          // FIFO storage limit in MB
  showPlaceholder: true,      // whether to show a placeholder for evicted images
  iipSupport: true,           // enable iTerm IIP support
-  iipSizeLimit: 20000000      // size limit of a single IIP sequence
+  iipSizeLimit: 33554432,     // size limit of a single IIP sequence
+  kittySupport: true,         // enable Kitty graphics support
+  kittySizeLimit: 33554432    // size limit of a single Kitty sequence
 }

 // initialization
@@ -41,9 +44,6 @@ terminal.loadAddon(imageAddon);

 ### General Notes

- *IMPORTANT:* The worker approach as done in previous releases got removed.
-  The addon contructor no longer expects a worker path as first argument.
-
 - By default the addon will activate these `windowOptions` reports on the terminal:
  - getWinSizePixels (CSI 14 t)
  - getCellSizePixels (CSI 16 t)
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ terminal.loadAddon(imageAddon);

 - **Cursor Positioning**  
  If scrolling is set, the cursor will be placed at the first image column of the last image row (VT340 mode).
-  Other cursor positioning modes as used by xterm or mintty are not supported.
+  Other cursor positioning modes as used by xterm or mintty are not supported for sixel.

 - **SIXEL Palette Handling**  
  By default the addon limits the palette size to 256 registers (as demanded by the DEC specification).
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ terminal.loadAddon(imageAddon);
  therefore palette animations cannot be used.

 - **SIXEL Raster Attributes Handling**  
-  If raster attributes were found in the SIXEL data (level 2), the image will always be truncated to the given height/width extend. We deviate here from the specification on purpose, as it allows several processing optimizations. For level 1 SIXEL data without any raster attributes the image can freely grow in width and height up to the last data byte, which has a much higher processing penalty. In general encoding libraries should not create level 1 data anymore and should not produce pixel information beyond the announced height/width extend. Both is discouraged by the >30 years old specification.
+  If raster attributes were found in the SIXEL data (level 2), the image will always be truncated to the given height/width extent. We deviate here from the specification on purpose, as it allows several processing optimizations. For level 1 SIXEL data without any raster attributes the image can freely grow in width and height up to the last data byte, which has a much higher processing penalty. In general encoding libraries should not create level 1 data anymore and should not produce pixel information beyond the announced height/width extent. Both is discouraged by the >30 years old specification.

  Currently the SIXEL implementation of the addon does not take custom pixel sizes into account, a SIXEL pixel will map 1:1 to a screen pixel.

@@ -98,17 +98,31 @@ terminal.loadAddon(imageAddon);
  Set by default, change it with `{iipSupport: true}`.

  The IIP implementation has the following features / restrictions (sequence will silently fail for unmet conditions):
-  - Supported formats: PNG, JPEG and GIF
+  - Supported formats: PNG, JPEG, GIF, QOI, WEBP and AVIF
  - No animation support.
  - Image type hinting is not supported (always deducted from data header).
  - File download is not supported.
  - Filename gets parsed but not used.
  - Strict base64 handling as of RFC4648 §4 (standard alphabet, optional padding, no separator bytes allowed).
-  - Payload size may not exceed CEIL(sizeParameter * 4 / 3).
  - Image scaling beyond terminal viewport size is allowed (e.g. `width=200%`).
  - Image pixel size is restricted by `pixelLimit` (pre- and post resizing).
-  - Size parameter is restricted by `iipSizeLimit`.
-  - Cursor positioning behaves the same as for sixel (see above).
+  - Playload size is restricted by `iipSizeLimit`.
+  - size parameter is not mandatory anymore.
+  - Cursor gets positioned at the next cell of the last image line.
+  - ReportCellSize sequence is supported.
+  - Hi-res display support is currently limited (image gets blurred).
+
+- **Note on IIP image format support**  
+  For all image formats except QOI the addon only does the dimension extraction and leaves
+  the image decoding to the underlying browser engine. Note that some formats are implemented
+  and enabled with different constraints by browser vendors, especially newer formats
+  (e.g. under Firefox you might need to change the setting _image.avif.compliance_strictness_ to 0
+  to get broader AVIF support).
+
+- **Kitty Graphics Support (TGP)**  
+  Set by default, change it with `{kittySupport: true}`.
+
+  Note that the kitty graphics support is still WIP.


 ### Storage and Drawing Settings
@@ -125,6 +139,7 @@ The addon exposes two properties to interact with the storage limits at runtime:
 By default the addon will show a placeholder pattern for evicted images that are still part
 of the terminal (e.g. in the scrollback). The pattern can be deactivated by toggling `showPlaceholder`.

+
 ### Image Data Retrieval

 The addon provides the following API endpoints to retrieve raw image data as canvas:
@@ -138,11 +153,12 @@ The addon provides the following API endpoints to retrieve raw image data as can
  The buffer position is the 0-based absolute index (including scrollback at top).
  Note that the canvas gets created and data copied over for every call, thus it is not suitable for performance critical actions.

+
 ### Memory Usage

-The addon does most image processing in Javascript and therefore can occupy a rather big amount of memory. To get an idea where the memory gets eaten, lets look at the data flow and processing steps:
- Incomming image data chunk at `term.write` (terminal)  
-  `term.write` might stock up incoming chunks. To circumvent this, you will need proper flow control (see xterm.js docs). Note that with image output it is more likely to run into this issue, as it can create lots of MBs in very short time.
+The addon does most image processing in JavaScript and therefore can occupy a rather big amount of memory. To get an idea where the memory gets eaten, let's look at the data flow and processing steps:
+- Incoming image data chunk at `term.write` (terminal)  
+  `term.write` might stack up incoming chunks. To circumvent this, you will need proper flow control (see xterm.js docs). Note that with image output it is more likely to run into this issue, as it can create lots of MBs in very short time.
 - Sequence Parser (terminal)  
  The parser operates on a buffer containing up to 2^17 codepoints (~0.5 MB).
 - Sequence Handler - Chunk Decoding (addon)  
@@ -168,18 +184,18 @@ const totalActive = storageBytes + decodingBytes;
 ```

 Note that browsers have offloading tricks for rarely touched memory segments, esp. `storageBytes` might not directly translate into real memory usage. Usage peaks will happen during active decoding of multiple big images due to the need of 2 full pixel buffers at the same time, which cannot be offloaded. Thus you may want to keep an eye on `pixelLimit` under limited memory conditions.  
-Further note that the formulas above do not respect the Javascript object's overhead. Compared to the raw buffer needs the book keeping by these objects is rather small (<<5%).
+Further note that the formulas above do not respect the JavaScript object's overhead. Compared to the raw buffer needs the bookkeeping by these objects is rather small (<<5%).

 _Why should I care about memory usage at all?_  
-Well you don't have to, and it probably will just work fine with the addon defaults. But for bigger integrations, where much more data is held in the Javascript context (like multiple terminals on one page), it is likely to hit the engine's memory limit sooner or later under decoding and/or storage pressure.
+Well you don't have to, and it probably will just work fine with the addon defaults. But for bigger integrations, where much more data is held in the JavaScript context (like multiple terminals on one page), it is likely to hit the engine's memory limit sooner or later under decoding and/or storage pressure.

 _How can I adjust the memory usage?_  
 - `pixelLimit`  
-  A constructor setting, thus you would have to anticipate, whether (multiple) terminals in your page gonna do lots of concurrent decoding. Since this is normally not the case and the memory usage is only temporarily peaking, a rather high value should work even with multiple terminals in one page.
+  A constructor setting, thus you would have to anticipate, whether (multiple) terminals in your page gonna do lots of concurrent decoding. Since this is normally not the case and the memory usage only peaks temporarily, a rather high value should work even with multiple terminals in one page.
 - `storageLimit`  
-  A constructor and a runtime setting. In conjunction with `storageUsage` you can do runtime checks and adjust the limit to your needs. If you have to lower the limit below the current usage, images will be removed in FIFO order and may turn into a placeholder in the terminal's scrollback (if `showPlaceholder` is set). When adjusting keep in mind to leave enough room for memory peaking for decoding.
- `sixelSizeLimit`  
-  A constructor setting. This has only a small impact on peaking memory during decoding. It is meant to avoid processing of overly big or broken SIXEL sequences at an earlier phase, thus may stop the decoder from entering its memory intensive task for potentially invalid data.
+  A constructor and a runtime setting. In conjunction with `storageUsage` you can do runtime checks and adjust the limit to your needs. If you have to lower the limit below the current usage, images will be removed in FIFO order and may turn into a placeholder in the terminal's scrollback (if `showPlaceholder` is set). When adjusting keep in mind to leave enough room for peak memory use during decoding.
+- `sixelSizeLimit | iipSizeLimit | kittySizeLimit`  
+  Constructor settings. This has only a small impact on peak memory during decoding. It is meant to avoid processing of overly big or broken image sequences at an earlier phase, thus may stop the invoked decoders from entering memory intensive tasks for potentially invalid data.


 ### Terminal Interaction
@@ -209,23 +225,5 @@ _How can I adjust the memory usage?_

 ### Status

- Sixel support and image handling in xterm.js is considered beta quality.
- IIP support is in alpha stage. Please file a bug for any awkwardities.
-
-
-### Changelog
-
- 0.5.0 integrate with xtermjs base repo (at v0.4.3)
- 0.4.3 defer canvas creation
- 0.4.2 fix image canvas resize
- 0.4.1 compat release for xterm.js 5.2.0
- 0.4.0 IIP support
- 0.3.1 compat release for xterm.js 5.1.0
- 0.3.0 important change: worker removed from addon
- 0.2.0 compat release for xterm.js 5.0.0
- 0.1.3 bugfix: avoid striping
- 0.1.2 bugfix: reset clear flag
- 0.1.1 bugfixes:
-  - clear sticky image tiles on render
-  - create folder from bootstrap.sh
-  - fix peer dependency in package.json
+- Sixel and IIP support and image handling in xterm.js is considered beta quality.
+- Kitty support is in alpha stage. Please file a bug for any awkwardities or missing features.
@@ -1,817 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "name": "@xterm/addon-image",
-  "version": "0.8.0",
-  "lockfileVersion": 3,
-  "requires": true,
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-        "xterm-wasm-parts": "^0.1.0"
-      }
-    },
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-      "dev": true,
-      "license": "ISC",
-      "dependencies": {
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-      "integrity": "sha512-wKyQRQpjJ0sIp62ErSZdGsjMJWsap5oRNihHhu6G7JVO/9jIB6UyevL+tXuOqrng8j/cxKTWyWUwvSTriiZz/g==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "emoji-regex": "^8.0.0",
-        "is-fullwidth-code-point": "^3.0.0",
-        "strip-ansi": "^6.0.1"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=8"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/wrap-ansi-cjs/node_modules/strip-ansi": {
-      "version": "6.0.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/strip-ansi/-/strip-ansi-6.0.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-Y38VPSHcqkFrCpFnQ9vuSXmquuv5oXOKpGeT6aGrr3o3Gc9AlVa6JBfUSOCnbxGGZF+/0ooI7KrPuUSztUdU5A==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "ansi-regex": "^5.0.1"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=8"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/xterm-wasm-parts": {
-      "version": "0.1.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/xterm-wasm-parts/-/xterm-wasm-parts-0.1.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-GFE8yNJfdkytGpcsOZhkL3B8XyUqkR/Du3SdxRyFbJg+BBCKm3raaaflgIM4TwNQ2AOLz01BEEuB5FZXx8aNTQ==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "inwasm": "^0.0.13"
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
@@ -18,13 +18,13 @@
    "xterm.js"
  ],
  "scripts": {
-    "prepackage": "../../node_modules/.bin/tsc -p .",
+    "prepackage": "../../node_modules/.bin/tsgo -p .",
    "package": "../../node_modules/.bin/webpack",
    "prepublishOnly": "npm run package",
    "start": "node ../../demo/start"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
    "sixel": "^0.16.0",
-    "xterm-wasm-parts": "^0.1.0"
+    "xterm-wasm-parts": "^0.4.1"
  }
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,630 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2026 The xterm.js authors. All rights reserved.
+ * @license MIT
+ */
+
+import type { IDisposable } from '@xterm/xterm';
+import type { ImageRenderer } from './ImageRenderer';
+import { ImageTileInfo, type ImageStorage } from './ImageStorage';
+import type { IImageSpec, ITerminalExt, IResetHandler } from './Types';
+import type { IMetrics } from 'IIPMetrics';
+
+
+/**
+ * Note on Firefox Bug (https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2066911)
+ *
+ * ImageDecoder.decode() returns a corrupted VideoFrame,
+ * if the frame was closed from a previous decode.
+ *
+ * Therefore the AnimationManager class implements certain
+ * firefox shims gated by the isFirefox boolean:
+ * - IAnimation.highest tracks highest frameID ever decoded
+ * - whenever frameID is lesser or equal zu highest create new decoder
+ * - raw image bytes need to be held for new decoder
+ *
+ * To be removed once the bug got fixed.
+ */
+
+
+interface IAnimation {
+  /** image id in storage */
+  id: number;
+  /** image bytes */
+  data: Blob;
+  /** metrics of the image */
+  metrics: IMetrics;
+  /** width */
+  w: number;
+  /** height */
+  h: number;
+  /** number of frames */
+  numFrames: number;
+  frames: number[];
+  /** ImageDecoder instance */
+  decoder: ImageDecoder | undefined;
+  decoderPromise: Promise<ImageDecoder> | undefined;
+  cache: BitmapBuffer;
+  /** start timestamp */
+  startTime: number | undefined;
+  /** whether a decode task ist scheduled */
+  scheduled: boolean;
+  /** whether the image is in viewport */
+  inViewport: boolean;
+  /** firefox bug helper */
+  highest: number;
+  /** playtime of animation */
+  playtime: number;
+  /** frame timestamps */
+  timestamps: number[];
+  /** frame ID targeted by animation */
+  current: number;
+  /** frame ID currently visible (owned by spec.actual) */
+  actual: number;
+  /** idx of current on frames */
+  frameIdx: number;
+}
+
+
+interface IImageDraw {
+  imageId: number;
+  imgSpec: IImageSpec;
+  tileId: number;
+  col: number;
+  row: number;
+  count: number;
+}
+
+
+interface IBufferSlot {
+  id: number;
+  bm: ImageBitmap | null;
+}
+
+
+const enum Constants {
+  BUFFERSIZE = 4,
+  BUFFERMOD = BUFFERSIZE - 1,
+  MAX_FRAMES = 65535
+}
+
+
+class BitmapBuffer implements IDisposable {
+  private readonly _d: IBufferSlot[];
+  private _disposed = false;
+
+  constructor() {
+    this._d = Array(Constants.BUFFERSIZE).fill(0).map(() => ({ id: -1, bm: null }));
+  }
+
+  public dispose(): void {
+    this.clear();
+    this._disposed = true;
+  }
+
+  public peek(id: number): ImageBitmap | null {
+    const slot = this._d[id & Constants.BUFFERMOD];
+    return id === slot.id ? slot.bm : null;
+  }
+
+  public pop(id: number): ImageBitmap | null {
+    const slot = this._d[id & Constants.BUFFERMOD];
+    const res = id === slot.id
+      ? slot.bm
+      : (slot.bm?.close(), null);
+    slot.bm = null;
+    slot.id = -1;
+    return res;
+  }
+
+  public push(id: number, bm: ImageBitmap): void {
+    /**
+     * A late decode task might still push bitmaps.
+     * Since push gives the buffer ownership of
+     * the bitmap, we use the isDisposed flag to
+     * free it right away.
+     */
+    if (this._disposed) {
+      bm.close();
+      return;
+    }
+    const slot = this._d[id & Constants.BUFFERMOD];
+    slot.bm?.close();
+    slot.bm = bm;
+    slot.id = id;
+  }
+
+  public clear(): void {
+    for (let i = 0; i < Constants.BUFFERSIZE; ++i) {
+      const slot = this._d[i];
+      slot.bm?.close();
+      slot.bm = null;
+      slot.id = -1;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+
+// eslint-disable-next-line
+declare const InstallTrigger: any;
+
+
+// FIXME: move to AnimationManager ctor to control it from xterm side
+const isChromium = (window as any).chrome !== undefined;
+const isFirefox: boolean = typeof InstallTrigger !== 'undefined' || 'MozAppearance' in document.documentElement.style;
+
+
+/**
+ * Helper to create a read to use ImageDecoder instance from a blob.
+ */
+async function BlobDecoder(blob: Blob, type: string): Promise<ImageDecoder> {
+  /**
+   * Dealing with browser bugs - in theory this should be possible:
+   *
+   *    const decoder = new ImageDecoder({ data: blob.stream(), type, preferAnimation: true });
+   *    await decoder.tracks.ready;
+   *    return decoder;
+   *
+   * But this straightforward handling with blob.stream() uncovers several bugs:
+   * 1. Chromium: Fails to stream chunked blobs reliably.
+   * 2. Firefox: Native lifecycle race condition. Closing an old decoder breaks the
+   *    shared underlying native stream of the same blob for new decoders, throwing
+   *    an uncatchable "Closed decoder" DOMException during `tracks.ready`.
+   *
+   * So we use a safer approach by pulling full raw bytes over first and transferring ownership.
+   */
+  const data = await blob.arrayBuffer();
+  const decoder = new ImageDecoder({ data, type, preferAnimation: true, transfer: [data] });
+  await decoder.tracks.ready;
+  if (isChromium && type === 'image/avif') {
+    // chromium bug: random frame access in AVIF is
+    // only possible after reading frame 0
+    const res = await decoder.decode({ frameIndex: 0 });
+    res.image.close();
+  }
+  return decoder;
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * AnimationManager - orchestrates rendering of animated images.
+ *
+ * Current Workflow
+ * When IIPMetrics.imageType reports an animated image the IIP handler
+ * stores the image in the storage and registers an animation of it.
+ *
+ * The animation manager works mostly self-contained:
+ * - RAF loop
+ * - 3 frame ahead decoding
+ * - own bitmap ownership handling
+ *
+ * There are a few intersections with the ImageStorage and the ImageRenderer,
+ * which still need to be consolidated (TODOs):
+ * - ImageStorage: API for announcing memory state, better eviction strategy
+ * - ImageRenderer: API for better drawing primitives
+ *
+ * In particular the ownership model of ImageSpec bitmaps (actual and orig)
+ * needs a better story. We prolly need here an API to flip bitmaps.
+ */
+export class AnimationManager implements IDisposable, IResetHandler {
+  private _animations = new Map<number, IAnimation>();
+  private _animationFrame: number | undefined = undefined;
+  private _draws: IImageDraw[] = [];
+
+
+  constructor(
+    private _storage: ImageStorage,
+    private _renderer: ImageRenderer,
+    private _terminal: ITerminalExt
+  ) {}
+
+
+  private _requestAF(cb: FrameRequestCallback): number | undefined {
+    return this._terminal._core._coreBrowserService?.window.requestAnimationFrame(cb);
+  }
+
+
+  private _cancelAF(id: number): void | undefined {
+    return this._terminal._core._coreBrowserService?.window.cancelAnimationFrame(id);
+  }
+
+
+  public dispose(): void {
+    this.reset();
+  }
+
+
+  /**
+   * Reset handler.
+   * Stops all animations and frees all ressources.
+   */
+  public reset(): void {
+    for (const anim of this._animations.values()) {
+      anim.inViewport = false;
+      this._closeDecoder(anim);
+      anim.cache.dispose();
+    }
+    this._animations.clear();
+    this._draws = [];
+    if (this._animationFrame) this._cancelAF(this._animationFrame);
+    this._animationFrame = undefined;
+  }
+
+
+  /**
+   * Main hook to register an animated image for animation.
+   *
+   * @param id Image ID of the image storage the image was registered under.
+   * @param data Raw data bytes of the image.
+   * @param metrics Metrics of the image as returned by IIPMetrics.imageType.
+   * @param w Output width in pixel.
+   * @param h Output height in pixel.
+   */
+  public async registerAnimation(id: number, data: Blob, metrics: IMetrics, w: number, h: number): Promise<void> {
+    let decoder = await BlobDecoder(data, metrics.mime);
+    const track = decoder.tracks.selectedTrack;
+    if (!track || track.frameCount < 2) {
+      decoder.close();
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const frameCount = Math.min(track.frameCount, Constants.MAX_FRAMES);
+    const frames: number[] = [];
+    const timestamps: number[] = [];
+    const durations: number[] = [];
+    let elapsed = 0;
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < frameCount; i++) {
+      try {
+        const result = await decoder.decode({ frameIndex: i });
+        const frame = result.image;
+        const width = frame.displayWidth;
+        const height = frame.displayHeight;
+        const duration = (frame.duration ?? 0) / 1000;
+        frame.close();
+        // skip wrong dimensions and zero duration
+        if (width !== metrics.width || height !== metrics.height || !duration) {
+          if (durations.length) {
+            durations[durations.length - 1] += duration;
+            elapsed += duration;
+          }
+          continue;
+        }
+        frames.push(i);
+        timestamps.push(elapsed);
+        durations.push(duration);
+        elapsed += duration;
+      } catch {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * FIXME: still needs a consolidation of short frame durations:
+     * We don't track v-sync, but just decode the next 3 follow-up frames.
+     * This creates nonsense decoder pressure decoding frames,
+     * that effectively never make it to the screen.
+     * Currently our shortest time resolution is 1ms,
+     * thus with 60 fps we would decode 15 1ms frames for no reason.
+     * We prolly should introduce a lower bound of 8ms:
+     * - in sync with 120 fps
+     * - only every second frame is nonsense with 60 fps
+     */
+
+    if (frames.length < 2 || elapsed <= 0) {
+      decoder.close();
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (isFirefox) {
+      decoder.close();
+      decoder = await BlobDecoder(data, metrics.mime);
+    }
+
+    const anim: IAnimation = {
+      id, data, w, h, decoder,
+      metrics,
+      numFrames: frames.length,
+      decoderPromise: undefined,
+      cache: new BitmapBuffer(),
+      frames,
+      startTime: undefined,
+      current: 0,
+      actual: 0,
+      scheduled: false,  // set by _schedule
+      inViewport: true,  // start with active prefetching
+      highest: -1,
+      playtime: elapsed,
+      timestamps,
+      frameIdx: 0
+    };
+    this._animations.set(id, anim);
+    this.viewportUpdated();
+    // early schedule to give decoder time to fill the cache before RAF
+    this._schedule(anim);
+    this._animationFrame ??= this._requestAF(this._loop);
+  }
+
+
+  /**
+   * Remove the animation for the given image id.
+   */
+  public unregisterAnimation(id: number): void {
+    const a = this._animations.get(id);
+    if (a) {
+      a.inViewport = false;
+      this._closeDecoder(a);
+      a.cache.dispose();
+      this._animations.delete(id);
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  /**
+   * onRender handler.
+   * Scratches the viewport buffer to collect draws for animation RAF
+   * and to pause/resume invisible/visible animations.
+   */
+  public viewportUpdated(_range?: { start: number, end: number }): void {
+    const rows = this._terminal.rows;
+    const cols = this._terminal.cols;
+    const buffer = this._terminal._core.buffer;
+    const actives: Set<number> = new Set();
+    this._draws = [];
+    for (let row = 0; row < rows; ++row) {
+      const line = buffer.lines.get(row + buffer.ydisp);
+      if (!line) break;
+      for (let col = 0; col < cols; ++col) {
+        const e = line.getExtended(col)?.payload;
+        if (e instanceof ImageTileInfo) {
+          const imageId = e.imageId;
+          if (imageId === undefined || imageId === -1) {
+            continue;
+          }
+          const imgSpec = this._storage.getImage(imageId);
+          if (e.tileId !== -1) {
+            const startTile = e.tileId;
+            const startCol = col;
+            let count = 1;
+            /**
+             * merge tiles to the right into a single draw call, if:
+             * - not at end of line
+             * - cell has same image id
+             * - cell has consecutive tile id
+             */
+            while (++col < cols) {
+              const nextE = line.getExtended(col)?.payload;
+              if (!(nextE instanceof ImageTileInfo) || nextE.imageId !== imageId || nextE.tileId !== startTile + count) {
+                break;
+              }
+              count++;
+            }
+            col--;
+            if (imgSpec && this._animations.has(imageId)) {
+              this._draws.push({ imageId, imgSpec, tileId: startTile, col: startCol, row, count });
+              actives.add(imageId);
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    this._updateAnimations(actives);
+  }
+
+
+  /**
+   * Get the frameIdx for elapsed time.
+   * Note: The returned value is not the frame ID,
+   * but the index for IAnimation.frames.
+   */
+  private _timedFrameIdx(a: IAnimation, elapsed: number): number {
+    elapsed %= a.playtime;
+    let low = 0;
+    let high = a.timestamps.length - 1;
+    while (low <= high) {
+      const mid = (low + high) >> 1;
+      const startTime = a.timestamps[mid];
+      if (elapsed < startTime) {
+        high = mid - 1;
+      } else {
+        if (mid === a.timestamps.length - 1 || elapsed < a.timestamps[mid + 1]) {
+          return mid;
+        }
+        low = mid + 1;
+      }
+    }
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Pause/resume decoding from viewport changes.
+   */
+  private _updateAnimations(visibles: Set<number>): void {
+    for (const [id, anim] of this._animations) {
+      const isVisible = visibles.has(id);
+      if (isVisible && !anim.inViewport) {
+        /**
+        * There are two strategies possible here:
+        *
+        * 1. Resume decoding and pumping frames as soon as possible.
+        * 2. Delay resuming further by a debounce to prevent flooding
+        *    new decoder instances on heavy scrolling.
+        *
+        * Currently the code below does 1. as the impact is rather
+        * small from tests and gives the better user experience.
+        */
+        anim.inViewport = true;
+        const frameIdx = this._timedFrameIdx(anim, performance.now() - anim.startTime!);
+        anim.frameIdx = frameIdx;
+        anim.current = anim.frames[frameIdx];
+        if (!anim.decoder && !anim.decoderPromise) {
+          anim.decoderPromise = BlobDecoder(anim.data, anim.metrics.mime);
+        }
+        this._schedule(anim);
+      } else if (!isVisible && anim.inViewport) {
+        anim.inViewport = false;
+        anim.cache.clear();
+        this._closeDecoder(anim);
+      }
+    }
+    if (visibles.size && this._animationFrame === undefined) {
+      this._animationFrame = this._requestAF(this._loop);
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  /**
+   * RAF for animations in viewport.
+   */
+  private _loop = (ts: number): void => {
+    if (!this._animations.size) {
+      this._animationFrame = undefined;
+      return;
+    }
+
+    let mustRender = false;
+    let anyVisible = false;
+
+    for (const anim of this._animations.values()) {
+      if (!anim.inViewport) continue;
+
+      const spec = this._storage.getImage(anim.id);
+      if (!spec) {
+        this.unregisterAnimation(anim.id);
+        continue;
+      }
+      anyVisible = true;
+      anim.startTime ??= ts;
+      const frameIdx = this._timedFrameIdx(anim, ts - anim.startTime);
+      anim.frameIdx = frameIdx;
+      const current = anim.frames[frameIdx];
+
+      if (current !== anim.current) {
+        anim.current = current;
+        const bm = anim.cache.pop(current);
+        if (bm) {
+          // FIXME: setting spec.actual delegates draws from onRender back to ImageStorage.render
+          // --> should be avoided to prevent double draws within same AF
+          // idea: create a mutex on image spec to tell storage.render to skip
+
+          // by swapping spec.actual we take ownership, thus have to close it here
+          // but only if we have more than 4 frames (ringbuffer size is 4)
+          // for <= 4 frames we move the bitmap back into cache
+          // FIXME: create a bitmap swapping API in storage
+          if (spec.actual instanceof ImageBitmap) {
+            if (anim.numFrames > Constants.BUFFERSIZE) {
+              spec.actual.close();
+            } else {
+              anim.cache.push(anim.actual, spec.actual);
+            }
+          }
+          spec.actual = bm;
+          anim.actual = current;
+          mustRender = true;
+        }
+        this._schedule(anim);
+      }
+    }
+
+    // FIXME: merge clears and draws into col x row rects
+    if (mustRender) {
+      for (let i = 0; i < this._draws.length; ++i) {
+        const d = this._draws[i];
+        this._renderer.clearLines(d.row, d.row);
+        this._renderer.draw(d.imgSpec, d.tileId, d.col, d.row, d.count);
+      }
+    }
+    this._animationFrame = anyVisible ? this._requestAF(this._loop) : undefined;
+  };
+
+
+  /**
+   * Try to schedule frame decoding.
+   */
+  private _schedule(a: IAnimation): void {
+    if (!a.scheduled) {
+      let needsSchedule = false;
+      // FIXME: do we need a == 4 test too?
+      if (a.numFrames > 3) {
+        needsSchedule =
+          !a.cache.peek(a.frames[(a.frameIdx + 1) % a.numFrames]) ||
+          !a.cache.peek(a.frames[(a.frameIdx + 2) % a.numFrames]) ||
+          !a.cache.peek(a.frames[(a.frameIdx + 3) % a.numFrames]);
+      } else if (a.numFrames === 3) {
+        needsSchedule =
+          !a.cache.peek(a.frames[(a.frameIdx + 1) % a.numFrames]) ||
+          !a.cache.peek(a.frames[(a.frameIdx + 2) % a.numFrames]);
+      } else {
+        needsSchedule =
+          !a.cache.peek(a.frames[(a.frameIdx + 1) % a.numFrames]);
+      }
+      if (needsSchedule) {
+        a.scheduled = true;
+        setTimeout(() => this._decode(a), 0);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  /**
+   * Decode up to next 3 frames.
+   */
+  private async _decode(a: IAnimation): Promise<void> {
+    if (!a.inViewport) {
+      a.scheduled = false;
+      return;
+    }
+    if (!a.decoder) {
+      const decP = a.decoderPromise;
+      a.decoderPromise = undefined;
+      a.decoder = await (decP ?? BlobDecoder(a.data, a.metrics.mime));
+    }
+    const n1 = a.frames[(a.frameIdx + 1) % a.numFrames];
+    const n2 = a.frames[(a.frameIdx + 2) % a.numFrames];
+    const n3 = a.frames[(a.frameIdx + 3) % a.numFrames];
+    for (const n of [n1, n2, n3]) {
+      if (!a.cache.peek(n)) {
+        if (isFirefox) {
+          if (n <= a.highest) {
+            a.highest = -1;
+            a.decoder?.close();
+            a.decoder = await BlobDecoder(a.data, a.metrics.mime);
+          }
+          a.highest = Math.max(n, a.highest);
+        }
+        let res: ImageDecodeResult;
+        try {
+          res = await a.decoder.decode({ frameIndex: n });
+        } catch { continue; }
+        let bm: ImageBitmap;
+        try {
+          // FIXME: we should not resize here yet
+          // BETTER: rescale during draw:
+          // - eases the GPU druing decoding
+          // - rescales only what needs to be drawn
+          // --> funneling down
+          // FIXME: needs changes in image spec and rendering functions
+          bm = await createImageBitmap(res.image, { resizeWidth: a.w, resizeHeight: a.h });
+        } catch { continue; } finally { res?.image?.close(); }
+        if (!a.inViewport) {
+          bm.close();
+          break;
+        }
+        a.cache.push(n, bm);
+      }
+    }
+    a.scheduled = false;
+  }
+
+
+  /**
+   * Close the decoder defensively.
+   */
+  private _closeDecoder(a: IAnimation): void {
+    const decoder = a.decoder;
+    a.decoder = undefined;
+    try { decoder?.close(); } catch {}
+    const decP = a.decoderPromise;
+    a.decoderPromise = undefined;
+    decP?.then(dec => dec && dec !== decoder ? dec.close() : null).catch(() => {});
+  }
+}
@@ -2,22 +2,29 @@
 * Copyright (c) 2023 The xterm.js authors. All rights reserved.
 * @license MIT
 */
-import { IImageAddonOptions, IOscHandler, IResetHandler, ITerminalExt } from './Types';
+import type { IImageAddonOptions, IOscHandler, IResetHandler, ITerminalExt } from './Types';
 import { ImageRenderer } from './ImageRenderer';
-import { ImageStorage, CELL_SIZE_DEFAULT } from './ImageStorage';
+import type { IIPImageStorage } from './IIPImageStorage';
+import { CELL_SIZE_DEFAULT } from './ImageStorage';
 import Base64Decoder from 'xterm-wasm-parts/lib/base64/Base64Decoder.wasm';
-import { HeaderParser, IHeaderFields, HeaderState } from './IIPHeaderParser';
+import QoiDecoder from 'xterm-wasm-parts/lib/qoi/QoiDecoder.wasm';
+import { HeaderParser, IHeaderFields, HeaderState, SequenceType } from './IIPHeaderParser';
 import { imageType, UNSUPPORTED_TYPE } from './IIPMetrics';
+import type { AnimationManager } from 'AnimationManager';

-
-// eslint-disable-next-line
-declare const Buffer: any;
-
-// limit hold memory in base64 decoder
-const KEEP_DATA = 4194304;
+// Local const enum mirror - esbuild can't inline const enums from external packages
+const enum DecoderConst {
+  // Limit held memory in base64 decoder (encoded bytes).
+  KEEP_DATA = 4194304,
+  // Initial buffer allocation for the decoder.
+  INITIAL_DATA = 1048576,
+  // Local mirror of const enum (esbuild can't inline const enums from external packages)
+  OK = 0
+}

 // default IIP header values
 const DEFAULT_HEADER: IHeaderFields = {
+  type: SequenceType.INVALID,
  name: 'Unnamed file',
  size: 0,
  width: 'auto',
@@ -31,22 +38,32 @@ export class IIPHandler implements IOscHandler, IResetHandler {
  private _aborted = false;
  private _hp = new HeaderParser();
  private _header: IHeaderFields = DEFAULT_HEADER;
-  private _dec = new Base64Decoder(KEEP_DATA);
-  private _metrics = UNSUPPORTED_TYPE;
+  private _dec: Base64Decoder;
+  private _qoiDec: QoiDecoder;
+  private _isMultipart = false;
+  private _abortMulti = false;

  constructor(
    private readonly _opts: IImageAddonOptions,
    private readonly _renderer: ImageRenderer,
-    private readonly _storage: ImageStorage,
-    private readonly _coreTerminal: ITerminalExt
-  ) {}
+    private readonly _storage: IIPImageStorage,
+    private readonly _coreTerminal: ITerminalExt,
+    private readonly _aniManager: AnimationManager | undefined
+  ) {
+    const maxEncodedBytes = Math.ceil(this._opts.iipSizeLimit * 4 / 3);
+    const initialBytes = Math.min(DecoderConst.INITIAL_DATA, maxEncodedBytes);
+    this._dec = new Base64Decoder(DecoderConst.KEEP_DATA, maxEncodedBytes, initialBytes);
+    this._qoiDec = new QoiDecoder(DecoderConst.KEEP_DATA);
+  }

-  public reset(): void {}
+  public reset(): void {
+    this._hp.reset();
+    this._dec.release();
+    this._qoiDec.release();
+  }

  public start(): void {
    this._aborted = false;
-    this._header = DEFAULT_HEADER;
-    this._metrics  = UNSUPPORTED_TYPE;
    this._hp.reset();
  }

@@ -54,7 +71,7 @@ export class IIPHandler implements IOscHandler, IResetHandler {
    if (this._aborted) return;

    if (this._hp.state === HeaderState.END) {
-      if (this._dec.put(data, start, end)) {
+      if ((this._dec.put(data.subarray(start, end)) as number) !== DecoderConst.OK) {
        this._dec.release();
        this._aborted = true;
      }
@@ -65,15 +82,27 @@ export class IIPHandler implements IOscHandler, IResetHandler {
        return;
      }
      if (dataPos > 0) {
-        this._header = Object.assign({}, DEFAULT_HEADER, this._hp.fields);
-        if (!this._header.inline || !this._header.size || this._header.size > this._opts.iipSizeLimit) {
+        const seqType = this._hp.fields.type;
+        if (seqType === SequenceType.FILE) {
+          if (this._isMultipart) {
+            this._isMultipart = false;
+            this._abortMulti = false;
+            this._dec.release();
+          }
+          this._header = Object.assign({}, DEFAULT_HEADER, this._hp.fields);
+          if (!this._header.inline) {
+            this._aborted = true;
+            return;
+          }
+          this._dec.init();
+        } else if (this._abortMulti) {
          this._aborted = true;
          return;
        }
-        this._dec.init(this._header.size);
-        if (this._dec.put(data, dataPos, end)) {
+        if ((this._dec.put(data.subarray(dataPos, end)) as number) !== DecoderConst.OK) {
          this._dec.release();
          this._aborted = true;
+          if (this._isMultipart) this._abortMulti = true;
        }
      }
    }
@@ -82,22 +111,67 @@ export class IIPHandler implements IOscHandler, IResetHandler {
  public end(success: boolean): boolean | Promise<boolean> {
    if (this._aborted) return true;

+    if (this._hp.state !== HeaderState.END) {
+      if (this._hp.end()) return true;
+    }
+    const seqType = this._hp.fields.type;
+
+    if (seqType === SequenceType.FILEPART) return true;
+
+    if (seqType === SequenceType.REPORTCELLSIZE) {
+      // OSC 1337 ; ReportCellSize=[height];[width];[scale] ST
+      let w = CELL_SIZE_DEFAULT.width;
+      let h = CELL_SIZE_DEFAULT.height;
+      if (this._renderer.dimensions) {
+        w = this._renderer.dimensions.css.canvas.width / this._coreTerminal.cols;
+        h = this._renderer.dimensions.css.canvas.height / this._coreTerminal.rows;
+      }
+      const scale = this._coreTerminal._core._coreBrowserService?.dpr ?? 1;
+      const report = `\x1b]1337;ReportCellSize=${h.toFixed(3)};${w.toFixed(3)};${scale.toFixed(3)}\x1b\\`;
+      this._coreTerminal.input(report, false);
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    if (seqType === SequenceType.MULTIPARTFILE) {
+      this._header = Object.assign({}, DEFAULT_HEADER, this._hp.fields);
+      this._isMultipart = true;
+      this._abortMulti = false;
+      this._dec.release();
+      this._dec.init();
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    if (seqType === SequenceType.FILEEND) {
+      if (!this._isMultipart) return true;
+      this._isMultipart = false;
+      if (this._abortMulti || this._header.type !== SequenceType.MULTIPARTFILE) return true;
+    }
+
+    // fallthrough for SequenceType.FILE & SequenceType.FILEEND
+
    let w = 0;
    let h = 0;

    // early exit condition chain
-    let cond: number | boolean = true;
+    let cond: number | boolean;
+    let metrics = UNSUPPORTED_TYPE;
    if (cond = success) {
      if (cond = !this._dec.end()) {
-        this._metrics = imageType(this._dec.data8);
-        if (cond = this._metrics.mime !== 'unsupported') {
-          w = this._metrics.width;
-          h = this._metrics.height;
+        metrics = imageType(this._dec.data8);
+        if (cond = metrics.mime !== 'unsupported') {
+          w = metrics.width;
+          h = metrics.height;
          if (cond = w && h && w * h < this._opts.pixelLimit) {
            [w, h] = this._resize(w, h).map(Math.floor);
            cond = w && h && w * h < this._opts.pixelLimit;
+          } else {
+            console.warn(`IIP: image dimension issue ${metrics.width}x${metrics.height}`);
          }
+        } else {
+          console.warn('IIP: unsupported image type');
        }
+      } else {
+        console.warn('IIP: error during BASE64 decoding');
      }
    }
    if (!cond) {
@@ -105,29 +179,38 @@ export class IIPHandler implements IOscHandler, IResetHandler {
      return true;
    }

-    const blob = new Blob([this._dec.data8], { type: this._metrics.mime });
-    this._dec.release();
-
-    if (!window.createImageBitmap) {
-      const url = URL.createObjectURL(blob);
-      const img = new Image();
-      return new Promise<boolean>(r => {
-        img.addEventListener('load', () => {
-          URL.revokeObjectURL(url);
-          const canvas = ImageRenderer.createCanvas(window.document, w, h);
-          canvas.getContext('2d')?.drawImage(img, 0, 0, w, h);
-          this._storage.addImage(canvas);
-          r(true);
-        });
-        img.src = url;
-        // sanity measure to avoid terminal blocking from dangling promise
-        // happens from corrupt data (onload never gets fired)
-        setTimeout(() => r(true), 1000);
-      });
+    let blob: Blob | ImageData;
+    if (metrics.mime === 'image/qoi') {
+      const data = this._qoiDec.decode(this._dec.data8);
+      blob = new ImageData(
+        new Uint8ClampedArray(data.buffer, data.byteOffset, data.byteLength),
+        this._qoiDec.width,
+        this._qoiDec.height
+      );
+      this._qoiDec.release();
+      if (w === this._qoiDec.width && h === this._qoiDec.height) {
+        // use fast-path if we don't need to rescale
+        this._dec.release();
+        const canvas = ImageRenderer.createCanvas(undefined, this._qoiDec.width, this._qoiDec.height);
+        canvas.getContext('2d')?.putImageData(blob, 0, 0);
+        this._storage.addImage(canvas);
+        return true;
+      }
+    } else {
+      blob = new Blob([this._dec.data8], { type: metrics.mime });
    }
+    this._dec.release();
    return createImageBitmap(blob, { resizeWidth: w, resizeHeight: h })
      .then(bm => {
-        this._storage.addImage(bm);
+        const id = this._storage.addImage(bm);
+        if (this._aniManager && metrics.animated) {
+          this._aniManager.registerAnimation(id, blob as Blob, metrics, w, h).catch(() => {});
+        }
+        return true;
+      })
+      .catch(e => {
+        console.warn(`IIP: decoding error ${metrics.mime} ${metrics.width}x${metrics.height}`, e);
+        // FIXME: try ImageDecoder here instead (e.g. some AVIF work in Firefox)
        return true;
      });
  }
@@ -154,8 +237,8 @@ export class IIPHandler implements IOscHandler, IResetHandler {

  private _dim(s: string, total: number, cdim: number): number {
    if (s === 'auto') return 0;
-    if (s.endsWith('%')) return parseInt(s.slice(0, -1)) * total / 100;
-    if (s.endsWith('px')) return parseInt(s.slice(0, -2));
-    return parseInt(s) * cdim;
+    if (s.endsWith('%')) return parseInt(s.slice(0, -1), 10) * total / 100;
+    if (s.endsWith('px')) return parseInt(s.slice(0, -2), 10);
+    return parseInt(s, 10) * cdim;
  }
 }
@@ -4,19 +4,20 @@
 */

 import { assert } from 'chai';
-import { HeaderParser, HeaderState, IHeaderFields } from './IIPHeaderParser';
+import { HeaderParser, HeaderState, IHeaderFields, SequenceType } from './IIPHeaderParser';


 const CASES: [string, IHeaderFields][] = [
-  ['File=size=123456;name=dGVzdA==:', {name: 'test', size: 123456}],
-  ['File=size=123456;name=dGVzdA:', {name: 'test', size: 123456}],
+  ['File=size=123456;name=dGVzdA==:', {type: SequenceType.FILE, name: 'test', size: 123456}],
+  ['File=size=123456;name=dGVzdA:', {type: SequenceType.FILE, name: 'test', size: 123456}],
  // utf-8 encoding in name
-  ['File=size=123456;name=w7xtbMOkdXTDnw==:', {name: 'ümläutß', size: 123456}],
-  ['File=size=123456;name=w7xtbMOkdXTDnw:', {name: 'ümläutß', size: 123456}],
+  ['File=size=123456;name=w7xtbMOkdXTDnw==:', {type: SequenceType.FILE, name: 'ümläutß', size: 123456}],
+  ['File=size=123456;name=w7xtbMOkdXTDnw:', {type: SequenceType.FILE, name: 'ümläutß', size: 123456}],
  // full header spec
  [
    'File=inline=1;width=10px;height=20%;preserveAspectRatio=1;size=123456;name=w7xtbMOkdXTDnw:',
    {
+      type: SequenceType.FILE,
      inline: 1,
      width: '10px',
      height: '20%',
@@ -28,6 +29,7 @@ const CASES: [string, IHeaderFields][] = [
  [
    'File=inline=1;width=auto;height=20;preserveAspectRatio=1;size=123456;name=w7xtbMOkdXTDnw:',
    {
+      type: SequenceType.FILE,
      inline: 1,
      width: 'auto',
      height: '20',
@@ -101,7 +103,7 @@ describe('IIPHeaderParser', () => {
    let res = hp.parse(inp, 0, inp.length);
    assert.strictEqual(res, inp.length);
    assert.strictEqual(hp.state, HeaderState.END);
-    assert.deepEqual(hp.fields, {name: 'test', size: 0});
+    assert.deepEqual(hp.fields, {type: SequenceType.FILE, name: 'test', size: 0});
    hp.reset();
    inp = fromBs(CASES[0][0]);
    res = hp.parse(inp, 0, inp.length);
@@ -115,7 +117,7 @@ describe('IIPHeaderParser', () => {
    let res = hp.parse(inp, 0, inp.length);
    assert.strictEqual(res, inp.length);
    assert.strictEqual(hp.state, HeaderState.END);
-    assert.deepEqual(hp.fields, {name: '', size: 123456});
+    assert.deepEqual(hp.fields, {type: SequenceType.FILE, name: '', size: 123456});
    hp.reset();
    inp = fromBs(CASES[0][0]);
    res = hp.parse(inp, 0, inp.length);
@@ -135,4 +137,124 @@ describe('IIPHeaderParser', () => {
    assert.strictEqual(hp.state, HeaderState.END);
    assert.deepEqual(hp.fields, CASES[0][1]);
  });
+  it('FilePart sequence', () => {
+    const hp = new HeaderParser();
+    const inp = fromBs('FilePart=w7xtbMOkdXTDnw');
+    const res = hp.parse(inp, 0, inp.length);
+    assert.strictEqual(res, 9);
+    assert.strictEqual(hp.state, HeaderState.END);
+    assert.deepEqual(hp.fields.type, SequenceType.FILEPART);
+  });
+  it('FilePart sequence - bytewise', () => {
+    const hp = new HeaderParser();
+    const inp = fromBs('FilePart=w7xtbMOkdXTDnw');
+    let res = -2;
+    let pos = 0;
+    while (res === -2 && pos < inp.length) {
+      res = hp.parse(new Uint32Array([inp[pos++]]), 0, 1);
+    }
+    assert.strictEqual(res, 1);
+    assert.strictEqual(hp.state, HeaderState.END);
+    assert.deepEqual(hp.fields.type, SequenceType.FILEPART);
+  });
+  it('MultipartFile sequence', () => {
+    const hp = new HeaderParser();
+    const inp = fromBs('MultipartFile=inline=1;width=10px;height=20%;preserveAspectRatio=1;size=123456;name=w7xtbMOkdXTDnw');
+    let res = hp.parse(inp, 0, inp.length);
+    assert.strictEqual(res, -2);
+    assert.strictEqual(hp.state, HeaderState.VALUE);
+    res = hp.end();
+    assert.strictEqual(res, 0);
+    assert.strictEqual(hp.state, HeaderState.END);
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      hp.fields,
+      {
+        type: SequenceType.MULTIPARTFILE,
+        inline: 1,
+        width: '10px',
+        height: '20%',
+        preserveAspectRatio: 1,
+        size: 123456,
+        name: 'ümläutß'
+      }
+    );
+  });
+  it('MultipartFile sequence - bytewise', () => {
+    const hp = new HeaderParser();
+    const inp = fromBs('MultipartFile=inline=1;width=10px;height=20%;preserveAspectRatio=1;size=123456;name=w7xtbMOkdXTDnw');
+    let res = -2;
+    let pos = 0;
+    while (res === -2 && pos < inp.length) {
+      res = hp.parse(new Uint32Array([inp[pos++]]), 0, 1);
+    }
+    assert.strictEqual(res, -2);
+    assert.strictEqual(hp.state, HeaderState.VALUE);
+    res = hp.end();
+    assert.strictEqual(res, 0);
+    assert.strictEqual(hp.state, HeaderState.END);
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      hp.fields,
+      {
+        type: SequenceType.MULTIPARTFILE,
+        inline: 1,
+        width: '10px',
+        height: '20%',
+        preserveAspectRatio: 1,
+        size: 123456,
+        name: 'ümläutß'
+      }
+    );
+  });
+  it('FileEnd sequence', () => {
+    const hp = new HeaderParser();
+    const inp = fromBs('FileEnd');
+    let res = hp.parse(inp, 0, inp.length);
+    assert.strictEqual(res, -2);
+    assert.strictEqual(hp.state, HeaderState.START);
+    res = hp.end();
+    assert.strictEqual(res, 0);
+    assert.strictEqual(hp.state, HeaderState.END);
+    assert.deepEqual(hp.fields.type, SequenceType.FILEEND);
+  });
+  it('FileEnd sequence - bytewise', () => {
+    const hp = new HeaderParser();
+    const inp = fromBs('FileEnd');
+    let res = -2;
+    let pos = 0;
+    while (res === -2 && pos < inp.length) {
+      res = hp.parse(new Uint32Array([inp[pos++]]), 0, 1);
+    }
+    assert.strictEqual(res, -2);
+    assert.strictEqual(hp.state, HeaderState.START);
+    res = hp.end();
+    assert.strictEqual(res, 0);
+    assert.strictEqual(hp.state, HeaderState.END);
+    assert.deepEqual(hp.fields.type, SequenceType.FILEEND);
+  });
+  it('ReportCellSize sequence', () => {
+    const hp = new HeaderParser();
+    const inp = fromBs('ReportCellSize');
+    let res = hp.parse(inp, 0, inp.length);
+    assert.strictEqual(res, -2);
+    assert.strictEqual(hp.state, HeaderState.START);
+    res = hp.end();
+    assert.strictEqual(res, 0);
+    assert.strictEqual(hp.state, HeaderState.END);
+    assert.deepEqual(hp.fields, { type: SequenceType.REPORTCELLSIZE });
+  });
+  it('ReportCellSize sequence - bytewise', () => {
+    const hp = new HeaderParser();
+    const inp = fromBs('ReportCellSize');
+    let res = -2;
+    let pos = 0;
+    while (res === -2 && pos < inp.length) {
+      res = hp.parse(new Uint32Array([inp[pos++]]), 0, 1);
+    }
+    assert.strictEqual(res, -2);
+    assert.strictEqual(hp.state, HeaderState.START);
+    res = hp.end();
+    assert.strictEqual(res, 0);
+    assert.strictEqual(hp.state, HeaderState.END);
+    assert.deepEqual(hp.fields, { type: SequenceType.REPORTCELLSIZE });
+  });
 });
@@ -6,8 +6,27 @@
 // eslint-disable-next-line
 declare const Buffer: any;

+export const enum HeaderState {
+  START = 0,
+  ABORT = 1,
+  KEY = 2,
+  VALUE = 3,
+  END = 4
+}
+
+export const enum SequenceType {
+  INVALID = 0,
+  FILE = 1,
+  MULTIPARTFILE = 2,
+  FILEPART = 3,
+  FILEEND = 4,
+  REPORTCELLSIZE = 5
+}

 export interface IHeaderFields {
+  [key: string]: number | string | Uint32Array | null | undefined;
+  // sequence type
+  type: SequenceType;
  // base-64 encoded filename. Defaults to "Unnamed file".
  name: string;
  // File size in bytes. The file transfer will be canceled if this size is exceeded.
@@ -28,14 +47,6 @@ export interface IHeaderFields {
  inline?: number;
 }

-export const enum HeaderState {
-  START = 0,
-  ABORT = 1,
-  KEY = 2,
-  VALUE = 3,
-  END = 4
-}
-
 // field value decoders

 // ASCII bytes to string
@@ -81,7 +92,7 @@ function toName(data: Uint32Array): string {
  return new TextDecoder().decode(b);
 }

-const DECODERS: {[key: string]: (v: Uint32Array) => any} = {
+const DECODERS: {[key: string]: (v: Uint32Array) => number | string} = {
  inline: toInt,
  size: toInt,
  name: toName,
@@ -91,7 +102,19 @@ const DECODERS: {[key: string]: (v: Uint32Array) => any} = {
 };


+// sequence type markers
+// File
 const FILE_MARKER = [70, 105, 108, 101];
+// MultipartFile
+const MULTIPARTFILE_MARKER = [77, 117, 108, 116, 105, 112, 97, 114, 116, 70, 105, 108, 101];
+// FilePart
+const FILEPART_MARKER = [70, 105, 108, 101, 80, 97, 114, 116];
+// FileEnd
+const FILEEND_MARKER = [70, 105, 108, 101, 69, 110, 100];
+// ReportCellSize
+const REPORTCELLSIZE_MARKER = [82, 101, 112, 111, 114, 116, 67, 101, 108, 108, 83, 105, 122, 101];
+
+// max allowed chars for sequence header
 const MAX_FIELDCHARS = 1024;


@@ -100,7 +123,7 @@ export class HeaderParser {
  private _buffer = new Uint32Array(MAX_FIELDCHARS);
  private _position = 0;
  private _key = '';
-  public fields: {[key: string]: any} = {};
+  public fields: {[key: string]: number | string | Uint32Array | null | undefined} = {};

  public reset(): void {
    this._buffer.fill(0);
@@ -110,12 +133,43 @@ export class HeaderParser {
    this._key = '';
  }

+  public end(): number {
+    if (this.state === HeaderState.START) {
+      if (this._position === FILEEND_MARKER.length) {
+        for (let k = 0; k < FILEEND_MARKER.length; ++k) {
+          if (this._buffer[k] !== FILEEND_MARKER[k]) return this._a();
+        }
+        this.fields['type'] = SequenceType.FILEEND;
+        this.state = HeaderState.END;
+        return 0;
+      }
+      if (this._position === REPORTCELLSIZE_MARKER.length) {
+        for (let k = 0; k < REPORTCELLSIZE_MARKER.length; ++k) {
+          if (this._buffer[k] !== REPORTCELLSIZE_MARKER[k]) return this._a();
+        }
+        this.fields['type'] = SequenceType.REPORTCELLSIZE;
+        this.state = HeaderState.END;
+        return 0;
+      }
+      return this._a();
+    }
+    if (this.state === HeaderState.END) return 0;
+    if (this.state === HeaderState.VALUE
+      && this.fields.type === SequenceType.MULTIPARTFILE
+    ) {
+      if (!this._storeValue(this._position)) return this._a();
+      this.state = HeaderState.END;
+      return 0;
+    }
+    return this._a();
+  }
+
  public parse(data: Uint32Array, start: number, end: number): number {
    let state = this.state;
    let pos = this._position;
    const buffer = this._buffer;
    if (state === HeaderState.ABORT || state === HeaderState.END) return -1;
-    if (state === HeaderState.START && pos > 6) return -1;
+    if (state === HeaderState.START && pos > 14) return -1;
    for (let i = start; i < end; ++i) {
      const c = data[i];
      switch (c) {
@@ -126,8 +180,29 @@ export class HeaderParser {
          break;
        case 61: // =
          if (state === HeaderState.START) {
-            for (let k = 0; k < FILE_MARKER.length; ++k) {
-              if (buffer[k] !== FILE_MARKER[k]) return this._a();
+            if (buffer[0] === 70) {
+              // 'File' or 'FilePart'
+              let k = 0;
+              for (; k < FILE_MARKER.length; ++k) {
+                if (buffer[k] !== FILE_MARKER[k]) return this._a();
+              }
+              this.fields['type'] = SequenceType.FILE;
+              if (pos === FILEPART_MARKER.length) {
+                for (; k < FILEPART_MARKER.length; ++k) {
+                  if (buffer[k] !== FILEPART_MARKER[k]) return this._a();
+                }
+                this.fields['type'] = SequenceType.FILEPART;
+                this.state = HeaderState.END;
+                return i + 1;
+              }
+            } else if (buffer[0] === 77) {
+              // 'MultipartFile'
+              for (let k = 0; k < MULTIPARTFILE_MARKER.length; ++k) {
+                if (buffer[k] !== MULTIPARTFILE_MARKER[k]) return this._a();
+              }
+              this.fields['type'] = SequenceType.MULTIPARTFILE;
+            } else {
+              return this._a();
            }
            state = HeaderState.KEY;
            pos = 0;
@@ -157,6 +232,7 @@ export class HeaderParser {
  }

  private _a(): number {
+    this.fields.type = SequenceType.INVALID;
    this.state = HeaderState.ABORT;
    return -1;
  }
@@ -176,7 +252,7 @@ export class HeaderParser {
      try {
        const v = this._buffer.slice(0, pos);
        this.fields[this._key] = DECODERS[this._key] ? DECODERS[this._key](v) : v;
-      } catch (e) {
+      } catch {
        return false;
      }
      return true;
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2023 The xterm.js authors. All rights reserved.
+ * @license MIT
+ */
+
+import { IAddImageOpts } from './Types';
+import { ImageStorage } from './ImageStorage';
+
+/**
+ * IIP (iTerm Image Protocol) specific image storage controller.
+ *
+ * Wraps the shared ImageStorage with IIP protocol semantics:
+ * - Always uses scrolling mode (cursor advances with image)
+ */
+export class IIPImageStorage {
+  private _addImageOpts: IAddImageOpts = { scrolling: true, layer: 'top', zIndex: 0, cursorPos: 'iip' };
+  constructor(
+    private readonly _storage: ImageStorage
+  ) {}
+
+  /**
+   * Add an IIP image to storage.
+   * Always uses scrolling mode — cursor advances past the image.
+   */
+  public addImage(img: HTMLCanvasElement | ImageBitmap): number {
+    return this._storage.addImage(img, this._addImageOpts);
+  }
+}
@@ -12,25 +12,48 @@ const fs = require('fs');


 const TEST_IMAGES: [string, IMetrics][] = [
-  ['w3c_home_256.gif', { mime: 'image/gif', width: 72, height: 48 }],
-  ['w3c_home_256.jpg', { mime: 'image/jpeg', width: 72, height: 48 }],
-  ['w3c_home_256.png', { mime: 'image/png', width: 72, height: 48 }],
-  ['w3c_home_2.gif', { mime: 'image/gif', width: 72, height: 48 }],
-  ['w3c_home_2.jpg', { mime: 'image/jpeg', width: 72, height: 48 }],
-  ['w3c_home_2.png', { mime: 'image/png', width: 72, height: 48 }],
-  ['w3c_home_animation.gif', { mime: 'image/gif', width: 72, height: 48 }],
-  ['w3c_home.gif', { mime: 'image/gif', width: 72, height: 48 }],
-  ['w3c_home_gray.gif', { mime: 'image/gif', width: 72, height: 48 }],
-  ['w3c_home_gray.jpg', { mime: 'image/jpeg', width: 72, height: 48 }],
-  ['w3c_home_gray.png', { mime: 'image/png', width: 72, height: 48 }],
-  ['w3c_home.jpg', { mime: 'image/jpeg', width: 72, height: 48 }],
-  ['w3c_home.png', { mime: 'image/png', width: 72, height: 48 }],
-  ['w3c_home_noexif.jpg', { mime: 'image/jpeg', width: 72, height: 48 }],
-  ['spinfox.png', { mime: 'image/png', width: 148, height: 148 }],
-  ['iphone_hdr_YES.jpg', { mime: 'image/jpeg', width: 3264, height: 2448 }],
-  ['nikon-e950.jpg', { mime: 'image/jpeg', width: 800, height: 600 }],
-  ['agfa-makernotes.jpg', { mime: 'image/jpeg', width: 8, height: 8 }],
-  ['sony-alpha-6000.jpg', { mime: 'image/jpeg', width: 6000, height: 4000 }]
+  ['w3c_home_256.gif', { mime: 'image/gif', width: 72, height: 48, animated: false }],
+  ['w3c_home_256.jpg', { mime: 'image/jpeg', width: 72, height: 48, animated: false }],
+  ['w3c_home_256.png', { mime: 'image/png', width: 72, height: 48, animated: false }],
+  ['w3c_home_2.gif', { mime: 'image/gif', width: 72, height: 48, animated: false }],
+  ['w3c_home_2.jpg', { mime: 'image/jpeg', width: 72, height: 48, animated: false }],
+  ['w3c_home_2.png', { mime: 'image/png', width: 72, height: 48, animated: false }],
+  ['w3c_home_animation.gif', { mime: 'image/gif', width: 72, height: 48, animated: true }],
+  ['w3c_home.gif', { mime: 'image/gif', width: 72, height: 48, animated: false }],
+  ['w3c_home_gray.gif', { mime: 'image/gif', width: 72, height: 48, animated: false }],
+  ['w3c_home_gray.jpg', { mime: 'image/jpeg', width: 72, height: 48, animated: false }],
+  ['w3c_home_gray.png', { mime: 'image/png', width: 72, height: 48, animated: false }],
+  ['w3c_home.jpg', { mime: 'image/jpeg', width: 72, height: 48, animated: false }],
+  ['w3c_home.png', { mime: 'image/png', width: 72, height: 48, animated: false }],
+  ['w3c_home_noexif.jpg', { mime: 'image/jpeg', width: 72, height: 48, animated: false }],
+  ['spinfox.png', { mime: 'image/png', width: 148, height: 148, animated: true }],
+  ['iphone_hdr_YES.jpg', { mime: 'image/jpeg', width: 3264, height: 2448, animated: false }],
+  ['nikon-e950.jpg', { mime: 'image/jpeg', width: 800, height: 600, animated: false }],
+  ['agfa-makernotes.jpg', { mime: 'image/jpeg', width: 8, height: 8, animated: false }],
+  ['sony-alpha-6000.jpg', { mime: 'image/jpeg', width: 6000, height: 4000, animated: false }],
+  ['dice.qoi', { mime: 'image/qoi', width: 800, height: 600, animated: false }],
+  // VP8
+  ['1.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 550, height: 368, animated: false }],
+  ['2.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 550, height: 404, animated: false }],
+  ['3.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 1280, height: 720, animated: false }],
+  ['4.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 1024, height: 772, animated: false }],
+  ['5.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 1024, height: 752, animated: false }],
+  // VP8X
+  ['1_webp_a.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 400, height: 301, animated: false }],
+  ['2_webp_a.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 386, height: 395, animated: false }],
+  ['3_webp_a.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 800, height: 600, animated: false }],
+  ['4_webp_a.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 421, height: 163, animated: false }],
+  ['5_webp_a.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 300, height: 300, animated: false }],
+  // VP8L
+  ['1_webp_ll.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 400, height: 301, animated: false }],
+  ['2_webp_ll.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 386, height: 395, animated: false }],
+  ['3_webp_ll.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 800, height: 600, animated: false }],
+  ['4_webp_ll.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 421, height: 163, animated: false }],
+  ['5_webp_ll.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 300, height: 300, animated: false }],
+  // some AVIF test images
+  ['fox.profile2.12bpc.yuv444.odd-width.odd-height.avif', { mime: 'image/avif', width: 1203, height: 799, animated: false }],
+  ['hato.profile0.8bpc.yuv420.avif', { mime: 'image/avif', width: 3082, height: 2048, animated: false }],
+  ['kimono.crop.avif', { mime: 'image/avif', width: 722, height: 1024, animated: false }],
 ];


@@ -4,54 +4,140 @@
 */


-export type ImageType = 'image/png' | 'image/jpeg' | 'image/gif' | 'unsupported' | '';
+export type ImageType = 'image/png' | 'image/jpeg' | 'image/gif' | 'image/qoi' | 'image/webp' | 'image/avif' | 'unsupported' | '';

 export interface IMetrics {
  mime: ImageType;
  width: number;
  height: number;
+  animated: boolean;
 }

 export const UNSUPPORTED_TYPE: IMetrics = {
  mime: 'unsupported',
  width: 0,
-  height: 0
+  height: 0,
+  animated: false
 };

 export function imageType(d: Uint8Array): IMetrics {
-  if (d.length < 24) {
+  if (d.length < 32) {
    return UNSUPPORTED_TYPE;
  }
-  const d32 = new Uint32Array(d.buffer, d.byteOffset, 6);
+  const d32 = new Uint32Array(d.buffer, d.byteOffset, 8);
  // PNG: 89 50 4E 47 0D 0A 1A 0A (8 first bytes == magic number for PNG)
  // + first chunk must be IHDR
  if (d32[0] === 0x474E5089 && d32[1] === 0x0A1A0A0D && d32[3] === 0x52444849) {
    return {
      mime: 'image/png',
-      width: d[16] << 24 | d[17] << 16 | d[18] << 8 | d[19],
-      height: d[20] << 24 | d[21] << 16 | d[22] << 8 | d[23]
+      width:  d[16] << 24 | d[17] << 16 | d[18] << 8 | d[19],
+      height: d[20] << 24 | d[21] << 16 | d[22] << 8 | d[23],
+      animated: isAPNG(d)
    };
  }
  // JPEG: FF D8 FF
  if (d[0] === 0xFF && d[1] === 0xD8 && d[2] === 0xFF) {
    const [width, height] = jpgSize(d);
-    return { mime: 'image/jpeg', width, height };
+    return { mime: 'image/jpeg', width, height, animated: false };
  }
  // GIF: GIF87a or GIF89a
  if (d32[0] === 0x38464947 && (d[4] === 0x37 || d[4] === 0x39) && d[5] === 0x61) {
    return {
      mime: 'image/gif',
-      width: d[7] << 8 | d[6],
-      height: d[9] << 8 | d[8]
+      width:  d[6] | d[7] << 8,
+      height: d[8] | d[9] << 8,
+      animated: isAGIF(d)
    };
  }
+  // QOI: qoif
+  if (d32[0] === 0x66696F71) {
+    return {
+      mime: 'image/qoi',
+      width:  d[4] << 24 | d[5] << 16 | d[ 6] << 8 | d[ 7],
+      height: d[8] << 24 | d[9] << 16 | d[10] << 8 | d[11],
+      animated: false
+    };
+  }
+  // WEBP: RIFF | xxxx | WEBP | VP8x
+  if (d32[0] === 0x46464952 && d32[2] === 0x50424557 && (d32[3] & 0xFFFFFF) === 0x385056) {
+    switch (d[15]) {
+      case 0x58:  // Extended WebP VP8X --> "X"
+        return {
+          mime: 'image/webp',
+          width:  (d[24] | d[25] << 8 | d[26] << 16) + 1,
+          height: (d[27] | d[28] << 8 | d[29] << 16) + 1,
+          animated: (d[20] & 0x02) !== 0
+        };
+      case 0x4C:  // Lossless WebP VP8L --> "L"
+        if (d[20] !== 0x2f) return UNSUPPORTED_TYPE;
+        const dim = d[21] | d[22] << 8 | d[23] << 16 | d[24] << 24;
+        return {
+          mime: 'image/webp',
+          width:  (dim        & 0x3FFF) + 1,
+          height: (dim >>> 14 & 0x3FFF) + 1,
+          animated: false
+        };
+      case 0x20:  // Lossy WebP VP8  --> " "
+        if (d[23] !== 0x9d || d[24] !== 0x01 || d[25] !== 0x2a) return UNSUPPORTED_TYPE;
+        return {
+          mime: 'image/webp',
+          width:  (d[26] | d[27] << 8) & 0x3FFF,
+          height: (d[28] | d[29] << 8) & 0x3FFF,
+          animated: false
+        };
+    }
+    return UNSUPPORTED_TYPE;
+  }
+  // AVIF: Box size | ftyp | avif/avis
+  if (d32[1] === 0x70797466 && (d32[2] === 0x66697661 || d32[2] === 0x73697661)) {
+    let pos = -1;
+    let anim = d32[2] === 0x73697661; // avis is meant to be animated
+    // search for boxes within first 1024 bytes
+    const limit = Math.min(d.length - 16, 1024);
+    for (let i = 8; i < limit; i++) {
+      // scan for ispe for dimensions
+      if (pos === -1 && d[i] === 0x69 && d[i + 1] === 0x73 && d[i + 2] === 0x70 && d[i + 3] === 0x65) {
+        pos = i;
+      }
+      // scan for stsz or moov
+      if (!anim) {
+        const isStsz = d[i] === 0x73 && d[i + 1] === 0x74 && d[i + 2] === 0x73 && d[i + 3] === 0x7A;
+        const isMoov = d[i] === 0x6D && d[i + 1] === 0x6F && d[i + 2] === 0x6F && d[i + 3] === 0x76;
+        if (isStsz || isMoov) {
+          anim = true;
+        }
+      }
+      if (pos !== -1 && anim) {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    if (pos !== -1) {
+      // dimensions are in BE at +8 (width) at +12 (height)
+      const width =
+        d[pos +  8] << 24 |
+        d[pos +  9] << 16 |
+        d[pos + 10] <<  8 |
+        d[pos + 11];
+      const height =
+        d[pos + 12] << 24 |
+        d[pos + 13] << 16 |
+        d[pos + 14] <<  8 |
+        d[pos + 15];
+      if (width > 0 && height > 0) {
+        return { mime: 'image/avif', width, height, animated: anim };
+      }
+    }
+    return UNSUPPORTED_TYPE;
+  }
  return UNSUPPORTED_TYPE;
 }

+
 function jpgSize(d: Uint8Array): [number, number] {
  const len = d.length;
  let i = 4;
  let blockLength = d[i] << 8 | d[i + 1];
+  if (blockLength < 2) return [0, 0];
  while (true) {
    i += blockLength;
    if (i >= len) {
@@ -72,5 +158,78 @@ function jpgSize(d: Uint8Array): [number, number] {
    }
    i += 2;
    blockLength = d[i] << 8 | d[i + 1];
+    if (blockLength < 2) return [0, 0];
  }
 }
+
+
+function isAGIF(data: Uint8Array): boolean {
+  let pos = 10;
+  const gPacked = data[pos];
+  const hasGP = (gPacked & 0x80) !== 0;
+  pos += 3;
+  if (hasGP) {
+    const gpSize = 2 << (gPacked & 0x07);
+    pos += 3 * gpSize;
+  }
+  let gceCount = 0;
+  while (pos < data.length) {
+    const blockType = data[pos];
+    if (blockType === 0x21) { // Extension Block
+      if (pos + 1 >= data.length) return false;
+      const extLabel = data[pos + 1];
+      if (extLabel === 0xF9) { // Graphic Control Extension
+        gceCount++;
+        if (gceCount > 1) return true; // early exit on 2nd frame
+      }
+      pos += 2;
+      while (pos < data.length) {
+        const blockSize = data[pos];
+        if (blockSize === 0x00) break;
+        pos += blockSize + 1;
+      }
+      if (pos >= data.length) return false;
+      pos++;
+    } else if (blockType === 0x2C) { // Image Descriptor
+      if (pos + 10 >= data.length) return false;
+      pos += 10;
+      const lPacked = data[pos - 1];
+      if ((lPacked & 0x80) !== 0) {
+        const lpSize = 2 << (lPacked & 0x07);
+        pos += 3 * lpSize;
+      }
+      if (pos >= data.length) return false;
+      pos++;
+      while (pos < data.length) {
+        const blockSize = data[pos];
+        if (blockSize === 0x00) break;
+        pos += blockSize + 1;
+      }
+      if (pos >= data.length) return false;
+      pos++;
+    } else if (blockType === 0x3B) {
+      break;
+    } else {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+
+function isAPNG(d: Uint8Array): boolean {
+  let p = 8;
+  while (p + 8 < d.length) {
+    const length = (d[p] << 24 | d[p + 1] << 16 | d[p + 2] << 8 | d[p + 3]) >>> 0;
+    // 'acTL' before 'IDAT': APNG
+    if (d[p + 4] === 0x61 && d[p + 5] === 0x63 && d[p + 6] === 0x54 && d[p + 7] === 0x4c) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    // 'IDAT' first: no APNG
+    if (d[p + 4] === 0x49 && d[p + 5] === 0x44 && d[p + 6] === 0x41 && d[p + 7] === 0x54) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    p += 12 + length;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
@@ -5,11 +5,58 @@

 import type { ITerminalAddon, IDisposable } from '@xterm/xterm';
 import type { ImageAddon as IImageApi } from '@xterm/addon-image';
+import { Emitter, type IEvent } from 'common/Event';
 import { IIPHandler } from './IIPHandler';
 import { ImageRenderer } from './ImageRenderer';
 import { ImageStorage, CELL_SIZE_DEFAULT } from './ImageStorage';
+import { KittyGraphicsHandler } from './kitty/KittyGraphicsHandler';
+import { KittyImageStorage } from './kitty/KittyImageStorage';
 import { SixelHandler } from './SixelHandler';
+import { SixelImageStorage } from './SixelImageStorage';
+import { IIPImageStorage } from './IIPImageStorage';
 import { ITerminalExt, IImageAddonOptions, IResetHandler } from './Types';
+import { AnimationManager } from './AnimationManager';
+
+
+/**
+ * Document VT features provided by this addon.
+ *
+ * @vt: #E[Supported via @xterm/addon-image.] DCS SIXEL "SIXEL Graphics"  "DCS Ps ; Ps ; Ps ; q Pt ST"  "Draw SIXEL image."
+ *
+ * Sixel support is provided by the addon @xterm/addon-image with these limitations:
+ * - immediate coloring (no shared palette, allows high color settings of `img2sixel`)
+ * - max. palette size of 4096 colors
+ * - max. pixel width of 16K
+ * - max. 25 MB per sixel sequence
+ * - VT340 cursor positioning (begin of last sixel data row)
+ *
+ * See [addon readme](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/tree/master/addons/addon-image) for more details.
+ *
+ *
+ * @vt: #E[Supported via @xterm/addon-image.] OSC 1337  "iTerm2 Commands"   "OSC 1337 ; Pt BEL"  "Custom iTerm2 commands."
+ *
+ * Only the inline image protocol (IIP) is supported by the addon @xterm/addon-image with
+ * the following limitations:
+ * - sequence:
+ *   - format: `OSC 1337 ; File=inline=1 ; size=<unencoded size> ; ... : <base64 payload> BEL`
+ *   - size param must be set and payload may not exceed CEIL(size * 4 / 3)
+ *   - strict base64 handling as of RFC4648 §4 (standard alphabet, optional padding,
+ *     no separator bytes allowed)
+ *   - supported params: size, name, width, height, preserveAspectRatio
+ * - image formats: PNG, JPEG and GIF
+ * - no animation support (renders first image of a GIF)
+ * - no multipart support
+ * - VT340 cursor positioning (begin of last sixel data row)
+ *
+ * See [addon readme](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/tree/master/addons/addon-image)
+ * and [iTerm2 IIP docs](https://iterm2.com/documentation-images.html) for more details.
+ *
+ *
+ * @vt: #E[Supported via @xterm/addon-image.] APC KITTY_GRAPHICS "Kitty Graphics"  "APC G Pt ST"  "Kitty Graphics Protocol."
+ *
+ * Kitty graphics support is provided by the addon @xterm/addon-image.
+ * Note that while basic image output already works, this is still work in progress.
+ */

 // default values of addon ctor options
 const DEFAULT_OPTIONS: IImageAddonOptions = {
@@ -17,12 +64,16 @@ const DEFAULT_OPTIONS: IImageAddonOptions = {
  pixelLimit: 16777216, // limit to 4096 * 4096 pixels
  sixelSupport: true,
  sixelScrolling: true,
-  sixelPaletteLimit: 256,
-  sixelSizeLimit: 25000000,
+  sixelPaletteLimit: 4096,
+  sixelSizeLimit: 33554432,
  storageLimit: 128,
  showPlaceholder: true,
  iipSupport: true,
-  iipSizeLimit: 20000000
+  iipSizeLimit: 33554432,
+  kittySupport: true,
+  kittySizeLimit: 33554432,
+  animationSupport: true, // alpha
+  animationPixelLimit: 4194304  // limit to 2048 * 2048 pixels
 };

 // max palette size supported by the sixel lib (compile time setting)
@@ -48,7 +99,7 @@ const enum GaStatus {
 }


-export class ImageAddon implements ITerminalAddon , IImageApi {
+export class ImageAddon implements ITerminalAddon, IImageApi {
  private _opts: IImageAddonOptions;
  private _defaultOpts: IImageAddonOptions;
  private _storage: ImageStorage | undefined;
@@ -56,6 +107,9 @@ export class ImageAddon implements ITerminalAddon , IImageApi {
  private _disposables: IDisposable[] = [];
  private _terminal: ITerminalExt | undefined;
  private _handlers: Map<String, IResetHandler> = new Map();
+  private _aniManager: AnimationManager | undefined;
+  private readonly _onImageAdded = new Emitter<void>();
+  public readonly onImageAdded: IEvent<void> = this._onImageAdded.event;

  constructor(opts?: Partial<IImageAddonOptions>) {
    this._opts = Object.assign({}, DEFAULT_OPTIONS, opts);
@@ -68,6 +122,7 @@ export class ImageAddon implements ITerminalAddon , IImageApi {
    }
    this._disposables.length = 0;
    this._handlers.clear();
+    this._onImageAdded.dispose();
  }

  private _disposeLater(...args: IDisposable[]): void {
@@ -82,21 +137,22 @@ export class ImageAddon implements ITerminalAddon , IImageApi {
    // internal data structures
    this._renderer = new ImageRenderer(terminal);
    this._storage = new ImageStorage(terminal, this._renderer, this._opts);
+    this._storage.onImageAdded = () => this._onImageAdded.fire();

    // enable size reports
    if (this._opts.enableSizeReports) {
-      // const windowOptions = terminal.getOption('windowOptions');
-      // windowOptions.getWinSizePixels = true;
-      // windowOptions.getCellSizePixels = true;
-      // windowOptions.getWinSizeChars = true;
-      // terminal.setOption('windowOptions', windowOptions);
-      const windowOps = terminal.options.windowOptions || {};
+      const windowOps = terminal.options.windowOptions ?? {};
      windowOps.getWinSizePixels = true;
      windowOps.getCellSizePixels = true;
      windowOps.getWinSizeChars = true;
      terminal.options.windowOptions = windowOps;
    }

+    if (this._opts.animationSupport && typeof ImageDecoder === 'function') {
+      this._aniManager = new AnimationManager(this._storage, this._renderer, terminal);
+      this._disposeLater(terminal.onRender(range => this._aniManager!.viewportUpdated(range)));
+    }
+
    this._disposeLater(
      this._renderer,
      this._storage,
@@ -129,7 +185,8 @@ export class ImageAddon implements ITerminalAddon , IImageApi {

    // SIXEL handler
    if (this._opts.sixelSupport) {
-      const sixelHandler = new SixelHandler(this._opts, this._storage!, terminal);
+      const sixelStorage = new SixelImageStorage(this._storage!, this._opts, this._renderer!, terminal);
+      const sixelHandler = new SixelHandler(this._opts, sixelStorage, terminal);
      this._handlers.set('sixel', sixelHandler);
      this._disposeLater(
        terminal._core._inputHandler._parser.registerDcsHandler({ final: 'q' }, sixelHandler)
@@ -138,12 +195,25 @@ export class ImageAddon implements ITerminalAddon , IImageApi {

    // iTerm IIP handler
    if (this._opts.iipSupport) {
-      const iipHandler = new IIPHandler(this._opts, this._renderer!, this._storage!, terminal);
+      const iipStorage = new IIPImageStorage(this._storage!);
+      const iipHandler = new IIPHandler(this._opts, this._renderer!, iipStorage, terminal, this._aniManager);
      this._handlers.set('iip', iipHandler);
      this._disposeLater(
        terminal._core._inputHandler._parser.registerOscHandler(1337, iipHandler)
      );
    }
+
+    // Kitty graphics handler
+    if (this._opts.kittySupport) {
+      const kittyStorage = new KittyImageStorage(this._storage!);
+      const kittyHandler = new KittyGraphicsHandler(this._opts, this._renderer!, kittyStorage, terminal);
+      this._handlers.set('kitty', kittyHandler);
+      this._disposeLater(
+        kittyStorage,
+        kittyHandler,
+        terminal._core._inputHandler._parser.registerApcHandler({ final: 'G' }, kittyHandler)
+      );
+    }
  }

  // Note: storageLimit is skipped here to not intoduce a surprising side effect.
@@ -157,6 +227,7 @@ export class ImageAddon implements ITerminalAddon , IImageApi {
    for (const handler of this._handlers.values()) {
      handler.reset();
    }
+    this._aniManager?.reset();
    return false;
  }

@@ -194,7 +265,7 @@ export class ImageAddon implements ITerminalAddon , IImageApi {
  }

  private _report(s: string): void {
-    this._terminal?._core.coreService.triggerDataEvent(s);
+    this._terminal?._core.input(s, false);
  }

  private _decset(params: (number | number[])[]): boolean {
@@ -5,11 +5,13 @@

 import { toRGBA8888 } from 'sixel/lib/Colors';
 import { IDisposable } from '@xterm/xterm';
-import { ICellSize, ITerminalExt, IImageSpec, IRenderDimensions, IRenderService } from './Types';
-import { Disposable, MutableDisposable, toDisposable } from 'vs/base/common/lifecycle';
+import { ICellSize, ImageLayer, ITerminalExt, IImageSpec, IRenderDimensions, IRenderService } from './Types';
+import { Disposable, MutableDisposable, toDisposable } from 'common/Lifecycle';

-const PLACEHOLDER_LENGTH = 4096;
-const PLACEHOLDER_HEIGHT = 24;
+const enum Constants {
+  PLACEHOLDER_LENGTH = 4096,
+  PLACEHOLDER_HEIGHT = 24
+}

 /**
 * ImageRenderer - terminal frontend extension:
@@ -18,8 +20,9 @@ const PLACEHOLDER_HEIGHT = 24;
 * - draw image tiles onRender
 */
 export class ImageRenderer extends Disposable implements IDisposable {
-  public canvas: HTMLCanvasElement | undefined;
-  private _ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D | null | undefined;
+  /** @deprecated Kept for backward compat — points to top layer canvas. */
+  public get canvas(): HTMLCanvasElement | undefined { return this._layers.get('top')?.canvas; }
+  private _layers = new Map<ImageLayer, CanvasRenderingContext2D>();
  private _placeholder: HTMLCanvasElement | undefined;
  private _placeholderBitmap: ImageBitmap | undefined;
  private _optionsRefresh = this._register(new MutableDisposable());
@@ -38,7 +41,7 @@ export class ImageRenderer extends Disposable implements IDisposable {
     * Only the DOM output canvas should be on the terminal's document,
     * which gets explicitly checked in `insertLayerToDom`.
     */
-    const canvas = (localDocument || document).createElement('canvas');
+    const canvas = (localDocument ?? document).createElement('canvas');
    canvas.width = width | 0;
    canvas.height = height | 0;
    return canvas;
@@ -86,6 +89,7 @@ export class ImageRenderer extends Disposable implements IDisposable {
    });
    this._register(toDisposable(() => {
      this.removeLayerFromDom();
+      this.removeLayerFromDom('bottom');
      if (this._terminal._core && this._oldOpen) {
        this._terminal._core.open = this._oldOpen;
        this._oldOpen = undefined;
@@ -95,8 +99,7 @@ export class ImageRenderer extends Disposable implements IDisposable {
        this._oldSetRenderer = undefined;
      }
      this._renderService = undefined;
-      this.canvas = undefined;
-      this._ctx = undefined;
+      this._layers.clear();
      this._placeholderBitmap?.close();
      this._placeholderBitmap = undefined;
      this._placeholder = undefined;
@@ -109,7 +112,7 @@ export class ImageRenderer extends Disposable implements IDisposable {
  public showPlaceholder(value: boolean): void {
    if (value) {
      if (!this._placeholder && this.cellSize.height !== -1) {
-        this._createPlaceHolder(Math.max(this.cellSize.height + 1, PLACEHOLDER_HEIGHT));
+        this._createPlaceHolder(Math.max(this.cellSize.height + 1, Constants.PLACEHOLDER_HEIGHT));
      }
    } else {
      this._placeholderBitmap?.close();
@@ -124,7 +127,7 @@ export class ImageRenderer extends Disposable implements IDisposable {
   * Forwarded from internal render service.
   */
  public get dimensions(): IRenderDimensions | undefined {
-    return this._renderService?.dimensions;
+    return this._terminal.dimensions;
  }

  /**
@@ -140,27 +143,38 @@ export class ImageRenderer extends Disposable implements IDisposable {
  /**
   * Clear a region of the image layer canvas.
   */
-  public clearLines(start: number, end: number): void {
-    this._ctx?.clearRect(
-      0,
-      start * (this.dimensions?.css.cell.height || 0),
-      this.dimensions?.css.canvas.width || 0,
-      (++end - start) * (this.dimensions?.css.cell.height || 0)
-    );
+  public clearLines(start: number, end: number, layer?: ImageLayer): void {
+    const y = start * (this.dimensions?.css.cell.height || 0);
+    const w = this.dimensions?.css.canvas.width || 0;
+    const h = (end + 1 - start) * (this.dimensions?.css.cell.height || 0);
+    if (!layer || layer === 'top') {
+      this._layers.get('top')?.clearRect(0, y, w, h);
+    }
+    if (!layer || layer === 'bottom') {
+      this._layers.get('bottom')?.clearRect(0, y, w, h);
+    }
  }

  /**
   * Clear whole image canvas.
   */
-  public clearAll(): void {
-    this._ctx?.clearRect(0, 0, this.canvas?.width || 0, this.canvas?.height || 0);
+  public clearAll(layer?: ImageLayer): void {
+    if (!layer || layer === 'top') {
+      const ctx = this._layers.get('top');
+      ctx?.clearRect(0, 0, ctx.canvas.width, ctx.canvas.height);
+    }
+    if (!layer || layer === 'bottom') {
+      const ctx = this._layers.get('bottom');
+      ctx?.clearRect(0, 0, ctx.canvas.width, ctx.canvas.height);
+    }
  }

  /**
   * Draw neighboring tiles on the image layer canvas.
   */
  public draw(imgSpec: IImageSpec, tileId: number, col: number, row: number, count: number = 1): void {
-    if (!this._ctx) {
+    const ctx = this._layers.get(imgSpec.layer);
+    if (!ctx) {
      return;
    }
    const { width, height } = this.cellSize;
@@ -187,7 +201,7 @@ export class ImageRenderer extends Disposable implements IDisposable {
    // Note: For not pixel perfect aligned cells like in the DOM renderer
    // this will move a tile slightly to the top/left (subpixel range, thus ignore it).
    // FIX #34: avoid striping on displays with pixelDeviceRatio != 1 by ceiling height and width
-    this._ctx.drawImage(
+    ctx.drawImage(
      img,
      Math.floor(sx), Math.floor(sy), Math.ceil(finalWidth), Math.ceil(finalHeight),
      Math.floor(dx), Math.floor(dy), Math.ceil(finalWidth), Math.ceil(finalHeight)
@@ -227,7 +241,8 @@ export class ImageRenderer extends Disposable implements IDisposable {
   * Draw a line with placeholder on the image layer canvas.
   */
  public drawPlaceholder(col: number, row: number, count: number = 1): void {
-    if (this._ctx) {
+    const ctx = this._layers.get('top');
+    if (ctx) {
      const { width, height } = this.cellSize;

      // Don't try to draw anything, if we cannot get valid renderer metrics.
@@ -236,13 +251,13 @@ export class ImageRenderer extends Disposable implements IDisposable {
      }

      if (!this._placeholder) {
-        this._createPlaceHolder(Math.max(height + 1, PLACEHOLDER_HEIGHT));
+        this._createPlaceHolder(Math.max(height + 1, Constants.PLACEHOLDER_HEIGHT));
      } else if (height >= this._placeholder!.height) {
        this._createPlaceHolder(height + 1);
      }
      if (!this._placeholder) return;
-      this._ctx.drawImage(
-        this._placeholderBitmap || this._placeholder!,
+      ctx.drawImage(
+        this._placeholderBitmap ?? this._placeholder!,
        col * width,
        (row * height) % 2 ? 0 : 1,  // needs %2 offset correction
        width * count,
@@ -260,12 +275,13 @@ export class ImageRenderer extends Disposable implements IDisposable {
   * Checked once from `ImageStorage.render`.
   */
  public rescaleCanvas(): void {
-    if (!this.canvas) {
-      return;
-    }
-    if (this.canvas.width !== this.dimensions!.css.canvas.width || this.canvas.height !== this.dimensions!.css.canvas.height) {
-      this.canvas.width = this.dimensions!.css.canvas.width || 0;
-      this.canvas.height = this.dimensions!.css.canvas.height || 0;
+    const w = this.dimensions?.css.canvas.width || 0;
+    const h = this.dimensions?.css.canvas.height || 0;
+    for (const ctx of this._layers.values()) {
+      if (ctx.canvas.width !== w || ctx.canvas.height !== h) {
+        ctx.canvas.width = w;
+        ctx.canvas.height = h;
+      }
    }
  }

@@ -304,38 +320,68 @@ export class ImageRenderer extends Disposable implements IDisposable {
    this._renderService = this._terminal._core._renderService;
    this._oldSetRenderer = this._renderService.setRenderer.bind(this._renderService);
    this._renderService.setRenderer = (renderer: any) => {
-      this.removeLayerFromDom();
+      for (const key of [...this._layers.keys()]) {
+        this.removeLayerFromDom(key);
+      }
      this._oldSetRenderer?.call(this._renderService, renderer);
    };
  }

-  public insertLayerToDom(): void {
+  public insertLayerToDom(layer: ImageLayer = 'top'): void {
    // make sure that the terminal is attached to a document and to DOM
-    if (this.document && this._terminal._core.screenElement) {
-      if (!this.canvas) {
-        this.canvas = ImageRenderer.createCanvas(
-          this.document, this.dimensions?.css.canvas.width || 0,
-          this.dimensions?.css.canvas.height || 0
-        );
-        this.canvas.classList.add('xterm-image-layer');
-        this._terminal._core.screenElement.appendChild(this.canvas);
-        this._ctx = this.canvas.getContext('2d', { alpha: true, desynchronized: true });
-        this.clearAll();
-      }
-    } else {
+    if (!this.document || !this._terminal._core.screenElement) {
      console.warn('image addon: cannot insert output canvas to DOM, missing document or screenElement');
+      return;
+    }
+    if (this._layers.has(layer)) {
+      return;
+    }
+    const canvas = ImageRenderer.createCanvas(
+      this.document, this.dimensions?.css.canvas.width || 0,
+      this.dimensions?.css.canvas.height || 0
+    );
+    canvas.classList.add(`xterm-image-layer-${layer}`);
+    const screenElement = this._terminal._core.screenElement;
+    // Use isolation to create a stacking context without overriding z-index,
+    // which would conflict with integrators (e.g. VS Code) that set their
+    // own z-index on the screen element.
+    screenElement.style.isolation = 'isolate';
+    if (layer === 'bottom') {
+      // Use z-index:-1 so it paints behind non-positioned text elements.
+      // The screen element needs to be a stacking context (via isolation)
+      // to contain the negative z-index, otherwise it would go behind the
+      // entire terminal.
+      canvas.style.zIndex = '-1';
+      screenElement.insertBefore(canvas, screenElement.firstChild);
+    } else {
+      // Explicit z-index ensures the image canvas reliably stacks above
+      // the text layer (DOM renderer rows). z-index: 0 is below the
+      // selection overlay (z-index: 1).
+      canvas.style.zIndex = '0';
+      screenElement.appendChild(canvas);
+    }
+    const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d', { alpha: true });
+    if (!ctx) {
+      canvas.remove();
+      return;
+    }
+    this._layers.set(layer, ctx);
+    this.clearAll(layer);
+  }
+
+  public removeLayerFromDom(layer: ImageLayer = 'top'): void {
+    const ctx = this._layers.get(layer);
+    if (ctx) {
+      ctx.canvas.remove();
+      this._layers.delete(layer);
    }
  }

-  public removeLayerFromDom(): void {
-    if (this.canvas) {
-      this._ctx = undefined;
-      this.canvas.remove();
-      this.canvas = undefined;
-    }
+  public hasLayer(layer: ImageLayer): boolean {
+    return this._layers.has(layer);
  }

-  private _createPlaceHolder(height: number = PLACEHOLDER_HEIGHT): void {
+  private _createPlaceHolder(height: number = Constants.PLACEHOLDER_HEIGHT): void {
    this._placeholderBitmap?.close();
    this._placeholderBitmap = undefined;

@@ -359,7 +405,7 @@ export class ImageRenderer extends Disposable implements IDisposable {
    ctx.putImageData(imgData, 0, 0);

    // create placeholder line, width aligned to blueprint width
-    const width = (screen.width + bWidth - 1) & ~(bWidth - 1) || PLACEHOLDER_LENGTH;
+    const width = (screen.width + bWidth - 1) & ~(bWidth - 1) || Constants.PLACEHOLDER_LENGTH;
    this._placeholder = ImageRenderer.createCanvas(this.document, width, height);
    const ctx2 = this._placeholder.getContext('2d', { alpha: false });
    if (!ctx2) {
@@ -5,8 +5,11 @@

 import { IDisposable } from '@xterm/xterm';
 import { ImageRenderer } from './ImageRenderer';
-import { ITerminalExt, IExtendedAttrsImage, IImageAddonOptions, IImageSpec, IBufferLineExt, BgFlags, Cell, Content, ICellSize, ExtFlags, Attributes, UnderlineStyle } from './Types';
-
+import type {
+  ITerminalExt, IImageAddonOptions, IImageSpec, ICellSize, IAddImageOpts
+} from './Types';
+import type { IBufferLine } from 'common/buffer/Types';
+import { CellData } from 'common/buffer/CellData';

 // fallback default cell size
 export const CELL_SIZE_DEFAULT: ICellSize = {
@@ -14,93 +17,12 @@ export const CELL_SIZE_DEFAULT: ICellSize = {
  height: 14
 };

-/**
- * Extend extended attribute to also hold image tile information.
- *
- * Object definition is copied from base repo to fully mimick its behavior.
- * Image data is added as additional public properties `imageId` and `tileId`.
- */
-class ExtendedAttrsImage implements IExtendedAttrsImage {
-  private _ext: number = 0;
-  public get ext(): number {
-    if (this._urlId) {
-      return (
-        (this._ext & ~ExtFlags.UNDERLINE_STYLE) |
-        (this.underlineStyle << 26)
-      );
-    }
-    return this._ext;
-  }
-  public set ext(value: number) { this._ext = value; }
-
-  public get underlineStyle(): UnderlineStyle {
-    // Always return the URL style if it has one
-    if (this._urlId) {
-      return UnderlineStyle.DASHED;
-    }
-    return (this._ext & ExtFlags.UNDERLINE_STYLE) >> 26;
-  }
-  public set underlineStyle(value: UnderlineStyle) {
-    this._ext &= ~ExtFlags.UNDERLINE_STYLE;
-    this._ext |= (value << 26) & ExtFlags.UNDERLINE_STYLE;
-  }
-
-  public get underlineColor(): number {
-    return this._ext & (Attributes.CM_MASK | Attributes.RGB_MASK);
-  }
-  public set underlineColor(value: number) {
-    this._ext &= ~(Attributes.CM_MASK | Attributes.RGB_MASK);
-    this._ext |= value & (Attributes.CM_MASK | Attributes.RGB_MASK);
-  }
-
-  public get underlineVariantOffset(): number {
-    const val = (this._ext & ExtFlags.VARIANT_OFFSET) >> 29;
-    if (val < 0) {
-      return val ^ 0xFFFFFFF8;
-    }
-    return val;
-  }
-  public set underlineVariantOffset(value: number) {
-    this._ext &= ~ExtFlags.VARIANT_OFFSET;
-    this._ext |= (value << 29) & ExtFlags.VARIANT_OFFSET;
-  }
-
-  private _urlId: number = 0;
-  public get urlId(): number {
-    return this._urlId;
-  }
-  public set urlId(value: number) {
-    this._urlId = value;
-  }
-
+export class ImageTileInfo {
  constructor(
-    ext: number = 0,
-    urlId: number = 0,
    public imageId = -1,
-    public tileId = -1
-  ) {
-    this._ext = ext;
-    this._urlId = urlId;
-  }
-
-  public clone(): IExtendedAttrsImage {
-    /**
-     * Technically we dont need a clone variant of ExtendedAttrsImage,
-     * as we never clone a cell holding image data.
-     * Note: Clone is only meant to be used by the InputHandler for
-     * sticky attributes, which is never the case for image data.
-     * We still provide a proper clone method to reflect the full ext attr
-     * state in case there are future use cases for clone.
-     */
-    return new ExtendedAttrsImage(this._ext, this._urlId, this.imageId, this.tileId);
-  }
-
-  public isEmpty(): boolean {
-    return this.underlineStyle === UnderlineStyle.NONE && this._urlId === 0 && this.imageId === -1;
+    public tileId = -1) {
  }
 }
-const EMPTY_ATTRS = new ExtendedAttrsImage();
-

 /**
 * ImageStorage - extension of CoreTerminal:
@@ -122,8 +44,11 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {
  private _needsFullClear = false;
  // hard limit of stored pixels (fallback limit of 10 MB)
  private _pixelLimit: number = 2500000;
+  private _workCell: CellData = new CellData();

  private _viewportMetrics: { cols: number, rows: number };
+  public onImageAdded: (() => void) | undefined;
+  public onImageDeleted: ((storageId: number) => void) | undefined;

  constructor(
    private _terminal: ITerminalExt,
@@ -132,8 +57,10 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {
  ) {
    try {
      this.setLimit(this._opts.storageLimit);
-    } catch (e: any) {
-      console.error(e.message);
+    } catch (e: unknown) {
+      if (e instanceof Error) {
+        console.error(e.message);
+      }
      console.warn(`storageLimit is set to ${this.getLimit()} MB`);
    }
    this._viewportMetrics = {
@@ -187,11 +114,13 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {

  private _delImg(id: number): void {
    const spec = this._images.get(id);
+    if (!spec) return;
    this._images.delete(id);
    // FIXME: really ugly workaround to get bitmaps deallocated :(
-    if (spec && window.ImageBitmap && spec.orig instanceof ImageBitmap) {
+    if (window.ImageBitmap && spec.orig instanceof ImageBitmap) {
      spec.orig.close();
    }
+    this.onImageDeleted?.(id);
  }

  /**
@@ -215,27 +144,36 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {
  }

  /**
-   * Only advance text cursor.
-   * This is an edge case from empty sixels carrying only a height but no pixels.
-   * Partially fixes https://github.com/jerch/xterm-addon-image/issues/37.
+   * Retrieve image spec from storage.
   */
-  public advanceCursor(height: number): void {
-    if (this._opts.sixelScrolling) {
-      let cellSize = this._renderer.cellSize;
-      if (cellSize.width === -1 || cellSize.height === -1) {
-        cellSize = CELL_SIZE_DEFAULT;
-      }
-      const rows = Math.ceil(height / cellSize.height);
-      for (let i = 1; i < rows; ++i) {
-        this._terminal._core._inputHandler.lineFeed();
-      }
+  public getImage(id: number): IImageSpec | undefined {
+    return this._images.get(id);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Delete an image by its internal storage ID.
+   * Used by protocols that support explicit deletion (e.g. Kitty a=d).
+   */
+  public deleteImage(id: number): void {
+    const spec = this._images.get(id);
+    if (spec) {
+      spec.marker?.dispose();
+      this._delImg(id);
    }
  }

  /**
   * Method to add an image to the storage.
+   * @param img - The image to add (canvas or bitmap).
+   * @param opts - Options for addImage:
+   *   - scrolling:  When true, cursor advances with the image.
+   *                 When false, image is placed at ORIGIN and cursor does not move.
+   *   - layer:      Which canvas layer to render on ('top' or 'bottom').
+   *   - zIndex:     Z-index for image layering within the same layer.
+   *   - cursorPos:  'vt340' for bottom-left, 'iip' for bottom.right.
+   * @returns The internal image ID assigned to the stored image.
   */
-  public addImage(img: HTMLCanvasElement | ImageBitmap): void {
+  public addImage(img: HTMLCanvasElement | ImageBitmap, opts: IAddImageOpts): number {
    // never allow storage to exceed memory limit
    this._evictOldest(img.width * img.height);

@@ -257,7 +195,7 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {
    let offset = originX;
    let tileCount = 0;

-    if (!this._opts.sixelScrolling) {
+    if (!opts.scrolling) {
      buffer.x = 0;
      buffer.y = 0;
      offset = 0;
@@ -265,13 +203,13 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {

    this._terminal._core._inputHandler._dirtyRowTracker.markDirty(buffer.y);
    for (let row = 0; row < rows; ++row) {
-      const line = buffer.lines.get(buffer.y + buffer.ybase);
+      const line = buffer.lines.get(buffer.y + buffer.ybase)!;
      for (let col = 0; col < cols; ++col) {
        if (offset + col >= termCols) break;
-        this._writeToCell(line as IBufferLineExt, offset + col, imageId, row * cols + col);
+        this._writeToCell(line, offset + col, imageId, row * cols + col);
        tileCount++;
      }
-      if (this._opts.sixelScrolling) {
+      if (opts.scrolling) {
        if (row < rows - 1) this._terminal._core._inputHandler.lineFeed();
      } else {
        if (++buffer.y >= termRows) break;
@@ -281,8 +219,12 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {
    this._terminal._core._inputHandler._dirtyRowTracker.markDirty(buffer.y);

    // cursor positioning modes
-    if (this._opts.sixelScrolling) {
-      buffer.x = offset;
+    if (opts.scrolling) {
+      if (opts.cursorPos === 'iip') {
+        buffer.x = Math.min(offset + cols, termCols);
+      } else {
+        buffer.x = offset;
+      }
    } else {
      buffer.x = originX;
      buffer.y = originY;
@@ -324,11 +266,15 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {
      actualCellSize: { ...cellSize },  // clone needed, since later modified
      marker: endMarker || undefined,
      tileCount,
-      bufferType: this._terminal.buffer.active.type
+      bufferType: this._terminal.buffer.active.type,
+      layer: opts.layer,
+      zIndex: opts.zIndex
    };

    // finally add the image
    this._images.set(imageId, imgSpec);
+    this.onImageAdded?.();
+    return imageId;
  }


@@ -338,16 +284,30 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {
   */
  // TODO: Should we move this to the ImageRenderer?
  public render(range: { start: number, end: number }): void {
-    // setup image canvas in case we have none yet, but have images in store
-    if (!this._renderer.canvas && this._images.size) {
-      this._renderer.insertLayerToDom();
-      // safety measure - in case we cannot spawn a canvas at all, just exit
-      if (!this._renderer.canvas) {
-        return;
+    // Determine which layers have images
+    let hasTopImages = false;
+    let hasBottomImages = false;
+    for (const spec of this._images.values()) {
+      if (spec.layer === 'bottom') {
+        hasBottomImages = true;
+      } else {
+        hasTopImages = true;
      }
+      if (hasTopImages && hasBottomImages) break;
    }
+
+    // Lazily insert layers that are needed
+    if (hasTopImages && !this._renderer.hasLayer('top')) {
+      this._renderer.insertLayerToDom('top');
+      if (!this._renderer.hasLayer('top')) return;
+    }
+    if (hasBottomImages && !this._renderer.hasLayer('bottom')) {
+      this._renderer.insertLayerToDom('bottom');
+    }
+
    // rescale if needed
    this._renderer.rescaleCanvas();
+
    // exit early if we dont have any images to test for
    if (!this._images.size) {
      if (!this._fullyCleared) {
@@ -355,12 +315,25 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {
        this._fullyCleared = true;
        this._needsFullClear = false;
      }
-      if (this._renderer.canvas) {
-        this._renderer.removeLayerFromDom();
+      if (this._renderer.hasLayer('top')) {
+        this._renderer.removeLayerFromDom('top');
+      }
+      if (this._renderer.hasLayer('bottom')) {
+        this._renderer.removeLayerFromDom('bottom');
      }
      return;
    }

+    // Remove layers no longer needed
+    if (!hasTopImages && this._renderer.hasLayer('top')) {
+      this._renderer.clearAll('top');
+      this._renderer.removeLayerFromDom('top');
+    }
+    if (!hasBottomImages && this._renderer.hasLayer('bottom')) {
+      this._renderer.clearAll('bottom');
+      this._renderer.removeLayerFromDom('bottom');
+    }
+
    // buffer switches force a full clear
    if (this._needsFullClear) {
      this._renderer.clearAll();
@@ -375,13 +348,17 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {
    // clear drawing area
    this._renderer.clearLines(start, end);

-    // walk all cells in viewport and draw tiles found
+    // Collect draw calls so we can sort by z-index (lower z drawn first).
+    const drawCalls: { imgSpec: IImageSpec, tileId: number, col: number, row: number, count: number }[] = [];
+    const placeholderCalls: { col: number, row: number, count: number }[] = [];
+
+    // walk all cells in viewport and collect tiles found
    for (let row = start; row <= end; ++row) {
-      const line = buffer.lines.get(row + buffer.ydisp) as IBufferLineExt;
+      const line = buffer.lines.get(row + buffer.ydisp);
      if (!line) return;
      for (let col = 0; col < cols; ++col) {
-        if (line.getBg(col) & BgFlags.HAS_EXTENDED) {
-          let e: IExtendedAttrsImage = line._extendedAttrs[col] || EMPTY_ATTRS;
+        const e = line.getExtended(col)?.payload;
+        if (e instanceof ImageTileInfo) {
          const imageId = e.imageId;
          if (imageId === undefined || imageId === -1) {
            continue;
@@ -397,28 +374,39 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {
             * - cell has same image id
             * - cell has consecutive tile id
             */
-            while (
-              ++col < cols
-              && (line.getBg(col) & BgFlags.HAS_EXTENDED)
-              && (e = line._extendedAttrs[col] || EMPTY_ATTRS)
-              && (e.imageId === imageId)
-              && (e.tileId === startTile + count)
-            ) {
+            while (++col < cols) {
+              const nextE = line.getExtended(col)?.payload;
+              if (!(nextE instanceof ImageTileInfo) || nextE.imageId !== imageId || nextE.tileId !== startTile + count) {
+                break;
+              }
              count++;
            }
            col--;
            if (imgSpec) {
              if (imgSpec.actual) {
-                this._renderer.draw(imgSpec, startTile, startCol, row, count);
+                drawCalls.push({ imgSpec, tileId: startTile, col: startCol, row, count });
              }
            } else if (this._opts.showPlaceholder) {
-              this._renderer.drawPlaceholder(startCol, row, count);
+              placeholderCalls.push({ col: startCol, row, count });
            }
            this._fullyCleared = false;
          }
        }
      }
    }
+
+    // Sort by z-index so lower z draws first (higher z renders on top)
+    drawCalls.sort((a, b) => a.imgSpec.zIndex - b.imgSpec.zIndex);
+
+    // Draw placeholders first (lowest priority)
+    for (const call of placeholderCalls) {
+      this._renderer.drawPlaceholder(call.col, call.row, call.count);
+    }
+
+    // Draw images in z-index order
+    for (const call of drawCalls) {
+      this._renderer.draw(call.imgSpec, call.tileId, call.col, call.row, call.count);
+    }
  }

  public viewportResize(metrics: { cols: number, rows: number }): void {
@@ -440,9 +428,9 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {
    const rows = buffer.lines.length;
    const oldCol = this._viewportMetrics.cols - 1;
    for (let row = 0; row < rows; ++row) {
-      const line = buffer.lines.get(row) as IBufferLineExt;
-      if (line.getBg(oldCol) & BgFlags.HAS_EXTENDED) {
-        const e: IExtendedAttrsImage = line._extendedAttrs[oldCol] || EMPTY_ATTRS;
+      const line = buffer.lines.get(row)!;
+      const e = line.getExtended(oldCol)?.payload;
+      if (e instanceof ImageTileInfo) {
        const imageId = e.imageId;
        if (imageId === undefined || imageId === -1) {
          continue;
@@ -459,7 +447,7 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {
        // expand only if right side is empty (nothing got wrapped from below)
        let hasData = false;
        for (let rightCol = oldCol + 1; rightCol > metrics.cols; ++rightCol) {
-          if (line._data[rightCol * Cell.SIZE + Cell.CONTENT] & Content.HAS_CONTENT_MASK) {
+          if (line.hasContent(rightCol)) {
            hasData = true;
            break;
          }
@@ -471,7 +459,7 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {
        const end = Math.min(metrics.cols, tilesPerRow - (e.tileId % tilesPerRow) + oldCol);
        let lastTile = e.tileId;
        for (let expandCol = oldCol + 1; expandCol < end; ++expandCol) {
-          this._writeToCell(line as IBufferLineExt, expandCol, imageId, ++lastTile);
+          this._writeToCell(line, expandCol, imageId, ++lastTile);
          imgSpec.tileCount++;
        }
      }
@@ -485,10 +473,10 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {
   */
  public getImageAtBufferCell(x: number, y: number): HTMLCanvasElement | undefined {
    const buffer = this._terminal._core.buffer;
-    const line = buffer.lines.get(y) as IBufferLineExt;
-    if (line && line.getBg(x) & BgFlags.HAS_EXTENDED) {
-      const e: IExtendedAttrsImage = line._extendedAttrs[x] || EMPTY_ATTRS;
-      if (e.imageId && e.imageId !== -1) {
+    const line = buffer.lines.get(y);
+    if (line) {
+      const e = line.getExtended(x)?.payload;
+      if (e instanceof ImageTileInfo && e.imageId && e.imageId !== -1) {
        const orig = this._images.get(e.imageId)?.orig;
        if (window.ImageBitmap && orig instanceof ImageBitmap) {
          const canvas = ImageRenderer.createCanvas(window.document, orig.width, orig.height);
@@ -505,10 +493,10 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {
   */
  public extractTileAtBufferCell(x: number, y: number): HTMLCanvasElement | undefined {
    const buffer = this._terminal._core.buffer;
-    const line = buffer.lines.get(y) as IBufferLineExt;
-    if (line && line.getBg(x) & BgFlags.HAS_EXTENDED) {
-      const e: IExtendedAttrsImage = line._extendedAttrs[x] || EMPTY_ATTRS;
-      if (e.imageId && e.imageId !== -1 && e.tileId !== -1) {
+    const line = buffer.lines.get(y);
+    if (line) {
+      const e = line.getExtended(x)?.payload;
+      if (e instanceof ImageTileInfo && e.imageId && e.imageId !== -1 && e.tileId !== -1) {
        const spec = this._images.get(e.imageId);
        if (spec) {
          return this._renderer.extractTile(spec, e.tileId);
@@ -536,31 +524,31 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {
    return used - current;
  }

-  private _writeToCell(line: IBufferLineExt, x: number, imageId: number, tileId: number): void {
-    if (line._data[x * Cell.SIZE + Cell.BG] & BgFlags.HAS_EXTENDED) {
-      const old = line._extendedAttrs[x];
-      if (old) {
-        if (old.imageId !== undefined) {
-          // found an old ExtendedAttrsImage, since we know that
-          // they are always isolated instances (single cell usage),
-          // we can re-use it and just update their id entries
-          const oldSpec = this._images.get(old.imageId);
-          if (oldSpec) {
-            // early eviction for in-viewport overwrites
-            oldSpec.tileCount--;
-          }
-          old.imageId = imageId;
-          old.tileId = tileId;
-          return;
+  private _writeToCell(line: IBufferLine, x: number, imageId: number, tileId: number): void {
+    const workCell = this._workCell;
+    line.loadCell(x, workCell);
+    if (this._workCell.hasExtendedAttrs()) {
+      const old = workCell.extended.payload;
+      if (old instanceof ImageTileInfo) {
+        // found an old ExtendedAttrsImage, since we know that
+        // they are always isolated instances (single cell usage),
+        // we can re-use it and just update their id entries
+        const oldSpec = this._images.get(old.imageId);
+        if (oldSpec) {
+          // early eviction for in-viewport overwrites
+          oldSpec.tileCount--;
        }
-        // found a plain ExtendedAttrs instance, clone it to new entry
-        line._extendedAttrs[x] = new ExtendedAttrsImage(old.ext, old.urlId, imageId, tileId);
+        old.imageId = imageId;
+        old.tileId = tileId;
        return;
      }
    }
-    // fall-through: always create new ExtendedAttrsImage entry
-    line._data[x * Cell.SIZE + Cell.BG] |= BgFlags.HAS_EXTENDED;
-    line._extendedAttrs[x] = new ExtendedAttrsImage(0, 0, imageId, tileId);
+    // fall-through: always create new ExtendedAttrs entry
+    const extattr = workCell.extended.clone();
+    extattr.payload = new ImageTileInfo(imageId, tileId);
+    workCell.extended = extattr;
+    workCell.updateExtended();
+    line.setCell(x, workCell);
  }

  private _evictOnAlternate(): void {
@@ -573,18 +561,16 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {
    // re-count tiles on whole buffer
    const buffer = this._terminal._core.buffer;
    for (let y = 0; y < this._terminal.rows; ++y) {
-      const line = buffer.lines.get(y) as IBufferLineExt;
+      const line = buffer.lines.get(y);
      if (!line) {
        continue;
      }
      for (let x = 0; x < this._terminal.cols; ++x) {
-        if (line._data[x * Cell.SIZE + Cell.BG] & BgFlags.HAS_EXTENDED) {
-          const imgId = line._extendedAttrs[x]?.imageId;
-          if (imgId) {
-            const spec = this._images.get(imgId);
-            if (spec) {
-              spec.tileCount++;
-            }
+        const payload = line.getExtended(x)?.payload;
+        if (payload instanceof ImageTileInfo) {
+          const spec = this._images.get(payload.imageId);
+          if (spec) {
+            spec.tileCount++;
          }
        }
      }
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 * @license MIT
 */

-import { ImageStorage } from './ImageStorage';
+import { SixelImageStorage } from './SixelImageStorage';
 import { IDcsHandler, IParams, IImageAddonOptions, ITerminalExt, AttributeData, IResetHandler, ReadonlyColorSet } from './Types';
 import { toRGBA8888, BIG_ENDIAN, PALETTE_ANSI_256, PALETTE_VT340_COLOR } from 'sixel/lib/Colors';
 import { RGBA8888 } from 'sixel/lib/Types';
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ export class SixelHandler implements IDcsHandler, IResetHandler {

  constructor(
    private readonly _opts: IImageAddonOptions,
-    private readonly _storage: ImageStorage,
+    private readonly _storage: SixelImageStorage,
    private readonly _coreTerminal: ITerminalExt
  ) {
    DecoderAsync({
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ export class SixelHandler implements IDcsHandler, IResetHandler {
    const height = this._dec.height;

    // partial fix for https://github.com/jerch/xterm-addon-image/issues/37
-    if (!width || ! height) {
+    if (!width || !height) {
      if (height) {
        this._storage.advanceCursor(height);
      }
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ export class SixelHandler implements IDcsHandler, IResetHandler {
    }

    const canvas = ImageRenderer.createCanvas(undefined, width, height);
-    canvas.getContext('2d')?.putImageData(new ImageData(this._dec.data8, width, height), 0, 0);
+    canvas.getContext('2d')?.putImageData(new ImageData(this._dec.data8 as Uint8ClampedArray<ArrayBuffer>, width, height), 0, 0);
    if (this._dec.memoryUsage > MEM_PERMA_LIMIT) {
      this._dec.release();
    }
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 The xterm.js authors. All rights reserved.
+ * @license MIT
+ */
+
+import { ImageStorage, CELL_SIZE_DEFAULT } from './ImageStorage';
+import { IImageAddonOptions, ITerminalExt, IAddImageOpts } from './Types';
+import { ImageRenderer } from './ImageRenderer';
+
+/**
+ * Sixel-specific image storage controller.
+ *
+ * Wraps the shared ImageStorage with sixel protocol semantics:
+ * - Cursor behavior governed by DECSET 80 (sixelScrolling option)
+ * - advanceCursor for empty sixels carrying only height
+ */
+export class SixelImageStorage {
+  private _addImageOpts: IAddImageOpts = { scrolling: true, layer: 'top', zIndex: 0, cursorPos: 'vt340' };
+  constructor(
+    private readonly _storage: ImageStorage,
+    private readonly _opts: IImageAddonOptions,
+    private readonly _renderer: ImageRenderer,
+    private readonly _terminal: ITerminalExt
+  ) {}
+
+  /**
+   * Add a sixel image to storage.
+   * Cursor behavior depends on the sixelScrolling option (DECSET 80).
+   */
+  public addImage(img: HTMLCanvasElement | ImageBitmap): void {
+    this._addImageOpts.scrolling = this._opts.sixelScrolling;
+    this._storage.addImage(img, this._addImageOpts);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Only advance text cursor.
+   * This is an edge case from empty sixels carrying only a height but no pixels.
+   * Partially fixes https://github.com/jerch/xterm-addon-image/issues/37.
+   */
+  public advanceCursor(height: number): void {
+    if (this._opts.sixelScrolling) {
+      let cellSize = this._renderer.cellSize;
+      if (cellSize.width === -1 || cellSize.height === -1) {
+        cellSize = CELL_SIZE_DEFAULT;
+      }
+      const rows = Math.ceil(height / cellSize.height);
+      for (let i = 1; i < rows; ++i) {
+        this._terminal._core._inputHandler.lineFeed();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ import { IDisposable, IMarker, Terminal } from '@xterm/xterm';
 // private imports from base repo we build against
 import { Attributes, BgFlags, Content, ExtFlags, UnderlineStyle } from 'common/buffer/Constants';
 import type { AttributeData } from 'common/buffer/AttributeData';
-import type { IParams, IDcsHandler, IOscHandler, IEscapeSequenceParser } from 'common/parser/Types';
-import type { IBufferLine, IExtendedAttrs, IInputHandler } from 'common/Types';
+import type { IParams, IDcsHandler, IOscHandler, IApcHandler, IEscapeSequenceParser } from 'common/parser/Types';
+import type { IInputHandler } from 'common/Types';
 import type { ITerminal, ReadonlyColorSet } from 'browser/Types';
 import type { IRenderDimensions } from 'browser/renderer/shared/Types';
 import type { ICoreBrowserService, IRenderService, IThemeService } from 'browser/services/Services';
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ export const enum Cell {
 }

 // export some privates for local usage
-export { AttributeData, IParams, IDcsHandler, IOscHandler, BgFlags, IRenderDimensions, IRenderService, Content, ExtFlags, Attributes, UnderlineStyle, ReadonlyColorSet };
+export { AttributeData, IParams, IDcsHandler, IOscHandler, IApcHandler, BgFlags, IRenderDimensions, IRenderService, Content, ExtFlags, Attributes, UnderlineStyle, ReadonlyColorSet };

 /**
 * Plugin ctor options.
@@ -38,6 +38,10 @@ export interface IImageAddonOptions {
  sixelSizeLimit: number;
  iipSupport: boolean;
  iipSizeLimit: number;
+  kittySupport: boolean;
+  kittySizeLimit: number;
+  animationSupport: boolean;
+  animationPixelLimit: number;
 }

 export interface IResetHandler {
@@ -45,6 +49,7 @@ export interface IResetHandler {
  reset(): void;
 }

+/* eslint-disable */
 /**
 * Stub into private interfaces.
 * This should be kept in line with common libs.
@@ -52,19 +57,6 @@ export interface IResetHandler {
 * have a somewhat reliable testing against code changes in the core repo.
 */

-// overloaded IExtendedAttrs to hold image refs
-export interface IExtendedAttrsImage extends IExtendedAttrs {
-  imageId: number;
-  tileId: number;
-  clone(): IExtendedAttrsImage;
-}
-
-/* eslint-disable */
-export interface IBufferLineExt extends IBufferLine {
-  _extendedAttrs: {[index: number]: IExtendedAttrsImage | undefined};
-  _data: Uint32Array;
-}
-
 interface IInputHandlerExt extends IInputHandler {
  _parser: IEscapeSequenceParser;
  _curAttrData: AttributeData;
@@ -75,6 +67,7 @@ interface IInputHandlerExt extends IInputHandler {
  };
  onRequestReset(handler: () => void): IDisposable;
 }
+/* eslint-enable */

 export interface ICoreTerminalExt extends ITerminal {
  _themeService: IThemeService | undefined;
@@ -86,8 +79,6 @@ export interface ICoreTerminalExt extends ITerminal {
 export interface ITerminalExt extends Terminal {
  _core: ICoreTerminalExt;
 }
-/* eslint-enable */
-

 /**
 * Some storage definitions.
@@ -97,6 +88,16 @@ export interface ICellSize {
  height: number;
 }

+export type ImageLayer = 'top' | 'bottom';
+export type CursorPos = 'vt340' | 'iip';
+
+export interface IAddImageOpts {
+  scrolling: boolean;
+  layer: ImageLayer;
+  zIndex: number;
+  cursorPos: CursorPos;
+}
+
 export interface IImageSpec {
  orig: HTMLCanvasElement | ImageBitmap | undefined;
  origCellSize: ICellSize;
@@ -105,4 +106,6 @@ export interface IImageSpec {
  marker: IMarker | undefined;
  tileCount: number;
  bufferType: 'alternate' | 'normal';
+  layer: ImageLayer;
+  zIndex: number;
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,819 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2026 The xterm.js authors. All rights reserved.
+ * @license MIT
+ */
+
+import { IDisposable } from '@xterm/xterm';
+import { IApcHandler, IImageAddonOptions, IResetHandler, ITerminalExt, ImageLayer } from '../Types';
+import { ImageRenderer } from '../ImageRenderer';
+import { CELL_SIZE_DEFAULT } from '../ImageStorage';
+import { KittyImageStorage } from './KittyImageStorage';
+import Base64Decoder, { type DecodeStatus } from 'xterm-wasm-parts/lib/base64/Base64Decoder.wasm';
+import {
+  KittyAction,
+  KittyFormat,
+  KittyCompression,
+  IKittyCommand,
+  IPendingTransmission,
+  IKittyImageData,
+  KittyPixelConstants,
+  parseKittyCommand
+} from './KittyGraphicsTypes';
+
+const enum Constants {
+  // Memory limit for base64 decoder (4MB, same as IIPHandler)
+  DECODER_KEEP_DATA = 4194304,
+  DECODER_INITIAL_DATA = 4194304, // 4MB
+  // Local mirror of const enum (esbuild can't inline const enums from external packages)
+  DECODER_OK = 0,
+  // Maximum control data size
+  MAX_CONTROL_DATA_SIZE = 512,
+  // Semicolon codepoint
+  SEMICOLON = 0x3B
+}
+
+const DECODER_OK = Constants.DECODER_OK as unknown as DecodeStatus.OK;
+
+// Kitty graphics protocol handler with streaming base64 decoding.
+export class KittyGraphicsHandler implements IApcHandler, IResetHandler, IDisposable {
+  private _aborted = false;
+  private _decodeError = false;
+
+  private _activeDecoder: Base64Decoder | null = null;
+  private readonly _maxEncodedBytes: number;
+  private readonly _initialEncodedBytes: number;
+
+  // Streaming related states
+
+  // True while receiving control data (before semicolon).
+  private _inControlData = true;
+
+  // Buffer for control data.
+  private _controlData = new Uint32Array(Constants.MAX_CONTROL_DATA_SIZE);
+  private _controlLength = 0;
+
+  // Pre-calculated encoded size limit
+  private _encodedSizeLimit = 0;
+  private _totalEncodedSize = 0;
+
+  // Parsed command. These are the control data before semicolon.
+  private _parsedCommand: IKittyCommand | null = null;
+
+  // Storage related states
+
+  private _pendingTransmissions: Map<number, IPendingTransmission> = new Map();
+  // Tracks the pending key of the most recently started chunked upload.
+  // Per spec, subsequent chunks only need m= (and optionally q=), without i=.
+  // When a chunk arrives with no i=, this key is used to find the pending upload.
+  private _lastPendingKey: number | undefined;
+
+  constructor(
+    private readonly _opts: IImageAddonOptions,
+    private readonly _renderer: ImageRenderer,
+    private readonly _kittyStorage: KittyImageStorage,
+    private readonly _coreTerminal: ITerminalExt
+  ) {
+    // Convert decoded size limit -> max encoded bytes.
+    this._maxEncodedBytes = Math.ceil(this._opts.kittySizeLimit * 4 / 3);
+    // ensure we preallocate more than configured limit while using 4mb initial size.
+    this._initialEncodedBytes = Math.min(Constants.DECODER_INITIAL_DATA, this._maxEncodedBytes);
+  }
+
+  public reset(): void {
+    this._cleanupAllPending();
+    if (this._activeDecoder) {
+      this._activeDecoder.release();
+      this._activeDecoder = null;
+    }
+    this._kittyStorage.reset();
+  }
+
+  public dispose(): void {
+    this.reset();
+  }
+
+  private _removePendingEntry(key: number): void {
+    this._pendingTransmissions.delete(key);
+    if (this._lastPendingKey === key) {
+      this._lastPendingKey = undefined;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private _cleanupAllPending(): void {
+    for (const pending of this._pendingTransmissions.values()) {
+      pending.decoder.release();
+    }
+    this._pendingTransmissions.clear();
+    this._lastPendingKey = undefined;
+  }
+
+  public start(): void {
+    this._aborted = false;
+    this._decodeError = false;
+    this._inControlData = true;
+    this._controlLength = 0;
+    this._parsedCommand = null;
+    // Pre-calculate encoded limit once: base64 is 4 bytes encoded → 3 bytes decoded
+    this._encodedSizeLimit = this._maxEncodedBytes;
+    this._totalEncodedSize = 0;
+    this._activeDecoder = null;
+  }
+
+  public put(data: Uint32Array, start: number, end: number): void {
+    if (this._aborted) return;
+
+    if (!this._inControlData) {
+      this._streamPayload(data, start, end);
+    } else {
+      // Scan for semicolon
+      let controlEnd = end;
+      for (let i = start; i < end; i++) {
+        if (data[i] === Constants.SEMICOLON) {
+          this._inControlData = false;
+          controlEnd = i;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Copy control data
+      const copyLength = controlEnd - start;
+      if (this._controlLength + copyLength > Constants.MAX_CONTROL_DATA_SIZE) {
+        this._aborted = true;
+        return;
+      }
+      this._controlData.set(data.subarray(start, controlEnd), this._controlLength);
+      this._controlLength += copyLength;
+
+      if (!this._inControlData) {
+        // Found semicolon - parse control data early for validation
+        this._parsedCommand = parseKittyCommand(this._parseControlDataString());
+
+        // Early validation: i+I conflict
+        if (this._parsedCommand.id !== undefined && this._parsedCommand.imageNumber !== undefined) {
+          this._sendResponse(this._parsedCommand.id, 'EINVAL:cannot specify both i and I keys', this._parsedCommand.quiet ?? 0);
+          this._aborted = true;
+          return;
+        }
+
+        // Delete action doesn't need payload - skip streaming
+        if (this._parsedCommand.action === KittyAction.DELETE) {
+          return;
+        }
+
+        // Stream remaining as payload
+        const payloadStart = controlEnd + 1;
+        if (payloadStart < end) {
+          this._streamPayload(data, payloadStart, end);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Stream payload bytes into the base64 decoder.
+  private _streamPayload(data: Uint32Array, start: number, end: number): void {
+    if (this._aborted) return;
+
+    // Check size limit (compare encoded bytes against pre-calculated limit)
+    // Include cumulative size from pending transmission for multi-chunk images.
+    // Per spec, subsequent chunks may omit i=, so fall back to _lastPendingKey.
+    const pendingKey = this._parsedCommand?.id ?? this._lastPendingKey ?? 0;
+    const pending = this._pendingTransmissions.get(pendingKey);
+    const previousEncodedSize = pending?.totalEncodedSize ?? 0;
+    this._totalEncodedSize += end - start;
+    const cumulativeEncodedSize = previousEncodedSize + this._totalEncodedSize;
+    if (cumulativeEncodedSize > this._encodedSizeLimit) {
+      const decoderToRelease = this._activeDecoder ?? pending?.decoder;
+      if (decoderToRelease) {
+        decoderToRelease.release();
+      }
+      this._activeDecoder = null;
+      if (pending) {
+        this._removePendingEntry(pendingKey);
+      }
+      this._aborted = true;
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (this._decodeError) return;
+
+    if (pending?.decoder && !this._activeDecoder) {
+      this._activeDecoder = pending.decoder;
+    }
+    if (!this._activeDecoder) {
+      this._activeDecoder = new Base64Decoder(Constants.DECODER_KEEP_DATA, this._maxEncodedBytes, this._initialEncodedBytes);
+      this._activeDecoder.init();
+    }
+
+    if (this._activeDecoder.put(data.subarray(start, end)) !== DECODER_OK) {
+      this._activeDecoder.release();
+      this._activeDecoder = null;
+      this._decodeError = true;
+      if (pending) {
+        this._removePendingEntry(pendingKey);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public end(success: boolean): boolean | Promise<boolean> {
+    if (this._aborted || !success) {
+      if (this._activeDecoder) {
+        this._activeDecoder.release();
+        this._activeDecoder = null;
+      }
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    // No semicolon = no payload (delete, capability query)
+    if (this._inControlData) {
+      return this._handleNoPayloadCommand();
+    }
+
+    // Use command parsed early in put() - i+I already validated there
+    const cmd = this._parsedCommand!;
+
+    // Delete action was handled by skipping payload - just execute
+    if (cmd.action === KittyAction.DELETE) {
+      return this._handleDelete(cmd);
+    }
+
+    // Per spec, subsequent chunks may omit i=, so fall back to _lastPendingKey.
+    const pendingKey = cmd.id ?? this._lastPendingKey ?? 0;
+    const isMoreComing = cmd.more === 1;
+    const pending = this._pendingTransmissions.get(pendingKey);
+
+    if (isMoreComing) {
+      if (this._activeDecoder) {
+        if (pending) {
+          pending.totalEncodedSize += this._totalEncodedSize;
+          pending.decodeError = pending.decodeError || this._decodeError;
+        } else {
+          this._pendingTransmissions.set(pendingKey, {
+            cmd: { ...cmd },
+            decoder: this._activeDecoder,
+            totalEncodedSize: this._totalEncodedSize,
+            decodeError: this._decodeError
+          });
+        }
+        this._lastPendingKey = pendingKey;
+        this._activeDecoder = null;
+      }
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    // Final chunk received — clear the last pending key
+    if (pending) {
+      this._lastPendingKey = undefined;
+    }
+
+    let decodeError = this._decodeError;
+    let finalCmd = cmd;
+    let decoder = this._activeDecoder;
+
+    if (pending) {
+      finalCmd = pending.cmd;
+      decoder = pending.decoder;
+      decodeError = decodeError || pending.decodeError;
+      this._pendingTransmissions.delete(pendingKey);
+    }
+
+    let imageBytes = new Uint8Array(0);
+    if (decoder) {
+      if (decoder.end() !== DECODER_OK) {
+        decodeError = true;
+      }
+      imageBytes = decoder.data8;
+    }
+    this._activeDecoder = null;
+
+    // Handle command first — handlers create Blob/ImageData from imageBytes,
+    // which copies the data. Only then is it safe to release the decoder's
+    // wasm memory that imageBytes points into.
+    const result = this._handleCommandWithBytesAndCmd(finalCmd, imageBytes, decodeError);
+    if (decoder) {
+      decoder.release();
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  // Command handling
+
+  private _parseControlDataString(): string {
+    let str = '';
+    for (let i = 0; i < this._controlLength; i++) {
+      str += String.fromCodePoint(this._controlData[i]);
+    }
+    return str;
+  }
+
+  private _handleNoPayloadCommand(): boolean | Promise<boolean> {
+    const cmd = parseKittyCommand(this._parseControlDataString());
+
+    // Per spec: specifying both i and I is an error
+    if (cmd.id !== undefined && cmd.imageNumber !== undefined) {
+      this._sendResponse(cmd.id, 'EINVAL:cannot specify both i and I keys', cmd.quiet ?? 0);
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    const action = cmd.action ?? 't';
+
+    switch (action) {
+      case KittyAction.DELETE:
+        return this._handleDelete(cmd);
+      case KittyAction.QUERY:
+        this._sendResponse(cmd.id ?? 0, 'OK', cmd.quiet ?? 0);
+        return true;
+      case KittyAction.PLACEMENT:
+        return this._handlePlacement(cmd);
+      default:
+        // TODO: Implement remaining actions when needed:
+        // - a=f (frame): animation frame operations
+        // - a=a (animation): animation control
+        // - a=c (compose): compose images
+        if (cmd.id !== undefined) {
+          this._sendResponse(cmd.id, 'EINVAL:unsupported action', cmd.quiet ?? 0);
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private _handleCommandWithBytesAndCmd(cmd: IKittyCommand, bytes: Uint8Array, decodeError: boolean): boolean | Promise<boolean> {
+    const action = cmd.action ?? 't';
+
+    switch (action) {
+      case KittyAction.TRANSMIT: {
+        const result = this._handleTransmit(cmd, bytes, decodeError);
+        // Only send response when _handleTransmit didn't already respond
+        // (it handles unsupported transmission medium responses internally)
+        if ((cmd.transmission ?? 'd') === 'd' && cmd.id !== undefined) {
+          if (decodeError) {
+            this._sendResponse(cmd.id, 'EINVAL:invalid base64 data', cmd.quiet ?? 0);
+          } else if (bytes.length > 0) {
+            this._sendResponse(cmd.id, 'OK', cmd.quiet ?? 0);
+          }
+        }
+        return result;
+      }
+      case KittyAction.TRANSMIT_DISPLAY:
+        return this._handleTransmitDisplay(cmd, bytes, decodeError);
+      case KittyAction.QUERY:
+        return this._handleQuery(cmd, bytes, decodeError);
+      case KittyAction.PLACEMENT:
+        // a=p ignores any payload — image data was already transmitted
+        return this._handlePlacement(cmd);
+      default:
+        // TODO: Implement remaining actions when needed:
+        // - a=f (frame): animation frame operations
+        // - a=a (animation): animation control
+        // - a=c (compose): compose images
+        if (cmd.id !== undefined) {
+          this._sendResponse(cmd.id, 'EINVAL:unsupported action', cmd.quiet ?? 0);
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private _handlePlacement(cmd: IKittyCommand): boolean | Promise<boolean> {
+    if (cmd.id === undefined) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    const id = cmd.id;
+    const image = this._kittyStorage.getImage(id);
+    if (!image) {
+      this._sendResponse(id, 'ENOENT:image not found', cmd.quiet ?? 0, cmd.placementId);
+      return true;
+    }
+    const result = this._displayImage(image, cmd);
+    return result.then(success => {
+      this._sendResponse(id, success ? 'OK' : 'EINVAL:image rendering failed', cmd.quiet ?? 0, cmd.placementId);
+      return true;
+    });
+  }
+
+  private _handleTransmit(cmd: IKittyCommand, bytes: Uint8Array, decodeError: boolean): boolean {
+    // TODO: Support file-based transmission modes (t=f, t=t, t=s)
+    // Currently only supports direct transmission (t=d, the default).
+    // - t=f (file): Payload is base64-encoded file path. Terminal reads image from that path.
+    // - t=t (temp file): Payload is base64-encoded path in temp directory. Terminal reads, deletes.
+    // - t=s: Payload is base64-encoded POSIX shm name. Terminal reads from shared memory.
+    // These modes require filesystem/IPC access not available in browsers. For Node.js/Electron:
+    // 1. Check cmd.transmission (t key) before treating bytes as image data
+    // 2. For t=f/t/s: decode bytes as UTF-8 string (the path/name), then read file contents
+    // 3. For t=d: treat bytes as image data (current behavior)
+    // When implementing, also update _handleQuery to accept these transmission mediums.
+    const transmission = cmd.transmission ?? 'd';
+    if (transmission !== 'd') {
+      if (cmd.id !== undefined) {
+        this._sendResponse(cmd.id, 'EINVAL:unsupported transmission medium', cmd.quiet ?? 0);
+      }
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    if (decodeError || bytes.length === 0) return true;
+
+    this._kittyStorage.storeImage(cmd.id, {
+      data: new Blob([bytes as BlobPart]),
+      width: cmd.width ?? 0,
+      height: cmd.height ?? 0,
+      format: (cmd.format ?? KittyFormat.RGBA) as 24 | 32 | 100,
+      compression: cmd.compression ?? ''
+    });
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  private _handleTransmitDisplay(cmd: IKittyCommand, bytes: Uint8Array, decodeError: boolean): boolean | Promise<boolean> {
+    if (decodeError) {
+      if (cmd.id !== undefined) {
+        this._sendResponse(cmd.id, 'EINVAL:invalid base64 data', cmd.quiet ?? 0);
+      }
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    this._handleTransmit(cmd, bytes, decodeError);
+
+    const id = cmd.id ?? this._kittyStorage.lastImageId;
+    const image = this._kittyStorage.getImage(id);
+    if (image) {
+      const result = this._displayImage(image, cmd);
+      if (cmd.id !== undefined) {
+        return result.then(success => {
+          this._sendResponse(id, success ? 'OK' : 'EINVAL:image rendering failed', cmd.quiet ?? 0);
+          return true;
+        });
+      }
+      return result.then(() => true);
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  private _handleQuery(cmd: IKittyCommand, bytes: Uint8Array, decodeError: boolean): boolean {
+    const id = cmd.id ?? 0;
+    const quiet = cmd.quiet ?? 0;
+
+    // Per spec: reject unsupported transmission mediums (only t=d is supported atm)
+    // TODO: When filesystem support is added (Node.js/Electron), update this to accept
+    // t=f (file), t=t (temp file), and t=s (shared memory) and respond OK for queries.
+    const transmission = cmd.transmission ?? 'd';
+    if (transmission !== 'd') {
+      this._sendResponse(id, 'EINVAL:unsupported transmission medium', quiet);
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    // Check decode error first (invalid base64)
+    if (decodeError) {
+      this._sendResponse(id, 'EINVAL:invalid base64 data', quiet);
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    // Capability query (no payload) - just respond OK
+    if (bytes.length === 0) {
+      this._sendResponse(id, 'OK', quiet);
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    const format = cmd.format ?? KittyFormat.RGBA;
+
+    if (format === KittyFormat.PNG) {
+      this._sendResponse(id, 'OK', quiet);
+    } else {
+      const width = cmd.width ?? 0;
+      const height = cmd.height ?? 0;
+
+      if (!width || !height) {
+        this._sendResponse(id, 'EINVAL:width and height required for raw pixel data', quiet);
+        return true;
+      }
+
+      const bytesPerPixel = format === KittyFormat.RGBA ? KittyPixelConstants.BYTES_PER_PIXEL_RGBA : KittyPixelConstants.BYTES_PER_PIXEL_RGB;
+      const expectedBytes = width * height * bytesPerPixel;
+
+      if (bytes.length < expectedBytes) {
+        this._sendResponse(id, `EINVAL:insufficient pixel data`, quiet);
+        return true;
+      }
+
+      this._sendResponse(id, 'OK', quiet);
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  private _handleDelete(cmd: IKittyCommand): boolean {
+    // Per spec: default delete selector is 'a' (delete all visible placements)
+    const selector = cmd.deleteSelector ?? 'a';
+
+    // TODO: Distinguish lowercase (delete placements only) from uppercase
+    // (delete placements + free stored image data). Currently both variants
+    // free everything since we don't separate stored data from placements.
+    switch (selector) {
+      case 'a':
+      case 'A':
+        this._cleanupAllPending();
+        this._kittyStorage.deleteAll();
+        break;
+      case 'i':
+      case 'I':
+        // TODO: When placement id tracking is implemented (see TODO in
+        // KittyImageStorage), d=i with p=<pid> should delete only that
+        // specific placement, while d=i without p should delete all
+        // placements for the image.
+        if (cmd.id !== undefined) {
+          const pending = this._pendingTransmissions.get(cmd.id);
+          if (pending) {
+            pending.decoder.release();
+          }
+          this._removePendingEntry(cmd.id);
+          this._kittyStorage.deleteById(cmd.id);
+        }
+        break;
+      default:
+        // Unsupported selectors (c, n, p, q, r, x, y, z, f) — ignore for now
+        break;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  private _sendResponse(id: number, message: string, quiet: number, placementId?: number): void {
+    const isOk = message === 'OK';
+    if (isOk && quiet >= 1) return;
+    if (!isOk && quiet >= 2) return;
+
+    const pPart = placementId ? `,p=${placementId}` : '';
+    const response = `\x1b_Gi=${id}${pPart};${message}\x1b\\`;
+    this._coreTerminal._core.coreService.triggerDataEvent(response);
+  }
+
+  // Image display
+
+  private _displayImage(image: IKittyImageData, cmd: IKittyCommand): Promise<boolean> {
+    return this._decodeAndDisplay(image, cmd)
+      .then(() => true)
+      .catch(() => false);
+  }
+
+  private async _decodeAndDisplay(image: IKittyImageData, cmd: IKittyCommand): Promise<void> {
+    let bitmap: ImageBitmap | undefined = await this._createBitmap(image);
+
+    try {
+      const cropX = Math.max(0, cmd.x ?? 0);
+      const cropY = Math.max(0, cmd.y ?? 0);
+      const cropW = cmd.sourceWidth || (bitmap.width - cropX);
+      const cropH = cmd.sourceHeight || (bitmap.height - cropY);
+
+      const maxCropW = Math.max(0, bitmap.width - cropX);
+      const maxCropH = Math.max(0, bitmap.height - cropY);
+      const finalCropW = Math.max(0, Math.min(cropW, maxCropW));
+      const finalCropH = Math.max(0, Math.min(cropH, maxCropH));
+
+      if (finalCropW === 0 || finalCropH === 0) {
+        throw new Error('invalid source rectangle');
+      }
+
+      if (cropX !== 0 || cropY !== 0 || finalCropW !== bitmap.width || finalCropH !== bitmap.height) {
+        const cropped = await createImageBitmap(bitmap, cropX, cropY, finalCropW, finalCropH);
+        bitmap.close();
+        bitmap = cropped;
+      }
+
+      const cw = this._renderer.dimensions?.css.cell.width || CELL_SIZE_DEFAULT.width;
+      const ch = this._renderer.dimensions?.css.cell.height || CELL_SIZE_DEFAULT.height;
+
+      // Per spec: c/r default to image's natural cell dimensions.
+      // If only one of c/r is specified, compute the other from image aspect ratio.
+      let imgCols: number;
+      let imgRows: number;
+      if (cmd.columns !== undefined && cmd.rows !== undefined) {
+        imgCols = cmd.columns;
+        imgRows = cmd.rows;
+      } else if (cmd.columns !== undefined) {
+        imgCols = cmd.columns;
+        imgRows = Math.max(1, Math.ceil((bitmap.height / bitmap.width) * (imgCols * cw) / ch));
+      } else if (cmd.rows !== undefined) {
+        imgRows = cmd.rows;
+        imgCols = Math.max(1, Math.ceil((bitmap.width / bitmap.height) * (imgRows * ch) / cw));
+      } else {
+        imgCols = Math.ceil(bitmap.width / cw);
+        imgRows = Math.ceil(bitmap.height / ch);
+      }
+
+      let w = bitmap.width;
+      let h = bitmap.height;
+
+      // Scale bitmap to fit placement rectangle when c/r are specified
+      if (cmd.columns !== undefined || cmd.rows !== undefined) {
+        w = Math.round(imgCols * cw);
+        h = Math.round(imgRows * ch);
+      }
+
+      if (w * h > this._opts.pixelLimit) {
+        throw new Error('image exceeds pixel limit');
+      }
+
+      // Save cursor position before addImage modifies it
+      const buffer = this._coreTerminal._core.buffer;
+      const savedX = buffer.x;
+      const savedY = buffer.y;
+      const savedYbase = buffer.ybase;
+
+      // Determine layer based on z-index: negative = behind text, 0+ = on top.
+      // When z<0 we always use the bottom layer even without allowTransparency —
+      // the image will simply be hidden behind the opaque text background, which
+      // is the correct behavior (client asked for "behind text").
+      const wantsBottom = cmd.zIndex !== undefined && cmd.zIndex < 0;
+      const layer: ImageLayer = wantsBottom ? 'bottom' : 'top';
+
+      if (w !== bitmap.width || h !== bitmap.height) {
+        const scaled = await createImageBitmap(bitmap, { resizeWidth: w, resizeHeight: h });
+        bitmap.close();
+        bitmap = scaled;
+      }
+
+      // Per spec: X/Y are pixel offsets within the first cell, so clamp to cell dimensions
+      const xOffset = Math.min(Math.max(0, cmd.xOffset ?? 0), cw - 1);
+      const yOffset = Math.min(Math.max(0, cmd.yOffset ?? 0), ch - 1);
+      if (xOffset !== 0 || yOffset !== 0) {
+        // Per spec: X/Y is not added to c/r area. When c/r are explicit, the
+        // total placement area remains c*cw × r*ch pixels and the offset image
+        // is clipped to fit. When c/r are unset, the padded canvas determines
+        // the natural cell dimensions.
+        const canvasW = (cmd.columns !== undefined) ? Math.round(imgCols * cw) : bitmap.width + xOffset;
+        const canvasH = (cmd.rows !== undefined) ? Math.round(imgRows * ch) : bitmap.height + yOffset;
+        const offsetCanvas = ImageRenderer.createCanvas(window.document, canvasW, canvasH);
+        const offsetCtx = offsetCanvas.getContext('2d');
+        if (!offsetCtx) {
+          throw new Error('Failed to create offset canvas context');
+        }
+        offsetCtx.drawImage(bitmap, xOffset, yOffset);
+
+        const offsetBitmap = await createImageBitmap(offsetCanvas);
+        offsetCanvas.width = offsetCanvas.height = 0;
+        bitmap.close();
+        bitmap = offsetBitmap;
+        w = bitmap.width;
+        h = bitmap.height;
+        if (w * h > this._opts.pixelLimit) {
+          throw new Error('image exceeds pixel limit');
+        }
+        if (cmd.columns === undefined) {
+          imgCols = Math.ceil(bitmap.width / cw);
+        }
+        if (cmd.rows === undefined) {
+          imgRows = Math.ceil(bitmap.height / ch);
+        }
+      }
+
+      const zIndex = cmd.zIndex ?? 0;
+      this._kittyStorage.addImage(image.id, bitmap, true, layer, zIndex);
+      bitmap = undefined;  // ownership transferred to storage
+
+      // Kitty cursor movement
+      // Per spec: cursor placed at first column after last image column,
+      // on the last row of the image. C=1 means don't move cursor.
+      if (cmd.cursorMovement === 1) {
+        // C=1: restore cursor to position before image was placed
+        const scrolled = buffer.ybase - savedYbase;
+        buffer.x = savedX;
+        // Can't restore cursor to scrollback?
+        buffer.y = Math.max(savedY - scrolled, 0);
+      } else {
+        // Default (C=0): advance cursor horizontally past the image
+        // addImage already positioned cursor on the last row via lineFeeds
+        buffer.x = Math.min(savedX + imgCols, this._coreTerminal.cols);
+      }
+    } catch (e) {
+      bitmap?.close();
+      throw e;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Create ImageBitmap from already-decoded image data.
+  private async _createBitmap(image: IKittyImageData): Promise<ImageBitmap> {
+    let bytes: Uint8Array = new Uint8Array(await image.data.arrayBuffer());
+
+    if (image.compression === KittyCompression.ZLIB) {
+      bytes = await this._decompressZlib(bytes);
+    }
+
+    if (image.format === KittyFormat.PNG) {
+      const blob = new Blob([bytes as BlobPart], { type: 'image/png' });
+      if (!window.createImageBitmap) {
+        const url = URL.createObjectURL(blob);
+        const img = new Image();
+        return new Promise<ImageBitmap>((resolve, reject) => {
+          img.addEventListener('load', () => {
+            URL.revokeObjectURL(url);
+            const canvas = ImageRenderer.createCanvas(window.document, img.width, img.height);
+            canvas.getContext('2d')?.drawImage(img, 0, 0);
+            createImageBitmap(canvas).then(resolve).catch(reject);
+          });
+          img.addEventListener('error', () => {
+            URL.revokeObjectURL(url);
+            reject(new Error('Failed to load image'));
+          });
+          img.src = url;
+        });
+      }
+      return createImageBitmap(blob);
+    }
+
+    // Raw pixel data
+    const width = image.width;
+    const height = image.height;
+
+    if (!width || !height) {
+      throw new Error('Width and height required for raw pixel data');
+    }
+
+    const bytesPerPixel = image.format === KittyFormat.RGBA ? KittyPixelConstants.BYTES_PER_PIXEL_RGBA : KittyPixelConstants.BYTES_PER_PIXEL_RGB;
+    const expectedBytes = width * height * bytesPerPixel;
+
+    if (bytes.length < expectedBytes) {
+      throw new Error('Insufficient pixel data');
+    }
+
+    const pixelCount = width * height;
+
+    if (image.format === KittyFormat.RGBA) {
+      // RGBA: use bytes directly — no copy needed
+      return createImageBitmap(new ImageData(new Uint8ClampedArray(bytes.buffer as ArrayBuffer, bytes.byteOffset, pixelCount * KittyPixelConstants.BYTES_PER_PIXEL_RGBA), width, height));
+    }
+
+    // RGB→RGBA: interleave alpha using uint32 block processing (4 pixels per iteration).
+    // 3 uint32 reads + 4 uint32 writes per 4 pixels vs 28 byte reads/writes — ~6x faster.
+    // Assumes little-endian (all modern browsers/Node.js).
+    const data = new Uint8ClampedArray(pixelCount * KittyPixelConstants.BYTES_PER_PIXEL_RGBA);
+    const src32 = new Uint32Array(bytes.buffer, bytes.byteOffset, Math.floor(bytes.byteLength / 4));
+    const dst32 = new Uint32Array(data.buffer);
+    const alignedPixels = pixelCount & ~3;  // round down to multiple of 4
+
+    let srcOffset = 0;
+    let dstOffset = 0;
+    for (let i = 0; i < alignedPixels; i += 4) {
+      const b0 = src32[srcOffset++];
+      const b1 = src32[srcOffset++];
+      const b2 = src32[srcOffset++];
+      // Little-endian: pixel bytes are [R,G,B] → uint32 ABGR layout
+      dst32[dstOffset++] = 0xFF000000 | b0;
+      dst32[dstOffset++] = 0xFF000000 | (b0 >>> 24) | (b1 << 8);
+      dst32[dstOffset++] = 0xFF000000 | (b1 >>> 16) | (b2 << 16);
+      dst32[dstOffset++] = 0xFF000000 | (b2 >>> 8);
+    }
+
+    // Handle remaining 1–3 pixels
+    let srcByte = alignedPixels * KittyPixelConstants.BYTES_PER_PIXEL_RGB;
+    let dstByte = alignedPixels * KittyPixelConstants.BYTES_PER_PIXEL_RGBA;
+    for (let i = alignedPixels; i < pixelCount; i++) {
+      data[dstByte]     = bytes[srcByte];
+      data[dstByte + 1] = bytes[srcByte + 1];
+      data[dstByte + 2] = bytes[srcByte + 2];
+      data[dstByte + 3] = KittyPixelConstants.ALPHA_OPAQUE;
+      srcByte += KittyPixelConstants.BYTES_PER_PIXEL_RGB;
+      dstByte += KittyPixelConstants.BYTES_PER_PIXEL_RGBA;
+    }
+
+    return createImageBitmap(new ImageData(data, width, height));
+  }
+
+  private async _decompressZlib(compressed: Uint8Array): Promise<Uint8Array> {
+    try {
+      return await this._decompress(compressed, 'deflate');
+    } catch {
+      return await this._decompress(compressed, 'deflate-raw');
+    }
+  }
+
+  private async _decompress(compressed: Uint8Array, format: 'deflate' | 'deflate-raw'): Promise<Uint8Array> {
+    const ds = new DecompressionStream(format);
+    const writer = ds.writable.getWriter();
+    writer.write(compressed as BufferSource);
+    writer.close();
+
+    const chunks: Uint8Array[] = [];
+    const reader = ds.readable.getReader();
+
+    while (true) {
+      const { done, value } = await reader.read();
+      if (done) break;
+      chunks.push(value);
+    }
+
+    const totalLength = chunks.reduce((sum, chunk) => sum + chunk.length, 0);
+    const result = new Uint8Array(totalLength);
+    let offset = 0;
+    for (const chunk of chunks) {
+      result.set(chunk, offset);
+      offset += chunk.length;
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  public get images(): ReadonlyMap<number, IKittyImageData> {
+    return this._kittyStorage.images;
+  }
+
+  public get _kittyIdToStorageId(): ReadonlyMap<number, number> {
+    return this._kittyStorage.kittyIdToStorageId;
+  }
+
+  public get pendingTransmissions(): ReadonlyMap<number, IPendingTransmission> {
+    return this._pendingTransmissions;
+  }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2026 The xterm.js authors. All rights reserved.
+ * @license MIT
+ */
+import { assert } from 'chai';
+import { parseKittyCommand, KittyAction, KittyFormat } from './KittyGraphicsTypes';
+
+describe('KittyGraphicsTypes', () => {
+  describe('parseKittyCommand', () => {
+    it('should parse control data with action and format', () => {
+      const cmd = parseKittyCommand('a=T,f=100');
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.action, 'T');
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.format, 100);
+    });
+
+    it('should parse control data with all options', () => {
+      const cmd = parseKittyCommand('a=t,f=32,i=5,s=10,v=20,c=3,r=2,m=1,q=2');
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.action, 't');
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.format, 32);
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.id, 5);
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.width, 10);
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.height, 20);
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.columns, 3);
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.rows, 2);
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.more, 1);
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.quiet, 2);
+    });
+
+    it('should handle empty control data', () => {
+      const cmd = parseKittyCommand('');
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.action, undefined);
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.format, undefined);
+    });
+
+    it('should parse transmit action', () => {
+      const cmd = parseKittyCommand('a=t,f=100');
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.action, KittyAction.TRANSMIT);
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.format, KittyFormat.PNG);
+    });
+
+    it('should parse delete action', () => {
+      const cmd = parseKittyCommand('a=d,i=5');
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.action, KittyAction.DELETE);
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.id, 5);
+    });
+
+    it('should parse empty action as empty string', () => {
+      const cmd = parseKittyCommand('a=,f=100');
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.action, '');
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.format, 100);
+    });
+
+    it('should leave action undefined when key is not present', () => {
+      const cmd = parseKittyCommand('f=100,i=5');
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.action, undefined);
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.format, 100);
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.id, 5);
+    });
+
+    it('should parse compression key', () => {
+      const cmd = parseKittyCommand('a=t,f=32,o=z');
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.action, 't');
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.format, 32);
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.compression, 'z');
+    });
+
+    it('should parse cursor movement key', () => {
+      const cmd = parseKittyCommand('a=T,f=100,C=1');
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.cursorMovement, 1);
+    });
+
+    it('should parse cursor movement key C=0', () => {
+      const cmd = parseKittyCommand('a=T,f=100,C=0');
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.cursorMovement, 0);
+    });
+
+    it('should parse x and y offset', () => {
+      const cmd = parseKittyCommand('a=T,x=10,y=20');
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.x, 10);
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.y, 20);
+    });
+
+    it('should handle keys without values', () => {
+      const cmd = parseKittyCommand('a=t,f=,i=5');
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.action, 't');
+      assert.ok(isNaN(cmd.format!));
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.id, 5);
+    });
+
+    it('should parse z-index key with positive value', () => {
+      const cmd = parseKittyCommand('a=T,f=100,z=10');
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.zIndex, 10);
+    });
+
+    it('should parse z-index key with zero', () => {
+      const cmd = parseKittyCommand('a=T,f=100,z=0');
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.zIndex, 0);
+    });
+
+    it('should parse z-index key with negative value', () => {
+      const cmd = parseKittyCommand('a=T,f=100,z=-1');
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.zIndex, -1);
+    });
+
+    it('should leave zIndex undefined when not specified', () => {
+      const cmd = parseKittyCommand('a=T,f=100');
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.zIndex, undefined);
+    });
+
+    it('should parse delete selector key', () => {
+      const cmd = parseKittyCommand('a=d,d=i,i=5');
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.action, 'd');
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.deleteSelector, 'i');
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.id, 5);
+    });
+
+    it('should parse uppercase delete selector', () => {
+      const cmd = parseKittyCommand('a=d,d=A');
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.deleteSelector, 'A');
+    });
+
+    it('should parse delete selector d=a (all)', () => {
+      const cmd = parseKittyCommand('a=d,d=a');
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.deleteSelector, 'a');
+    });
+
+    it('should leave deleteSelector undefined when not specified', () => {
+      const cmd = parseKittyCommand('a=d,i=5');
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.deleteSelector, undefined);
+    });
+
+    it('should parse placement id key', () => {
+      const cmd = parseKittyCommand('a=d,d=i,i=5,p=3');
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.placementId, 3);
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.deleteSelector, 'i');
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.id, 5);
+    });
+
+    it('should leave placementId undefined when not specified', () => {
+      const cmd = parseKittyCommand('a=d,d=i,i=5');
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.placementId, undefined);
+    });
+
+    it('should parse image number key', () => {
+      const cmd = parseKittyCommand('a=t,f=100,I=42');
+      assert.strictEqual(cmd.imageNumber, 42);
+    });
+  });
+});
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2026 The xterm.js authors. All rights reserved.
+ * @license MIT
+ *
+ * Kitty graphics protocol types, constants, and parsing utilities.
+ */
+
+import type Base64Decoder from 'xterm-wasm-parts/lib/base64/Base64Decoder.wasm';
+
+// Kitty graphics protocol action types.
+// See: https://sw.kovidgoyal.net/kitty/graphics-protocol/#control-data-reference under key 'a'.
+export const enum KittyAction {
+  TRANSMIT = 't',
+  TRANSMIT_DISPLAY = 'T',
+  QUERY = 'q',
+  PLACEMENT = 'p',
+  DELETE = 'd'
+}
+
+// Kitty graphics protocol format types.
+// See: https://sw.kovidgoyal.net/kitty/graphics-protocol/#control-data-reference
+export const enum KittyFormat {
+  RGB = 24,
+  RGBA = 32,
+  PNG = 100
+}
+
+// Kitty graphics protocol compression types.
+// See: https://sw.kovidgoyal.net/kitty/graphics-protocol/#control-data-reference under key 'o'.
+export const enum KittyCompression {
+  NONE = '',
+  ZLIB = 'z'
+}
+
+// Kitty graphics protocol control data keys.
+// See: https://sw.kovidgoyal.net/kitty/graphics-protocol/#control-data-reference
+export const enum KittyKey {
+  // Action to perform (t=transmit, T=transmit+display, q=query, p=placement, d=delete)
+  ACTION = 'a',
+  // Image format (24=RGB, 32=RGBA, 100=PNG)
+  FORMAT = 'f',
+  // Image ID for referencing stored images
+  ID = 'i',
+  // Image number (alternative to ID, terminal assigns ID)
+  IMAGE_NUMBER = 'I',
+  // Source image width in pixels
+  WIDTH = 's',
+  // Source image height in pixels
+  HEIGHT = 'v',
+  // The left edge (in pixels) of the image area to display
+  X_OFFSET = 'x',
+  // The top edge (in pixels) of the image area to display
+  Y_OFFSET = 'y',
+  // Width (in pixels) of the source rectangle to display
+  SOURCE_WIDTH = 'w',
+  // Height (in pixels) of the source rectangle to display
+  SOURCE_HEIGHT = 'h',
+  // Horizontal offset (in pixels) within the first cell
+  X_PLACEMENT_OFFSET = 'X',
+  // Vertical offset (in pixels) within the first cell
+  Y_PLACEMENT_OFFSET = 'Y',
+  // Number of terminal columns to display the image over
+  COLUMNS = 'c',
+  // Number of terminal rows to display the image over
+  ROWS = 'r',
+  // More data flag (1=more chunks coming, 0=final chunk)
+  MORE = 'm',
+  // Compression type (z=zlib). This is essential for chunking larger images.
+  COMPRESSION = 'o',
+  // Quiet mode (1=suppress OK responses, 2=suppress error responses)
+  QUIET = 'q',
+  // Cursor movement policy (0=move cursor after image, 1=don't move cursor)
+  CURSOR_MOVEMENT = 'C',
+  // Z-index for image layering (negative = behind text, 0+ = on top)
+  Z_INDEX = 'z',
+  // Transmission medium (d=direct, f=file, t=temp file, s=shared memory)
+  TRANSMISSION = 't',
+  // Delete selector (a/A=all, i/I=by id, c/C=at cursor, etc.) — only used when a=d
+  DELETE_SELECTOR = 'd',
+  // Placement ID for targeting specific placements
+  PLACEMENT_ID = 'p'
+}
+
+// Pixel format constants
+export const enum KittyPixelConstants {
+  BYTES_PER_PIXEL_RGB = 3,
+  BYTES_PER_PIXEL_RGBA = 4,
+  ALPHA_OPAQUE = 255
+}
+
+// Parsed Kitty graphics command.
+export interface IKittyCommand {
+  action?: string;
+  format?: number;
+  id?: number;
+  imageNumber?: number;
+  width?: number;
+  height?: number;
+  x?: number;
+  y?: number;
+  sourceWidth?: number;
+  sourceHeight?: number;
+  xOffset?: number;
+  yOffset?: number;
+  columns?: number;
+  rows?: number;
+  more?: number;
+  quiet?: number;
+  cursorMovement?: number;
+  zIndex?: number;
+  transmission?: string;
+  deleteSelector?: string;
+  placementId?: number;
+  compression?: string;
+  payload?: string;
+}
+
+// Pending chunked transmission state.
+// Stores metadata from the first chunk while accumulating decoded payload data.
+export interface IPendingTransmission {
+  // The parsed command from the first chunk (contains action, format, dimensions, etc.)
+  cmd: IKittyCommand;
+  // Decoder used across chunked payloads
+  decoder: Base64Decoder;
+  // Total encoded (base64) bytes received across all chunks - for size limit enforcement
+  totalEncodedSize: number;
+  // Whether any chunk has failed to decode
+  decodeError: boolean;
+}
+
+// Stored Kitty image data.
+export interface IKittyImageData {
+  id: number;
+  // Decoded image data stored as Blob (off JS heap) to avoid 2GB heap limit
+  data: Blob;
+  width: number;
+  height: number;
+  format: 24 | 32 | 100;
+  compression?: string;
+}
+
+// Parses Kitty graphics control data into a command object.
+export function parseKittyCommand(data: string): IKittyCommand {
+  const cmd: IKittyCommand = {};
+  const parts = data.split(',');
+
+  for (const part of parts) {
+    const eqIdx = part.indexOf('=');
+    if (eqIdx === -1) continue;
+
+    const key = part.substring(0, eqIdx);
+    const value = part.substring(eqIdx + 1);
+
+    // Handle string keys first
+    if (key === KittyKey.ACTION) {
+      cmd.action = value;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (key === KittyKey.COMPRESSION) {
+      cmd.compression = value;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (key === KittyKey.TRANSMISSION) {
+      cmd.transmission = value;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (key === KittyKey.DELETE_SELECTOR) {
+      cmd.deleteSelector = value;
+      continue;
+    }
+    const numValue = parseInt(value, 10);
+    switch (key) {
+      case KittyKey.FORMAT: cmd.format = numValue; break;
+      case KittyKey.ID: cmd.id = numValue; break;
+      case KittyKey.IMAGE_NUMBER: cmd.imageNumber = numValue; break;
+      case KittyKey.WIDTH: cmd.width = numValue; break;
+      case KittyKey.HEIGHT: cmd.height = numValue; break;
+      case KittyKey.X_OFFSET: cmd.x = numValue; break;
+      case KittyKey.Y_OFFSET: cmd.y = numValue; break;
+      case KittyKey.SOURCE_WIDTH: cmd.sourceWidth = numValue; break;
+      case KittyKey.SOURCE_HEIGHT: cmd.sourceHeight = numValue; break;
+      case KittyKey.X_PLACEMENT_OFFSET: cmd.xOffset = numValue; break;
+      case KittyKey.Y_PLACEMENT_OFFSET: cmd.yOffset = numValue; break;
+      case KittyKey.COLUMNS: cmd.columns = numValue; break;
+      case KittyKey.ROWS: cmd.rows = numValue; break;
+      case KittyKey.MORE: cmd.more = numValue; break;
+      case KittyKey.QUIET: cmd.quiet = numValue; break;
+      case KittyKey.CURSOR_MOVEMENT: cmd.cursorMovement = numValue; break;
+      case KittyKey.Z_INDEX: cmd.zIndex = numValue; break;
+      case KittyKey.PLACEMENT_ID: cmd.placementId = numValue; break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return cmd;
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2026 The xterm.js authors. All rights reserved.
+ * @license MIT
+ */
+
+import { IDisposable } from '@xterm/xterm';
+import { ImageStorage } from '../ImageStorage';
+import { ImageLayer, IAddImageOpts } from '../Types';
+import { IKittyImageData } from './KittyGraphicsTypes';
+
+// Kitty-specific image storage controller.
+//
+// Wraps shared ImageStorage with kitty protocol semantics:
+// - tracks transmitted image payloads by kitty image id
+// - tracks kitty image id -> shared ImageStorage id mapping for displayed images
+// - mirrors shared-storage evictions into kitty maps
+// - applies protocol-level undisplayed-image eviction policy
+export class KittyImageStorage implements IDisposable {
+  private static readonly _maxStoredImages = 256;
+
+  private _nextImageId = 1;
+  private readonly _images: Map<number, IKittyImageData> = new Map();
+  // TODO: Support multiple placements per image. The kitty spec identifies
+  // placements by an (image id, placement id) pair — same i + different p
+  // values should coexist, and same i + same p should replace the prior
+  // placement. Currently we track only one storage entry per kitty image id,
+  // so multiple placements of the same image overwrite each other. Fixing
+  // this requires changing these maps to Map<number, Map<number, number>>
+  // (kittyId → placementId → storageId) and updating addImage/deleteById
+  // accordingly. The underlying shared ImageStorage would also need to
+  // support multiple entries per logical image.
+  private readonly _kittyIdToStorageId: Map<number, number> = new Map();
+  private readonly _storageIdToKittyId: Map<number, number> = new Map();
+
+  private readonly _previousOnImageDeleted: ((storageId: number) => void) | undefined;
+  private readonly _wrappedOnImageDeleted: (storageId: number) => void;
+  private readonly _handleStorageImageDeleted = (storageId: number): void => {
+    const kittyId = this._storageIdToKittyId.get(storageId);
+    if (kittyId !== undefined) {
+      this._kittyIdToStorageId.delete(kittyId);
+      this._storageIdToKittyId.delete(storageId);
+      this._images.delete(kittyId);
+    }
+  };
+  private _addImageOpts: IAddImageOpts = { scrolling: true, layer: 'top', zIndex: 0, cursorPos: 'iip' };
+
+  constructor(
+    private readonly _storage: ImageStorage
+  ) {
+    this._previousOnImageDeleted = this._storage.onImageDeleted;
+    this._wrappedOnImageDeleted = (storageId: number) => {
+      this._previousOnImageDeleted?.(storageId);
+      this._handleStorageImageDeleted(storageId);
+    };
+    this._storage.onImageDeleted = this._wrappedOnImageDeleted;
+  }
+
+  public reset(): void {
+    this._nextImageId = 1;
+    this._images.clear();
+    this._kittyIdToStorageId.clear();
+    this._storageIdToKittyId.clear();
+  }
+
+  public dispose(): void {
+    this.reset();
+    if (this._storage.onImageDeleted === this._wrappedOnImageDeleted) {
+      this._storage.onImageDeleted = this._previousOnImageDeleted;
+    }
+  }
+
+  public storeImage(id: number | undefined, imageData: Omit<IKittyImageData, 'id'>): number {
+    const imageId = id ?? this._nextImageId++;
+
+    const oldStorageId = this._kittyIdToStorageId.get(imageId);
+    if (oldStorageId !== undefined) {
+      this._storage.deleteImage(oldStorageId);
+      this._kittyIdToStorageId.delete(imageId);
+      this._storageIdToKittyId.delete(oldStorageId);
+    }
+
+    if (!this._images.has(imageId) && this._images.size >= KittyImageStorage._maxStoredImages) {
+      this._evictUndisplayedImages();
+    }
+
+    this._images.set(imageId, {
+      ...imageData,
+      id: imageId
+    });
+    return imageId;
+  }
+
+  public addImage(kittyId: number, image: HTMLCanvasElement | ImageBitmap, scrolling: boolean, layer: ImageLayer, zIndex: number): void {
+    // Clean up stale reverse-mapping from a previous placement of the same
+    // kitty image.  The old shared-storage entry is kept (it may still be
+    // visible on screen) but its reverse mapping is removed so that eviction
+    // of the old entry won't incorrectly delete the kitty image data.
+    const oldStorageId = this._kittyIdToStorageId.get(kittyId);
+    if (oldStorageId !== undefined) {
+      this._storageIdToKittyId.delete(oldStorageId);
+    }
+    this._addImageOpts.scrolling = scrolling;
+    this._addImageOpts.layer = layer;
+    this._addImageOpts.zIndex = zIndex;
+    const storageId = this._storage.addImage(image, this._addImageOpts);
+    this._kittyIdToStorageId.set(kittyId, storageId);
+    this._storageIdToKittyId.set(storageId, kittyId);
+  }
+
+  public getImage(kittyId: number): IKittyImageData | undefined {
+    return this._images.get(kittyId);
+  }
+
+  public deleteById(kittyId: number): void {
+    this._images.delete(kittyId);
+    const storageId = this._kittyIdToStorageId.get(kittyId);
+    if (storageId !== undefined) {
+      this._storage.deleteImage(storageId);
+      this._kittyIdToStorageId.delete(kittyId);
+      this._storageIdToKittyId.delete(storageId);
+    }
+  }
+
+  public deleteAll(): void {
+    this._images.clear();
+    for (const storageId of this._kittyIdToStorageId.values()) {
+      this._storage.deleteImage(storageId);
+    }
+    this._kittyIdToStorageId.clear();
+    this._storageIdToKittyId.clear();
+  }
+
+  public get images(): ReadonlyMap<number, IKittyImageData> {
+    return this._images;
+  }
+
+  public get kittyIdToStorageId(): ReadonlyMap<number, number> {
+    return this._kittyIdToStorageId;
+  }
+
+  public get lastImageId(): number {
+    return this._nextImageId - 1;
+  }
+
+  private _evictUndisplayedImages(): void {
+    for (const [kittyId] of this._images) {
+      if (this._images.size <= KittyImageStorage._maxStoredImages / 2) {
+        break;
+      }
+      if (!this._kittyIdToStorageId.has(kittyId)) {
+        this._images.delete(kittyId);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
@@ -11,12 +11,11 @@
    "types": [
      "../../../node_modules/@types/mocha"
    ],
-    "baseUrl": ".",
    "paths": {
      "browser/*": [ "../../../src/browser/*" ],
      "common/*": [ "../../../src/common/*" ],
-      "vs/*": [ "../../../src/vs/*" ],
-      "@xterm/addon-image": [ "../typings/addon-image.d.ts" ]
+      "@xterm/addon-image": [ "../typings/addon-image.d.ts" ],
+      "*": [ "./*" ]
    }
  },
  "include": [
@@ -25,7 +24,6 @@
  ],
  "references": [
    { "path": "../../../src/browser" },
-    { "path": "../../../src/common" },
-    { "path": "../../../src/vs" }
+    { "path": "../../../src/common" }
  ]
 }
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import { readFileSync } from 'fs';
 import { FINALIZER, introducer, sixelEncode } from 'sixel';
 import { ITestContext, createTestContext, openTerminal, pollFor, timeout } from '../../../test/playwright/TestUtils';
 import { deepStrictEqual, ok, strictEqual } from 'assert';
+import QoiEncoder from 'xterm-wasm-parts/lib/qoi/QoiEncoder.wasm';

 /**
 * Plugin ctor options.
@@ -23,6 +24,10 @@ export interface IImageAddonOptions {
  sixelSizeLimit: number;
  iipSupport: boolean;
  iipSizeLimit: number;
+  kittySupport: boolean;
+  kittySizeLimit: number;
+  animationSupport: boolean;
+  animationPixelLimit: number;
 }

 // eslint-disable-next-line
@@ -72,6 +77,10 @@ const TESTDATA_IIP: [string, [number, number]][] = [
  [readFileSync('./addons/addon-image/fixture/iip/w3c_jpg.iip', { encoding: 'utf-8' }), [72, 48]],
  [readFileSync('./addons/addon-image/fixture/iip/w3c_png.iip', { encoding: 'utf-8' }), [72, 48]]
 ];
+const PALETTE_PNG_BASE64 = readFileSync('./addons/addon-image/fixture/palette.png').toString('base64');
+const qoiEnc = new QoiEncoder(1024*1024);
+const qoiData = qoiEnc.encode(TESTDATA.bytes, 640, 80);
+const PALETTE_QOI_BASE64 = Buffer.from(qoiData).toString('base64');

 let ctx: ITestContext;
 test.beforeAll(async ({ browser }) => {
@@ -83,11 +92,6 @@ test.afterAll(async () => await ctx.page.close());
 test.describe('ImageAddon', () => {

  test.beforeEach(async ({}, testInfo) => {
-    // DEBT: This test never worked on webkit
-    if (ctx.browser.browserType().name() === 'webkit') {
-      testInfo.skip();
-      return;
-    }
    await ctx.page.evaluate(`
      window.term.reset()
      window.imageAddon?.dispose();
@@ -130,11 +134,15 @@ test.describe('ImageAddon', () => {
        sixelSupport: true,
        sixelScrolling: true,
        sixelPaletteLimit: 512,  // set to 512 to get example image working
-        sixelSizeLimit: 25000000,
+        sixelSizeLimit: 33554432,
        storageLimit: 128,
        showPlaceholder: true,
        iipSupport: true,
-        iipSizeLimit: 20000000
+        iipSizeLimit: 33554432,
+        kittySupport: true,
+        kittySizeLimit: 33554432,
+        animationSupport: true,
+        animationPixelLimit: 4194304
      };
      deepStrictEqual(await ctx.page.evaluate(`window.imageAddon._opts`), DEFAULT_OPTIONS);
    });
@@ -149,7 +157,11 @@ test.describe('ImageAddon', () => {
        storageLimit: 10,
        showPlaceholder: false,
        iipSupport: false,
-        iipSizeLimit: 1000
+        iipSizeLimit: 1000,
+        kittySupport: false,
+        kittySizeLimit: 1000,
+        animationSupport: false,
+        animationPixelLimit: 1000
      };
      await ctx.page.evaluate(opts => {
        (window as any).imageAddonCustom = new ImageAddon(opts.opts);
@@ -190,6 +202,18 @@ test.describe('ImageAddon', () => {
  });

  test.describe('image lifecycle & eviction', () => {
+    test('onImageAdded fires for each image', async () => {
+      await ctx.page.evaluate(`
+        window._imageAddedCount = 0;
+        window.imageAddon.onImageAdded(() => { window._imageAddedCount++; });
+      `);
+      await ctx.proxy.write(SIXEL_SEQ_0);
+      await pollFor(ctx.page, 'window._imageAddedCount', 1);
+      await ctx.proxy.write(SIXEL_SEQ_0);
+      await pollFor(ctx.page, 'window._imageAddedCount', 2);
+      await ctx.proxy.write(SIXEL_SEQ_0);
+      await pollFor(ctx.page, 'window._imageAddedCount', 3);
+    });
    test('delete image once scrolled off', async () => {
      await ctx.proxy.write(SIXEL_SEQ_0);
      pollFor(ctx.page, 'window.imageAddon._storage._images.size', 1);
@@ -272,6 +296,67 @@ test.describe('ImageAddon', () => {
    });
  });

+  test.describe('IIP support', () => {
+    test('size params is optional/informative', async () => {
+      // too small size param
+      await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b]1337;File=inline=1;size=5:${PALETTE_PNG_BASE64}\x07`);
+      deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), [640, 80]);
+      // no size aparm at all
+      await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b[10H\x1b]1337;File=inline=1:${PALETTE_QOI_BASE64}\x07`);
+      deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(2), [640, 80]);
+    });
+    test.skip('FilePart support - bytewise', async () => {
+      // opener
+      await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b]1337;MultipartFile=inline=1\x07`);
+      // byte-wise
+      for (let i = 0; i < PALETTE_PNG_BASE64.length; ++i) {
+        await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b]1337;FilePart=${PALETTE_PNG_BASE64[i]}\x07`);
+      }
+      // finalizer
+      await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b]1337;FileEnd\x07`);
+      deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), [640, 80]);
+    });
+    test('FilePart support - chunks', async () => {
+      // opener
+      await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b]1337;MultipartFile=inline=1\x07`);
+      // chunks
+      for (let i = 0; i < PALETTE_PNG_BASE64.length; i += 256) {
+        await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b]1337;FilePart=${PALETTE_PNG_BASE64.slice(i, i + 256)}\x07`);
+      }
+      // finalizer
+      await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b]1337;FileEnd\x07`);
+      deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), [640, 80]);
+    });
+    test('FilePart support - edgecases', async () => {
+      // multiple opener do not harm
+      for (let i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
+        await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b]1337;MultipartFile=inline=1\x07`);
+      }
+      // multiple finalizer do not harm
+      for (let i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
+        await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b]1337;FileEnd\x07`);
+      }
+      // chunks w'o opener are ignored
+      for (let i = 0; i < PALETTE_PNG_BASE64.length; i += 256) {
+        await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b]1337;FilePart=${PALETTE_PNG_BASE64.slice(i, i + 256)}\x07`);
+      }
+      await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b]1337;FileEnd\x07`);
+      pollFor(ctx.page, 'window.imageAddon._storage._images.size', 0);
+    });
+    test('FilePart support - other IIP sequence cancels chunked image', async () => {
+      // opener
+      await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b]1337;MultipartFile=inline=1\x07`);
+      // chunks
+      for (let i = 0; i < PALETTE_PNG_BASE64.length; i += 256) {
+        await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b]1337;FilePart=${PALETTE_PNG_BASE64.slice(i, i + 256)}\x07`);
+      }
+      // finalizer skipped
+      // write spinfox.png
+      await ctx.proxy.write(TESTDATA_IIP[1][0]);
+      deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), TESTDATA_IIP[1][1]);
+    });
+  });
+
  test.describe('IIP support - testimages', () => {
    test('palette.png', async () => {
      await ctx.proxy.write(TESTDATA_IIP[0][0]);
@@ -294,13 +379,84 @@ test.describe('ImageAddon', () => {
      deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), TESTDATA_IIP[4][1]);
    });
  });
+
+  test.describe('IIP - QOI support', () => {
+    test('palette should yield same bytes from PNG and QOI', async () => {
+      await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b]1337;File=inline=1;size=525:${PALETTE_PNG_BASE64}\x07`);
+      deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), [640, 80]);
+      await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b[10H\x1b]1337;File=inline=1;size=${qoiData.length}:${PALETTE_QOI_BASE64}\x07`);
+      deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(2), [640, 80]);
+      const pngScrape = await getImageAtBufferCell(0, 0);
+      const qoiScrape = await getImageAtBufferCell(0, 11);
+      deepStrictEqual(qoiScrape, pngScrape);
+    });
+  });
+
+  test.describe('IIP - resizing', () => {
+    /**
+     * The correct resize behavior is wonky and needs to be tested against iTerm2,
+     * especially for missing params to derive correct default behavior.
+     * We document the current behavior here w'o claiming to be fully in line with iTerm2.
+     * ref: https://iterm2.com/documentation-images.html
+     * imgcat: https://iterm2.com/utilities/imgcat
+     *
+     * NOTE: QOI has a slightly different parse path, thus we test resizing explicitly
+     */
+    const images = [
+      ['palette.png', 525, PALETTE_PNG_BASE64],
+      ['palette.qoi', qoiData.length, PALETTE_QOI_BASE64]
+    ];
+    for (const [name, size, payload] of images) {
+      test(name + ': N --> width=20 height=5 preserveAspectRatio=0', async () => {
+        // cell based resize
+        const header = 'width=20;height=5;preserveAspectRatio=0';
+        await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b]1337;File=inline=1;size=${size};${header}:${payload}\x07`);
+        const dim = await getDimensions();
+        deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), [dim.cellWidth * 20, dim.cellHeight * 5]);
+      });
+      test(name + ': Npx --> width=320px height=160px preserveAspectRatio=0', async () => {
+        // pixel based resize
+        const header = 'width=320px;height=160px;preserveAspectRatio=0';
+        await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b]1337;File=inline=1;size=${size};${header}:${payload}\x07`);
+        deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), [320, 160]);
+      });
+      test(name + ': N% --> width=50% height=30% preserveAspectRatio=0', async () => {
+        // % of viewport resize
+        const header = 'width=50%;height=30%;preserveAspectRatio=0';
+        await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b]1337;File=inline=1;size=${size};${header}:${payload}\x07`);
+        const dim = await getDimensions();
+        deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), [Math.floor(dim.width * 0.5), Math.floor(dim.height * 0.3)]);
+      });
+      test(name + ': ommitted dimension assumes preserveAspectRatio=1', async () => {
+        // width provided in percent
+        const header = 'width=50%';
+        await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b]1337;File=inline=1;size=${size};${header}:${payload}\x07`);
+        const dim = await getDimensions();
+        const width = Math.floor(dim.width * 0.5);
+        deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), [width, Math.floor(width * 80 / 640)]);
+        // height provided in pixel
+        const header2 = 'height=200px';
+        await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b]1337;File=inline=1;size=${size};${header2}:${payload}\x07`);
+        deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(2), [Math.floor(200 * 640 / 80), 200]);
+      });
+    }
+  });
+
+  test.describe('text overwrite removes tiles', () => {
+    test('sixel', async () => {
+      await assertTextClearsTiles(SIXEL_SEQ_0);
+    });
+    test('iip', async () => {
+      await assertTextClearsTiles(TESTDATA_IIP[0][0]);
+    });
+  });
 });

 /**
 * terminal access helpers.
 */
 async function getDimensions(): Promise<IDimensions> {
-  const dimensions: any = await ctx.page.evaluate(`term._core._renderService.dimensions`);
+  const dimensions: any = await ctx.page.evaluate(`term.dimensions`);
  return {
    cellWidth: Math.round(dimensions.css.cell.width),
    cellHeight: Math.round(dimensions.css.cell.height),
@@ -327,3 +483,24 @@ async function getOrigSize(id: number): Promise<[number, number]> {
    window.imageAddon._storage._images.get(${id}).orig.height
  ]`);
 }
+
+async function getImageAtBufferCell(x: number, y: number): Promise<string | undefined> {
+  return ctx.page.evaluate<any>(`window.imageAddon.getImageAtBufferCell(${x}, ${y})?.toDataURL('image/png')`);
+}
+
+async function hasTileAtBufferCell(x: number, y: number): Promise<boolean> {
+  return ctx.page.evaluate(`!!window.imageAddon.extractTileAtBufferCell(${x}, ${y})`);
+}
+
+async function assertTextClearsTiles(imageSeq: string): Promise<void> {
+  await ctx.proxy.write('\x1b[H' + imageSeq);
+  await pollFor(ctx.page, '!!window.imageAddon.extractTileAtBufferCell(5, 1)', true);
+  ok(await hasTileAtBufferCell(0, 1));
+  await ctx.proxy.write('\x1b[2;6H#######');
+  for (let x = 5; x < 12; x++) {
+    strictEqual(await hasTileAtBufferCell(x, 1), false);
+  }
+  ok(await hasTileAtBufferCell(0, 1));
+  ok(await hasTileAtBufferCell(13, 1));
+  ok(((await ctx.page.evaluate('window.term.buffer.active.getLine(1).translateToString(true)')) as string).includes('#######'));
+}
@@ -5,10 +5,9 @@ const config: PlaywrightTestConfig = {
  timeout: 10000,
  projects: [
    {
-      name: 'ChromeStable',
+      name: 'Chromium',
      use: {
-        browserName: 'chromium',
-        channel: 'chrome'
+        browserName: 'chromium'
      }
    },
    {
@@ -9,13 +9,15 @@
    "outDir": "../out-test",
    "sourceMap": true,
    "removeComments": true,
-    "baseUrl": ".",
    "paths": {
      "common/*": [
        "../../../src/common/*"
      ],
      "browser/*": [
        "../../../src/browser/*"
+      ],
+      "*": [
+        "./*"
      ]
    },
    "strict": true,
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 * @license MIT
 */

-import { Terminal, ITerminalAddon } from '@xterm/xterm';
+import { Terminal, ITerminalAddon, IEvent } from '@xterm/xterm';

 declare module '@xterm/addon-image' {
  export interface IImageAddonOptions {
@@ -76,6 +76,15 @@ declare module '@xterm/addon-image' {
    iipSupport?: boolean;
    /** IIP sequence size limit (default 20000000 bytes). */
    iipSizeLimit?: number;
+
+    /**
+     * Kitty graphics protocol settings
+     */
+
+    /** Whether Kitty graphics protocol is enabled (default is true). */
+    kittySupport?: boolean;
+    /** Kitty image size limit in bytes (default 20000000 bytes). */
+    kittySizeLimit?: number;
  }

  export class ImageAddon implements ITerminalAddon {
@@ -107,6 +116,11 @@ declare module '@xterm/addon-image' {
     */
    public showPlaceholder: boolean;

+    /**
+     * Event fired whenever a new image is added to storage.
+     */
+    public readonly onImageAdded: IEvent<void>;
+
    /**
     * Get original image canvas at buffer position.
     */
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ node_modules/
 coverage/

 lib/
-fonts/

 .env
 .vscode/
@@ -1,6 +1,30 @@
-MIT License
-
-Copyright (c) 2018
+Copyright (c) 2019, The xterm.js authors (https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js)
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
+
+---
+
+The code that analyzes font ligatures is forked from https://github.com/princjef/font-ligatures with this license:
+
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2018 Jeffrey Principe

 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
@@ -1,78 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * Copyright (c) 2018 The xterm.js authors. All rights reserved.
- * @license MIT
- */
-
-const fs = require('fs');
-const path = require('path');
-const util = require('util');
-
-const axios = require('axios').default;
-const mkdirp = require('mkdirp');
-const yauzl = require('yauzl');
-
-const urls = {
-  fira: 'https://github.com/tonsky/FiraCode/raw/d42e7276fa925e5f82748f3ec9ea429736611b48/distr/otf/FiraCode-Regular.otf',
-  iosevka: 'https://github.com/be5invis/Iosevka/releases/download/v1.14.3/01-iosevka-1.14.3.zip'
-};
-
-const writeFile = util.promisify(fs.writeFile);
-const fontsFolder = path.join(__dirname, '../fonts');
-
-async function download() {
-  await mkdirp(fontsFolder);
-
-  try {
-    await downloadFiraCode();
-    await downloadIosevka();
-    console.log('Loaded all fonts for testing')
-  } catch (e) {
-    console.warn('Fonts failed to download, ligature tests will not work', e);
-  }
-}
-
-async function downloadFiraCode() {
-  const file = path.join(fontsFolder, 'firaCode.otf');
-  if (await util.promisify(fs.exists)(file)) {
-    console.log('Fira Code already loaded');
-  } else {
-    console.log('Downloading Fira Code...');
-    await writeFile(
-      file,
-      (await axios.get(urls.fira, { responseType: 'arraybuffer' })).data
-    );
-  }
-}
-
-async function downloadIosevka() {
-  const file = path.join(fontsFolder, 'iosevka.ttf');
-  if (await util.promisify(fs.exists)(file)) {
-    console.log('Iosevka already loaded');
-  } else {
-    console.log('Downloading Iosevka...');
-    const iosevkaContents = (await axios.get(urls.iosevka, { responseType: 'arraybuffer' })).data;
-    const iosevkaZipfile = await util.promisify(yauzl.fromBuffer)(iosevkaContents);
-    await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
-      iosevkaZipfile.on('entry', entry => {
-        if (entry.fileName === 'ttf/iosevka-regular.ttf') {
-          iosevkaZipfile.openReadStream(entry, (err, stream) => {
-            if (err) {
-              return reject(err);
-            }
-
-            const writeStream = fs.createWriteStream(file);
-            stream.pipe(writeStream);
-            writeStream.on('close', () => resolve());
-          });
-        }
-      });
-    });
-  }
-}
-
-download();
-
-process.on('unhandledRejection', e => {
-  console.error(e);
-  process.exit(1);
-});
@@ -1,661 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "name": "@xterm/addon-ligatures",
-  "version": "0.9.0",
-  "lockfileVersion": 3,
-  "requires": true,
-  "packages": {
-    "": {
-      "name": "@xterm/addon-ligatures",
-      "version": "0.9.0",
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "font-finder": "^1.1.0",
-        "font-ligatures": "^1.4.1"
-      },
-      "devDependencies": {
-        "@types/sinon": "^5.0.1",
-        "axios": "^1.6.0",
-        "mkdirp": "0.5.5",
-        "sinon": "6.3.5",
-        "yauzl": "^2.10.0"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">8.0.0"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@sinonjs/commons": {
-      "version": "1.8.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@sinonjs/commons/-/commons-1.8.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-wEj54PfsZ5jGSwMX68G8ZXFawcSglQSXqCftWX3ec8MDUzQdHgcKvw97awHbY0efQEL5iKUOAmmVtoYgmrSG4Q==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "type-detect": "4.0.8"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@sinonjs/formatio": {
-      "version": "3.2.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@sinonjs/formatio/-/formatio-3.2.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-B8SEsgd8gArBLMD6zpRw3juQ2FVSsmdd7qlevyDqzS9WTCtvF55/gAL+h6gue8ZvPYcdiPdvueM/qm//9XzyTQ==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@sinonjs/commons": "^1",
-        "@sinonjs/samsam": "^3.1.0"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@sinonjs/formatio/node_modules/@sinonjs/samsam": {
-      "version": "3.3.3",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@sinonjs/samsam/-/samsam-3.3.3.tgz",
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-        "array-from": "^2.1.1",
-        "lodash": "^4.17.15"
-      }
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-      "dev": true,
-      "license": "(Unlicense OR Apache-2.0)"
-    },
-    "node_modules/@types/sinon": {
-      "version": "5.0.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/sinon/-/sinon-5.0.1.tgz",
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-      "version": "2.10.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/yauzl/-/yauzl-2.10.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-p4a9I6X6nu6IhoGmBqAcbJy1mlC4j27vEPZX9F4L4/vZT3Lyq1VkFHw/V/PUcB9Buo+DG3iHkT0x3Qya58zc3g==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "buffer-crc32": "~0.2.3",
-        "fd-slicer": "~1.1.0"
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
@@ -14,14 +14,13 @@
    "node": ">8.0.0"
  },
  "scripts": {
-    "prepare": "node bin/download-fonts.js",
-    "build": "tsc -p src",
-    "watch": "tsc -w -p src",
+    "build": "tsgo -p src",
+    "watch": "tsgo -w -p src",
    "prepackage": "npm run build",
    "package": "webpack",
    "pretest": "npm run build",
    "test": "nyc mocha out/**/*.test.js",
-    "prepublish": "npm run package"
+    "prepublishOnly": "npm run package"
  },
  "keywords": [
    "font",
@@ -32,14 +31,11 @@
  ],
  "license": "MIT",
  "dependencies": {
-    "font-finder": "^1.1.0",
-    "font-ligatures": "^1.4.1"
+    "lru-cache": "^11.3.6",
+    "opentype.js": "^2.0.0"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
-    "@types/sinon": "^5.0.1",
-    "axios": "^1.6.0",
-    "mkdirp": "0.5.5",
-    "sinon": "6.3.5",
-    "yauzl": "^2.10.0"
+    "@types/opentype.js": "^1.3.9",
+    "font-finder": "^1.1.0"
  }
 }
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More