fix IIP resize, fix viewport resize

- renderer: delete static primitives
- renderer: use device pixels for drawing and clearing
- renderer: simplify placeholder creation
- renderer: localize dimensions in rescaleCanvas
- renderer: rescale on drawing
- storage: store raw bytes as blobs
- storage: alter addImage interface adding blob and metrics data
- storage: switch from pixel to byte counting
- storage: getBlobUsage()
- Drawable as storage/renderer handle
- use metrics for all protocols
- remove extractTileAtBufferCell
- use device pixels in CSI t 14|16 reports

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -6,14 +6,19 @@ on:
   pull_request:
     branches: [ "master" ]
 
+permissions:
+  contents: read 
+
 jobs:
   build:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     timeout-minutes: 10
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+    - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
     - name: Use Node.js 22.x
-      uses: actions/setup-node@v3
+      uses: actions/setup-node@a0853c24544627f65ddf259abe73b1d18a591444 # v5
       with:
         node-version: 22.x
         cache: 'npm'
@@ -69,7 +74,7 @@ jobs:
           ./addons/addon-webgl/out/* \
           ./addons/addon-webgl/out-*st/*
     - name: Upload artifacts
-      uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+      uses: actions/upload-artifact@b7c566a772e6b6bfb58ed0dc250532a479d7789f # v6
       with:
         name: build-artifacts
         path: compressed-build.zip
@@ -79,9 +84,11 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     timeout-minutes: 10
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+    - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
     - name: Use Node.js 22.x
-      uses: actions/setup-node@v3
+      uses: actions/setup-node@a0853c24544627f65ddf259abe73b1d18a591444 # v5
       with:
         node-version: 22.x
         cache: 'npm'
@@ -100,16 +107,18 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     timeout-minutes: 10
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+    - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
     - name: Use Node.js 22.x
-      uses: actions/setup-node@v3
+      uses: actions/setup-node@a0853c24544627f65ddf259abe73b1d18a591444 # v5
       with:
         node-version: 22.x
         cache: 'npm'
     - name: Install dependencies
       run: |
         npm ci
-    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+    - uses: actions/download-artifact@37930b1c2abaa49bbe596cd826c3c89aef350131 # v7
       with:
         name: build-artifacts
     - name: Unzip artifacts
@@ -129,6 +138,7 @@ jobs:
         exit $EXIT_CODE
 
   test-unit:
+    needs: build
     timeout-minutes: 20
     strategy:
       matrix:
@@ -136,21 +146,18 @@ jobs:
         runs-on: [ubuntu, macos, windows]
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.runs-on }}-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+    - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
     - name: Use Node.js ${{ matrix.node-version }}.x
-      uses: actions/setup-node@v3
+      uses: actions/setup-node@a0853c24544627f65ddf259abe73b1d18a591444 # v5
       with:
         node-version: ${{ matrix.node-version }}.x
         cache: 'npm'
     - name: Install dependencies
       run: |
         npm ci
-    - name: Wait for build job
-      uses: NathanFirmo/wait-for-other-job@v1.1.1
-      with:
-        token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-        job: build
-    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+    - uses: actions/download-artifact@37930b1c2abaa49bbe596cd826c3c89aef350131 # v7
       with:
         name: build-artifacts
     - name: Unzip artifacts
@@ -166,6 +173,7 @@ jobs:
       run: npm run test-unit --forbid-only
 
   test-integration:
+    needs: build
     timeout-minutes: 20
     strategy:
       matrix:
@@ -174,9 +182,11 @@ jobs:
         browser: [chromium, firefox, webkit]
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.runs-on }}
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+    - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
     - name: Use Node.js ${{ matrix.node-version }}.x
-      uses: actions/setup-node@v3
+      uses: actions/setup-node@a0853c24544627f65ddf259abe73b1d18a591444 # v5
       with:
         node-version: ${{ matrix.node-version }}.x
         cache: 'npm'
@@ -185,12 +195,7 @@ jobs:
         npm ci
     - name: Install playwright
       run: npx playwright install --with-deps ${{ matrix.browser }}
-    - name: Wait for build job
-      uses: NathanFirmo/wait-for-other-job@v1.1.1
-      with:
-        token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-        job: build
-    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+    - uses: actions/download-artifact@37930b1c2abaa49bbe596cd826c3c89aef350131 # v7
       with:
         name: build-artifacts
     - name: Unzip artifacts
@@ -240,9 +245,11 @@ jobs:
       matrix:
         node-version: [22]
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+    - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
     - name: Use Node.js ${{ matrix.node-version }}.x
-      uses: actions/setup-node@v3
+      uses: actions/setup-node@a0853c24544627f65ddf259abe73b1d18a591444 # v5
       with:
         node-version: ${{ matrix.node-version }}.x
         cache: 'npm'
@@ -251,7 +258,7 @@ jobs:
         npm ci
     - name: Install playwright
       run: npx playwright install
-    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+    - uses: actions/download-artifact@37930b1c2abaa49bbe596cd826c3c89aef350131 # v7
       with:
         name: build-artifacts
     - name: Unzip artifacts

.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml

@@ -8,6 +8,11 @@ on:
   schedule:
     - cron: '41 17 * * 0'
 
+permissions:
+  actions: read          
+  contents: read          
+  security-events: write 
+
 jobs:
   analyze:
     name: Analyze
@@ -24,12 +29,14 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
     - name: Checkout repository
-      uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
     - name: Initialize CodeQL
-      uses: github/codeql-action/init@v2
+      uses: github/codeql-action/init@8aad20d150bbac5944a9f9d289da16a4b0d87c1e # v4
       with:
         languages: ${{ matrix.language }}
     - name: Autobuild
-      uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@v2
+      uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@8aad20d150bbac5944a9f9d289da16a4b0d87c1e # v4
     - name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
-      uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@v2
+      uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@8aad20d150bbac5944a9f9d289da16a4b0d87c1e # v4

.github/workflows/copilot-setup-steps.yml

@@ -9,6 +9,9 @@ on:
     paths:
       - .github/workflows/copilot-setup-steps.yml
 
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   copilot-setup-steps:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
@@ -18,9 +21,11 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
       - name: Use Node.js 22.x
-        uses: actions/setup-node@v3
+        uses: actions/setup-node@a0853c24544627f65ddf259abe73b1d18a591444 # v5
         with:
           node-version: 22.x
           cache: 'npm'

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -6,13 +6,18 @@ on:
     # without running tests to save time to publish
     branches: [ "master" ]
 
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   release:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+    - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
     - name: Use Node.js 22.x
-      uses: actions/setup-node@v3
+      uses: actions/setup-node@a0853c24544627f65ddf259abe73b1d18a591444 # v5
       with:
         node-version: 22.x
         cache: 'npm'

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ The preferred way to report bugs or request features is to use
 
 It's pretty common for maintainers of large open source projects to suffer from burnout, especially when needing to triage a large number of incoming issues instead of actually building things. Here are some of the steps we take to try mitigate this:
 
-- Support questions live in [GH discussions](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/discussions), issues may be transfered there without further comment and core maintainers may or may not participate in discussions.
+- Support questions live in [GH discussions](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/discussions), issues may be transferred there without further comment and core maintainers may or may not participate in discussions.
 - Issues are strictly for well defined features or bugs that are _actionable_.
 - Sometimes features are out of scope. A common example of this is a niche feature that the pricipal implementation ([VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/)) won't leverage and therefore would be difficult to maintain and likely suffer from bitrot. The reporter may not agree with this, but you could always create an addon if that works or maintain your own fork if it comes to that.
 - If a feature does not have a clear way forward or needs more discussion it may be closed ro moved to a discussion.

README.md

@@ -254,6 +254,13 @@ Xterm.js is used in many world-class applications to provide great terminal expe
 - [**WooTTY**](https://github.com/icoretech/wootty): Flawless browser terminal for real operators.
 - [**Orca**](https://github.com/stablyai/orca): Agentic development environment for 100x builders.
 - [**4bit**](https://ciembor.github.io/4bit): Terminal Color Scheme Designer.
+- [**Cate**](https://github.com/0-AI-UG/cate): Open source desktop IDE on an infinite zoomable canvas. Editor, browser, and terminal panels float in spatial space; the terminals are xterm.js with the WebGL addon, backed by node-pty.
+- [**OmnyShell PWA**](https://github.com/OmnyGrid/omnyshell_web): Web client for [**OmnyShell**](https://github.com/OmnyGrid/omnyshell), featuring remote terminals, a built-in IDE, AI-assisted workflows, and detachable/resumable sessions for seamless browser-based access to nodes.
+- [**kmux**](https://github.com/kkd927/kmux): A keyboard-centric terminal workspace for running parallel AI coding agents side by side on macOS and Linux.
+- [**LynxHub**](https://github.com/KindaBrazy/LynxHub): Cross-platform, extensible terminal and browser for AI management.
+- [**Codeman**](https://github.com/Ark0N/Codeman): Self-hosted mission control for AI coding agents, streaming live tmux sessions to browser and phone.
+- [**JSVIsion**](https://github.com/blendsdk/jsvision): A Turbo Vision-Style TUI SDK for TypeScript. We use xterm.js in our docs to show live JSVision examples running in a web terminal.
+- [**BitFun**](https://github.com/GCWing/BitFun): Open-source desktop AI agent whose integrated terminals and read-only terminal output views use xterm.js with the Fit, Web Links, and WebGL addons.
 - [And much more...](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/network/dependents?package_id=UGFja2FnZS0xNjYzMjc4OQ%3D%3D)
 
 Do you use xterm.js in your application as well? Please [open a Pull Request](https://github.com/sourcelair/xterm.js/pulls) to include it here. We would love to have it on our list. Please add any new contributions to the end of the list.

addons/addon-attach/test/AttachAddon.test.ts

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ test.beforeAll(async ({ browser }) => {
 });
 test.afterAll(async () => await ctx.page.close());
 
-test.describe('Search Tests', () => {
+test.describe('AttachAddon', () => {
 
   test.beforeEach(async () => {
     await ctx.proxy.reset();

addons/addon-clipboard/src/ClipboardAddon.ts

@@ -78,13 +78,43 @@ export class BrowserClipboardProvider implements IClipboardProvider {
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * TODO: Once the base64 handling on Uint8Arrays is more common,
+ * remove the btoa/atob fallbacks below.
+ */
+interface IUint8ArrayB64 extends Uint8Array {
+  toBase64(): string;
+}
+interface IUint8ArrayB64Ctor extends Uint8ArrayConstructor {
+  fromBase64(s: string): IUint8ArrayB64;
+}
+
 export class Base64 implements IBase64 {
   public encodeText(data: string): string {
-    return btoa(data);
+    const bytes = new TextEncoder().encode(data) as IUint8ArrayB64;
+    if (bytes.toBase64 !== undefined) {
+      return bytes.toBase64();
+    }
+    let bin = '';
+    for (let i = 0; i < bytes.length; i++) {
+      bin += String.fromCharCode(bytes[i]);
+    }
+    return btoa(bin);
   }
   public decodeText(data: string): string {
+    if ((Uint8Array as IUint8ArrayB64Ctor).fromBase64 !== undefined) {
+      try {
+        return new TextDecoder().decode((Uint8Array as IUint8ArrayB64Ctor).fromBase64(data));
+      } catch {}
+      return '';
+    }
     try {
-      return atob(data);
+      const bin = atob(data);
+      const bytes = new Uint8Array(bin.length);
+      for (let i = 0; i < bin.length; ++i) {
+        bytes[i] = bin.charCodeAt(i);
+      }
+      return new TextDecoder().decode(bytes);
     } catch {}
     return '';
   }

addons/addon-clipboard/test/ClipboardAddon.test.ts

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ test.describe('ClipboardAddon', () => {
       await ctx.page.context().grantPermissions(['clipboard-read', 'clipboard-write']);
     }
     await ctx.page.evaluate(`
-      window.term.reset()
+      window.term.reset();
       window.clipboard?.dispose();
       window.clipboard = new ClipboardAddon();
       window.term.loadAddon(window.clipboard);
@@ -92,4 +92,22 @@ test.describe('ClipboardAddon', () => {
       deepEqual(await ctx.page.evaluate(() => window.navigator.clipboard.readText()), '');
     });
   });
+
+  test.describe('non-ASCII', () => {
+    const testDataEncoded = '4oKsbWzDpMO8dMOf';
+    const testDataDecoded = '€mläütß';
+    test('write simple string', async () => {
+      await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b]52;c;${testDataEncoded}\x07`);
+      deepEqual(await ctx.page.evaluate(() => window.navigator.clipboard.readText()), testDataDecoded);
+    });
+    test('read simple string', async () => {
+      await ctx.page.evaluate(`
+        window.data2 = [];
+        window.term.onData(e => data2.push(e));
+      `);
+      await ctx.page.evaluate((d) => window.navigator.clipboard.writeText(d), testDataDecoded);
+      await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b]52;c;?\x07`);
+      deepEqual(await ctx.page.evaluate('window.data2'), [`\x1b]52;c;${testDataEncoded}\x07`]);
+    });
+  });
 });

addons/addon-clipboard/typings/addon-clipboard.d.ts

@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ declare module '@xterm/addon-clipboard' {
   /**
    * The clipboard provider interface that enables xterm.js to access the browser clipboard.
    *
-   * Note this this clipboard provider does not implement own cut buffers as xterm does,
+   * Note that this clipboard provider does not implement own cut buffers as xterm does,
    * but redirect the selection parameter always to navigator.clipboard.
    */
   export class BrowserClipboardProvider implements IClipboardProvider{

addons/addon-image/README.md

@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ terminal.loadAddon(imageAddon);
   therefore palette animations cannot be used.
 
 - **SIXEL Raster Attributes Handling**  
-  If raster attributes were found in the SIXEL data (level 2), the image will always be truncated to the given height/width extend. We deviate here from the specification on purpose, as it allows several processing optimizations. For level 1 SIXEL data without any raster attributes the image can freely grow in width and height up to the last data byte, which has a much higher processing penalty. In general encoding libraries should not create level 1 data anymore and should not produce pixel information beyond the announced height/width extend. Both is discouraged by the >30 years old specification.
+  If raster attributes were found in the SIXEL data (level 2), the image will always be truncated to the given height/width extent. We deviate here from the specification on purpose, as it allows several processing optimizations. For level 1 SIXEL data without any raster attributes the image can freely grow in width and height up to the last data byte, which has a much higher processing penalty. In general encoding libraries should not create level 1 data anymore and should not produce pixel information beyond the announced height/width extent. Both is discouraged by the >30 years old specification.
 
   Currently the SIXEL implementation of the addon does not take custom pixel sizes into account, a SIXEL pixel will map 1:1 to a screen pixel.
 
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ terminal.loadAddon(imageAddon);
   Set by default, change it with `{iipSupport: true}`.
 
   The IIP implementation has the following features / restrictions (sequence will silently fail for unmet conditions):
-  - Supported formats: PNG, JPEG, GIF and QOI
+  - Supported formats: PNG, JPEG, GIF, QOI, WEBP and AVIF
   - No animation support.
   - Image type hinting is not supported (always deducted from data header).
   - File download is not supported.
@@ -112,6 +112,13 @@ terminal.loadAddon(imageAddon);
   - ReportCellSize sequence is supported.
   - Hi-res display support is currently limited (image gets blurred).
 
+- **Note on IIP image format support**  
+  For all image formats except QOI the addon only does the dimension extraction and leaves
+  the image decoding to the underlying browser engine. Note that some formats are implemented
+  and enabled with different constraints by browser vendors, especially newer formats
+  (e.g. under Firefox you might need to change the setting _image.avif.compliance_strictness_ to 0
+  to get broader AVIF support).
+
 - **Kitty Graphics Support (TGP)**  
   Set by default, change it with `{kittySupport: true}`.
 
@@ -149,9 +156,9 @@ The addon provides the following API endpoints to retrieve raw image data as can
 
 ### Memory Usage
 
-The addon does most image processing in Javascript and therefore can occupy a rather big amount of memory. To get an idea where the memory gets eaten, lets look at the data flow and processing steps:
-- Incomming image data chunk at `term.write` (terminal)  
-  `term.write` might stock up incoming chunks. To circumvent this, you will need proper flow control (see xterm.js docs). Note that with image output it is more likely to run into this issue, as it can create lots of MBs in very short time.
+The addon does most image processing in JavaScript and therefore can occupy a rather big amount of memory. To get an idea where the memory gets eaten, let's look at the data flow and processing steps:
+- Incoming image data chunk at `term.write` (terminal)  
+  `term.write` might stack up incoming chunks. To circumvent this, you will need proper flow control (see xterm.js docs). Note that with image output it is more likely to run into this issue, as it can create lots of MBs in very short time.
 - Sequence Parser (terminal)  
   The parser operates on a buffer containing up to 2^17 codepoints (~0.5 MB).
 - Sequence Handler - Chunk Decoding (addon)  
@@ -177,18 +184,18 @@ const totalActive = storageBytes + decodingBytes;
 ```
 
 Note that browsers have offloading tricks for rarely touched memory segments, esp. `storageBytes` might not directly translate into real memory usage. Usage peaks will happen during active decoding of multiple big images due to the need of 2 full pixel buffers at the same time, which cannot be offloaded. Thus you may want to keep an eye on `pixelLimit` under limited memory conditions.  
-Further note that the formulas above do not respect the Javascript object's overhead. Compared to the raw buffer needs the book keeping by these objects is rather small (<<5%).
+Further note that the formulas above do not respect the JavaScript object's overhead. Compared to the raw buffer needs the bookkeeping by these objects is rather small (<<5%).
 
 _Why should I care about memory usage at all?_  
-Well you don't have to, and it probably will just work fine with the addon defaults. But for bigger integrations, where much more data is held in the Javascript context (like multiple terminals on one page), it is likely to hit the engine's memory limit sooner or later under decoding and/or storage pressure.
+Well you don't have to, and it probably will just work fine with the addon defaults. But for bigger integrations, where much more data is held in the JavaScript context (like multiple terminals on one page), it is likely to hit the engine's memory limit sooner or later under decoding and/or storage pressure.
 
 _How can I adjust the memory usage?_  
 - `pixelLimit`  
-  A constructor setting, thus you would have to anticipate, whether (multiple) terminals in your page gonna do lots of concurrent decoding. Since this is normally not the case and the memory usage is only temporarily peaking, a rather high value should work even with multiple terminals in one page.
+  A constructor setting, thus you would have to anticipate, whether (multiple) terminals in your page gonna do lots of concurrent decoding. Since this is normally not the case and the memory usage only peaks temporarily, a rather high value should work even with multiple terminals in one page.
 - `storageLimit`  
-  A constructor and a runtime setting. In conjunction with `storageUsage` you can do runtime checks and adjust the limit to your needs. If you have to lower the limit below the current usage, images will be removed in FIFO order and may turn into a placeholder in the terminal's scrollback (if `showPlaceholder` is set). When adjusting keep in mind to leave enough room for memory peaking for decoding.
+  A constructor and a runtime setting. In conjunction with `storageUsage` you can do runtime checks and adjust the limit to your needs. If you have to lower the limit below the current usage, images will be removed in FIFO order and may turn into a placeholder in the terminal's scrollback (if `showPlaceholder` is set). When adjusting keep in mind to leave enough room for peak memory use during decoding.
 - `sixelSizeLimit | iipSizeLimit | kittySizeLimit`  
-  Constructor settings. This has only a small impact on peaking memory during decoding. It is meant to avoid processing of overly big or broken image sequences at an earlier phase, thus may stop the invoked decoders from entering memory intensive tasks for potentially invalid data.
+  Constructor settings. This has only a small impact on peak memory during decoding. It is meant to avoid processing of overly big or broken image sequences at an earlier phase, thus may stop the invoked decoders from entering memory intensive tasks for potentially invalid data.
 
 
 ### Terminal Interaction

addons/addon-image/src/IIPHandler.ts

@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@
  * @license MIT
  */
 import { IImageAddonOptions, IOscHandler, IResetHandler, ITerminalExt } from './Types';
-import { ImageRenderer } from './ImageRenderer';
 import { IIPImageStorage } from './IIPImageStorage';
 import { CELL_SIZE_DEFAULT } from './ImageStorage';
 import Base64Decoder from 'xterm-wasm-parts/lib/base64/Base64Decoder.wasm';
 import QoiDecoder from 'xterm-wasm-parts/lib/qoi/QoiDecoder.wasm';
 import { HeaderParser, IHeaderFields, HeaderState, SequenceType } from './IIPHeaderParser';
-import { imageType, UNSUPPORTED_TYPE } from './IIPMetrics';
+import { imageType, UNSUPPORTED_TYPE } from './Metrics';
+import { Drawable } from './Primitives';
 
 // Local const enum mirror - esbuild can't inline const enums from external packages
 const enum DecoderConst {
@@ -39,13 +39,11 @@ export class IIPHandler implements IOscHandler, IResetHandler {
   private _header: IHeaderFields = DEFAULT_HEADER;
   private _dec: Base64Decoder;
   private _qoiDec: QoiDecoder;
-  private _metrics = UNSUPPORTED_TYPE;
   private _isMultipart = false;
   private _abortMulti = false;
 
   constructor(
     private readonly _opts: IImageAddonOptions,
-    private readonly _renderer: ImageRenderer,
     private readonly _storage: IIPImageStorage,
     private readonly _coreTerminal: ITerminalExt
   ) {
@@ -63,7 +61,6 @@ export class IIPHandler implements IOscHandler, IResetHandler {
 
   public start(): void {
     this._aborted = false;
-    this._metrics  = UNSUPPORTED_TYPE;
     this._hp.reset();
   }
 
@@ -120,14 +117,16 @@ export class IIPHandler implements IOscHandler, IResetHandler {
 
     if (seqType === SequenceType.REPORTCELLSIZE) {
       // OSC 1337 ; ReportCellSize=[height];[width];[scale] ST
-      let width = CELL_SIZE_DEFAULT.width;
-      let height = CELL_SIZE_DEFAULT.height;
-      if (this._renderer.dimensions) {
-        width = this._renderer.dimensions.css.canvas.width / this._coreTerminal.cols;
-        height = this._renderer.dimensions.css.canvas.height / this._coreTerminal.rows;
+      // IMPORTANT: ReportCellSize uses logical points (CSS pixels)
+      let w = CELL_SIZE_DEFAULT.width;
+      let h = CELL_SIZE_DEFAULT.height;
+      const dimensions = this._coreTerminal.dimensions;
+      if (dimensions) {
+        w = dimensions.css.canvas.width / this._coreTerminal.cols;
+        h = dimensions.css.canvas.height / this._coreTerminal.rows;
       }
       const scale = this._coreTerminal._core._coreBrowserService?.dpr ?? 1;
-      const report = `\x1b]1337;ReportCellSize=${height.toFixed(3)};${width.toFixed(3)};${scale.toFixed(3)}\x1b\\`;
+      const report = `\x1b]1337;ReportCellSize=${h.toFixed(3)};${w.toFixed(3)};${scale.toFixed(3)}\x1b\\`;
       this._coreTerminal.input(report, false);
       return true;
     }
@@ -149,22 +148,21 @@ export class IIPHandler implements IOscHandler, IResetHandler {
 
     // fallthrough for SequenceType.FILE & SequenceType.FILEEND
 
-    let w = 0;
-    let h = 0;
-
     // early exit condition chain
     let cond: number | boolean;
+    let metrics = UNSUPPORTED_TYPE;
     if (cond = success) {
       if (cond = !this._dec.end()) {
-        this._metrics = imageType(this._dec.data8);
-        if (cond = this._metrics.mime !== 'unsupported') {
-          w = this._metrics.width;
-          h = this._metrics.height;
-          if (cond = w && h && w * h < this._opts.pixelLimit) {
-            [w, h] = this._resize(w, h).map(Math.floor);
-            cond = w && h && w * h < this._opts.pixelLimit;
+        metrics = imageType(this._dec.data8);
+        if (cond = metrics.mime !== 'unsupported') {
+          if (!(cond = metrics.width && metrics.height && metrics.width * metrics.height < this._opts.pixelLimit)) {
+            console.warn(`IIP: image dimension issue ${metrics.width}x${metrics.height}`);
           }
+        } else {
+          console.warn('IIP: unsupported image type');
         }
+      } else {
+        console.warn('IIP: error during BASE64 decoding');
       }
     }
     if (!cond) {
@@ -172,42 +170,52 @@ export class IIPHandler implements IOscHandler, IResetHandler {
       return true;
     }
 
-    let blob: Blob | ImageData;
-    if (this._metrics.mime === 'image/qoi') {
+    let bmSrc: Blob | ImageData;
+    let imgBlob: Blob;
+    if (metrics.mime === 'image/qoi') {
       const data = this._qoiDec.decode(this._dec.data8);
-      blob = new ImageData(
+      bmSrc = new ImageData(
         new Uint8ClampedArray(data.buffer, data.byteOffset, data.byteLength),
         this._qoiDec.width,
         this._qoiDec.height
       );
       this._qoiDec.release();
-      if (w === this._qoiDec.width && h === this._qoiDec.height) {
-        // use fast-path if we don't need to rescale
-        this._dec.release();
-        const canvas = ImageRenderer.createCanvas(undefined, this._qoiDec.width, this._qoiDec.height);
-        canvas.getContext('2d')?.putImageData(blob, 0, 0);
-        this._storage.addImage(canvas);
-        return true;
-      }
     } else {
-      blob = new Blob([this._dec.data8], { type: this._metrics.mime });
+      imgBlob = bmSrc = new Blob([this._dec.data8], { type: metrics.mime });
     }
     this._dec.release();
-    return createImageBitmap(blob, { resizeWidth: w, resizeHeight: h })
+    return createImageBitmap(bmSrc)
       .then(bm => {
-        this._storage.addImage(bm);
+        const [w, h] = this._resize(metrics.width, metrics.height);
+        this._storage.addImage(new Drawable(bm), imgBlob, metrics, w / metrics.width, h / metrics.height);
+        return true;
+      })
+      .catch(e => {
+        console.warn(`IIP: decoding error ${metrics.mime} ${metrics.width}x${metrics.height}`, e);
         return true;
       });
   }
 
   private _resize(w: number, h: number): [number, number] {
-    const cw = this._renderer.dimensions?.css.cell.width || CELL_SIZE_DEFAULT.width;
-    const ch = this._renderer.dimensions?.css.cell.height || CELL_SIZE_DEFAULT.height;
-    const width = this._renderer.dimensions?.css.canvas.width || cw * this._coreTerminal.cols;
-    const height = this._renderer.dimensions?.css.canvas.height || ch * this._coreTerminal.rows;
+    let cw;
+    let ch;
+    let width;
+    let height;
+    const dimensions = this._coreTerminal.dimensions;
+    if (dimensions) {
+      width = dimensions.device.canvas.width;
+      height = dimensions.device.canvas.height;
+      cw = width / this._coreTerminal.cols;
+      ch = height / this._coreTerminal.rows;
+    } else {
+      cw = CELL_SIZE_DEFAULT.width;
+      ch = CELL_SIZE_DEFAULT.height;
+      width = cw * this._coreTerminal.cols;
+      height = ch * this._coreTerminal.rows;
+    }
 
-    const rw = this._dim(this._header.width!, width, cw);
-    const rh = this._dim(this._header.height!, height, ch);
+    const rw = this._dim(this._header.width ?? '', width, cw);
+    const rh = this._dim(this._header.height ?? '', height, ch);
     if (!rw && !rh) {
       const wf = width / w;         // TODO: should this respect initial cursor offset?
       const hf = (height - ch) / h; // TODO: fix offset issues from float cell height

addons/addon-image/src/IIPImageStorage.ts

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
  * @license MIT
  */
 
-import { IAddImageOpts } from './Types';
+import { IAddImageOpts, IDrawable, IMetrics } from './Types';
 import { ImageStorage } from './ImageStorage';
 
 /**
@@ -22,7 +22,9 @@ export class IIPImageStorage {
    * Add an IIP image to storage.
    * Always uses scrolling mode — cursor advances past the image.
    */
-  public addImage(img: HTMLCanvasElement | ImageBitmap): void {
-    this._storage.addImage(img, this._addImageOpts);
+  public addImage(src: IDrawable, data: Blob | undefined, metrics: IMetrics, prescaleX: number, prescaleY: number): void {
+    this._addImageOpts.prescaleX = prescaleX;
+    this._addImageOpts.prescaleY = prescaleY;
+    this._storage.addImage(src, data, metrics, this._addImageOpts);
   }
 }

addons/addon-image/src/IIPMetrics.ts

@@ -1,84 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * Copyright (c) 2023 The xterm.js authors. All rights reserved.
- * @license MIT
- */
-
-
-export type ImageType = 'image/png' | 'image/jpeg' | 'image/gif' | 'image/qoi' | 'unsupported' | '';
-
-export interface IMetrics {
-  mime: ImageType;
-  width: number;
-  height: number;
-}
-
-export const UNSUPPORTED_TYPE: IMetrics = {
-  mime: 'unsupported',
-  width: 0,
-  height: 0
-};
-
-export function imageType(d: Uint8Array): IMetrics {
-  if (d.length < 24) {
-    return UNSUPPORTED_TYPE;
-  }
-  const d32 = new Uint32Array(d.buffer, d.byteOffset, 6);
-  // PNG: 89 50 4E 47 0D 0A 1A 0A (8 first bytes == magic number for PNG)
-  // + first chunk must be IHDR
-  if (d32[0] === 0x474E5089 && d32[1] === 0x0A1A0A0D && d32[3] === 0x52444849) {
-    return {
-      mime: 'image/png',
-      width: d[16] << 24 | d[17] << 16 | d[18] << 8 | d[19],
-      height: d[20] << 24 | d[21] << 16 | d[22] << 8 | d[23]
-    };
-  }
-  // JPEG: FF D8 FF
-  if (d[0] === 0xFF && d[1] === 0xD8 && d[2] === 0xFF) {
-    const [width, height] = jpgSize(d);
-    return { mime: 'image/jpeg', width, height };
-  }
-  // GIF: GIF87a or GIF89a
-  if (d32[0] === 0x38464947 && (d[4] === 0x37 || d[4] === 0x39) && d[5] === 0x61) {
-    return {
-      mime: 'image/gif',
-      width: d[7] << 8 | d[6],
-      height: d[9] << 8 | d[8]
-    };
-  }
-  // QOI: qoif
-  if (d32[0] === 0x66696F71) {
-    return {
-      mime: 'image/qoi',
-      width: d[4] << 24 | d[5] << 16 | d[6] << 8 | d[7],
-      height: d[8] << 24 | d[9] << 16 | d[10] << 8 | d[11]
-    };
-  }
-  return UNSUPPORTED_TYPE;
-}
-
-function jpgSize(d: Uint8Array): [number, number] {
-  const len = d.length;
-  let i = 4;
-  let blockLength = d[i] << 8 | d[i + 1];
-  while (true) {
-    i += blockLength;
-    if (i >= len) {
-      // exhausted without size info
-      return [0, 0];
-    }
-    if (d[i] !== 0xFF) {
-      return [0, 0];
-    }
-    if (d[i + 1] === 0xC0 || d[i + 1] === 0xC2) {
-      if (i + 8 < len) {
-        return [
-          d[i + 7] << 8 | d[i + 8],
-          d[i + 5] << 8 | d[i + 6]
-        ];
-      }
-      return [0, 0];
-    }
-    i += 2;
-    blockLength = d[i] << 8 | d[i + 1];
-  }
-}

addons/addon-image/src/ImageAddon.ts

@@ -144,6 +144,9 @@ export class ImageAddon implements ITerminalAddon, IImageApi {
       terminal.options.windowOptions = windowOps;
     }
 
+    // apply placeholder setting
+    this._renderer.showPlaceholder(this._opts.showPlaceholder);
+
     this._disposeLater(
       this._renderer,
       this._storage,
@@ -187,7 +190,7 @@ export class ImageAddon implements ITerminalAddon, IImageApi {
     // iTerm IIP handler
     if (this._opts.iipSupport) {
       const iipStorage = new IIPImageStorage(this._storage!);
-      const iipHandler = new IIPHandler(this._opts, this._renderer!, iipStorage, terminal);
+      const iipHandler = new IIPHandler(this._opts, iipStorage, terminal);
       this._handlers.set('iip', iipHandler);
       this._disposeLater(
         terminal._core._inputHandler._parser.registerOscHandler(1337, iipHandler)
@@ -250,10 +253,6 @@ export class ImageAddon implements ITerminalAddon, IImageApi {
     return this._storage?.getImageAtBufferCell(x, y);
   }
 
-  public extractTileAtBufferCell(x: number, y: number): HTMLCanvasElement | undefined {
-    return this._storage?.extractTileAtBufferCell(x, y);
-  }
-
   private _report(s: string): void {
     this._terminal?._core.input(s, false);
   }
@@ -344,8 +343,8 @@ export class ImageAddon implements ITerminalAddon, IImageApi {
       switch (params[1]) {
         // we only implement read and read_max here
         case GaAction.READ:
-          let width = this._renderer?.dimensions?.css.canvas.width;
-          let height = this._renderer?.dimensions?.css.canvas.height;
+          let width = this._renderer?.dimensions?.device.canvas.width;
+          let height = this._renderer?.dimensions?.device.canvas.height;
           if (!width || !height) {
             // for some reason we have no working image renderer
             // --> fallback to default cell size

addons/addon-image/src/ImageRenderer.ts

@@ -3,19 +3,14 @@
  * @license MIT
  */
 
-import { toRGBA8888 } from 'sixel/lib/Colors';
 import { IDisposable } from '@xterm/xterm';
-import { ICellSize, ImageLayer, ITerminalExt, IImageSpec, IRenderDimensions, IRenderService } from './Types';
+import type { ICellSize, ImageLayer, ITerminalExt, IImageSpec, IRenderDimensions, IRenderService } from './Types';
 import { Disposable, MutableDisposable, toDisposable } from 'common/Lifecycle';
+import { createCanvas } from './Primitives';
 
-const enum Constants {
-  PLACEHOLDER_LENGTH = 4096,
-  PLACEHOLDER_HEIGHT = 24
-}
 
 /**
  * ImageRenderer - terminal frontend extension:
- * - provide primitives for canvas, ImageData, Bitmap (static)
  * - add canvas layer to DOM (browser only for now)
  * - draw image tiles onRender
  */
@@ -24,51 +19,14 @@ export class ImageRenderer extends Disposable implements IDisposable {
   public get canvas(): HTMLCanvasElement | undefined { return this._layers.get('top')?.canvas; }
   private _layers = new Map<ImageLayer, CanvasRenderingContext2D>();
   private _placeholder: HTMLCanvasElement | undefined;
-  private _placeholderBitmap: ImageBitmap | undefined;
   private _optionsRefresh = this._register(new MutableDisposable());
   private _oldOpen: ((parent: HTMLElement) => void) | undefined;
   private _renderService: IRenderService | undefined;
   private _oldSetRenderer: ((renderer: any) => void) | undefined;
 
-  // drawing primitive - canvas
-  public static createCanvas(localDocument: Document | undefined, width: number, height: number): HTMLCanvasElement {
-    /**
-     * NOTE: We normally dont care, from which document the canvas
-     * gets created, so we can fall back to global document,
-     * if the terminal has no document associated yet.
-     * This way early image loads before calling .open keep working
-     * (still discouraged though, as the metrics will be screwed up).
-     * Only the DOM output canvas should be on the terminal's document,
-     * which gets explicitly checked in `insertLayerToDom`.
-     */
-    const canvas = (localDocument ?? document).createElement('canvas');
-    canvas.width = width | 0;
-    canvas.height = height | 0;
-    return canvas;
-  }
-
-  // drawing primitive - ImageData with optional buffer
-  public static createImageData(ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D, width: number, height: number, buffer?: ArrayBuffer): ImageData {
-    if (typeof ImageData !== 'function') {
-      const imgData = ctx.createImageData(width, height);
-      if (buffer) {
-        imgData.data.set(new Uint8ClampedArray(buffer, 0, width * height * 4));
-      }
-      return imgData;
-    }
-    return buffer
-      ? new ImageData(new Uint8ClampedArray(buffer, 0, width * height * 4), width, height)
-      : new ImageData(width, height);
-  }
-
-  // drawing primitive - ImageBitmap
-  public static createImageBitmap(img: ImageBitmapSource): Promise<ImageBitmap | undefined> {
-    if (typeof createImageBitmap !== 'function') {
-      return Promise.resolve(undefined);
-    }
-    return createImageBitmap(img);
-  }
-
+  // some local variables for faster access
+  private _dimensions: IRenderDimensions | undefined;
+  private _cellSize: ICellSize | undefined;
 
   constructor(private _terminal: ITerminalExt) {
     super();
@@ -100,8 +58,6 @@ export class ImageRenderer extends Disposable implements IDisposable {
       }
       this._renderService = undefined;
       this._layers.clear();
-      this._placeholderBitmap?.close();
-      this._placeholderBitmap = undefined;
       this._placeholder = undefined;
     }));
   }
@@ -110,15 +66,7 @@ export class ImageRenderer extends Disposable implements IDisposable {
    * Enable the placeholder.
    */
   public showPlaceholder(value: boolean): void {
-    if (value) {
-      if (!this._placeholder && this.cellSize.height !== -1) {
-        this._createPlaceHolder(Math.max(this.cellSize.height + 1, Constants.PLACEHOLDER_HEIGHT));
-      }
-    } else {
-      this._placeholderBitmap?.close();
-      this._placeholderBitmap = undefined;
-      this._placeholder = undefined;
-    }
+    this._placeholder = value ? this._createPlaceHolder() : undefined;
     this._renderService?.refreshRows(0, this._terminal.rows);
   }
 
@@ -131,22 +79,27 @@ export class ImageRenderer extends Disposable implements IDisposable {
   }
 
   /**
-   * Current cell size (float).
+   * Current cell size.
    */
-  public get cellSize(): ICellSize {
-    return {
-      width: this.dimensions?.css.cell.width || -1,
-      height: this.dimensions?.css.cell.height || -1
-    };
+  public getCellSize(dimensions?: IRenderDimensions): ICellSize | undefined {
+    dimensions ??= this._terminal.dimensions;
+    if (dimensions) {
+      return {
+        width: dimensions.device.canvas.width / this._terminal.cols,
+        height: dimensions.device.canvas.height / this._terminal.rows,
+      };
+    }
   }
 
   /**
    * Clear a region of the image layer canvas.
    */
   public clearLines(start: number, end: number, layer?: ImageLayer): void {
-    const y = start * (this.dimensions?.css.cell.height || 0);
-    const w = this.dimensions?.css.canvas.width || 0;
-    const h = (end + 1 - start) * (this.dimensions?.css.cell.height || 0);
+    const deviceGrid = this._cellSize;
+    if (!deviceGrid || !this._dimensions) return;
+    const y = Math.floor(start * deviceGrid.height);
+    const w = this._dimensions.device.canvas.width;
+    const h = Math.ceil((end + 1 - start) * deviceGrid.height);
     if (!layer || layer === 'top') {
       this._layers.get('top')?.clearRect(0, y, w, h);
     }
@@ -174,142 +127,103 @@ export class ImageRenderer extends Disposable implements IDisposable {
    */
   public draw(imgSpec: IImageSpec, tileId: number, col: number, row: number, count: number = 1): void {
     const ctx = this._layers.get(imgSpec.layer);
-    if (!ctx) {
-      return;
-    }
-    const { width, height } = this.cellSize;
+    const initialGrid = imgSpec.cellSize;
+    const deviceGrid = this._cellSize;
 
-    // Don't try to draw anything, if we cannot get valid renderer metrics.
-    if (width === -1 || height === -1) {
+    if (!ctx || !imgSpec.src.native || !deviceGrid) {
       return;
     }
 
-    this._rescaleImage(imgSpec, width, height);
-    const img = imgSpec.actual!;
-    const cols = Math.ceil(img.width / width);
+    const img = imgSpec.src;
+    const cols = Math.ceil(img.width * imgSpec.prescaleX / initialGrid.width);
 
-    const sx = (tileId % cols) * width;
-    const sy = Math.floor(tileId / cols) * height;
-    const dx = col * width;
-    const dy = row * height;
+    const gridWidth = initialGrid.width / imgSpec.prescaleX;
+    const gridHeight = initialGrid.height / imgSpec.prescaleY;
 
-    // safari bug: never access image source out of bounds
-    const finalWidth = count * width + sx > img.width ? img.width - sx : count * width;
-    const finalHeight = sy + height > img.height ? img.height - sy : height;
+    // crops are initialGrid px
+    const sx = (tileId % cols) * gridWidth + imgSpec.precropX;
+    const sy = Math.floor(tileId / cols) * gridHeight + imgSpec.precropY;
+    const dx = Math.floor(col * deviceGrid.width + imgSpec.offsetX);
+    const dy = Math.floor(row * deviceGrid.height + imgSpec.offsetY);
+
+    // safari bug: never access image source out of bounds, thus we clamp its dimensions
+    const sWidth = Math.min(count * gridWidth, img.width - sx);
+    const sHeight = Math.min(gridHeight, img.height - sy);
+    const dWidth = Math.ceil(sWidth / gridWidth * deviceGrid.width * imgSpec.scaleX);
+    const dHeight = Math.ceil(sHeight / gridHeight * deviceGrid.height * imgSpec.scaleY);
+
+    if (imgSpec.blendMode === 'overwrite') {
+      ctx.clearRect(dx, dy, dWidth, dHeight);
+    }
 
     // Floor all pixel offsets to get stable tile mapping without any overflows.
     // Note: For not pixel perfect aligned cells like in the DOM renderer
     // this will move a tile slightly to the top/left (subpixel range, thus ignore it).
     // FIX #34: avoid striping on displays with pixelDeviceRatio != 1 by ceiling height and width
     ctx.drawImage(
-      img,
-      Math.floor(sx), Math.floor(sy), Math.ceil(finalWidth), Math.ceil(finalHeight),
-      Math.floor(dx), Math.floor(dy), Math.ceil(finalWidth), Math.ceil(finalHeight)
+      img.native,
+      Math.floor(sx), Math.floor(sy), Math.ceil(sWidth), Math.ceil(sHeight),
+      dx, dy, dWidth, dHeight
     );
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Extract a single tile from an image.
-   */
-  public extractTile(imgSpec: IImageSpec, tileId: number): HTMLCanvasElement | undefined {
-    const { width, height } = this.cellSize;
-    // Don't try to draw anything, if we cannot get valid renderer metrics.
-    if (width === -1 || height === -1) {
-      return;
-    }
-    this._rescaleImage(imgSpec, width, height);
-    const img = imgSpec.actual!;
-    const cols = Math.ceil(img.width / width);
-    const sx = (tileId % cols) * width;
-    const sy = Math.floor(tileId / cols) * height;
-    const finalWidth = width + sx > img.width ? img.width - sx : width;
-    const finalHeight = sy + height > img.height ? img.height - sy : height;
-
-    const canvas = ImageRenderer.createCanvas(this.document, finalWidth, finalHeight);
-    const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
-    if (ctx) {
-      ctx.drawImage(
-        img,
-        Math.floor(sx), Math.floor(sy), Math.floor(finalWidth), Math.floor(finalHeight),
-        0, 0, Math.floor(finalWidth), Math.floor(finalHeight)
-      );
-      return canvas;
-    }
-  }
-
   /**
    * Draw a line with placeholder on the image layer canvas.
    */
   public drawPlaceholder(col: number, row: number, count: number = 1): void {
     const ctx = this._layers.get('top');
-    if (ctx) {
-      const { width, height } = this.cellSize;
-
-      // Don't try to draw anything, if we cannot get valid renderer metrics.
-      if (width === -1 || height === -1) {
-        return;
-      }
-
-      if (!this._placeholder) {
-        this._createPlaceHolder(Math.max(height + 1, Constants.PLACEHOLDER_HEIGHT));
-      } else if (height >= this._placeholder!.height) {
-        this._createPlaceHolder(height + 1);
-      }
-      if (!this._placeholder) return;
-      ctx.drawImage(
-        this._placeholderBitmap ?? this._placeholder!,
-        col * width,
-        (row * height) % 2 ? 0 : 1,  // needs %2 offset correction
-        width * count,
-        height,
-        col * width,
-        row * height,
-        width * count,
-        height
-      );
+    const deviceGrid = this._cellSize;
+    if (!ctx || !deviceGrid) {
+      return;
     }
+    this._placeholder ??= this._createPlaceHolder();
+    if (!this._placeholder) return;
+    ctx.drawImage(
+      this._placeholder,
+      0, 0, 1, 1,
+      col * deviceGrid.width,
+      row * deviceGrid.height,
+      count * deviceGrid.width,
+      deviceGrid.height
+    );
   }
 
   /**
    * Rescale image layer canvas if needed.
    * Checked once from `ImageStorage.render`.
+   * NOTE: This method updates dimensions on instance properties
+   * for faster access during draw and clear calls.
+   * So make sure to always call this before doing any draws.
    */
-  public rescaleCanvas(): void {
-    const w = this.dimensions?.css.canvas.width || 0;
-    const h = this.dimensions?.css.canvas.height || 0;
-    for (const ctx of this._layers.values()) {
-      if (ctx.canvas.width !== w || ctx.canvas.height !== h) {
-        ctx.canvas.width = w;
-        ctx.canvas.height = h;
+  public rescaleCanvas(force: boolean = false): void {
+    const dimensions = this._terminal.dimensions;
+    if (dimensions) {
+      const cssW = dimensions.css.canvas.width;
+      const cssH = dimensions.css.canvas.height;
+      const devW = dimensions.device.canvas.width;
+      const devH = dimensions.device.canvas.height;
+      let recalc = force;
+      for (const ctx of this._layers.values()) {
+        if (ctx.canvas.width !== devW
+          || ctx.canvas.height !== devH
+          || ctx.canvas.style.width !== `${cssW}px`
+          || ctx.canvas.style.height !== `${cssH}px`
+        ) {
+          ctx.canvas.width = devW;
+          ctx.canvas.height = devH;
+          ctx.canvas.style.width = `${cssW}px`;
+          ctx.canvas.style.height = `${cssH}px`;
+          recalc = true;
+        }
       }
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Rescale image in storage if needed.
-   */
-  private _rescaleImage(spec: IImageSpec, currentWidth: number, currentHeight: number): void {
-    if (currentWidth === spec.actualCellSize.width && currentHeight === spec.actualCellSize.height) {
-      return;
-    }
-    const { width: originalWidth, height: originalHeight } = spec.origCellSize;
-    if (currentWidth === originalWidth && currentHeight === originalHeight) {
-      spec.actual = spec.orig;
-      spec.actualCellSize.width = originalWidth;
-      spec.actualCellSize.height = originalHeight;
-      return;
-    }
-    const canvas = ImageRenderer.createCanvas(
-      this.document,
-      Math.ceil(spec.orig!.width * currentWidth / originalWidth),
-      Math.ceil(spec.orig!.height * currentHeight / originalHeight)
-    );
-    const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
-    if (ctx) {
-      ctx.drawImage(spec.orig!, 0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);
-      spec.actual = canvas;
-      spec.actualCellSize.width = currentWidth;
-      spec.actualCellSize.height = currentHeight;
+      if (recalc) {
+        this._dimensions = dimensions;
+        this._cellSize = this.getCellSize(dimensions);
+      }
+    } else {
+      // we were not able to get render dimensions:
+      // set cellsize to undefined so we don't try to draw anything
+      this._cellSize = this.getCellSize();
     }
   }
 
@@ -336,9 +250,12 @@ export class ImageRenderer extends Disposable implements IDisposable {
     if (this._layers.has(layer)) {
       return;
     }
-    const canvas = ImageRenderer.createCanvas(
-      this.document, this.dimensions?.css.canvas.width || 0,
-      this.dimensions?.css.canvas.height || 0
+    const canvas = createCanvas(
+      this.document,
+      this.dimensions?.device.canvas.width || 0,
+      this.dimensions?.device.canvas.height || 0,
+      this.dimensions?.css.canvas.width || 0,
+      this.dimensions?.css.canvas.height || 0,
     );
     canvas.classList.add(`xterm-image-layer-${layer}`);
     const screenElement = this._terminal._core.screenElement;
@@ -366,6 +283,8 @@ export class ImageRenderer extends Disposable implements IDisposable {
       return;
     }
     this._layers.set(layer, ctx);
+    // force rescaling to update stored cellSize (maybe not be populated yet)
+    this.rescaleCanvas(true);
     this.clearAll(layer);
   }
 
@@ -381,41 +300,17 @@ export class ImageRenderer extends Disposable implements IDisposable {
     return this._layers.has(layer);
   }
 
-  private _createPlaceHolder(height: number = Constants.PLACEHOLDER_HEIGHT): void {
-    this._placeholderBitmap?.close();
-    this._placeholderBitmap = undefined;
-
-    // create blueprint to fill placeholder with
-    const bWidth = 32;  // must be 2^n
-    const blueprint = ImageRenderer.createCanvas(this.document, bWidth, height);
-    const ctx = blueprint.getContext('2d', { alpha: false });
+  /**
+   * Create a semi-transparent gray 1x1 placeholder
+   */
+  private _createPlaceHolder(): HTMLCanvasElement | undefined {
+    const imgData = new ImageData(1, 1);
+    new Uint32Array(imgData.data.buffer).fill(128 << 24 | 128 << 16 | 128 << 8 | 128);
+    const canvas = createCanvas(this.document, 1, 1);
+    const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d', { alpha: true });
     if (!ctx) return;
-    const imgData = ImageRenderer.createImageData(ctx, bWidth, height);
-    const d32 = new Uint32Array(imgData.data.buffer);
-    const black = toRGBA8888(0, 0, 0);
-    const white = toRGBA8888(255, 255, 255);
-    d32.fill(black);
-    for (let y = 0; y < height; ++y) {
-      const shift = y % 2;
-      const offset = y * bWidth;
-      for (let x = 0; x < bWidth; x += 2) {
-        d32[offset + x + shift] = white;
-      }
-    }
     ctx.putImageData(imgData, 0, 0);
-
-    // create placeholder line, width aligned to blueprint width
-    const width = (screen.width + bWidth - 1) & ~(bWidth - 1) || Constants.PLACEHOLDER_LENGTH;
-    this._placeholder = ImageRenderer.createCanvas(this.document, width, height);
-    const ctx2 = this._placeholder.getContext('2d', { alpha: false });
-    if (!ctx2) {
-      this._placeholder = undefined;
-      return;
-    }
-    for (let i = 0; i < width; i += bWidth) {
-      ctx2.drawImage(blueprint, i, 0);
-    }
-    ImageRenderer.createImageBitmap(this._placeholder).then(bitmap => this._placeholderBitmap = bitmap);
+    return canvas;
   }
 
   public get document(): Document | undefined {

addons/addon-image/src/ImageStorage.ts

@@ -5,12 +5,14 @@
 
 import { IDisposable } from '@xterm/xterm';
 import { ImageRenderer } from './ImageRenderer';
-import {
-  ITerminalExt, IExtendedAttrsImage, IImageAddonOptions, IImageSpec,
-  IBufferLineExt, BgFlags, Cell, Content, ICellSize, ExtFlags, Attributes,
-  UnderlineStyle, IAddImageOpts
+import type {
+  ITerminalExt, IImageAddonOptions, IImageSpec, ICellSize, IAddImageOpts,
+  IDrawable,
+  IMetrics
 } from './Types';
-
+import type { IBufferLine } from 'common/buffer/Types';
+import { CellData } from 'common/buffer/CellData';
+import { createCanvas } from './Primitives';
 
 // fallback default cell size
 export const CELL_SIZE_DEFAULT: ICellSize = {
@@ -18,93 +20,12 @@ export const CELL_SIZE_DEFAULT: ICellSize = {
   height: 14
 };
 
-/**
- * Extend extended attribute to also hold image tile information.
- *
- * Object definition is copied from base repo to fully mimick its behavior.
- * Image data is added as additional public properties `imageId` and `tileId`.
- */
-class ExtendedAttrsImage implements IExtendedAttrsImage {
-  private _ext: number = 0;
-  public get ext(): number {
-    if (this._urlId) {
-      return (
-        (this._ext & ~ExtFlags.UNDERLINE_STYLE) |
-        (this.underlineStyle << 26)
-      );
-    }
-    return this._ext;
-  }
-  public set ext(value: number) { this._ext = value; }
-
-  public get underlineStyle(): UnderlineStyle {
-    // Always return the URL style if it has one
-    if (this._urlId) {
-      return UnderlineStyle.DASHED;
-    }
-    return (this._ext & ExtFlags.UNDERLINE_STYLE) >> 26;
-  }
-  public set underlineStyle(value: UnderlineStyle) {
-    this._ext &= ~ExtFlags.UNDERLINE_STYLE;
-    this._ext |= (value << 26) & ExtFlags.UNDERLINE_STYLE;
-  }
-
-  public get underlineColor(): number {
-    return this._ext & (Attributes.CM_MASK | Attributes.RGB_MASK);
-  }
-  public set underlineColor(value: number) {
-    this._ext &= ~(Attributes.CM_MASK | Attributes.RGB_MASK);
-    this._ext |= value & (Attributes.CM_MASK | Attributes.RGB_MASK);
-  }
-
-  public get underlineVariantOffset(): number {
-    const val = (this._ext & ExtFlags.VARIANT_OFFSET) >> 29;
-    if (val < 0) {
-      return val ^ 0xFFFFFFF8;
-    }
-    return val;
-  }
-  public set underlineVariantOffset(value: number) {
-    this._ext &= ~ExtFlags.VARIANT_OFFSET;
-    this._ext |= (value << 29) & ExtFlags.VARIANT_OFFSET;
-  }
-
-  private _urlId: number = 0;
-  public get urlId(): number {
-    return this._urlId;
-  }
-  public set urlId(value: number) {
-    this._urlId = value;
-  }
-
+class ImageTileInfo {
   constructor(
-    ext: number = 0,
-    urlId: number = 0,
     public imageId = -1,
-    public tileId = -1
-  ) {
-    this._ext = ext;
-    this._urlId = urlId;
-  }
-
-  public clone(): IExtendedAttrsImage {
-    /**
-     * Technically we dont need a clone variant of ExtendedAttrsImage,
-     * as we never clone a cell holding image data.
-     * Note: Clone is only meant to be used by the InputHandler for
-     * sticky attributes, which is never the case for image data.
-     * We still provide a proper clone method to reflect the full ext attr
-     * state in case there are future use cases for clone.
-     */
-    return new ExtendedAttrsImage(this._ext, this._urlId, this.imageId, this.tileId);
-  }
-
-  public isEmpty(): boolean {
-    return this.underlineStyle === UnderlineStyle.NONE && this._urlId === 0 && this.imageId === -1;
+    public tileId = -1) {
   }
 }
-const EMPTY_ATTRS = new ExtendedAttrsImage();
-
 
 /**
  * ImageStorage - extension of CoreTerminal:
@@ -125,7 +46,8 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {
   // whether render should do a full clear
   private _needsFullClear = false;
   // hard limit of stored pixels (fallback limit of 10 MB)
-  private _pixelLimit: number = 2500000;
+  private _byteLimit: number = 10000000;
+  private _workCell: CellData = new CellData();
 
   private _viewportMetrics: { cols: number, rows: number };
   public onImageAdded: (() => void) | undefined;
@@ -164,43 +86,54 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {
     this._renderer.clearAll();
   }
 
+  /**
+   * FIXME: below we need to introduce separation of:
+   * - RAM usage
+   * - VRAM usage
+   * - Blob unsage
+   */
+
+
   public getLimit(): number {
-    return this._pixelLimit * 4 / 1000000;
+    return this._byteLimit / 1000000;
   }
 
   public setLimit(value: number): void {
     if (value < 0.5 || value > 1000) {
-      throw RangeError('invalid storageLimit, should be at least 0.5 MB and not exceed 1G');
+      throw RangeError('invalid storageLimit, should be at least 0.5 MB and not exceed 1GB');
     }
-    this._pixelLimit = (value / 4 * 1000000) >>> 0;
+    this._byteLimit = (value * 1000000) >>> 0;
     this._evictOldest(0);
   }
 
   public getUsage(): number {
-    return this._getStoredPixels() * 4 / 1000000;
+    return this._getVRAMUsage() / 1000000;
   }
 
-  private _getStoredPixels(): number {
-    let storedPixels = 0;
+  private _getVRAMUsage(): number {
+    let bytes = 0;
     for (const spec of this._images.values()) {
-      if (spec.orig) {
-        storedPixels += spec.orig.width * spec.orig.height;
-        if (spec.actual && spec.actual !== spec.orig) {
-          storedPixels += spec.actual.width * spec.actual.height;
-        }
+      bytes += spec.src.bytes;
+    }
+    return bytes;
+  }
+
+  public getBlobUsage(): number {
+    let size = 0;
+    for (const spec of this._images.values()) {
+      if (spec.data instanceof Blob) {
+        size += spec.data.size;
       }
     }
-    return storedPixels;
+    return size;
   }
 
   private _delImg(id: number): void {
     const spec = this._images.get(id);
     if (!spec) return;
     this._images.delete(id);
-    // FIXME: really ugly workaround to get bitmaps deallocated :(
-    if (window.ImageBitmap && spec.orig instanceof ImageBitmap) {
-      spec.orig.close();
-    }
+    spec.src.close();
+    spec.data = undefined;
     this.onImageDeleted?.(id);
   }
 
@@ -237,8 +170,10 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {
   }
 
   /**
-   * Method to add an image to the storage.
-   * @param img - The image to add (canvas or bitmap).
+   * Method to add an drawable to the storage.
+   * @param src - The drawable to add.
+   * @param data - Blob or Uint8Array of the original image data.
+   * @param metrics - IMetrics of the original image.
    * @param opts - Options for addImage:
    *   - scrolling:  When true, cursor advances with the image.
    *                 When false, image is placed at ORIGIN and cursor does not move.
@@ -247,17 +182,16 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {
    *   - cursorPos:  'vt340' for bottom-left, 'iip' for bottom.right.
    * @returns The internal image ID assigned to the stored image.
    */
-  public addImage(img: HTMLCanvasElement | ImageBitmap, opts: IAddImageOpts): number {
+  public addImage(src: IDrawable, data: Blob | undefined, metrics: IMetrics, opts: IAddImageOpts): number {
     // never allow storage to exceed memory limit
-    this._evictOldest(img.width * img.height);
+    this._evictOldest(src.bytes);
 
     // calc rows x cols needed to display the image
-    let cellSize = this._renderer.cellSize;
-    if (cellSize.width === -1 || cellSize.height === -1) {
-      cellSize = CELL_SIZE_DEFAULT;
-    }
-    const cols = Math.ceil(img.width / cellSize.width);
-    const rows = Math.ceil(img.height / cellSize.height);
+    const prescaleX = opts.prescaleX ?? 1.0;
+    const prescaleY = opts.prescaleY ?? 1.0;
+    const cellSize = this._renderer.getCellSize() ?? CELL_SIZE_DEFAULT;
+    const cols = Math.ceil(src.width * prescaleX / cellSize.width);
+    const rows = Math.ceil(src.height * prescaleY / cellSize.height);
 
     const imageId = ++this._lastId;
 
@@ -277,10 +211,10 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {
 
     this._terminal._core._inputHandler._dirtyRowTracker.markDirty(buffer.y);
     for (let row = 0; row < rows; ++row) {
-      const line = buffer.lines.get(buffer.y + buffer.ybase);
+      const line = buffer.lines.get(buffer.y + buffer.ybase)!;
       for (let col = 0; col < cols; ++col) {
         if (offset + col >= termCols) break;
-        this._writeToCell(line as IBufferLineExt, offset + col, imageId, row * cols + col);
+        this._writeToCell(line, offset + col, imageId, row * cols + col);
         tileCount++;
       }
       if (opts.scrolling) {
@@ -334,15 +268,24 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {
 
     // create storage entry
     const imgSpec: IImageSpec = {
-      orig: img,
-      origCellSize: cellSize,
-      actual: img,
-      actualCellSize: { ...cellSize },  // clone needed, since later modified
+      src,
+      data,
+      metrics,
+      cellSize,
       marker: endMarker || undefined,
       tileCount,
       bufferType: this._terminal.buffer.active.type,
       layer: opts.layer,
-      zIndex: opts.zIndex
+      zIndex: opts.zIndex,
+      prescaleX,
+      prescaleY,
+      precropX: 0,
+      precropY: 0,
+      scaleX: 1.0,
+      scaleY: 1.0,
+      offsetX: 0,
+      offsetY: 0,
+      blendMode: 'alpha'
     };
 
     // finally add the image
@@ -427,55 +370,42 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {
     const placeholderCalls: { col: number, row: number, count: number }[] = [];
 
     // walk all cells in viewport and collect tiles found
-    // Note: We check _extendedAttrs directly (not just HAS_EXTENDED flag)
-    // because text writes clear the BG flag but leave image tile data intact.
-    // This lets top-layer images survive text overwrites (kitty C=1 behavior).
     for (let row = start; row <= end; ++row) {
-      const line = buffer.lines.get(row + buffer.ydisp) as IBufferLineExt;
+      const line = buffer.lines.get(row + buffer.ydisp);
       if (!line) return;
       for (let col = 0; col < cols; ++col) {
-        let e: IExtendedAttrsImage;
-        if (line.getBg(col) & BgFlags.HAS_EXTENDED) {
-          e = line._extendedAttrs[col] ?? EMPTY_ATTRS;
-        } else {
-          const maybeImg = line._extendedAttrs[col] as IExtendedAttrsImage | undefined;
-          if (!maybeImg || maybeImg.imageId === undefined || maybeImg.imageId === -1) {
+        const e = line.getExtended(col)?.payload;
+        if (e instanceof ImageTileInfo) {
+          const imageId = e.imageId;
+          if (imageId === undefined || imageId === -1) {
             continue;
           }
-          e = maybeImg;
-        }
-        const imageId = e.imageId;
-        if (imageId === undefined || imageId === -1) {
-          continue;
-        }
-        const imgSpec = this._images.get(imageId);
-        if (e.tileId !== -1) {
-          const startTile = e.tileId;
-          const startCol = col;
-          let count = 1;
-          /**
-           * merge tiles to the right into a single draw call, if:
-           * - not at end of line
-           * - cell has same image id
-           * - cell has consecutive tile id
-           * Also check _extendedAttrs directly for cells where text cleared HAS_EXTENDED.
-           */
-          while (++col < cols) {
-            const nextE = line._extendedAttrs[col] as IExtendedAttrsImage | undefined;
-            if (!nextE || nextE.imageId !== imageId || nextE.tileId !== startTile + count) {
-              break;
+          const imgSpec = this._images.get(imageId);
+          if (e.tileId !== -1) {
+            const startTile = e.tileId;
+            const startCol = col;
+            let count = 1;
+            /**
+             * merge tiles to the right into a single draw call, if:
+             * - not at end of line
+             * - cell has same image id
+             * - cell has consecutive tile id
+             */
+            while (++col < cols) {
+              const nextE = line.getExtended(col)?.payload;
+              if (!(nextE instanceof ImageTileInfo) || nextE.imageId !== imageId || nextE.tileId !== startTile + count) {
+                break;
+              }
+              count++;
             }
-            count++;
-          }
-          col--;
-          if (imgSpec) {
-            if (imgSpec.actual) {
+            col--;
+            if (imgSpec) {
               drawCalls.push({ imgSpec, tileId: startTile, col: startCol, row, count });
+            } else if (this._opts.showPlaceholder) {
+              placeholderCalls.push({ col: startCol, row, count });
             }
-          } else if (this._opts.showPlaceholder) {
-            placeholderCalls.push({ col: startCol, row, count });
+            this._fullyCleared = false;
           }
-          this._fullyCleared = false;
         }
       }
     }
@@ -513,9 +443,9 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {
     const rows = buffer.lines.length;
     const oldCol = this._viewportMetrics.cols - 1;
     for (let row = 0; row < rows; ++row) {
-      const line = buffer.lines.get(row) as IBufferLineExt;
-      if (line.getBg(oldCol) & BgFlags.HAS_EXTENDED) {
-        const e: IExtendedAttrsImage = line._extendedAttrs[oldCol] ?? EMPTY_ATTRS;
+      const line = buffer.lines.get(row)!;
+      const e = line.getExtended(oldCol)?.payload;
+      if (e instanceof ImageTileInfo) {
         const imageId = e.imageId;
         if (imageId === undefined || imageId === -1) {
           continue;
@@ -525,14 +455,14 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {
           continue;
         }
         // found an image tile at oldCol, check if it qualifies for right exapansion
-        const tilesPerRow = Math.ceil((imgSpec.actual?.width || 0) / imgSpec.actualCellSize.width);
+        const tilesPerRow = Math.ceil(imgSpec.src.width * imgSpec.prescaleX / imgSpec.cellSize.width);
         if ((e.tileId % tilesPerRow) + 1 >= tilesPerRow) {
           continue;
         }
         // expand only if right side is empty (nothing got wrapped from below)
         let hasData = false;
         for (let rightCol = oldCol + 1; rightCol > metrics.cols; ++rightCol) {
-          if (line._data[rightCol * Cell.SIZE + Cell.CONTENT] & Content.HAS_CONTENT_MASK) {
+          if (line.hasContent(rightCol)) {
             hasData = true;
             break;
           }
@@ -544,7 +474,7 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {
         const end = Math.min(metrics.cols, tilesPerRow - (e.tileId % tilesPerRow) + oldCol);
         let lastTile = e.tileId;
         for (let expandCol = oldCol + 1; expandCol < end; ++expandCol) {
-          this._writeToCell(line as IBufferLineExt, expandCol, imageId, ++lastTile);
+          this._writeToCell(line, expandCol, imageId, ++lastTile);
           imgSpec.tileCount++;
         }
       }
@@ -558,34 +488,17 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {
    */
   public getImageAtBufferCell(x: number, y: number): HTMLCanvasElement | undefined {
     const buffer = this._terminal._core.buffer;
-    const line = buffer.lines.get(y) as IBufferLineExt;
-    if (line && line.getBg(x) & BgFlags.HAS_EXTENDED) {
-      const e: IExtendedAttrsImage = line._extendedAttrs[x] ?? EMPTY_ATTRS;
-      if (e.imageId && e.imageId !== -1) {
-        const orig = this._images.get(e.imageId)?.orig;
-        if (window.ImageBitmap && orig instanceof ImageBitmap) {
-          const canvas = ImageRenderer.createCanvas(window.document, orig.width, orig.height);
-          canvas.getContext('2d')?.drawImage(orig, 0, 0, orig.width, orig.height);
+    const line = buffer.lines.get(y);
+    if (line) {
+      const e = line.getExtended(x)?.payload;
+      if (e instanceof ImageTileInfo && e.imageId && e.imageId !== -1) {
+        const src = this._images.get(e.imageId)?.src;
+        if (src?.native instanceof ImageBitmap || src?.native instanceof VideoFrame) {
+          const canvas = createCanvas(window.document, src.width, src.height);
+          canvas.getContext('2d')?.drawImage(src.native, 0, 0, src.width, src.height);
           return canvas;
         }
-        return orig as HTMLCanvasElement;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Extract active single tile at buffer position.
-   */
-  public extractTileAtBufferCell(x: number, y: number): HTMLCanvasElement | undefined {
-    const buffer = this._terminal._core.buffer;
-    const line = buffer.lines.get(y) as IBufferLineExt;
-    if (line && line.getBg(x) & BgFlags.HAS_EXTENDED) {
-      const e: IExtendedAttrsImage = line._extendedAttrs[x] ?? EMPTY_ATTRS;
-      if (e.imageId && e.imageId !== -1 && e.tileId !== -1) {
-        const spec = this._images.get(e.imageId);
-        if (spec) {
-          return this._renderer.extractTile(spec, e.tileId);
-        }
+        return src?.native;
       }
     }
   }
@@ -593,15 +506,12 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {
   // TODO: Do we need some blob offloading tricks here to avoid early eviction?
   // also see https://stackoverflow.com/questions/28307789/is-there-any-limitation-on-javascript-max-blob-size
   private _evictOldest(room: number): number {
-    const used = this._getStoredPixels();
+    const used = this._getVRAMUsage();
     let current = used;
-    while (this._pixelLimit < current + room && this._images.size) {
+    while (this._byteLimit < current + room && this._images.size) {
       const spec = this._images.get(++this._lowestId);
-      if (spec && spec.orig) {
-        current -= spec.orig.width * spec.orig.height;
-        if (spec.actual && spec.orig !== spec.actual) {
-          current -= spec.actual.width * spec.actual.height;
-        }
+      if (spec) {
+        current -= spec.src.bytes;
         spec.marker?.dispose();
         this._delImg(this._lowestId);
       }
@@ -609,31 +519,31 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {
     return used - current;
   }
 
-  private _writeToCell(line: IBufferLineExt, x: number, imageId: number, tileId: number): void {
-    if (line._data[x * Cell.SIZE + Cell.BG] & BgFlags.HAS_EXTENDED) {
-      const old = line._extendedAttrs[x];
-      if (old) {
-        if (old.imageId !== undefined) {
-          // found an old ExtendedAttrsImage, since we know that
-          // they are always isolated instances (single cell usage),
-          // we can re-use it and just update their id entries
-          const oldSpec = this._images.get(old.imageId);
-          if (oldSpec) {
-            // early eviction for in-viewport overwrites
-            oldSpec.tileCount--;
-          }
-          old.imageId = imageId;
-          old.tileId = tileId;
-          return;
+  private _writeToCell(line: IBufferLine, x: number, imageId: number, tileId: number): void {
+    const workCell = this._workCell;
+    line.loadCell(x, workCell);
+    if (this._workCell.hasExtendedAttrs()) {
+      const old = workCell.extended.payload;
+      if (old instanceof ImageTileInfo) {
+        // found an old ExtendedAttrsImage, since we know that
+        // they are always isolated instances (single cell usage),
+        // we can re-use it and just update their id entries
+        const oldSpec = this._images.get(old.imageId);
+        if (oldSpec) {
+          // early eviction for in-viewport overwrites
+          oldSpec.tileCount--;
         }
-        // found a plain ExtendedAttrs instance, clone it to new entry
-        line._extendedAttrs[x] = new ExtendedAttrsImage(old.ext, old.urlId, imageId, tileId);
+        old.imageId = imageId;
+        old.tileId = tileId;
         return;
       }
     }
-    // fall-through: always create new ExtendedAttrsImage entry
-    line._data[x * Cell.SIZE + Cell.BG] |= BgFlags.HAS_EXTENDED;
-    line._extendedAttrs[x] = new ExtendedAttrsImage(0, 0, imageId, tileId);
+    // fall-through: always create new ExtendedAttrs entry
+    const extattr = workCell.extended.clone();
+    extattr.payload = new ImageTileInfo(imageId, tileId);
+    workCell.extended = extattr;
+    workCell.updateExtended();
+    line.setCell(x, workCell);
   }
 
   private _evictOnAlternate(): void {
@@ -646,18 +556,16 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {
     // re-count tiles on whole buffer
     const buffer = this._terminal._core.buffer;
     for (let y = 0; y < this._terminal.rows; ++y) {
-      const line = buffer.lines.get(y) as IBufferLineExt;
+      const line = buffer.lines.get(y);
       if (!line) {
         continue;
       }
       for (let x = 0; x < this._terminal.cols; ++x) {
-        if (line._data[x * Cell.SIZE + Cell.BG] & BgFlags.HAS_EXTENDED) {
-          const imgId = line._extendedAttrs[x]?.imageId;
-          if (imgId) {
-            const spec = this._images.get(imgId);
-            if (spec) {
-              spec.tileCount++;
-            }
+        const payload = line.getExtended(x)?.payload;
+        if (payload instanceof ImageTileInfo) {
+          const spec = this._images.get(payload.imageId);
+          if (spec) {
+            spec.tileCount++;
           }
         }
       }

addons/addon-image/src/Metrics.test.ts

@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@
  */
 
 import { assert } from 'chai';
-import { imageType, IMetrics } from './IIPMetrics';
+import { imageType } from './Metrics';
+import type { IMetrics } from 'Types';
 
 // fix missing nodejs decl
 declare const require: (s: string) => any;
@@ -32,6 +33,28 @@ const TEST_IMAGES: [string, IMetrics][] = [
   ['agfa-makernotes.jpg', { mime: 'image/jpeg', width: 8, height: 8 }],
   ['sony-alpha-6000.jpg', { mime: 'image/jpeg', width: 6000, height: 4000 }],
   ['dice.qoi', { mime: 'image/qoi', width: 800, height: 600 }],
+  // VP8
+  ['1.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 550, height: 368 }],
+  ['2.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 550, height: 404 }],
+  ['3.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 1280, height: 720 }],
+  ['4.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 1024, height: 772 }],
+  ['5.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 1024, height: 752 }],
+  // VP8X
+  ['1_webp_a.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 400, height: 301 }],
+  ['2_webp_a.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 386, height: 395 }],
+  ['3_webp_a.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 800, height: 600 }],
+  ['4_webp_a.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 421, height: 163 }],
+  ['5_webp_a.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 300, height: 300 }],
+  // VP8L
+  ['1_webp_ll.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 400, height: 301 }],
+  ['2_webp_ll.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 386, height: 395 }],
+  ['3_webp_ll.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 800, height: 600 }],
+  ['4_webp_ll.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 421, height: 163 }],
+  ['5_webp_ll.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 300, height: 300 }],
+  // some AVIF test images
+  ['fox.profile2.12bpc.yuv444.odd-width.odd-height.avif', { mime: 'image/avif', width: 1203, height: 799 }],
+  ['hato.profile0.8bpc.yuv420.avif', { mime: 'image/avif', width: 3082, height: 2048 }],
+  ['kimono.crop.avif', { mime: 'image/avif', width: 722, height: 1024 }],
 ];
 
 

addons/addon-image/src/Metrics.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2023 The xterm.js authors. All rights reserved.
+ * @license MIT
+ */
+
+import { IMetrics } from './Types';
+
+
+
+export const UNSUPPORTED_TYPE: IMetrics = {
+  mime: 'unsupported',
+  width: 0,
+  height: 0
+};
+
+export function imageType(d: Uint8Array): IMetrics {
+  if (d.length < 32) {
+    return UNSUPPORTED_TYPE;
+  }
+  const d32 = new Uint32Array(d.buffer, d.byteOffset, 8);
+  // PNG: 89 50 4E 47 0D 0A 1A 0A (8 first bytes == magic number for PNG)
+  // + first chunk must be IHDR
+  if (d32[0] === 0x474E5089 && d32[1] === 0x0A1A0A0D && d32[3] === 0x52444849) {
+    return {
+      mime: 'image/png',
+      width:  d[16] << 24 | d[17] << 16 | d[18] << 8 | d[19],
+      height: d[20] << 24 | d[21] << 16 | d[22] << 8 | d[23]
+    };
+  }
+  // JPEG: FF D8 FF
+  if (d[0] === 0xFF && d[1] === 0xD8 && d[2] === 0xFF) {
+    const [width, height] = jpgSize(d);
+    return { mime: 'image/jpeg', width, height };
+  }
+  // GIF: GIF87a or GIF89a
+  if (d32[0] === 0x38464947 && (d[4] === 0x37 || d[4] === 0x39) && d[5] === 0x61) {
+    return {
+      mime: 'image/gif',
+      width:  d[7] << 8 | d[6],
+      height: d[9] << 8 | d[8]
+    };
+  }
+  // QOI: qoif
+  if (d32[0] === 0x66696F71) {
+    return {
+      mime: 'image/qoi',
+      width:  d[4] << 24 | d[5] << 16 | d[6] << 8 | d[7],
+      height: d[8] << 24 | d[9] << 16 | d[10] << 8 | d[11]
+    };
+  }
+  // WEBP: RIFF | xxxx | WEBP | VP8x
+  if (d32[0] === 0x46464952 && d32[2] === 0x50424557 && (d32[3] & 0xFFFFFF) === 0x385056) {
+    switch (d[15]) {
+      case 0x58:  // Extended WebP VP8X --> "X"
+        return {
+          mime: 'image/webp',
+          width:  (d[24] | d[25] << 8 | d[26] << 16) + 1,
+          height: (d[27] | d[28] << 8 | d[29] << 16) + 1
+        };
+      case 0x4C:  // Lossless WebP VP8L --> "L"
+        if (d[20] !== 0x2f) return UNSUPPORTED_TYPE;
+        const dim = d[21] | d[22] << 8 | d[23] << 16 | d[24] << 24;
+        return {
+          mime: 'image/webp',
+          width:  (dim        & 0x3FFF) + 1,
+          height: (dim >>> 14 & 0x3FFF) + 1
+        };
+      case 0x20:  // Lossy WebP VP8  --> " "
+        if (d[23] !== 0x9d || d[24] !== 0x01 || d[25] !== 0x2a) return UNSUPPORTED_TYPE;
+        return {
+          mime: 'image/webp',
+          width:  (d[26] | d[27] << 8) & 0x3FFF,
+          height: (d[28] | d[29] << 8) & 0x3FFF
+        };
+    }
+    return UNSUPPORTED_TYPE;
+  }
+  // AVIF: Box size | ftyp | avif/avis
+  if (d32[1] === 0x70797466 && (d32[2] === 0x66697661 || d32[2] === 0x73697661)) {
+    let pos = -1;
+    // search for ispe box within first 1024 bytes
+    const limit = Math.min(d.length - 16, 1024);
+    for (let i = 8; i < limit; i++) {
+      // scan for ispe
+      if (d[i] === 0x69 && d[i + 1] === 0x73 && d[i + 2] === 0x70 && d[i + 3] === 0x65) {
+        pos = i;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    if (pos !== -1) {
+      // dimensions are in BE at +8 (width) at +12 (height)
+      const width =
+        d[pos +  8] << 24 |
+        d[pos +  9] << 16 |
+        d[pos + 10] <<  8 |
+        d[pos + 11];
+      const height =
+        d[pos + 12] << 24 |
+        d[pos + 13] << 16 |
+        d[pos + 14] <<  8 |
+        d[pos + 15];
+      if (width > 0 && height > 0) {
+        return { mime: 'image/avif', width, height };
+      }
+    }
+    return UNSUPPORTED_TYPE;
+  }
+  return UNSUPPORTED_TYPE;
+}
+
+
+function jpgSize(d: Uint8Array): [number, number] {
+  const len = d.length;
+  let i = 4;
+  let blockLength = d[i] << 8 | d[i + 1];
+  while (true) {
+    i += blockLength;
+    if (i >= len) {
+      // exhausted without size info
+      return [0, 0];
+    }
+    if (d[i] !== 0xFF) {
+      return [0, 0];
+    }
+    if (d[i + 1] === 0xC0 || d[i + 1] === 0xC2) {
+      if (i + 8 < len) {
+        return [
+          d[i + 7] << 8 | d[i + 8],
+          d[i + 5] << 8 | d[i + 6]
+        ];
+      }
+      return [0, 0];
+    }
+    i += 2;
+    blockLength = d[i] << 8 | d[i + 1];
+  }
+}

addons/addon-image/src/Primitives.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2026 The xterm.js authors. All rights reserved.
+ * @license MIT
+ */
+
+import { IDrawable } from './Types';
+
+export function createCanvas(
+  localDocument: Document | undefined,
+  width: number,
+  height: number,
+  cssWidth?: number,
+  cssHeight?: number
+): HTMLCanvasElement {
+  /**
+   * NOTE: We normally dont care, from which document the canvas
+   * gets created, so we can fall back to global document,
+   * if the terminal has no document associated yet.
+   * This way early image loads before calling .open keep working
+   * (still discouraged though, as the metrics will be screwed up).
+   * Only the DOM output canvas should be on the terminal's document,
+   * which gets explicitly checked in `insertLayerToDom`.
+   */
+  const canvas = (localDocument ?? document).createElement('canvas');
+  canvas.width = width | 0;
+  canvas.height = height | 0;
+  canvas.style.width = `${(cssWidth ?? width) | 0}px`;
+  canvas.style.height = `${(cssHeight ?? height) | 0}px`;
+  return canvas;
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * Drawable is a resource the ImageRenderer knows to draw on the screen.
+ */
+export class Drawable implements IDrawable {
+  public readonly width: number;
+  public readonly height: number;
+  // @readonly: only for memory tracking
+  public bytes: number;
+
+  constructor(public native: ImageBitmap | VideoFrame | HTMLCanvasElement) {
+    if (native instanceof VideoFrame) {
+      this.width = native.displayWidth;
+      this.height = native.displayHeight;
+      // NOTE: native.allocationSize() is too expensive
+      this.bytes = native.codedWidth * native.codedHeight * 4;
+    } else {
+      this.width = native.width;
+      this.height = native.height;
+      this.bytes = native.width * native.height * 4;
+    }
+  }
+
+  public close(): void {
+    if (this.bytes === 0) return;
+    this.bytes = 0;
+    try {
+      if (this.native instanceof HTMLCanvasElement) {
+        this.native.width = 0;
+        this.native.height = 0;
+      } else {
+        this.native.close?.();
+      }
+    } catch {}
+    this.native = null!;
+  }
+}

addons/addon-image/src/SixelHandler.ts

@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ import { SixelImageStorage } from './SixelImageStorage';
 import { IDcsHandler, IParams, IImageAddonOptions, ITerminalExt, AttributeData, IResetHandler, ReadonlyColorSet } from './Types';
 import { toRGBA8888, BIG_ENDIAN, PALETTE_ANSI_256, PALETTE_VT340_COLOR } from 'sixel/lib/Colors';
 import { RGBA8888 } from 'sixel/lib/Types';
-import { ImageRenderer } from './ImageRenderer';
 
 import { DecoderAsync, Decoder } from 'sixel/lib/Decoder';
+import { createCanvas, Drawable } from './Primitives';
 
 // always free decoder ressources after decoding if it exceeds this limit
 const MEM_PERMA_LIMIT = 4194304; // 1024 pixels * 1024 pixels * 4 channels = 4MB
@@ -98,12 +98,12 @@ export class SixelHandler implements IDcsHandler, IResetHandler {
       return true;
     }
 
-    const canvas = ImageRenderer.createCanvas(undefined, width, height);
+    const canvas = createCanvas(undefined, width, height);
     canvas.getContext('2d')?.putImageData(new ImageData(this._dec.data8 as Uint8ClampedArray<ArrayBuffer>, width, height), 0, 0);
     if (this._dec.memoryUsage > MEM_PERMA_LIMIT) {
       this._dec.release();
     }
-    this._storage.addImage(canvas);
+    this._storage.addImage(new Drawable(canvas), undefined, { width, height, mime: 'image/sixel' });
     return true;
   }
 }

addons/addon-image/src/SixelImageStorage.ts

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
  */
 
 import { ImageStorage, CELL_SIZE_DEFAULT } from './ImageStorage';
-import { IImageAddonOptions, ITerminalExt, IAddImageOpts } from './Types';
+import { IImageAddonOptions, ITerminalExt, IAddImageOpts, IDrawable, IMetrics } from './Types';
 import { ImageRenderer } from './ImageRenderer';
 
 /**
@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ export class SixelImageStorage {
    * Add a sixel image to storage.
    * Cursor behavior depends on the sixelScrolling option (DECSET 80).
    */
-  public addImage(img: HTMLCanvasElement | ImageBitmap): void {
+  public addImage(src: IDrawable, data: Blob | undefined, metrics: IMetrics): void {
     this._addImageOpts.scrolling = this._opts.sixelScrolling;
-    this._storage.addImage(img, this._addImageOpts);
+    this._storage.addImage(src, data, metrics, this._addImageOpts);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -39,10 +39,7 @@ export class SixelImageStorage {
    */
   public advanceCursor(height: number): void {
     if (this._opts.sixelScrolling) {
-      let cellSize = this._renderer.cellSize;
-      if (cellSize.width === -1 || cellSize.height === -1) {
-        cellSize = CELL_SIZE_DEFAULT;
-      }
+      const cellSize = this._renderer.getCellSize() ?? CELL_SIZE_DEFAULT;
       const rows = Math.ceil(height / cellSize.height);
       for (let i = 1; i < rows; ++i) {
         this._terminal._core._inputHandler.lineFeed();

addons/addon-image/src/Types.ts

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import { Attributes, BgFlags, Content, ExtFlags, UnderlineStyle } from 'common/b
 import type { AttributeData } from 'common/buffer/AttributeData';
 import type { IParams, IDcsHandler, IOscHandler, IApcHandler, IEscapeSequenceParser } from 'common/parser/Types';
 import type { IInputHandler } from 'common/Types';
-import type { IBufferLine, IExtendedAttrs } from 'common/buffer/Types';
 import type { ITerminal, ReadonlyColorSet } from 'browser/Types';
 import type { IRenderDimensions } from 'browser/renderer/shared/Types';
 import type { ICoreBrowserService, IRenderService, IThemeService } from 'browser/services/Services';
@@ -48,6 +47,7 @@ export interface IResetHandler {
   reset(): void;
 }
 
+/* eslint-disable */
 /**
  * Stub into private interfaces.
  * This should be kept in line with common libs.
@@ -55,19 +55,6 @@ export interface IResetHandler {
  * have a somewhat reliable testing against code changes in the core repo.
  */
 
-// overloaded IExtendedAttrs to hold image refs
-export interface IExtendedAttrsImage extends IExtendedAttrs {
-  imageId: number;
-  tileId: number;
-  clone(): IExtendedAttrsImage;
-}
-
-/* eslint-disable */
-export interface IBufferLineExt extends IBufferLine {
-  _extendedAttrs: {[index: number]: IExtendedAttrsImage | undefined};
-  _data: Uint32Array;
-}
-
 interface IInputHandlerExt extends IInputHandler {
   _parser: IEscapeSequenceParser;
   _curAttrData: AttributeData;
@@ -78,6 +65,7 @@ interface IInputHandlerExt extends IInputHandler {
   };
   onRequestReset(handler: () => void): IDisposable;
 }
+/* eslint-enable */
 
 export interface ICoreTerminalExt extends ITerminal {
   _themeService: IThemeService | undefined;
@@ -89,8 +77,6 @@ export interface ICoreTerminalExt extends ITerminal {
 export interface ITerminalExt extends Terminal {
   _core: ICoreTerminalExt;
 }
-/* eslint-enable */
-
 
 /**
  * Some storage definitions.
@@ -108,16 +94,70 @@ export interface IAddImageOpts {
   layer: ImageLayer;
   zIndex: number;
   cursorPos: CursorPos;
+  prescaleX?: number;
+  prescaleY?: number;
+}
+
+export interface IDrawable {
+  native: ImageBitmap | VideoFrame | HTMLCanvasElement;
+  width: number;
+  height: number;
+  close(): void;
+  readonly bytes: number;
+}
+
+export type ImageType = 'unsupported'
+  | 'image/png'
+  | 'image/jpeg'
+  | 'image/gif'
+  | 'image/qoi'
+  | 'image/webp'
+  | 'image/avif'
+  // sixel
+  | 'image/sixel'
+  // rgb|a blobs for kitty
+  | 'image/rgb'
+  | 'image/rgba';
+
+export interface IMetrics {
+  mime: ImageType;
+  width: number;
+  height: number;
 }
 
 export interface IImageSpec {
-  orig: HTMLCanvasElement | ImageBitmap | undefined;
-  origCellSize: ICellSize;
-  actual: HTMLCanvasElement | ImageBitmap | undefined;
-  actualCellSize: ICellSize;
+  /** entries for a later IImageSource type */
+  /** drawable for screen rendering */
+  src: IDrawable;
+  /** image bytes as blob */
+  data: Blob | undefined;
+  /** metrics about image like mime and dimensions */
+  metrics: IMetrics;
+
+  /** entries for a later IPlacement type */
+  /** cell size at time of insert */
+  cellSize: ICellSize;
+  /** eviction marker */
   marker: IMarker | undefined;
+  /** used tiles as eviction hint */
   tileCount: number;
+  /** buffer it was placed on */
   bufferType: 'alternate' | 'normal';
+  /** layer it was placed on */
   layer: ImageLayer;
   zIndex: number;
+  /** scaling factor on source dimensions, default = 1.0 */
+  prescaleX: number;
+  prescaleY: number;
+  /** crop offset into source, default = 0 (currently unused) */
+  precropX: number;
+  precropY: number;
+  /** output scaling, default = 1.0 (currently unused) */
+  scaleX: number;
+  scaleY: number;
+  /** output offset, default = 0 (currently unused) */
+  offsetX: number;
+  offsetY: number;
+  /** compositing mode on output, default = 'alpha' (currently unused) */
+  blendMode: 'overwrite' | 'alpha';
 }

addons/addon-image/src/kitty/KittyGraphicsHandler.ts

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import {
   KittyPixelConstants,
   parseKittyCommand
 } from './KittyGraphicsTypes';
+import { createCanvas } from '../Primitives';
 
 const enum Constants {
   // Memory limit for base64 decoder (4MB, same as IIPHandler)
@@ -573,8 +574,8 @@ export class KittyGraphicsHandler implements IApcHandler, IResetHandler, IDispos
         bitmap = cropped;
       }
 
-      const cw = this._renderer.dimensions?.css.cell.width || CELL_SIZE_DEFAULT.width;
-      const ch = this._renderer.dimensions?.css.cell.height || CELL_SIZE_DEFAULT.height;
+      const cw = this._renderer.dimensions?.device.cell.width || CELL_SIZE_DEFAULT.width;
+      const ch = this._renderer.dimensions?.device.cell.height || CELL_SIZE_DEFAULT.height;
 
       // Per spec: c/r default to image's natural cell dimensions.
       // If only one of c/r is specified, compute the other from image aspect ratio.
@@ -636,7 +637,7 @@ export class KittyGraphicsHandler implements IApcHandler, IResetHandler, IDispos
         // the natural cell dimensions.
         const canvasW = (cmd.columns !== undefined) ? Math.round(imgCols * cw) : bitmap.width + xOffset;
         const canvasH = (cmd.rows !== undefined) ? Math.round(imgRows * ch) : bitmap.height + yOffset;
-        const offsetCanvas = ImageRenderer.createCanvas(window.document, canvasW, canvasH);
+        const offsetCanvas = createCanvas(window.document, canvasW, canvasH);
         const offsetCtx = offsetCanvas.getContext('2d');
         if (!offsetCtx) {
           throw new Error('Failed to create offset canvas context');
@@ -700,7 +701,7 @@ export class KittyGraphicsHandler implements IApcHandler, IResetHandler, IDispos
         return new Promise<ImageBitmap>((resolve, reject) => {
           img.addEventListener('load', () => {
             URL.revokeObjectURL(url);
-            const canvas = ImageRenderer.createCanvas(window.document, img.width, img.height);
+            const canvas = createCanvas(window.document, img.width, img.height);
             canvas.getContext('2d')?.drawImage(img, 0, 0);
             createImageBitmap(canvas).then(resolve).catch(reject);
           });

addons/addon-image/src/kitty/KittyImageStorage.ts

@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ import { IDisposable } from '@xterm/xterm';
 import { ImageStorage } from '../ImageStorage';
 import { ImageLayer, IAddImageOpts } from '../Types';
 import { IKittyImageData } from './KittyGraphicsTypes';
+import { Drawable } from '../Primitives';
+import { UNSUPPORTED_TYPE } from '../Metrics';
 
 // Kitty-specific image storage controller.
 //
@@ -102,7 +104,8 @@ export class KittyImageStorage implements IDisposable {
     this._addImageOpts.scrolling = scrolling;
     this._addImageOpts.layer = layer;
     this._addImageOpts.zIndex = zIndex;
-    const storageId = this._storage.addImage(image, this._addImageOpts);
+    // FIXME: store image data in blob, fill metrics correctly
+    const storageId = this._storage.addImage(new Drawable(image), undefined, UNSUPPORTED_TYPE, this._addImageOpts);
     this._kittyIdToStorageId.set(kittyId, storageId);
     this._storageIdToKittyId.set(storageId, kittyId);
   }

addons/addon-image/test/ImageAddon.test.ts

@@ -294,10 +294,10 @@ test.describe('ImageAddon', () => {
     test('size params is optional/informative', async () => {
       // too small size param
       await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b]1337;File=inline=1;size=5:${PALETTE_PNG_BASE64}\x07`);
-      deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), [640, 80]);
+      deepStrictEqual(await getImageSize(1), [640, 80]);
       // no size aparm at all
       await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b[10H\x1b]1337;File=inline=1:${PALETTE_QOI_BASE64}\x07`);
-      deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(2), [640, 80]);
+      deepStrictEqual(await getImageSize(2), [640, 80]);
     });
     test.skip('FilePart support - bytewise', async () => {
       // opener
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ test.describe('ImageAddon', () => {
       }
       // finalizer
       await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b]1337;FileEnd\x07`);
-      deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), [640, 80]);
+      deepStrictEqual(await getImageSize(1), [640, 80]);
     });
     test('FilePart support - chunks', async () => {
       // opener
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ test.describe('ImageAddon', () => {
       }
       // finalizer
       await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b]1337;FileEnd\x07`);
-      deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), [640, 80]);
+      deepStrictEqual(await getImageSize(1), [640, 80]);
     });
     test('FilePart support - edgecases', async () => {
       // multiple opener do not harm
@@ -347,39 +347,39 @@ test.describe('ImageAddon', () => {
       // finalizer skipped
       // write spinfox.png
       await ctx.proxy.write(TESTDATA_IIP[1][0]);
-      deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), TESTDATA_IIP[1][1]);
+      deepStrictEqual(await getImageSize(1), TESTDATA_IIP[1][1]);
     });
   });
 
   test.describe('IIP support - testimages', () => {
     test('palette.png', async () => {
       await ctx.proxy.write(TESTDATA_IIP[0][0]);
-      deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), TESTDATA_IIP[0][1]);
+      deepStrictEqual(await getImageSize(1), TESTDATA_IIP[0][1]);
     });
     test('spinfox.png', async () => {
       await ctx.proxy.write(TESTDATA_IIP[1][0]);
-      deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), TESTDATA_IIP[1][1]);
+      deepStrictEqual(await getImageSize(1), TESTDATA_IIP[1][1]);
     });
     test('w3c gif', async () => {
       await ctx.proxy.write(TESTDATA_IIP[2][0]);
-      deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), TESTDATA_IIP[2][1]);
+      deepStrictEqual(await getImageSize(1), TESTDATA_IIP[2][1]);
     });
     test('w3c jpeg', async () => {
       await ctx.proxy.write(TESTDATA_IIP[3][0]);
-      deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), TESTDATA_IIP[3][1]);
+      deepStrictEqual(await getImageSize(1), TESTDATA_IIP[3][1]);
     });
     test('w3c png', async () => {
       await ctx.proxy.write(TESTDATA_IIP[4][0]);
-      deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), TESTDATA_IIP[4][1]);
+      deepStrictEqual(await getImageSize(1), TESTDATA_IIP[4][1]);
     });
   });
 
   test.describe('IIP - QOI support', () => {
     test('palette should yield same bytes from PNG and QOI', async () => {
       await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b]1337;File=inline=1;size=525:${PALETTE_PNG_BASE64}\x07`);
-      deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), [640, 80]);
+      deepStrictEqual(await getImageSize(1), [640, 80]);
       await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b[10H\x1b]1337;File=inline=1;size=${qoiData.length}:${PALETTE_QOI_BASE64}\x07`);
-      deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(2), [640, 80]);
+      deepStrictEqual(await getImageSize(2), [640, 80]);
       const pngScrape = await getImageAtBufferCell(0, 0);
       const qoiScrape = await getImageAtBufferCell(0, 11);
       deepStrictEqual(qoiScrape, pngScrape);
@@ -406,20 +406,20 @@ test.describe('ImageAddon', () => {
         const header = 'width=20;height=5;preserveAspectRatio=0';
         await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b]1337;File=inline=1;size=${size};${header}:${payload}\x07`);
         const dim = await getDimensions();
-        deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), [dim.cellWidth * 20, dim.cellHeight * 5]);
+        deepStrictEqual(await getImageSize(1), [dim.cellWidth * 20, dim.cellHeight * 5]);
       });
       test(name + ': Npx --> width=320px height=160px preserveAspectRatio=0', async () => {
         // pixel based resize
         const header = 'width=320px;height=160px;preserveAspectRatio=0';
         await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b]1337;File=inline=1;size=${size};${header}:${payload}\x07`);
-        deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), [320, 160]);
+        deepStrictEqual(await getImageSize(1), [320, 160]);
       });
       test(name + ': N% --> width=50% height=30% preserveAspectRatio=0', async () => {
         // % of viewport resize
         const header = 'width=50%;height=30%;preserveAspectRatio=0';
         await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b]1337;File=inline=1;size=${size};${header}:${payload}\x07`);
         const dim = await getDimensions();
-        deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), [Math.floor(dim.width * 0.5), Math.floor(dim.height * 0.3)]);
+        deepStrictEqual(await getImageSize(1), [Math.floor(dim.width * 0.5), Math.floor(dim.height * 0.3)]);
       });
       test(name + ': ommitted dimension assumes preserveAspectRatio=1', async () => {
         // width provided in percent
@@ -427,14 +427,23 @@ test.describe('ImageAddon', () => {
         await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b]1337;File=inline=1;size=${size};${header}:${payload}\x07`);
         const dim = await getDimensions();
         const width = Math.floor(dim.width * 0.5);
-        deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), [width, Math.floor(width * 80 / 640)]);
+        deepStrictEqual(await getImageSize(1), [width, Math.floor(width * 80 / 640)]);
         // height provided in pixel
         const header2 = 'height=200px';
         await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b]1337;File=inline=1;size=${size};${header2}:${payload}\x07`);
-        deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(2), [Math.floor(200 * 640 / 80), 200]);
+        deepStrictEqual(await getImageSize(2), [Math.floor(200 * 640 / 80), 200]);
       });
     }
   });
+
+  test.describe('text overwrite removes tiles', () => {
+    test('sixel', async () => {
+      await assertTextClearsTiles(SIXEL_SEQ_0);
+    });
+    test('iip', async () => {
+      await assertTextClearsTiles(TESTDATA_IIP[0][0]);
+    });
+  });
 });
 
 /**
@@ -443,10 +452,10 @@ test.describe('ImageAddon', () => {
 async function getDimensions(): Promise<IDimensions> {
   const dimensions: any = await ctx.page.evaluate(`term.dimensions`);
   return {
-    cellWidth: Math.round(dimensions.css.cell.width),
-    cellHeight: Math.round(dimensions.css.cell.height),
-    width: Math.round(dimensions.css.canvas.width),
-    height: Math.round(dimensions.css.canvas.height)
+    cellWidth: Math.round(dimensions.device.cell.width),
+    cellHeight: Math.round(dimensions.device.cell.height),
+    width: Math.round(dimensions.device.canvas.width),
+    height: Math.round(dimensions.device.canvas.height)
   };
 }
 
@@ -462,13 +471,30 @@ async function getScrollbackPlusRows(): Promise<number> {
   return ctx.page.evaluate('window.term.options.scrollback + window.term.rows');
 }
 
-async function getOrigSize(id: number): Promise<[number, number]> {
+async function getImageSize(id: number): Promise<[number, number]> {
   return ctx.page.evaluate<any>(`[
-    window.imageAddon._storage._images.get(${id}).orig.width,
-    window.imageAddon._storage._images.get(${id}).orig.height
-  ]`);
+    window.imageAddon._storage._images.get(${id}).src.width * window.imageAddon._storage._images.get(${id}).prescaleX,
+    window.imageAddon._storage._images.get(${id}).src.height * window.imageAddon._storage._images.get(${id}).prescaleY
+  ]`).then(r => r.map(Math.floor));
 }
 
 async function getImageAtBufferCell(x: number, y: number): Promise<string | undefined> {
   return ctx.page.evaluate<any>(`window.imageAddon.getImageAtBufferCell(${x}, ${y})?.toDataURL('image/png')`);
 }
+
+async function hasTileAtBufferCell(x: number, y: number): Promise<boolean> {
+  return ctx.page.evaluate(`!!window.imageAddon.getImageAtBufferCell(${x}, ${y})`);
+}
+
+async function assertTextClearsTiles(imageSeq: string): Promise<void> {
+  await ctx.proxy.write('\x1b[H' + imageSeq);
+  await pollFor(ctx.page, '!!window.imageAddon.getImageAtBufferCell(5, 1)', true);
+  ok(await hasTileAtBufferCell(0, 1));
+  await ctx.proxy.write('\x1b[2;6H#######');
+  for (let x = 5; x < 12; x++) {
+    strictEqual(await hasTileAtBufferCell(x, 1), false);
+  }
+  ok(await hasTileAtBufferCell(0, 1));
+  ok(await hasTileAtBufferCell(13, 1));
+  ok(((await ctx.page.evaluate('window.term.buffer.active.getLine(1).translateToString(true)')) as string).includes('#######'));
+}

addons/addon-image/test/KittyGraphics.test.ts

@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ test.describe('Kitty Graphics Protocol', () => {
       await ctx.proxy.write(seq);
       await timeout(100);
       strictEqual(await getImageStorageLength(), 1);
-      deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), [1, 1]);
+      deepStrictEqual(await getImageSize(1), [1, 1]);
     });
 
     test('stores 3x1 RGB PNG with a=T', async () => {
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ test.describe('Kitty Graphics Protocol', () => {
       await ctx.proxy.write(seq);
       await timeout(100);
       strictEqual(await getImageStorageLength(), 1);
-      deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), [3, 1]);
+      deepStrictEqual(await getImageSize(1), [3, 1]);
     });
 
     test('transmit only (a=t) does not display but stores in handler', async () => {
@@ -1107,7 +1107,7 @@ test.describe('Kitty Graphics Protocol', () => {
       await timeout(200);
 
       strictEqual(await getImageStorageLength(), 1);
-      deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), [20, 50]);
+      deepStrictEqual(await getImageSize(1), [20, 50]);
       deepStrictEqual(await getPixel(0, 0, 0, 0), [255, 128, 0, 255]);
     });
 
@@ -1283,7 +1283,7 @@ test.describe('Kitty Graphics Protocol', () => {
 
       const cursor = await getCursor();
       const cellDims: number[] = await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
-        const d = (window as any).term._core._renderService.dimensions.css.cell;
+        const d = (window as any).term._core._renderService.dimensions.device.cell;
         return [d.width, d.height];
       });
       const expectedR = Math.ceil((100 / 200) * 10 * cellDims[0] / cellDims[1]);
@@ -1301,7 +1301,7 @@ test.describe('Kitty Graphics Protocol', () => {
 
       const cursor = await getCursor();
       const cellDims: number[] = await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
-        const d = (window as any).term._core._renderService.dimensions.css.cell;
+        const d = (window as any).term._core._renderService.dimensions.device.cell;
         return [d.width, d.height];
       });
       const expectedC = Math.ceil((200 / 100) * 5 * cellDims[1] / cellDims[0]);
@@ -1535,7 +1535,7 @@ test.describe('Kitty Graphics Protocol', () => {
         await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b_Ga=T,f=100;${KITTY_MULTICOLOR_200X100_BASE64}\x1b\\`);
         await timeout(200);
         strictEqual(await getImageStorageLength(), 1);
-        deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), [200, 100]);
+        deepStrictEqual(await getImageSize(1), [200, 100]);
       });
 
       test('transmit only (a=t) stores 200x100 image without display', async () => {
@@ -1564,7 +1564,7 @@ test.describe('Kitty Graphics Protocol', () => {
         await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b_Ga=T,f=100,i=500;${part2}\x1b\\`);
         await timeout(200);
         strictEqual(await getImageStorageLength(), 1);
-        deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), [200, 100]);
+        deepStrictEqual(await getImageSize(1), [200, 100]);
       });
 
       test('handles 3-chunk transmission', async () => {
@@ -1580,7 +1580,7 @@ test.describe('Kitty Graphics Protocol', () => {
         await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b_Ga=T,f=100,i=501;${p3}\x1b\\`);
         await timeout(200);
         strictEqual(await getImageStorageLength(), 1);
-        deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), [200, 100]);
+        deepStrictEqual(await getImageSize(1), [200, 100]);
       });
 
       test('verifies chunked data assembles correctly', async () => {
@@ -1713,7 +1713,7 @@ test.describe('Kitty Graphics Protocol', () => {
         await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b_Ga=T,f=100,x=20,y=0,w=20,h=50;${KITTY_MULTICOLOR_200X100_BASE64}\x1b\\`);
         await timeout(200);
 
-        deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), [20, 50]);
+        deepStrictEqual(await getImageSize(1), [20, 50]);
         deepStrictEqual(await getPixel(0, 0, 0, 0), [255, 128, 0, 255]);
         deepStrictEqual(await getPixel(0, 0, 19, 49), [255, 128, 0, 255]);
       });
@@ -1747,7 +1747,7 @@ test.describe('Kitty Graphics Protocol', () => {
         await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b_Ga=T,f=100,w=0;${KITTY_MULTICOLOR_200X100_BASE64}\x1b\\`);
         await timeout(200);
 
-        deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), [200, 100]);
+        deepStrictEqual(await getImageSize(1), [200, 100]);
         deepStrictEqual(await getPixel(0, 0, 0, 0), [255, 0, 0, 255]);
         deepStrictEqual(await getPixel(0, 0, 199, 99), [255, 255, 255, 255]);
       });
@@ -1756,7 +1756,7 @@ test.describe('Kitty Graphics Protocol', () => {
         await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b_Ga=T,f=100,h=0;${KITTY_MULTICOLOR_200X100_BASE64}\x1b\\`);
         await timeout(200);
 
-        deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), [200, 100]);
+        deepStrictEqual(await getImageSize(1), [200, 100]);
         deepStrictEqual(await getPixel(0, 0, 0, 0), [255, 0, 0, 255]);
         deepStrictEqual(await getPixel(0, 0, 0, 50), [255, 192, 203, 255]);
       });
@@ -1772,7 +1772,7 @@ test.describe('Kitty Graphics Protocol', () => {
         await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b_Ga=T,f=100,x=-10,y=-10;${KITTY_MULTICOLOR_200X100_BASE64}\x1b\\`);
         await timeout(200);
 
-        deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), [200, 100]);
+        deepStrictEqual(await getImageSize(1), [200, 100]);
         deepStrictEqual(await getPixel(0, 0, 0, 0), [255, 0, 0, 255]);
       });
 
@@ -1893,28 +1893,28 @@ test.describe('Kitty Graphics Protocol', () => {
         await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b_Ga=T,f=24,s=3,v=1;${RAW_RGB_3X1}\x1b\\`);
         await timeout(100);
         strictEqual(await getImageStorageLength(), 1);
-        deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), [3, 1]);
+        deepStrictEqual(await getImageSize(1), [3, 1]);
       });
 
       test('stores image with correct original dimensions (2x2)', async () => {
         await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b_Ga=T,f=24,s=2,v=2;${RAW_RGB_2X2}\x1b\\`);
         await timeout(100);
         strictEqual(await getImageStorageLength(), 1);
-        deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), [2, 2]);
+        deepStrictEqual(await getImageSize(1), [2, 2]);
       });
 
       test('stores image with correct original dimensions (5x1)', async () => {
         await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b_Ga=T,f=24,s=5,v=1;${RAW_RGB_5X1}\x1b\\`);
         await timeout(100);
         strictEqual(await getImageStorageLength(), 1);
-        deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), [5, 1]);
+        deepStrictEqual(await getImageSize(1), [5, 1]);
       });
 
       test('stores image with correct original dimensions (4x2)', async () => {
         await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b_Ga=T,f=24,s=4,v=2;${RAW_RGB_4X2}\x1b\\`);
         await timeout(100);
         strictEqual(await getImageStorageLength(), 1);
-        deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), [4, 2]);
+        deepStrictEqual(await getImageSize(1), [4, 2]);
       });
     });
 
@@ -2034,21 +2034,21 @@ test.describe('Kitty Graphics Protocol', () => {
         await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b_Ga=T,f=32,s=3,v=1;${RAW_RGBA_3X1}\x1b\\`);
         await timeout(100);
         strictEqual(await getImageStorageLength(), 1);
-        deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), [3, 1]);
+        deepStrictEqual(await getImageSize(1), [3, 1]);
       });
 
       test('stores image with correct original dimensions (2x2)', async () => {
         await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b_Ga=T,f=32,s=2,v=2;${RAW_RGBA_2X2}\x1b\\`);
         await timeout(100);
         strictEqual(await getImageStorageLength(), 1);
-        deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), [2, 2]);
+        deepStrictEqual(await getImageSize(1), [2, 2]);
       });
 
       test('stores image with correct original dimensions (5x1)', async () => {
         await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b_Ga=T,f=32,s=5,v=1;${RAW_RGBA_5X1}\x1b\\`);
         await timeout(100);
         strictEqual(await getImageStorageLength(), 1);
-        deepStrictEqual(await getOrigSize(1), [5, 1]);
+        deepStrictEqual(await getImageSize(1), [5, 1]);
       });
     });
 
@@ -2213,6 +2213,21 @@ test.describe('Kitty Graphics Protocol', () => {
       await pollFor(ctx.page, 'window._imageAddedCount', 2);
     });
   });
+
+  test.describe('text overwrite removes tiles', () => {
+    test('a=T placement', async () => {
+      await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b[H\x1b_Ga=T,f=100;${KITTY_MULTICOLOR_200X100_BASE64}\x1b\\`);
+      await pollFor(ctx.page, '!!window.imageAddon.getImageAtBufferCell(5, 1)', true);
+      ok(await hasTileAtBufferCell(0, 1));
+      await ctx.proxy.write('\x1b[2;6H#######');
+      for (let x = 5; x < 12; x++) {
+        strictEqual(await hasTileAtBufferCell(x, 1), false);
+      }
+      ok(await hasTileAtBufferCell(0, 1));
+      ok(await hasTileAtBufferCell(13, 1));
+      ok(((await ctx.page.evaluate('window.term.buffer.active.getLine(1).translateToString(true)')) as string).includes('#######'));
+    });
+  });
 });
 
 /**
@@ -2221,10 +2236,10 @@ test.describe('Kitty Graphics Protocol', () => {
 async function getDimensions(): Promise<IDimensions> {
   const dimensions: any = await ctx.page.evaluate(`term.dimensions`);
   return {
-    cellWidth: Math.round(dimensions.css.cell.width),
-    cellHeight: Math.round(dimensions.css.cell.height),
-    width: Math.round(dimensions.css.canvas.width),
-    height: Math.round(dimensions.css.canvas.height)
+    cellWidth: Math.round(dimensions.device.cell.width),
+    cellHeight: Math.round(dimensions.device.cell.height),
+    width: Math.round(dimensions.device.canvas.width),
+    height: Math.round(dimensions.device.canvas.height)
   };
 }
 
@@ -2236,10 +2251,10 @@ async function getImageStorageLength(): Promise<number> {
   return ctx.page.evaluate('window.imageAddon._storage._images.size');
 }
 
-async function getOrigSize(id: number): Promise<[number, number]> {
+async function getImageSize(id: number): Promise<[number, number]> {
   return ctx.page.evaluate<any>(`[
-    window.imageAddon._storage._images.get(${id}).orig.width,
-    window.imageAddon._storage._images.get(${id}).orig.height
+    window.imageAddon._storage._images.get(${id}).src.width,
+    window.imageAddon._storage._images.get(${id}).src.height
   ]`);
 }
 
@@ -2262,3 +2277,7 @@ async function getPixels(col: number, row: number, x: number, y: number, w: numb
     return Array.from(ctx2d.getImageData(x, y, w, h).data);
   }, [col, row, x, y, w, h]);
 }
+
+async function hasTileAtBufferCell(x: number, y: number): Promise<boolean> {
+  return ctx.page.evaluate(`!!window.imageAddon.getImageAtBufferCell(${x}, ${y})`);
+}

addons/addon-image/typings/addon-image.d.ts

@@ -125,10 +125,5 @@ declare module '@xterm/addon-image' {
      * Get original image canvas at buffer position.
      */
     public getImageAtBufferCell(x: number, y: number): HTMLCanvasElement | undefined;
-
-    /**
-     * Extract single tile canvas at buffer position.
-     */
-    public extractTileAtBufferCell(x: number, y: number): HTMLCanvasElement | undefined;
   }
 }

addons/addon-ligatures/src/index.ts

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ const CACHE_SIZE = 100000;
 
 /**
  * Enable ligature support for the provided Terminal instance. To function
- * properly, this must be called after `open()` is called on the therminal. If
+ * properly, this must be called after `open()` is called on the terminal. If
  * the font currently in use supports ligatures, the terminal will automatically
  * start to render them.
  * @param term Terminal instance from xterm.js

addons/addon-search/src/DecorationManager.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2026 The xterm.js authors. All rights reserved.
+ * @license MIT
+ */
+
+import { assert } from 'chai';
+import { DecorationManager } from './DecorationManager';
+import { SearchEngine } from './SearchEngine';
+import { SearchLineCache } from './SearchLineCache';
+import { Terminal } from 'browser/public/Terminal';
+import type { ISearchDecorationOptions } from '@xterm/addon-search';
+import type { IDecorationOptions } from '@xterm/xterm';
+import { DisposableStore } from 'common/Lifecycle';
+
+function writeP(terminal: Terminal, data: string): Promise<void> {
+  return new Promise(r => terminal.write(data, r));
+}
+
+describe('DecorationManager', () => {
+  let store: DisposableStore;
+  let terminal: Terminal;
+  let decorationManager: DecorationManager;
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    store = new DisposableStore();
+    terminal = store.add(new Terminal({ cols: 10, rows: 5 }));
+    decorationManager = store.add(new DecorationManager(terminal));
+  });
+
+  it('should split highlight decorations for a wrapped match', async () => {
+    await writeP(terminal, '0123456789abcde');
+    const searchEngine = new SearchEngine(terminal, store.add(new SearchLineCache(terminal)));
+    const match = searchEngine.find('9abc', 0, 0);
+    assert.ok(match);
+
+    const decorationOptions: IDecorationOptions[] = [];
+    const registerDecoration = terminal.registerDecoration.bind(terminal);
+    terminal.registerDecoration = (options: IDecorationOptions) => {
+      decorationOptions.push(options);
+      return registerDecoration(options);
+    };
+
+    const options: ISearchDecorationOptions = {
+      matchOverviewRuler: '#ff0000',
+      activeMatchColorOverviewRuler: '#00ff00'
+    };
+    decorationManager.createHighlightDecorations([match], options);
+
+    assert.strictEqual(decorationOptions.length, 2);
+    assert.strictEqual(decorationOptions[0].x, 9);
+    assert.strictEqual(decorationOptions[0].width, 1);
+    assert.strictEqual(decorationOptions[1].x, 0);
+    assert.strictEqual(decorationOptions[1].width, 3);
+
+    const withOverviewRuler = decorationOptions.filter(o => o.overviewRulerOptions !== undefined);
+    assert.strictEqual(withOverviewRuler.length, 2);
+  });
+
+  it('should only add one overview ruler marker per buffer line', async () => {
+    await writeP(terminal, 'abcdefghij');
+    const decorationOptions: IDecorationOptions[] = [];
+    const registerDecoration = terminal.registerDecoration.bind(terminal);
+    terminal.registerDecoration = (options: IDecorationOptions) => {
+      decorationOptions.push(options);
+      return registerDecoration(options);
+    };
+
+    const options: ISearchDecorationOptions = {
+      matchOverviewRuler: '#ff0000',
+      activeMatchColorOverviewRuler: '#00ff00'
+    };
+    decorationManager.createHighlightDecorations([
+      { term: 'a', col: 0, row: 0, size: 1 },
+      { term: 'f', col: 5, row: 0, size: 1 }
+    ], options);
+
+    const withOverviewRuler = decorationOptions.filter(o => o.overviewRulerOptions !== undefined);
+    assert.strictEqual(withOverviewRuler.length, 1);
+    assert.strictEqual(withOverviewRuler[0].x, 0);
+  });
+});

addons/addon-search/src/SearchAddon.ts

@@ -142,12 +142,14 @@ export class SearchAddon extends Disposable implements ITerminalAddon, ISearchAp
       }
       prevResult = result;
       results.push(prevResult);
-      result = this._engine.find(
-        term,
-        prevResult.col + prevResult.term.length >= this._terminal.cols ? prevResult.row + 1 : prevResult.row,
-        prevResult.col + prevResult.term.length >= this._terminal.cols ? 0 : prevResult.col + 1,
-        searchOptions
-      );
+      const cols = this._terminal.cols;
+      let nextCol = prevResult.col + prevResult.size;
+      let nextRow = prevResult.row;
+      if (nextCol >= cols) {
+        nextRow += Math.floor(nextCol / cols);
+        nextCol = nextCol % cols;
+      }
+      result = this._engine.find(term, nextRow, nextCol, searchOptions);
     }
 
     this._resultTracker.updateResults(results, this._highlightLimit);

addons/addon-search/src/SearchEngine.ts

@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ export class SearchEngine {
       this._terminal.clearSelection();
       return undefined;
     }
-    if (startCol > this._terminal.cols) {
+    if (startCol >= this._terminal.cols) {
       throw new Error(`Invalid col: ${startCol} to search in terminal of ${this._terminal.cols} cols`);
     }
 

addons/addon-search/test/SearchAddon.test.ts

@@ -414,10 +414,24 @@ test.describe('Search Tests', () => {
   });
 
   test.describe('Regression tests', () => {
+    test('should advance highlight-all scan by buffer match size for wide characters', async () => {
+      await ctx.page.evaluate(`
+        window.calls = [];
+        window.search.onDidChangeResults(e => window.calls.push(e));
+      `);
+      await ctx.proxy.resize(3, 5);
+      await ctx.proxy.write('𝄞𝄞𝄞');
+      strictEqual(await ctx.page.evaluate(`window.search.findNext('𝄞', { decorations: { activeMatchColorOverviewRuler: '#ff0000', matchOverviewRuler: '#ffff00' } })`), true);
+      deepStrictEqual(await ctx.page.evaluate('window.calls'), [
+        { resultCount: 3, resultIndex: 0 }
+      ]);
+      await ctx.proxy.resize(80, 24);
+    });
+
     test.describe('#2444 wrapped line content not being found', () => {
       let fixture: string;
       test.beforeAll(async () => {
-        fixture = (await new Promise<Buffer>(r => readFile(resolve(__dirname, '../fixtures/issue-2444'), (err, data) => r(data)))).toString();
+        fixture = (await new Promise<Buffer>((res, rej) => readFile(resolve(__dirname, '../fixtures/issue-2444'), (err, data) => err ? rej(err) : res(data)))).toString();
         if (process.platform !== 'win32') {
           fixture = fixture.replace(/\n/g, '\n\r');
         }
@@ -501,7 +515,7 @@ test.describe('Search Tests', () => {
         window.search.onDidChangeResults(e => window.calls.push(e));
       `);
       // Move cursor forward 1 time to create a null character, as opposed to regular whitespace
-      await ctx.proxy.write('\\x1b[CHi Hi');
+      await ctx.proxy.write('\x1b[CHi Hi');
       strictEqual(await ctx.page.evaluate(`window.search.findPrevious('h', { decorations: { activeMatchColorOverviewRuler: '#ff0000' } })`), true);
       deepStrictEqual(await ctx.page.evaluate('window.calls'), [
         { resultCount: 2, resultIndex: 1 }

addons/addon-serialize/src/SerializeAddon.ts

@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ class StringSerializeHandler extends BaseSerializeHandler {
   private _thisRowLastSecondChar: IBufferCell = this._buffer.getNullCell();
   private _nextRowFirstChar: IBufferCell = this._buffer.getNullCell();
   protected _rowEnd(row: number, isLastRow: boolean): void {
-    // if there is colorful empty cell at line end, whe must pad it back, or the the color block
+    // if there is colorful empty cell at line end, we must pad it back, or the color block
     // will missing
     if (this._nullCellCount > 0 && !equalBg(this._cursorStyle, this._backgroundCell)) {
       // use clear right to set background.
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ class StringSerializeHandler extends BaseSerializeHandler {
             // you can't use control sequence to move cursor to (x === row)
             (thisRowLastChar.getChars() || thisRowLastChar.getWidth() === 0) &&
             // change background of the first wrapped cell also affects BCE
-            // so we mark it as invalid to simply the process to determine line separator
+            // so we mark it as invalid to simplify the process to determine line separator
             equalBg(thisRowLastChar, nextRowFirstChar)
           ) {
             isValid = true;
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ class StringSerializeHandler extends BaseSerializeHandler {
             isNextRowFirstCharDoubleWidth &&
             (thisRowLastSecondChar.getChars() || thisRowLastSecondChar.getWidth() === 0) &&
             // change background of the first wrapped cell also affects BCE
-            // so we mark it as invalid to simply the process to determine line separator
+            // so we mark it as invalid to simplify the process to determine line separator
             equalBg(thisRowLastChar, nextRowFirstChar) &&
             equalBg(thisRowLastSecondChar, nextRowFirstChar)
           ) {

addons/addon-serialize/test/SerializeAddon.test.ts

@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ test.describe('SerializeAddon', () => {
     const cols = 10;
     const line = '+'.repeat(cols);
     const lines: string[] = [
-      sgr(FG_P16_GREEN) + line,  // Workaround: If we clear all flags a the end, serialize will use \x1b[0m to clear instead of the sepcific disable sequence
+      sgr(FG_P16_GREEN) + line,  // Workaround: If we clear all flags at the end, serialize will use \x1b[0m to clear instead of the specific disable sequence
       sgr(INVERSE) + line,
       sgr(BOLD) + line,
       sgr(UNDERLINED) + line,

addons/addon-unicode-graphemes/src/UnicodeGraphemesAddon.ts

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
  * Copyright (c) 2023 The xterm.js authors. All rights reserved.
  * @license MIT
  *
- * UnicodeVersionProvider for V15 with grapeme cluster handleing.
+ * UnicodeVersionProvider for V15 with grapheme cluster handling.
  */
 
 import type { Terminal, ITerminalAddon, IUnicodeHandling } from '@xterm/xterm';

addons/addon-web-links/src/WebLinkProvider.ts

@@ -57,7 +57,8 @@ function isUrl(urlString: string): boolean {
 
 export class LinkComputer {
   public static computeLink(y: number, regex: RegExp, terminal: Terminal, activate: (event: MouseEvent, uri: string) => void): ILink[] {
-    const rex = new RegExp(regex.source, (regex.flags || '') + 'g');
+    const flags = regex.flags.includes('g') ? regex.flags : `${regex.flags}g`;
+    const rex = new RegExp(regex.source, flags);
 
     const [lines, startLineIndex] = LinkComputer._getWindowedLineStrings(y - 1, terminal);
     const line = lines.join('');

addons/addon-web-links/src/WebLinksAddon.ts

@@ -7,13 +7,13 @@ import type { Terminal, ITerminalAddon, IDisposable } from '@xterm/xterm';
 import type { WebLinksAddon as IWebLinksApi } from '@xterm/addon-web-links';
 import { ILinkProviderOptions, WebLinkProvider } from './WebLinkProvider';
 
-// consider everthing starting with http:// or https://
+// consider everything starting with http:// or https://
 // up to first whitespace, `"` or `'` as url
 // NOTE: The repeated end clause is needed to not match a dangling `:`
 // resembling the old (...)*([^:"\'\\s]) final path clause
 // additionally exclude early + final:
 // - unsafe from rfc3986: !*'()
-// - unsafe chars from rfc1738: {}|\^~[]` (minus [] as we need them for ipv6 adresses, also allow ~)
+// - unsafe chars from rfc1738: {}|\^~[]` (minus [] for ipv6 addresses, also allow ~)
 // also exclude as finals:
 // - final interpunction like ,.!?
 // - any sort of brackets <>()[]{} (not spec conform, but often used to enclose urls)

addons/addon-webgl/README.md

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ See the full [API](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/blob/master/addons/addon-
 
 ### Handling Context Loss
 
-The browser may drop WebGL contexts for various reasons like OOM or after the system has been suspended. There is an API exposed that fires the `webglcontextlost` event fired on the canvas so embedders can handle it however they wish. An easy, but suboptimal way, to handle this is by disposing of WebglAddon when the event fires:
+The browser may drop WebGL contexts for various reasons like OOM or after the system has been suspended. There is an API exposed that fires the `webglcontextlost` event on the canvas so embedders can handle it however they wish. An easy, but suboptimal way, to handle this is by disposing of WebglAddon when the event fires:
 
 ```ts
 const terminal = new Terminal();

addons/addon-webgl/src/GlyphRenderer.ts

@@ -100,6 +100,8 @@ export class GlyphRenderer extends Disposable {
   private readonly _attributesBuffer: WebGLBuffer;
 
   private _atlas: ITextureAtlas | undefined;
+  private _lastSeenPageLayoutVersion: number = -1;
+  private _pageOverflowWarned: boolean = false;
   private _activeBuffer: number = 0;
   private readonly _vertices: IVertices = {
     count: 0,
@@ -213,14 +215,25 @@ export class GlyphRenderer extends Disposable {
     this.handleResize();
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Call when a frame is being drawn. Returns whether the full model must be rebuilt before
+   * rendering this frame because the atlas page layout changed since this renderer last drew.
+   */
   public beginFrame(): boolean {
-    return this._atlas ? this._atlas.beginFrame() : true;
+    if (!this._atlas) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    if (this._atlas.pageLayoutVersion !== this._lastSeenPageLayoutVersion) {
+      this._lastSeenPageLayoutVersion = this._atlas.pageLayoutVersion;
+      return true;
+    }
+    return false;
   }
 
   public updateCell(x: number, y: number, code: number, bg: number, fg: number, ext: number, chars: string, width: number, lastBg: number): void {
     // Since this function is called for every cell (`rows*cols`), it must be very optimized. It
     // should not instantiate any variables unless a new glyph is drawn to the cache where the
-    // slight slowdown is acceptable for the developer ergonomics provided as it's a once of for
+    // slight slowdown is acceptable for the developer ergonomics provided as it's a one-off for
     // each glyph.
     this._updateCell(this._vertices.attributes, x, y, code, bg, fg, ext, chars, width, lastBg);
   }
@@ -363,7 +376,13 @@ export class GlyphRenderer extends Disposable {
     // Bind the atlas page texture if they have changed. AtlasPage.version is globally
     // monotonic, so a page object swap at the same index (which happens after a page merge)
     // is detected by the same comparison.
-    for (let i = 0; i < this._atlas.pages.length; i++) {
+    // Clamp defensively in case the atlas unexpectedly exceeds texture capacity.
+    const pageCount = Math.min(this._atlas.pages.length, this._atlasTextures.length);
+    if (this._atlas.pages.length > this._atlasTextures.length && !this._pageOverflowWarned) {
+      this._pageOverflowWarned = true;
+      this._logService.warn(`Atlas page count (${this._atlas.pages.length}) exceeds the renderer's texture capacity (${this._atlasTextures.length}), some glyphs will not render correctly`);
+    }
+    for (let i = 0; i < pageCount; i++) {
       if (this._atlas.pages[i].version !== this._atlasTextures[i].version) {
         this._bindAtlasPageTexture(gl, this._atlas, i);
       }
@@ -375,6 +394,7 @@ export class GlyphRenderer extends Disposable {
 
   public setAtlas(atlas: ITextureAtlas): void {
     this._atlas = atlas;
+    this._lastSeenPageLayoutVersion = -1;
     this.invalidateAtlasTextures();
   }
 
@@ -389,8 +409,9 @@ export class GlyphRenderer extends Disposable {
     gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, this._atlasTextures[i].texture);
     gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_WRAP_S, gl.CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
     gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_WRAP_T, gl.CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
+    gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, gl.LINEAR);
+    gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, gl.LINEAR);
     gl.texImage2D(gl.TEXTURE_2D, 0, gl.RGBA, gl.RGBA, gl.UNSIGNED_BYTE, atlas.pages[i].canvas);
-    gl.generateMipmap(gl.TEXTURE_2D);
     this._atlasTextures[i].version = atlas.pages[i].version;
   }
 

addons/addon-webgl/src/TextureAtlas.ts

@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ export class TextureAtlas implements ITextureAtlas {
   private _overflowSizePage: AtlasPage | undefined;
 
   private _tmpCanvas: HTMLCanvasElement;
-  // A temporary context that glyphs are drawn to before being transfered to the atlas.
+  // A temporary context that glyphs are drawn to before being transferred to the atlas.
   private _tmpCtx: CanvasRenderingContext2D;
 
   private _workBoundingBox: IBoundingBox = { top: 0, left: 0, bottom: 0, right: 0 };
@@ -132,12 +132,8 @@ export class TextureAtlas implements ITextureAtlas {
     }
   }
 
-  private _requestClearModel = false;
-  public beginFrame(): boolean {
-    const result = this._requestClearModel;
-    this._requestClearModel = false;
-    return result;
-  }
+  private _pageLayoutVersion = 0;
+  public get pageLayoutVersion(): number { return this._pageLayoutVersion; }
 
   public clearTexture(): void {
     if (this._pages[0].currentRow.x === 0 && this._pages[0].currentRow.y === 0) {
@@ -149,10 +145,15 @@ export class TextureAtlas implements ITextureAtlas {
     this._cacheMap.clear();
     this._cacheMapCombined.clear();
     this._didWarmUp = false;
+
+    // Invalidate renderer models so all texture pages are refreshed. The atlas may be shared, in
+    // which case the clearing renderer has cleared only its own model and every other owner still
+    // holds texture coords into the rows just wiped.
+    this._pageLayoutVersion++;
   }
 
   private _createNewPage(): AtlasPage {
-    // Try merge the set of the 4 most used pages of the largest size. This is is deferred to a
+    // Try merge the set of the 4 most used pages of the largest size. This is deferred to a
     // microtask to ensure it does not interrupt textures that will be rendered in the current
     // animation frame which would result in blank rendered areas. This is actually not that
     // expensive relative to drawing the glyphs, so there is no need to wait for an idle callback.
@@ -184,6 +185,8 @@ export class TextureAtlas implements ITextureAtlas {
       // Only proceed with merge if we have exactly 4 same-sized pages. If not, we cannot
       // effectively reduce page count and merging would cause issues.
       if (mergingPages.length < 4 || mergingPages.some(p => p.canvas.width !== mergingPages[0].canvas.width)) {
+        // Evict instead of adding a page beyond the renderer's texture capacity.
+        this._evictAllPages();
         const newPage = new AtlasPage(this._document, this._textureSize);
         this._pages.push(newPage);
         this._activePages.push(newPage);
@@ -191,7 +194,7 @@ export class TextureAtlas implements ITextureAtlas {
         return newPage;
       }
 
-      const sortedMergingPagesIndexes = mergingPages.map(e => e.glyphs[0].texturePage).sort((a, b) => a > b ? 1 : -1);
+      const sortedMergingPagesIndexes = mergingPages.map(e => e.glyphs[0].texturePage).sort((a, b) => a - b);
       const mergedPageIndex = this.pages.length - mergingPages.length;
 
       // Merge into the new page
@@ -206,8 +209,8 @@ export class TextureAtlas implements ITextureAtlas {
       // Add the new merged page to the end
       this.pages.push(mergedPage);
 
-      // Request the model to be cleared to refresh all texture pages.
-      this._requestClearModel = true;
+      // Invalidate renderer models so all texture pages are refreshed.
+      this._pageLayoutVersion++;
       this._onAddTextureAtlasCanvas.fire(mergedPage.canvas);
     }
 
@@ -258,6 +261,23 @@ export class TextureAtlas implements ITextureAtlas {
     }
   }
 
+  private _evictAllPages(): void {
+    const startTime = performance.now();
+    const pageCount = this._pages.length;
+    for (const page of this._pages) {
+      this._onRemoveTextureAtlasCanvas.fire(page.canvas);
+      page.canvas.remove();
+    }
+    this._pages.length = 0;
+    this._activePages.length = 0;
+    this._overflowSizePage = undefined;
+    this._cacheMap.clear();
+    this._cacheMapCombined.clear();
+    this._didWarmUp = false;
+    this._pageLayoutVersion++;
+    this._logService.debug(`Evicted ${pageCount} WebGL atlas pages in ${(performance.now() - startTime).toFixed(2)}ms`);
+  }
+
   public getRasterizedGlyphCombinedChar(chars: string, bg: number, fg: number, ext: number, restrictToCellHeight: boolean, domContainer: HTMLElement | undefined): IRasterizedGlyph {
     return this._getFromCacheMap(this._cacheMapCombined, chars, bg, fg, ext, restrictToCellHeight, domContainer);
   }
@@ -815,11 +835,15 @@ export class TextureAtlas implements ITextureAtlas {
       // Create a new page for oversized glyphs as they come up
       if (rasterizedGlyph.size.x > this._textureSize) {
         if (!this._overflowSizePage) {
+          // Make room for the oversized page without exceeding texture capacity.
+          if (TextureAtlas.maxAtlasPages && this._pages.length >= TextureAtlas.maxAtlasPages) {
+            this._evictAllPages();
+          }
           this._overflowSizePage = new AtlasPage(this._document, this._config.deviceMaxTextureSize);
           this.pages.push(this._overflowSizePage);
 
-          // Request the model to be cleared to refresh all texture pages.
-          this._requestClearModel = true;
+          // Invalidate renderer models so all texture pages are refreshed.
+          this._pageLayoutVersion++;
           this._onAddTextureAtlasCanvas.fire(this._overflowSizePage.canvas);
         }
         activePage = this._overflowSizePage;
@@ -1080,17 +1104,33 @@ class AtlasPage {
     size: number,
     sourcePages?: AtlasPage[]
   ) {
-    if (sourcePages) {
-      for (const p of sourcePages) {
-        this._glyphs.push(...p.glyphs);
-        this._usedPixels += p._usedPixels;
-      }
-    }
     this.canvas = createCanvas(document, size, size);
     // The canvas needs alpha because we use clearColor to convert the background color to alpha.
     // It might also contain some characters with transparent backgrounds if allowTransparency is
     // set.
     this.ctx = throwIfFalsy(this.canvas.getContext('2d', { alpha: true }));
+    if (sourcePages) {
+      if (sourcePages.length === 4) {
+        // optimized for quadmerge
+        this._glyphs = this._glyphs.concat(
+          sourcePages[0].glyphs,
+          sourcePages[1].glyphs,
+          sourcePages[2].glyphs,
+          sourcePages[3].glyphs
+        );
+        this._usedPixels = sourcePages[0]._usedPixels +
+          sourcePages[1]._usedPixels +
+          sourcePages[2]._usedPixels +
+          sourcePages[3]._usedPixels;
+      } else {
+        // fallback for non quadmerges (should never be used)
+        for (let i = 0; i < sourcePages.length; ++i) {
+          this._glyphs = this._glyphs.concat(sourcePages[i].glyphs);
+          this._usedPixels += sourcePages[i]._usedPixels;
+        }
+
+      }
+    }
   }
 
   public clear(): void {
@@ -1125,7 +1165,7 @@ function clearColor(imageData: ImageData, bg: IColor, fg: IColor, enableThreshol
   // were covered (fg=#8ae234, bg=#c4a000).
   const threshold = Math.floor((Math.abs(r - fgR) + Math.abs(g - fgG) + Math.abs(b - fgB)) / 12);
 
-  // Set alpha channel of relevent pixels to 0
+  // Set alpha channel of relevant pixels to 0
   let isEmpty = true;
   for (let offset = 0; offset < imageData.data.length; offset += 4) {
     // Check exact match

addons/addon-webgl/src/Types.ts

@@ -68,10 +68,12 @@ export interface ITextureAtlas extends IDisposable {
   warmUp(): void;
 
   /**
-   * Call when a frame is being drawn, this will return true if the atlas was cleared to make room
-   * for a new set of glyphs.
+   * Incremented whenever cached glyph texture page mappings may be stale, such as after atlas page
+   * merges or overflow page creation. Renderers compare this against their own last-seen value and
+   * rebuild their model when it changes; a shared atlas can have many renderers, so this must not
+   * be a consume-once flag.
    */
-  beginFrame(): boolean;
+  readonly pageLayoutVersion: number;
 
   /**
    * Clear all glyphs from the texture atlas.

addons/addon-webgl/src/WebglAddon.ts

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ export class WebglAddon extends Disposable implements ITerminalAddon, IWebglApi
       };
       const gl = document.createElement('canvas').getContext('webgl2', contextAttributes) as IWebGL2RenderingContext;
       if (!gl) {
-        throw new Error('Webgl2 is only supported on Safari 16 and above');
+        throw new Error('WebGL2 is only supported on Safari 16 and above');
       }
     }
     super();

addons/addon-webgl/src/WebglRenderer.ts

@@ -456,7 +456,18 @@ export class WebglRenderer extends Disposable implements IRenderer {
 
     for (y = start; y <= end; y++) {
       row = y + terminal.buffer.ydisp;
-      line = terminal.buffer.lines.get(row)!;
+      const bufferLine = terminal.buffer.lines.get(row);
+      if (!bufferLine) {
+        this._model.lineLengths[y] = 0;
+        for (x = 0; x < terminal.cols; x++) {
+          j = ((y * terminal.cols) + x) * RenderModelConstants.INDICIES_PER_CELL;
+          modelUpdated = true;
+          this._nullModelCell(x, y, j, 0, 0, 0);
+        }
+        this._setRowBlinkState(y, false);
+        continue;
+      }
+      line = bufferLine;
       let rowHasBlinkingCells = false;
       this._model.lineLengths[y] = 0;
       isCursorRow = cursorY === row;
@@ -587,13 +598,9 @@ export class WebglRenderer extends Disposable implements IRenderer {
           // Null out non-first cells
           for (x++; x <= lastCharX; x++) {
             j = ((y * terminal.cols) + x) * RenderModelConstants.INDICIES_PER_CELL;
-            this._glyphRenderer.value!.updateCell(x, y, NULL_CELL_CODE, 0, 0, 0, NULL_CELL_CHAR, 0, 0);
-            this._model.cells[j] = NULL_CELL_CODE;
             // Don't re-resolve the cell color since multi-colored ligature backgrounds are not
             // supported
-            this._model.cells[j + RenderModelConstants.BG_OFFSET] = this._cellColorResolver.result.bg;
-            this._model.cells[j + RenderModelConstants.FG_OFFSET] = this._cellColorResolver.result.fg;
-            this._model.cells[j + RenderModelConstants.EXT_OFFSET] = this._cellColorResolver.result.ext;
+            this._nullModelCell(x, y, j, this._cellColorResolver.result.bg, this._cellColorResolver.result.fg, this._cellColorResolver.result.ext);
           }
           x--; // Go back to the previous update cell for next iteration
         }
@@ -607,6 +614,14 @@ export class WebglRenderer extends Disposable implements IRenderer {
     this._updateTextBlinkState();
   }
 
+  private _nullModelCell(x: number, y: number, cellIndex: number, bg: number, fg: number, ext: number): void {
+    this._glyphRenderer.value!.updateCell(x, y, NULL_CELL_CODE, bg, fg, ext, NULL_CELL_CHAR, 0, 0);
+    this._model.cells[cellIndex] = NULL_CELL_CODE;
+    this._model.cells[cellIndex + RenderModelConstants.BG_OFFSET] = bg;
+    this._model.cells[cellIndex + RenderModelConstants.FG_OFFSET] = fg;
+    this._model.cells[cellIndex + RenderModelConstants.EXT_OFFSET] = ext;
+  }
+
   private _resetBlinkingRowState(): void {
     this._rowHasBlinkingCells = new Array(this._terminal.rows).fill(false);
     this._rowHasBlinkingCellsCount = 0;
@@ -664,10 +679,10 @@ export class WebglRenderer extends Disposable implements IRenderer {
     this.dimensions.device.canvas.height = this._terminal.rows * this.dimensions.device.cell.height;
     this.dimensions.device.canvas.width = this._terminal.cols * this.dimensions.device.cell.width;
 
-    // The the size of the canvas on the page. It's important that this rounds to nearest integer
+    // The size of the canvas on the page. It's important that this rounds to nearest integer
     // and not ceils as browsers often have floating point precision issues where
     // `window.devicePixelRatio` ends up being something like `1.100000023841858` for example, when
-    // it's actually 1.1. Ceiling may causes blurriness as the backing canvas image is 1 pixel too
+    // it's actually 1.1. Ceiling may cause blurriness as the backing canvas image is 1 pixel too
     // large for the canvas element size.
     this.dimensions.css.canvas.height = Math.round(this.dimensions.device.canvas.height / this._devicePixelRatio);
     this.dimensions.css.canvas.width = Math.round(this.dimensions.device.canvas.width / this._devicePixelRatio);

addons/addon-webgl/src/customGlyphs/CustomGlyphRasterizer.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2026 The xterm.js authors. All rights reserved.
+ * @license MIT
+ */
+
+import { assert } from 'chai';
+import { createPatternCanvas } from './CustomGlyphRasterizer';
+
+describe('CustomGlyphRasterizer', () => {
+  describe('createPatternCanvas', () => {
+    it('prefers an offscreen canvas without using the DOM canvas factory', () => {
+      const expectedCanvas = {} as OffscreenCanvas;
+      const calls: string[] = [];
+
+      const canvas = createPatternCanvas(
+        2,
+        3,
+        (width, height) => {
+          calls.push(`offscreen:${width}x${height}`);
+          return expectedCanvas;
+        },
+        () => {
+          calls.push('dom');
+          return {} as HTMLCanvasElement;
+        }
+      );
+
+      assert.deepEqual({ canvas, calls }, {
+        canvas: expectedCanvas,
+        calls: ['offscreen:2x3']
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('uses the main-realm DOM canvas factory when OffscreenCanvas is unavailable', () => {
+      const expectedCanvas = {} as HTMLCanvasElement;
+      const calls: string[] = [];
+
+      const canvas = createPatternCanvas(
+        4,
+        5,
+        undefined,
+        (width, height) => {
+          calls.push(`dom:${width}x${height}`);
+          return expectedCanvas;
+        }
+      );
+
+      assert.deepEqual({ canvas, calls }, {
+        canvas: expectedCanvas,
+        calls: ['dom:4x5']
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});

addons/addon-webgl/src/customGlyphs/CustomGlyphRasterizer.ts

@@ -8,6 +8,29 @@ import type { ILogService } from 'common/services/Services';
 import { customGlyphDefinitions } from './CustomGlyphDefinitions';
 import { CustomGlyphDefinitionType, CustomGlyphScaleType, CustomGlyphVectorType, type CustomGlyphDefinitionPart, type CustomGlyphPathDrawFunctionDefinition, type CustomGlyphPatternDefinition, type ICustomGlyphSolidOctantBlockVector, type ICustomGlyphVectorShape } from './Types';
 
+type PatternCanvas = HTMLCanvasElement | OffscreenCanvas;
+type PatternCanvasFactory = (width: number, height: number) => PatternCanvas;
+
+const createOffscreenPatternCanvas: PatternCanvasFactory | undefined = typeof OffscreenCanvas === 'undefined'
+  ? undefined
+  : (width, height) => new OffscreenCanvas(width, height);
+
+const createDomPatternCanvas: PatternCanvasFactory = (width, height) => {
+  const canvas = document.createElement('canvas');
+  canvas.width = width;
+  canvas.height = height;
+  return canvas;
+};
+
+export function createPatternCanvas(
+  width: number,
+  height: number,
+  offscreenCanvasFactory: PatternCanvasFactory | undefined = createOffscreenPatternCanvas,
+  domCanvasFactory: PatternCanvasFactory = createDomPatternCanvas
+): PatternCanvas {
+  return offscreenCanvasFactory?.(width, height) ?? domCanvasFactory(width, height);
+}
+
 /**
  * Try drawing a custom block element or box drawing character, returning whether it was
  * successfully drawn.
@@ -458,9 +481,9 @@ function drawPatternChar(
   if (!pattern) {
     const width = charDefinition[0].length;
     const height = charDefinition.length;
-    const tmpCanvas = ctx.canvas.ownerDocument.createElement('canvas');
-    tmpCanvas.width = width;
-    tmpCanvas.height = height;
+    // The atlas canvas can be adopted into another document, so temporary resources must not use
+    // its mutable ownerDocument.
+    const tmpCanvas = createPatternCanvas(width, height);
     const tmpCtx = throwIfFalsy(tmpCanvas.getContext('2d'));
     const imageData = new ImageData(width, height);
 

addons/addon-webgl/test/WebglAtlasOverflow.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,481 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2025 The xterm.js authors. All rights reserved.
+ * @license MIT
+ */
+
+import { IImage32, decodePng } from '@lunapaint/png-codec';
+import test, { expect } from '@playwright/test';
+import type { Terminal, ITerminalInitOnlyOptions, ITerminalOptions } from '@xterm/xterm';
+import type { IWebglAddonOptions, WebglAddon } from '@xterm/addon-webgl';
+import { ITestContext, createTestContext, openTerminal } from '../../../test/playwright/TestUtils';
+
+type CellSignature = number[];
+type TestTerminalConstructor = new (options?: ITerminalOptions & ITerminalInitOnlyOptions) => ITestTerminal;
+type TestWebglAddonConstructor = new (options?: IWebglAddonOptions) => ITestWebglAddon;
+
+interface ITestTextureAtlasConstructor {
+  maxAtlasPages: number | undefined;
+  maxTextureSize: number | undefined;
+}
+
+interface ITestAtlasPage {
+  canvas: HTMLCanvasElement;
+}
+
+interface ITestTextureAtlas {
+  constructor: ITestTextureAtlasConstructor;
+  pages: ITestAtlasPage[];
+  pageLayoutVersion: number;
+  _overflowSizePage?: ITestAtlasPage;
+  _textureSize: number;
+}
+
+interface ITestGlyphRenderer {
+  _atlasTextures: unknown[];
+}
+
+interface ITestRenderer {
+  _charAtlas?: ITestTextureAtlas;
+  _glyphRenderer?: {
+    value?: ITestGlyphRenderer;
+  };
+  dimensions: {
+    device: {
+      cell: {
+        width: number;
+      };
+    };
+  };
+}
+
+interface ITestRenderService {
+  _renderer?: {
+    value?: ITestRenderer;
+  };
+}
+
+interface ITestTerminal extends Terminal {
+  _core?: {
+    _renderService?: ITestRenderService;
+  };
+}
+
+interface ITestWebglAddon extends WebglAddon {
+  _renderer?: ITestRenderer;
+}
+
+interface IAtlasEventStats {
+  removals: number;
+  maxPages: number;
+}
+
+interface ITestWindow extends Window {
+  Terminal: TestTerminalConstructor;
+  WebglAddon: TestWebglAddonConstructor;
+  term: ITestTerminal;
+  termB?: ITestTerminal;
+  addon?: ITestWebglAddon;
+  addonB?: ITestWebglAddon;
+  atlasEventStats?: IAtlasEventStats;
+}
+
+interface IAtlasLimits {
+  maxAtlasPages: number;
+  maxTextureSize: number;
+}
+
+interface IAtlasState {
+  pages: number;
+  atlasTextures: number;
+  pageLayoutVersion: number;
+  overflowPageCreated: boolean;
+  removals: number;
+  maxPages: number;
+}
+
+const NORMAL_HEADER = ' NORMAL_REF_0123456789';
+const POST_EVICTION_TEXT = ' AFTER_EVICTION_0123456789';
+const NORMAL_HEADER_COLS = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10];
+const POST_EVICTION_COLS = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11];
+const TERM_B_SELECTOR = '#terminal-container-b .xterm-screen';
+const TERM_SELECTOR = '#terminal-container .xterm-screen';
+
+async function loadWebglStrict(ctx: ITestContext): Promise<void> {
+  await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
+    const w = window as unknown as ITestWindow;
+    w.addon = new w.WebglAddon({ preserveDrawingBuffer: true });
+    w.term.loadAddon(w.addon);
+  });
+  const isWebglRenderer = await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
+    const w = window as unknown as ITestWindow;
+    return !!w.addon && w.term._core?._renderService?._renderer?.value === w.addon._renderer;
+  });
+  expect(isWebglRenderer, 'WebGL renderer must be active').toBe(true);
+}
+
+async function createTerminalB(ctx: ITestContext, cols: number): Promise<void> {
+  await ctx.page.evaluate(columnCount => {
+    const w = window as unknown as ITestWindow;
+    w.termB?.dispose();
+    document.getElementById('terminal-container-b')?.remove();
+    const element = document.createElement('div');
+    element.id = 'terminal-container-b';
+    document.body.appendChild(element);
+    w.termB = new w.Terminal({ cols: columnCount, rows: 24, allowProposedApi: true });
+    w.termB.open(element);
+    w.addonB = new w.WebglAddon({ preserveDrawingBuffer: true });
+    w.termB.loadAddon(w.addonB);
+  }, cols);
+}
+
+async function writeToBAndWaitForRender(ctx: ITestContext, data: string): Promise<void> {
+  await ctx.page.evaluate(value => new Promise<void>(resolve => {
+    const w = window as unknown as ITestWindow;
+    if (!w.termB) {
+      throw new Error('Terminal B must be created before writing to it');
+    }
+    const disposable = w.termB.onRender(() => {
+      disposable.dispose();
+      resolve();
+    });
+    w.termB.write(value);
+  }), data);
+}
+
+async function writeAndWaitForRender(ctx: ITestContext, data: string): Promise<void> {
+  const renderPromise = new Promise<void>(resolve => {
+    const disposable = ctx.proxy.onRender(() => {
+      disposable.dispose();
+      resolve();
+    });
+  });
+  await ctx.proxy.write(data);
+  await renderPromise;
+}
+
+async function refreshAndWaitForRender(ctx: ITestContext, terminal: 'term' | 'termB'): Promise<void> {
+  await ctx.page.evaluate(name => new Promise<void>(resolve => {
+    const w = window as unknown as ITestWindow;
+    const term = w[name];
+    if (!term) {
+      throw new Error(`${name} must exist before refreshing it`);
+    }
+    const disposable = term.onRender(() => {
+      disposable.dispose();
+      resolve();
+    });
+    term.refresh(0, term.rows - 1);
+  }), terminal);
+}
+
+async function configureAtlasLimits(ctx: ITestContext): Promise<IAtlasLimits> {
+  const limits = await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
+    const w = window as unknown as ITestWindow;
+    const atlas = w.term._core?._renderService?._renderer?.value?._charAtlas;
+    if (!atlas || atlas.constructor.maxAtlasPages === undefined || atlas.constructor.maxTextureSize === undefined) {
+      return undefined;
+    }
+    const result = {
+      maxAtlasPages: atlas.constructor.maxAtlasPages,
+      maxTextureSize: atlas.constructor.maxTextureSize
+    };
+    atlas.constructor.maxAtlasPages = 4;
+    atlas.constructor.maxTextureSize = 512;
+    return result;
+  });
+  expect(limits, 'TextureAtlas limits must be initialized').toBeDefined();
+  return limits!;
+}
+
+async function restoreAtlasLimits(ctx: ITestContext, limits: IAtlasLimits | undefined): Promise<void> {
+  if (!limits) {
+    return;
+  }
+  await ctx.page.evaluate(original => {
+    const w = window as unknown as ITestWindow;
+    const atlas = w.term._core?._renderService?._renderer?.value?._charAtlas;
+    if (atlas) {
+      atlas.constructor.maxAtlasPages = original.maxAtlasPages;
+      atlas.constructor.maxTextureSize = original.maxTextureSize;
+    }
+  }, limits);
+}
+
+async function installAtlasEventStats(ctx: ITestContext): Promise<void> {
+  const installed = await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
+    const w = window as unknown as ITestWindow;
+    const atlas = w.term._core?._renderService?._renderer?.value?._charAtlas;
+    if (!atlas || !w.addon) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    const stats: IAtlasEventStats = {
+      removals: 0,
+      maxPages: atlas.pages.length
+    };
+    w.atlasEventStats = stats;
+    w.addon.onAddTextureAtlasCanvas(() => {
+      stats.maxPages = Math.max(stats.maxPages, atlas.pages.length);
+    });
+    w.addon.onRemoveTextureAtlasCanvas(() => stats.removals++);
+    return true;
+  });
+  expect(installed, 'atlas event tracking must be installed').toBe(true);
+}
+
+async function getAtlasState(ctx: ITestContext): Promise<IAtlasState> {
+  const state = await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
+    const w = window as unknown as ITestWindow;
+    const renderer = w.term._core?._renderService?._renderer?.value;
+    const atlas = renderer?._charAtlas;
+    const glyphRenderer = renderer?._glyphRenderer?.value;
+    const stats = w.atlasEventStats;
+    if (!atlas || !glyphRenderer || !stats) {
+      return undefined;
+    }
+    return {
+      pages: atlas.pages.length,
+      atlasTextures: glyphRenderer._atlasTextures.length,
+      pageLayoutVersion: atlas.pageLayoutVersion,
+      overflowPageCreated: !!atlas._overflowSizePage,
+      removals: stats.removals,
+      maxPages: stats.maxPages
+    };
+  });
+  expect(state, 'atlas state must be available').toBeDefined();
+  return state!;
+}
+
+function generateUniqueGlyphFlood(count: number, cols: number, offset: number): string {
+  const base = 0x4E00;
+  const range = 0x9FFF - base;
+  const perRow = Math.max(1, Math.floor(cols / 2));
+  let result = '';
+  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+    result += String.fromCodePoint(base + ((offset + i) % range));
+    if ((i + 1) % perRow === 0 && i + 1 < count) {
+      result += '\r\n';
+    }
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+async function captureRowSignatures(ctx: ITestContext, selector: string, cols: number, row: number, sampleCols: number[], debugName: string): Promise<CellSignature[]> {
+  const screenshotOptions = process.env.DEBUG ? { path: `out-esbuild-test/playwright/${debugName}.png` } : undefined;
+  const buffer = await ctx.page.locator(selector).screenshot(screenshotOptions);
+  const frame = {
+    cols,
+    rows: 24,
+    decoded: (await decodePng(new Uint8Array(buffer), { force32: true })).image
+  };
+  return sampleCols.map(col => cellSignature(frame, col, row));
+}
+
+function cellSignature(frame: { cols: number, rows: number, decoded: IImage32 }, col: number, row: number): CellSignature {
+  const grid = 4;
+  const data = frame.decoded.data;
+  const imageWidth = frame.decoded.width;
+  const cellWidth = frame.decoded.width / frame.cols;
+  const cellHeight = frame.decoded.height / frame.rows;
+  const x0 = (col - 1) * cellWidth;
+  const y0 = (row - 1) * cellHeight;
+  const sums = new Array<number>(grid * grid * 4).fill(0);
+  const counts = new Array<number>(grid * grid).fill(0);
+  const startX = Math.max(0, Math.floor(x0));
+  const startY = Math.max(0, Math.floor(y0));
+  const endX = Math.min(frame.decoded.width, Math.ceil(x0 + cellWidth));
+  const endY = Math.min(frame.decoded.height, Math.ceil(y0 + cellHeight));
+
+  for (let y = startY; y < endY; y++) {
+    const gy = Math.min(grid - 1, Math.max(0, Math.floor(((y - y0) / cellHeight) * grid)));
+    for (let x = startX; x < endX; x++) {
+      const gx = Math.min(grid - 1, Math.max(0, Math.floor(((x - x0) / cellWidth) * grid)));
+      const sub = gy * grid + gx;
+      const i = (y * imageWidth + x) * 4;
+      sums[sub * 4] += data[i];
+      sums[sub * 4 + 1] += data[i + 1];
+      sums[sub * 4 + 2] += data[i + 2];
+      sums[sub * 4 + 3] += data[i + 3];
+      counts[sub]++;
+    }
+  }
+
+  const signature = new Array<number>(grid * grid * 4).fill(0);
+  for (let sub = 0; sub < counts.length; sub++) {
+    if (counts[sub] > 0) {
+      signature[sub * 4] = sums[sub * 4] / counts[sub];
+      signature[sub * 4 + 1] = sums[sub * 4 + 1] / counts[sub];
+      signature[sub * 4 + 2] = sums[sub * 4 + 2] / counts[sub];
+      signature[sub * 4 + 3] = sums[sub * 4 + 3] / counts[sub];
+    }
+  }
+  return signature;
+}
+
+function signatureDiff(actual: CellSignature, reference: CellSignature): number {
+  let diff = 0;
+  for (let i = 0; i < actual.length; i++) {
+    diff = Math.max(diff, Math.abs(actual[i] - reference[i]));
+  }
+  return diff;
+}
+
+function expectSignatureMatches(actual: CellSignature, reference: CellSignature, message: string): void {
+  const diff = signatureDiff(actual, reference);
+  expect(diff, `${message}; max channel diff ${diff}`).toBeLessThanOrEqual(14);
+}
+
+test.describe('atlas page overflow (#6038)', () => {
+  test.skip(({ browserName }) => browserName !== 'chromium');
+  test.describe.configure({ timeout: 90000 });
+
+  test('evicts normal pages when the page cap cannot be reduced by merging', async ({ browser }) => {
+    const ctx = await createTestContext(browser);
+    const errors: string[] = [];
+    const onError = (error: Error): void => { errors.push(error.message); };
+    let limits: IAtlasLimits | undefined;
+    ctx.page.on('pageerror', onError);
+    try {
+      await openTerminal(ctx, { cols: 80, rows: 24 });
+      await loadWebglStrict(ctx);
+      limits = await configureAtlasLimits(ctx);
+
+      await openTerminal(ctx, { cols: 80, rows: 24 });
+      await loadWebglStrict(ctx);
+      await createTerminalB(ctx, 80);
+      await installAtlasEventStats(ctx);
+
+      const atlasShared = await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
+        const w = window as unknown as ITestWindow;
+        return w.term._core?._renderService?._renderer?.value?._charAtlas === w.termB?._core?._renderService?._renderer?.value?._charAtlas;
+      });
+      expect(atlasShared, 'terminals with equal configs should share one texture atlas').toBe(true);
+
+      await writeToBAndWaitForRender(ctx, `\x1b[H${NORMAL_HEADER}\x1b[2;1H${POST_EVICTION_TEXT}`);
+      const headerReference = await captureRowSignatures(ctx, TERM_B_SELECTOR, 80, 1, NORMAL_HEADER_COLS, 'atlas-overflow-header-reference');
+      const postReference = await captureRowSignatures(ctx, TERM_B_SELECTOR, 80, 2, POST_EVICTION_COLS, 'atlas-overflow-post-reference');
+      await writeToBAndWaitForRender(ctx, '\x1b[2;1H\x1b[2K');
+
+      const initialState = await getAtlasState(ctx);
+      const glyphsPerChunk = 23 * 40 - 1;
+      for (let chunk = 0; chunk < 24; chunk++) {
+        await ctx.proxy.write('\x1b[H\x1b[2J' + generateUniqueGlyphFlood(glyphsPerChunk, 80, chunk * glyphsPerChunk));
+        await ctx.page.waitForTimeout(50);
+        const state = await getAtlasState(ctx);
+        if (state.removals > 0 || state.pages > state.atlasTextures || errors.length > 0) {
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+
+      const evictionState = await getAtlasState(ctx);
+      expect(evictionState.removals, 'normal atlas pages must be evicted at the page cap').toBeGreaterThan(0);
+      expect(evictionState.pageLayoutVersion, 'eviction must invalidate renderer models').toBeGreaterThan(initialState.pageLayoutVersion);
+      expect(evictionState.maxPages, 'atlas pages must stay within renderer texture capacity').toBeLessThanOrEqual(evictionState.atlasTextures);
+      expect(errors, `renderer must not throw during atlas eviction: ${errors[0] ?? ''}`).toEqual([]);
+
+      await writeToBAndWaitForRender(ctx, `\x1b[2;1H${POST_EVICTION_TEXT}`);
+      const termBHeader = await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
+        const w = window as unknown as ITestWindow;
+        return w.termB?.buffer.active.getLine(0)?.translateToString(true);
+      });
+      expect(termBHeader, 'terminal B buffer must still contain the header').toBe(NORMAL_HEADER);
+
+      const headerAfter = await captureRowSignatures(ctx, TERM_B_SELECTOR, 80, 1, NORMAL_HEADER_COLS, 'atlas-overflow-header-after');
+      const postAfter = await captureRowSignatures(ctx, TERM_B_SELECTOR, 80, 2, POST_EVICTION_COLS, 'atlas-overflow-post-after');
+      for (let i = 0; i < NORMAL_HEADER_COLS.length; i++) {
+        expectSignatureMatches(headerAfter[i], headerReference[i], `existing header col ${NORMAL_HEADER_COLS[i]} changed after eviction`);
+      }
+      for (let i = 0; i < POST_EVICTION_COLS.length; i++) {
+        expectSignatureMatches(postAfter[i], postReference[i], `new text col ${POST_EVICTION_COLS[i]} changed after eviction`);
+      }
+
+      const stableState = await getAtlasState(ctx);
+      await refreshAndWaitForRender(ctx, 'termB');
+      const refreshedState = await getAtlasState(ctx);
+      expect(refreshedState.pageLayoutVersion, 'an unchanged full refresh must not evict again').toBe(stableState.pageLayoutVersion);
+      expect(refreshedState.removals, 'an unchanged full refresh must not remove more pages').toBe(stableState.removals);
+    } finally {
+      ctx.page.off('pageerror', onError);
+      await restoreAtlasLimits(ctx, limits).catch(() => {});
+      await ctx.page.close();
+    }
+  });
+
+  test('evicts before adding an oversized glyph page at the page cap', async ({ browser }) => {
+    const ctx = await createTestContext(browser);
+    const errors: string[] = [];
+    const onError = (error: Error): void => { errors.push(error.message); };
+    let limits: IAtlasLimits | undefined;
+    ctx.page.on('pageerror', onError);
+    try {
+      await openTerminal(ctx, { cols: 160, rows: 24 });
+      await loadWebglStrict(ctx);
+      limits = await configureAtlasLimits(ctx);
+
+      await openTerminal(ctx, { cols: 160, rows: 24 });
+      await loadWebglStrict(ctx);
+      await installAtlasEventStats(ctx);
+
+      let state = await getAtlasState(ctx);
+      let offset = 0;
+      for (let chunk = 0; chunk < 120 && state.pages < state.atlasTextures; chunk++) {
+        const glyphCount = state.pages < state.atlasTextures - 1 ? 200 : 25;
+        await ctx.proxy.write('\x1b[H\x1b[2J' + generateUniqueGlyphFlood(glyphCount, 160, offset));
+        await ctx.page.waitForTimeout(50);
+        offset += glyphCount;
+        state = await getAtlasState(ctx);
+      }
+      expect(state.pages, 'normal atlas pages must reach the texture capacity before the oversized glyph').toBe(state.atlasTextures);
+      expect(state.overflowPageCreated, 'normal glyph filling must not create the oversized page').toBe(false);
+      expect(errors, `renderer must not fail while filling normal pages: ${errors[0] ?? ''}`).toEqual([]);
+
+      await writeAndWaitForRender(ctx, '\x1b[H\x1b[2K\x1b[24;1H');
+      const sampleCols = [1, 8, 16, 24, 32];
+      const blankSignatures = await captureRowSignatures(ctx, TERM_SELECTOR, 160, 1, sampleCols, 'atlas-overflow-wide-blank');
+      const joinedLength = await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
+        const w = window as unknown as ITestWindow;
+        const renderer = w.term._core?._renderService?._renderer?.value;
+        const atlas = renderer?._charAtlas;
+        if (!renderer || !atlas) {
+          throw new Error('renderer and atlas must exist');
+        }
+        const cellWidth = renderer.dimensions.device.cell.width;
+        const length = Math.min(w.term.cols - 1, Math.ceil(atlas._textureSize / cellWidth) + 32);
+        if (length * cellWidth <= atlas._textureSize) {
+          throw new Error('joined glyph must be wider than a normal atlas page');
+        }
+        const marker = 'W'.repeat(length);
+        w.term.registerCharacterJoiner(text => text.startsWith(marker) ? [[0, length]] : []);
+        return length;
+      });
+
+      const beforeOversized = await getAtlasState(ctx);
+      await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b[H${'W'.repeat(joinedLength)}`);
+      await ctx.page.waitForTimeout(50);
+      const oversizedState = await getAtlasState(ctx);
+      expect(oversizedState.overflowPageCreated, 'the joined glyph must use the oversized atlas page').toBe(true);
+      expect(oversizedState.removals, 'normal pages must be evicted before adding the oversized page').toBeGreaterThan(beforeOversized.removals);
+      expect(oversizedState.maxPages, 'oversized page creation must stay within renderer texture capacity').toBeLessThanOrEqual(oversizedState.atlasTextures);
+      expect(oversizedState.pageLayoutVersion, 'oversized eviction must invalidate renderer models').toBeGreaterThan(beforeOversized.pageLayoutVersion);
+      expect(errors, `renderer must not throw while adding the oversized page: ${errors[0] ?? ''}`).toEqual([]);
+
+      const wideSignatures = await captureRowSignatures(ctx, TERM_SELECTOR, 160, 1, sampleCols, 'atlas-overflow-wide-after');
+      for (let i = 0; i < sampleCols.length; i++) {
+        expect(signatureDiff(wideSignatures[i], blankSignatures[i]), `wide glyph col ${sampleCols[i]} must render visible pixels`).toBeGreaterThan(14);
+      }
+
+      const stableState = await getAtlasState(ctx);
+      await refreshAndWaitForRender(ctx, 'term');
+      const refreshedState = await getAtlasState(ctx);
+      expect(refreshedState.pageLayoutVersion, 'oversized glyph refresh must settle without another eviction').toBe(stableState.pageLayoutVersion);
+      expect(refreshedState.removals, 'oversized glyph refresh must not remove more pages').toBe(stableState.removals);
+      const wideAfterRefresh = await captureRowSignatures(ctx, TERM_SELECTOR, 160, 1, sampleCols, 'atlas-overflow-wide-refreshed');
+      for (let i = 0; i < sampleCols.length; i++) {
+        expectSignatureMatches(wideAfterRefresh[i], wideSignatures[i], `wide glyph col ${sampleCols[i]} changed after refresh`);
+      }
+    } finally {
+      ctx.page.off('pageerror', onError);
+      await restoreAtlasLimits(ctx, limits).catch(() => {});
+      await ctx.page.close();
+    }
+  });
+});

addons/addon-webgl/test/WebglAtlasStress.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2025 The xterm.js authors. All rights reserved.
+ * @license MIT
+ */
+
+import { decodePng, type IImage32 } from '@lunapaint/png-codec';
+import test, { expect } from '@playwright/test';
+import type { Terminal, ITerminalInitOnlyOptions, ITerminalOptions } from '@xterm/xterm';
+import type { IWebglAddonOptions, WebglAddon } from '@xterm/addon-webgl';
+import { ITestContext, createTestContext, openTerminal } from '../../../test/playwright/TestUtils';
+
+type CellSignature = number[];
+type TestTerminalConstructor = new (options?: ITerminalOptions & ITerminalInitOnlyOptions) => ITestTerminal;
+type TestWebglAddonConstructor = new (options?: IWebglAddonOptions) => ITestWebglAddon;
+
+interface ITestTextureAtlas {
+  readonly pages: ReadonlyArray<{ readonly canvas: HTMLCanvasElement }>;
+}
+
+interface ITestGlyphRenderer {
+  readonly _atlasTextures: ReadonlyArray<unknown>;
+}
+
+interface ITestRenderer {
+  _charAtlas?: ITestTextureAtlas;
+  _glyphRenderer?: {
+    value?: ITestGlyphRenderer;
+  };
+}
+
+interface ITestRenderService {
+  _renderer?: {
+    value?: ITestRenderer;
+  };
+}
+
+interface ITestTerminal extends Terminal {
+  _core?: {
+    _renderService?: ITestRenderService;
+  };
+}
+
+interface ITestWebglAddon extends WebglAddon {
+  _renderer?: ITestRenderer;
+}
+
+interface IAtlasEventStats {
+  additions: number;
+  maxPages: number;
+}
+
+interface ITestWindow {
+  WebglAddon: TestWebglAddonConstructor;
+  term: ITestTerminal;
+  addon?: ITestWebglAddon;
+  atlasEventStats?: IAtlasEventStats;
+}
+
+interface IAtlasState {
+  additions: number;
+  atlasTextures: number;
+  maxPages: number;
+}
+
+const REFERENCE_LINE = 'Ref0123456789ABCDEF';
+const REFERENCE_COLS = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19];
+const TERM_SELECTOR = '#terminal-container .xterm-screen';
+
+async function loadWebglStrict(ctx: ITestContext): Promise<void> {
+  await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
+    const w = window as unknown as ITestWindow;
+    w.addon = new w.WebglAddon({ preserveDrawingBuffer: true });
+    w.term.loadAddon(w.addon);
+  });
+  const isWebglRenderer = await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
+    const w = window as unknown as ITestWindow;
+    return !!w.addon && w.term._core?._renderService?._renderer?.value === w.addon._renderer;
+  });
+  expect(isWebglRenderer, 'WebGL renderer must be active').toBe(true);
+}
+
+async function installAtlasEventStats(ctx: ITestContext): Promise<void> {
+  const installed = await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
+    const w = window as unknown as ITestWindow;
+    const atlas = w.term._core?._renderService?._renderer?.value?._charAtlas;
+    if (!atlas || !w.addon) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    const stats: IAtlasEventStats = {
+      additions: 0,
+      maxPages: atlas.pages.length
+    };
+    w.atlasEventStats = stats;
+    w.addon.onAddTextureAtlasCanvas(() => {
+      stats.additions++;
+      stats.maxPages = Math.max(stats.maxPages, atlas.pages.length);
+    });
+    return true;
+  });
+  expect(installed, 'atlas event tracking must be installed').toBe(true);
+}
+
+async function getAtlasState(ctx: ITestContext): Promise<IAtlasState> {
+  const state = await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
+    const w = window as unknown as ITestWindow;
+    const renderer = w.term._core?._renderService?._renderer?.value;
+    const glyphRenderer = renderer?._glyphRenderer?.value;
+    const stats = w.atlasEventStats;
+    if (!glyphRenderer || !stats) {
+      return undefined;
+    }
+    return {
+      additions: stats.additions,
+      atlasTextures: glyphRenderer._atlasTextures.length,
+      maxPages: stats.maxPages
+    };
+  });
+  expect(state, 'atlas state must be available').toBeDefined();
+  return state!;
+}
+
+async function writeAndWaitForRender(ctx: ITestContext, data: string): Promise<void> {
+  const renderPromise = new Promise<void>(resolve => {
+    const disposable = ctx.proxy.onRender(() => {
+      disposable.dispose();
+      resolve();
+    });
+  });
+  await ctx.proxy.write(data);
+  await renderPromise;
+}
+
+async function refreshAndWaitForRender(ctx: ITestContext): Promise<void> {
+  const renderPromise = new Promise<void>(resolve => {
+    const disposable = ctx.proxy.onRender(() => {
+      disposable.dispose();
+      resolve();
+    });
+  });
+  await ctx.proxy.refresh(0, (await ctx.proxy.rows) - 1);
+  await renderPromise;
+}
+
+function generateSyntheticTuiFrames(frameCount: number, cols: number, rows: number): string[] {
+  const spinner = ['|', '/', '-', '\\'];
+  const words = ['reading', 'rendering', 'atlas', 'terminal', 'buffer', 'tokens', 'diff', 'patch'];
+  const frames: string[] = [];
+  for (let frameIndex = 0; frameIndex < frameCount; frameIndex++) {
+    const lines = [
+      `+${'-'.repeat(cols - 2)}+`,
+      `|${(` ${spinner[frameIndex % spinner.length]} Copilot is working`).padEnd(cols - 2).slice(0, cols - 2)}|`,
+      `+${'-'.repeat(cols - 2)}+`
+    ];
+    for (let row = 3; row < rows - 1; row++) {
+      const foreground = 31 + ((frameIndex + row) % 6);
+      const text = `${words[(frameIndex + row) % words.length]} ${frameIndex}:${row}`;
+      lines.push(`\x1b[${foreground}m${text}\x1b[0m`);
+    }
+    lines.push(`\x1b[2mtokens ${1000 + frameIndex * 37}\x1b[0m`);
+    frames.push(`\x1b[2J\x1b[H${lines.join('\r\n')}`);
+  }
+  return frames;
+}
+
+function generateUniqueGlyphFlood(count: number, cols: number, offset: number): string {
+  const base = 0x4E00;
+  const range = 0x9FFF - base;
+  const perRow = Math.max(1, Math.floor(cols / 2));
+  let result = '';
+  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+    result += String.fromCodePoint(base + ((offset + i) % range));
+    if ((i + 1) % perRow === 0 && i + 1 < count) {
+      result += '\r\n';
+    }
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+async function captureRowSignatures(ctx: ITestContext, row: number, cols: number[], debugName: string): Promise<CellSignature[]> {
+  const screenshotOptions = process.env.DEBUG ? { path: `out-esbuild-test/playwright/${debugName}.png` } : undefined;
+  const buffer = await ctx.page.locator(TERM_SELECTOR).screenshot(screenshotOptions);
+  const frame = {
+    cols: await ctx.proxy.cols,
+    rows: await ctx.proxy.rows,
+    decoded: (await decodePng(new Uint8Array(buffer), { force32: true })).image
+  };
+  return cols.map(col => cellSignature(frame, col, row));
+}
+
+function cellSignature(frame: { cols: number, rows: number, decoded: IImage32 }, col: number, row: number): CellSignature {
+  const grid = 4;
+  const data = frame.decoded.data;
+  const imageWidth = frame.decoded.width;
+  const cellWidth = frame.decoded.width / frame.cols;
+  const cellHeight = frame.decoded.height / frame.rows;
+  const x0 = (col - 1) * cellWidth;
+  const y0 = (row - 1) * cellHeight;
+  const sums = new Array<number>(grid * grid * 4).fill(0);
+  const counts = new Array<number>(grid * grid).fill(0);
+  const startX = Math.max(0, Math.floor(x0));
+  const startY = Math.max(0, Math.floor(y0));
+  const endX = Math.min(frame.decoded.width, Math.ceil(x0 + cellWidth));
+  const endY = Math.min(frame.decoded.height, Math.ceil(y0 + cellHeight));
+
+  for (let y = startY; y < endY; y++) {
+    const gy = Math.min(grid - 1, Math.max(0, Math.floor(((y - y0) / cellHeight) * grid)));
+    for (let x = startX; x < endX; x++) {
+      const gx = Math.min(grid - 1, Math.max(0, Math.floor(((x - x0) / cellWidth) * grid)));
+      const sub = gy * grid + gx;
+      const i = (y * imageWidth + x) * 4;
+      sums[sub * 4] += data[i];
+      sums[sub * 4 + 1] += data[i + 1];
+      sums[sub * 4 + 2] += data[i + 2];
+      sums[sub * 4 + 3] += data[i + 3];
+      counts[sub]++;
+    }
+  }
+
+  const signature = new Array<number>(grid * grid * 4).fill(0);
+  for (let sub = 0; sub < counts.length; sub++) {
+    if (counts[sub] > 0) {
+      signature[sub * 4] = sums[sub * 4] / counts[sub];
+      signature[sub * 4 + 1] = sums[sub * 4 + 1] / counts[sub];
+      signature[sub * 4 + 2] = sums[sub * 4 + 2] / counts[sub];
+      signature[sub * 4 + 3] = sums[sub * 4 + 3] / counts[sub];
+    }
+  }
+  return signature;
+}
+
+function expectSignatureMatches(actual: CellSignature, reference: CellSignature, message: string): void {
+  let diff = 0;
+  for (let i = 0; i < actual.length; i++) {
+    diff = Math.max(diff, Math.abs(actual[i] - reference[i]));
+  }
+  expect(diff, `${message}; max channel diff ${diff}`).toBeLessThanOrEqual(14);
+}
+
+test.describe('WebGL atlas TUI stress (#6038)', () => {
+  test.skip(({ browserName }) => browserName !== 'chromium', 'WebGL atlas tests run on Chromium/SwiftShader only');
+  test.describe.configure({ timeout: 90000 });
+
+  test('primary-buffer glyphs survive alternate-buffer redraws and atlas page churn', async ({ browser }) => {
+    const ctx = await createTestContext(browser);
+    const errors: string[] = [];
+    const onError = (error: Error): void => { errors.push(error.message); };
+    ctx.page.on('pageerror', onError);
+    try {
+      await openTerminal(ctx, { cols: 80, rows: 24, scrollback: 5000 });
+      await loadWebglStrict(ctx);
+      await installAtlasEventStats(ctx);
+
+      await writeAndWaitForRender(ctx, REFERENCE_LINE);
+      const reference = await captureRowSignatures(ctx, 1, REFERENCE_COLS, 'atlas-stress-reference');
+
+      await writeAndWaitForRender(ctx, '\x1b[?1049h');
+      for (const frame of generateSyntheticTuiFrames(30, 80, 24)) {
+        await writeAndWaitForRender(ctx, frame);
+      }
+      const glyphsPerViewport = 23 * 40 - 1;
+      for (let chunk = 0; chunk < 4; chunk++) {
+        await writeAndWaitForRender(ctx, `\x1b[2J\x1b[H${generateUniqueGlyphFlood(glyphsPerViewport, 80, chunk * glyphsPerViewport)}`);
+      }
+      await writeAndWaitForRender(ctx, '\x1b[?1049l');
+      await refreshAndWaitForRender(ctx);
+
+      const state = await getAtlasState(ctx);
+      expect(state.additions, 'stress workload must add atlas pages').toBeGreaterThan(0);
+      expect(state.maxPages, 'stress workload must exercise multiple atlas pages').toBeGreaterThan(1);
+      expect(state.maxPages, 'atlas pages must remain within renderer texture capacity').toBeLessThanOrEqual(state.atlasTextures);
+      expect(errors, `renderer must not throw during TUI stress: ${errors[0] ?? ''}`).toEqual([]);
+
+      const primaryText = await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
+        const w = window as unknown as ITestWindow;
+        return w.term.buffer.active.getLine(0)?.translateToString(true);
+      });
+      expect(primaryText, 'primary buffer must still contain the reference line').toBe(REFERENCE_LINE);
+
+      const after = await captureRowSignatures(ctx, 1, REFERENCE_COLS, 'atlas-stress-after');
+      for (let i = 0; i < REFERENCE_COLS.length; i++) {
+        expectSignatureMatches(after[i], reference[i], `primary-buffer glyph at col ${REFERENCE_COLS[i]} changed after TUI stress`);
+      }
+    } finally {
+      ctx.page.off('pageerror', onError);
+      await ctx.page.close();
+    }
+  });
+});

addons/addon-webgl/test/WebglCustomGlyphs.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2026 The xterm.js authors. All rights reserved.
+ * @license MIT
+ */
+
+import test, { expect } from '@playwright/test';
+import { platform } from 'os';
+import { ITestContext, createTestContext, openTerminal } from '../../../test/playwright/TestUtils';
+
+interface ITestRendererWithAtlasCanvas {
+  readonly _charAtlas?: {
+    readonly _tmpCanvas?: HTMLCanvasElement;
+  };
+}
+
+async function writeAndWaitForRender(ctx: ITestContext, data: string): Promise<void> {
+  const renderPromise = new Promise<void>(resolve => {
+    const disposable = ctx.proxy.onRender(() => {
+      disposable.dispose();
+      resolve();
+    });
+  });
+  await ctx.proxy.write(data);
+  await renderPromise;
+}
+
+test.describe('WebGL custom glyphs', () => {
+  if (platform() === 'linux') {
+    test.skip(({ browserName }) => browserName === 'firefox' || browserName === 'webkit');
+  }
+
+  test('pattern glyphs render after the terminal is adopted into another document', async ({ browser }) => {
+    const ctx = await createTestContext(browser);
+    const errors: string[] = [];
+    const onError = (error: Error): void => { errors.push(error.message); };
+    ctx.page.on('pageerror', onError);
+    try {
+      await openTerminal(ctx);
+      await ctx.page.evaluate(`
+        window.addon = new window.WebglAddon({ customGlyphs: true });
+        window.term.loadAddon(window.addon);
+      `);
+      await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
+        const frame = document.createElement('iframe');
+        document.body.appendChild(frame);
+        const auxiliaryDocument = frame.contentDocument;
+        if (!auxiliaryDocument?.body || !window.term.element) {
+          throw new Error('Auxiliary document and terminal element must be available');
+        }
+        const renderer = window.term._core?._renderService?._renderer?.value as ITestRendererWithAtlasCanvas | undefined;
+        const atlasCanvas = renderer?._charAtlas?._tmpCanvas;
+        if (!atlasCanvas) {
+          throw new Error('Texture atlas canvas must be available');
+        }
+        // Model the atlas state after an uncached glyph has attached the measurement canvas.
+        window.term.element.appendChild(atlasCanvas);
+        auxiliaryDocument.body.appendChild(window.term.element);
+        if (atlasCanvas.ownerDocument !== auxiliaryDocument) {
+          throw new Error('Texture atlas canvas must be adopted into the auxiliary document');
+        }
+        auxiliaryDocument.createElement = () => {
+          throw new Error('Not allowed to create elements in the auxiliary document');
+        };
+      });
+
+      await writeAndWaitForRender(ctx, '\u2591');
+      await writeAndWaitForRender(ctx, 'X');
+
+      const line = await ctx.page.evaluate(() => window.term.buffer.active.getLine(0)?.translateToString(true));
+      expect(errors, `renderer must not create pattern canvases in the auxiliary document: ${errors[0] ?? ''}`).toEqual([]);
+      expect(line).toBe('\u2591X');
+    } finally {
+      ctx.page.off('pageerror', onError);
+      await ctx.page.close();
+    }
+  });
+});

addons/addon-webgl/test/WebglSharedAtlasGarble.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2025 The xterm.js authors. All rights reserved.
+ * @license MIT
+ */
+
+import { IImage32, decodePng } from '@lunapaint/png-codec';
+import test, { expect } from '@playwright/test';
+import type { Terminal, ITerminalInitOnlyOptions, ITerminalOptions } from '@xterm/xterm';
+import type { IWebglAddonOptions, WebglAddon } from '@xterm/addon-webgl';
+import { ITestContext, createTestContext, openTerminal } from '../../../test/playwright/TestUtils';
+
+type CellSignature = number[];
+type TestTerminalConstructor = new (options?: ITerminalOptions & ITerminalInitOnlyOptions) => ITestTerminal;
+type TestWebglAddonConstructor = new (options?: IWebglAddonOptions) => ITestWebglAddon;
+
+interface ITestTextureAtlasConstructor {
+  maxAtlasPages: number | undefined;
+}
+
+interface ITestTextureAtlas {
+  constructor: ITestTextureAtlasConstructor;
+}
+
+interface ITestRenderer {
+  _charAtlas?: ITestTextureAtlas;
+}
+
+interface ITestRenderService {
+  _renderer?: {
+    value?: ITestRenderer;
+  };
+}
+
+interface ITestTerminal extends Terminal {
+  _core?: {
+    _renderService?: ITestRenderService;
+  };
+}
+
+interface ITestWebglAddon extends WebglAddon {
+  _renderer?: ITestRenderer;
+}
+
+declare global {
+  interface Window { // eslint-disable-line @typescript-eslint/naming-convention
+    Terminal: TestTerminalConstructor;
+    WebglAddon: TestWebglAddonConstructor;
+    term: ITestTerminal;
+    termB?: ITestTerminal;
+    addon?: ITestWebglAddon;
+    addonB?: ITestWebglAddon;
+  }
+}
+
+const HEADER = ' HEADER_REF_0123456789';
+const HEADER_COLS = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10];
+const TERM_B_SELECTOR = '#terminal-container-b .xterm-screen';
+
+async function loadWebglStrict(ctx: ITestContext): Promise<void> {
+  await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
+    window.addon = new window.WebglAddon({ preserveDrawingBuffer: true });
+    window.term.loadAddon(window.addon);
+  });
+  const isWebglRenderer = await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
+    return !!window.addon && window.term?._core?._renderService?._renderer?.value === window.addon._renderer;
+  });
+  expect(isWebglRenderer, 'WebGL renderer must be active').toBe(true);
+}
+
+async function createTerminalB(ctx: ITestContext): Promise<void> {
+  await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
+    window.termB?.dispose();
+    document.getElementById('terminal-container-b')?.remove();
+    const el = document.createElement('div');
+    el.id = 'terminal-container-b';
+    document.body.appendChild(el);
+    window.termB = new window.Terminal({ cols: 80, rows: 24, allowProposedApi: true });
+    window.termB.open(el);
+    window.addonB = new window.WebglAddon({ preserveDrawingBuffer: true });
+    window.termB.loadAddon(window.addonB);
+  });
+}
+
+async function writeToBAndWaitForRender(ctx: ITestContext, data: string): Promise<void> {
+  await ctx.page.evaluate(d => new Promise<void>(resolve => {
+    const termB = window.termB;
+    if (!termB) {
+      throw new Error('Terminal B must be created before writing to it');
+    }
+    const disposable = termB.onRender(() => {
+      disposable.dispose();
+      resolve();
+    });
+    termB.write(d);
+  }), data);
+}
+
+async function writeAndWaitForRender(ctx: ITestContext, data: string): Promise<void> {
+  const renderPromise = new Promise<void>(resolve => {
+    const disposable = ctx.proxy.onRender(() => {
+      disposable.dispose();
+      resolve();
+    });
+  });
+  await ctx.proxy.write(data);
+  await renderPromise;
+}
+
+async function setMaxAtlasPages(ctx: ITestContext, maxAtlasPages: number): Promise<void> {
+  const applied = await ctx.page.evaluate(max => {
+    const atlas = window.term?._core?._renderService?._renderer?.value?._charAtlas;
+    if (!atlas) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    atlas.constructor.maxAtlasPages = max;
+    return true;
+  }, maxAtlasPages);
+  expect(applied, 'should be able to set TextureAtlas.maxAtlasPages').toBe(true);
+}
+
+async function resetMaxAtlasPages(ctx: ITestContext): Promise<void> {
+  await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
+    const atlas = window.term?._core?._renderService?._renderer?.value?._charAtlas;
+    if (atlas) {
+      atlas.constructor.maxAtlasPages = undefined;
+    }
+  });
+}
+
+function generateColoredAsciiFlood(cells: number, offset: number = 0): string {
+  const letters = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789';
+  let out = '';
+  for (let i = 0; i < cells; i++) {
+    const ch = letters[(offset + i) % letters.length];
+    const fg = (offset + i) % 256;
+    const bg = (offset + i * 7) % 256;
+    out += `\x1b[38;5;${fg}m\x1b[48;5;${bg}m${ch}`;
+    if ((i + 1) % 78 === 0 && i + 1 < cells) {
+      out += '\x1b[0m\r\n';
+    }
+  }
+  return out + '\x1b[0m';
+}
+
+async function captureRowSignatures(ctx: ITestContext, row: number, cols: number[]): Promise<CellSignature[]> {
+  const screenshotOptions = process.env.DEBUG ? { path: 'out-esbuild-test/playwright/shared-atlas-term-b.png' } : undefined;
+  const buffer = await ctx.page.locator(TERM_B_SELECTOR).screenshot(screenshotOptions);
+  const frame = {
+    cols: 80,
+    rows: 24,
+    decoded: (await decodePng(new Uint8Array(buffer), { force32: true })).image
+  };
+  return cols.map(col => cellSignature(frame, col, row));
+}
+
+function cellSignature(frame: { cols: number, rows: number, decoded: IImage32 }, col: number, row: number): CellSignature {
+  const grid = 4;
+  const data = frame.decoded.data;
+  const imageWidth = frame.decoded.width;
+  const cellWidth = frame.decoded.width / frame.cols;
+  const cellHeight = frame.decoded.height / frame.rows;
+  const x0 = (col - 1) * cellWidth;
+  const y0 = (row - 1) * cellHeight;
+  const sums = new Array<number>(grid * grid * 4).fill(0);
+  const counts = new Array<number>(grid * grid).fill(0);
+  const startX = Math.max(0, Math.floor(x0));
+  const startY = Math.max(0, Math.floor(y0));
+  const endX = Math.min(frame.decoded.width, Math.ceil(x0 + cellWidth));
+  const endY = Math.min(frame.decoded.height, Math.ceil(y0 + cellHeight));
+
+  for (let y = startY; y < endY; y++) {
+    const gy = Math.min(grid - 1, Math.max(0, Math.floor(((y - y0) / cellHeight) * grid)));
+    for (let x = startX; x < endX; x++) {
+      const gx = Math.min(grid - 1, Math.max(0, Math.floor(((x - x0) / cellWidth) * grid)));
+      const sub = gy * grid + gx;
+      const i = (y * imageWidth + x) * 4;
+      sums[sub * 4] += data[i];
+      sums[sub * 4 + 1] += data[i + 1];
+      sums[sub * 4 + 2] += data[i + 2];
+      sums[sub * 4 + 3] += data[i + 3];
+      counts[sub]++;
+    }
+  }
+
+  const signature = new Array<number>(grid * grid * 4).fill(0);
+  for (let sub = 0; sub < counts.length; sub++) {
+    if (counts[sub] > 0) {
+      signature[sub * 4] = sums[sub * 4] / counts[sub];
+      signature[sub * 4 + 1] = sums[sub * 4 + 1] / counts[sub];
+      signature[sub * 4 + 2] = sums[sub * 4 + 2] / counts[sub];
+      signature[sub * 4 + 3] = sums[sub * 4 + 3] / counts[sub];
+    }
+  }
+  return signature;
+}
+
+function expectSignatureMatches(actual: CellSignature, reference: CellSignature, message: string): void {
+  let diff = 0;
+  for (let i = 0; i < actual.length; i++) {
+    diff = Math.max(diff, Math.abs(actual[i] - reference[i]));
+  }
+  expect(diff, `${message}; max channel diff ${diff}`).toBeLessThanOrEqual(14);
+}
+
+test.describe('shared-atlas garble across terminals (#6038)', () => {
+  test.skip(({ browserName }) => browserName !== 'chromium');
+  test.describe.configure({ timeout: 60000 });
+
+  test('keeps a second terminal rendering correctly after shared atlas page merges', async ({ browser }) => {
+    const ctx = await createTestContext(browser);
+    try {
+      await openTerminal(ctx, { cols: 80, rows: 24 });
+      await loadWebglStrict(ctx);
+      await createTerminalB(ctx);
+
+      const atlasShared = await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
+        return window.term._core?._renderService?._renderer?.value?._charAtlas === window.termB?._core?._renderService?._renderer?.value?._charAtlas;
+      });
+      expect(atlasShared, 'terminals with equal configs should share one texture atlas').toBe(true);
+
+      await setMaxAtlasPages(ctx, 4);
+
+      await writeToBAndWaitForRender(ctx, HEADER);
+      const reference = await captureRowSignatures(ctx, 1, HEADER_COLS);
+
+      for (let c = 0; c < 10; c++) {
+        await writeAndWaitForRender(ctx, '\x1b[2;1H' + generateColoredAsciiFlood(23 * 78, c * 23 * 78));
+      }
+
+      await writeToBAndWaitForRender(ctx, '\x1b[24;1Hx');
+      const termBHeader = await ctx.page.evaluate(() => window.termB?.buffer.active.getLine(0)?.translateToString(true));
+      expect(termBHeader, 'terminal B buffer must still contain the header').toBe(HEADER);
+
+      const after = await captureRowSignatures(ctx, 1, HEADER_COLS);
+      for (let i = 0; i < HEADER_COLS.length; i++) {
+        expectSignatureMatches(after[i], reference[i], `terminal B header col ${HEADER_COLS[i]} garbled by terminal A's atlas merges`);
+      }
+    } finally {
+      await resetMaxAtlasPages(ctx).catch(() => {});
+      await ctx.page.close();
+    }
+  });
+
+  test('keeps a second terminal rendering correctly after terminal A clears the shared atlas', async ({ browser }) => {
+    const ctx = await createTestContext(browser);
+    try {
+      await openTerminal(ctx, { cols: 80, rows: 24 });
+      await loadWebglStrict(ctx);
+      await createTerminalB(ctx);
+
+      const atlasShared = await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
+        return window.term._core?._renderService?._renderer?.value?._charAtlas === window.termB?._core?._renderService?._renderer?.value?._charAtlas;
+      });
+      expect(atlasShared, 'terminals with equal configs should share one texture atlas').toBe(true);
+
+      await writeToBAndWaitForRender(ctx, HEADER);
+      const reference = await captureRowSignatures(ctx, 1, HEADER_COLS);
+
+      // Terminal A alone clears the shared atlas, as embedders do to force a redraw (VS Code calls
+      // this for every terminal on OS resume). This wipes the pages that terminal B's model still
+      // holds texture coords into.
+      await ctx.proxy.clearTextureAtlas();
+
+      // Terminal A repopulates the cleared pages with a different glyph set, so B's stale coords now
+      // resolve to whatever A rasterized into those slots.
+      await writeAndWaitForRender(ctx, '\x1b[2;1H' + generateColoredAsciiFlood(23 * 78));
+
+      // Nudge B into a render that does not touch row 1, mirroring a terminal that is idle but
+      // visible. Row 1 must still be drawn from a model B rebuilt against the current atlas.
+      await writeToBAndWaitForRender(ctx, '\x1b[24;1Hx');
+      const termBHeader = await ctx.page.evaluate(() => window.termB?.buffer.active.getLine(0)?.translateToString(true));
+      expect(termBHeader, 'terminal B buffer must still contain the header').toBe(HEADER);
+
+      const after = await captureRowSignatures(ctx, 1, HEADER_COLS);
+      for (let i = 0; i < HEADER_COLS.length; i++) {
+        expectSignatureMatches(after[i], reference[i], `terminal B header col ${HEADER_COLS[i]} garbled by terminal A's atlas clear`);
+      }
+    } finally {
+      await ctx.page.close();
+    }
+  });
+});

addons/addon-webgl/typings/addon-webgl.d.ts

@@ -23,12 +23,12 @@ declare module '@xterm/addon-webgl' {
     public readonly onChangeTextureAtlas: IEvent<HTMLCanvasElement>;
 
     /**
-     * An event that is fired when the a new page is added to the texture atlas.
+     * An event that is fired when a new page is added to the texture atlas.
      */
     public readonly onAddTextureAtlasCanvas: IEvent<HTMLCanvasElement>;
 
     /**
-     * An event that is fired when the a page is removed from the texture atlas.
+     * An event that is fired when a page is removed from the texture atlas.
      */
     public readonly onRemoveTextureAtlasCanvas: IEvent<HTMLCanvasElement>;
 

bin/esbuild_all.mjs

@@ -19,14 +19,17 @@ for (const addon of addons) {
 // Demo job - This requires the others to be built so it's not included when building all
 // jobs.push(createJob('demo-client', [`--demo-client`]));
 
-await Promise.all(jobs.map((job, i) => {
+const codes = await Promise.all(jobs.map(job => {
   return new Promise(r => {
     job.cp.on('exit', code => {
       log(`Finished \x1b[32m${job.name}\x1b[0m${code ? ' \x1b[31mwith errors\x1b[0m' : ''}`);
-      r(code);
+      r(code ?? 1);
     });
   });
 }));
+if (codes.some(code => code !== 0)) {
+  process.exit(1);
+}
 
 /**
  * @param {string} message

bin/setup-full.mjs

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import { spawnSync } from 'node:child_process';
 import { basename, dirname, resolve, sep } from 'node:path';
 import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
 
-const repoRoot = resolve(dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url)), '../..');
+const repoRoot = resolve(dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url)), '..');
 const nodeModulesPath = resolve(repoRoot, 'node_modules');
 const npmExecutable = process.platform === 'win32' ? 'npm.cmd' : 'npm';
 
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ const npmExecutable = process.platform === 'win32' ? 'npm.cmd' : 'npm';
 
 /** @param {string} message */
 function log(message) {
-  console.info(`[setup-fast] ${message}`);
+  console.info(`[setup-full] ${message}`);
 }
 
 /** @param {string[]} args */

bin/test_integration.js

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ let argv = process.argv.slice(2);
 let suiteFilter = undefined;
 while (argv.some(e => e.startsWith('--suite='))) {
   const i = argv.findIndex(e => e.startsWith('--suite='));
-  const match = argv[i].match(/--suite=(?<suitename>.+)/)
+  const match = argv[i].match(/--suite=(?<suitename>.+)/);
   suiteFilter = match?.groups?.suitename ?? undefined;
   argv.splice(i, 1);
 }
@@ -42,12 +42,18 @@ if (suiteFilter) {
   configs = configs.filter(e => e.name === suiteFilter);
 }
 
+if (suiteFilter && configs.length === 0) {
+  console.error(`Unknown suite: ${suiteFilter}`);
+  process.exit(1);
+}
+
 function npmBinScript(script) {
   return path.resolve(__dirname, `../node_modules/.bin/` + (process.platform === 'win32' ?
     `${script}.cmd` : script));
 }
 
 async function run() {
+  let exitCode = 0;
   for (const config of configs) {
     const command = npmBinScript('playwright');
     const args = ['test', '-c', config.path, ...argv];
@@ -62,10 +68,13 @@ async function run() {
 
     if (run.error) {
       console.error(run.error);
-      process.exit(run.status ?? -1);
+      process.exit(run.status ?? 1);
     }
 
-    process.exit(run.status);
+    if (run.status) {
+      exitCode = run.status;
+    }
   }
+  process.exit(exitCode);
 }
 run();

bin/test_mousemodes.js

@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ const ENC = {
 }
 
 function printMenu() {
-  console.log('\x1b[2J\x1b\[HTest mouse reports [Ctrl-C to exit]');
+  console.log('\x1b[2J\x1b[HTest mouse reports [Ctrl-C to exit]');
   console.log();
   console.log('  Selected protocol [Ctrl-A to switch]');
   const protocols = Object.keys(PROTOCOLS);

bin/test_unit.js

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ if (process.argv.length > 2) {
   flagArgs = args.filter(e => e.startsWith('--'));
   // ability to inject particular test files via
   // npm run test [testFileA testFileB ...]
-  files = args.filter(e => !e.startsWith('--'));
+  const files = args.filter(e => !e.startsWith('--'));
   if (files.length) {
     testFiles = files;
   }
@@ -39,8 +39,6 @@ if (checkCoverage) {
     ...testFiles,
     ...flagArgs
   ];
-  console.info('executable', executable);
-  console.info('args', args);
   const run = cp.spawnSync(
     executable,
     args,
@@ -51,7 +49,7 @@ if (checkCoverage) {
       stdio: 'inherit'
     }
   );
-  process.exit(run.status);
+  process.exit(run.status ?? -1);
 }
 
 const run = cp.spawnSync(

demo/client/components/window/addonImageWindow.ts

@@ -67,6 +67,8 @@ export class AddonImageWindow extends BaseWindow implements IControlWindow {
     dlIip.appendChild(dtIip);
     this._addDdWithButton(dlIip, 'image-demo3', 'palette (png File)');
     this._addDdWithButton(dlIip, 'image-demo4', 'dice (qoi MultipartFile)');
+    this._addDdWithButton(dlIip, 'image-demo5', 'rose (webp File)');
+    this._addDdWithButton(dlIip, 'image-demo6', 'kimono (avif MultipartFile)');
     container.appendChild(dlIip);
 
     // Kitty demos
@@ -173,11 +175,15 @@ export class AddonImageWindow extends BaseWindow implements IControlWindow {
     document.getElementById('image-demo2')!.addEventListener('click',
       sixelDemo('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jerch/node-sixel/master/testfiles/test2.sixel'));
     document.getElementById('image-demo3')!.addEventListener('click',
-      iipDemo('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jerch/node-sixel/master/palette.png'));
+      iipDemo('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/master/addons/addon-image/fixture/palette.png'));
     document.getElementById('image-demo4')!.addEventListener('click',
-      iipDemoMulti('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jerch/xterm-wasm-parts/master/fixtures/qoi/dice.qoi'));
+      iipDemoMulti('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/master/addons/addon-image/fixture/testimages/dice.qoi'));
+    document.getElementById('image-demo5')!.addEventListener('click',
+      iipDemo('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/master/addons/addon-image/fixture/testimages/1_webp_a.webp'));
+    document.getElementById('image-demo6')!.addEventListener('click',
+      iipDemoMulti('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/master/addons/addon-image/fixture/testimages/kimono.crop.avif'));
     document.getElementById('image-demo-kitty1')!.addEventListener('click',
-      kittyDemo('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jerch/node-sixel/master/palette.png'));
+      kittyDemo('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/master/addons/addon-image/fixture/palette.png'));
 
     // demo for image retrieval API
     this._terminal.element!.addEventListener('click', (ev: MouseEvent) => {
@@ -197,11 +203,8 @@ export class AddonImageWindow extends BaseWindow implements IControlWindow {
       const pos = (this._terminal as any)._core._mouseCoordsService!.getCoords(ev, (this._terminal as any)._core.screenElement!, this._terminal.cols, this._terminal.rows);
       const x = pos[0] - 1;
       const y = pos[1] - 1;
-      const canvas = ev.shiftKey
-        // ctrl+shift+click: get single tile
-        ? imageAddon.extractTileAtBufferCell(x, this._terminal.buffer.active.viewportY + y)
-        // ctrl+click: get original image
-        : imageAddon.getImageAtBufferCell(x, this._terminal.buffer.active.viewportY + y);
+      // ctrl+click: get original image
+      const canvas = imageAddon.getImageAtBufferCell(x, this._terminal.buffer.active.viewportY + y);
       canvas?.toBlob(data => data && window.open(URL.createObjectURL(data), '_blank'));
     });
   }

demo/client/components/window/webglWindow.ts

@@ -11,8 +11,35 @@ export class WebglWindow extends BaseWindow implements IControlWindow {
   public readonly label = 'webgl';
 
   private _textureAtlasContainer!: HTMLElement;
+  private _stressRunning = false;
+  private _scrollOutput: HTMLInputElement | undefined;
 
   public build(container: HTMLElement): void {
+    const stressButtons = document.createElement('div');
+    const stressStart = document.createElement('button');
+    stressStart.id = 'stress-start';
+    stressStart.textContent = 'atlas stress start';
+    stressStart.addEventListener('click', () => this._stress());
+    stressButtons.appendChild(stressStart);
+
+    const stressStop = document.createElement('button');
+    stressStop.id = 'stress-stop';
+    stressStop.textContent = 'atlas stress stop';
+    stressStop.addEventListener('click', () => this._stressRunning = false);
+    stressButtons.appendChild(stressStop);
+    container.appendChild(stressButtons);
+
+    const stressOptions = document.createElement('div');
+    this._scrollOutput = document.createElement('input');
+    this._scrollOutput.type = 'checkbox';
+    this._scrollOutput.id = 'scroll-output';
+    stressOptions.appendChild(this._scrollOutput);
+    const scrollOutputLabel = document.createElement('label');
+    scrollOutputLabel.htmlFor = 'scroll-output';
+    scrollOutputLabel.textContent = 'Scroll output';
+    stressOptions.appendChild(scrollOutputLabel);
+    container.appendChild(stressOptions);
+
     const zoomCheckbox = document.createElement('input');
     zoomCheckbox.type = 'checkbox';
     zoomCheckbox.id = 'texture-atlas-zoom';
@@ -48,4 +75,33 @@ export class WebglWindow extends BaseWindow implements IControlWindow {
     canvas.style.width = `${canvas.width / dpr}px`;
     canvas.style.height = `${canvas.height / dpr}px`;
   }
+
+  private async _stress(): Promise<void> {
+    const TEXT = '!"#$%&\'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~';
+    if (this._stressRunning) {
+      return;
+    }
+    this._stressRunning = true;
+    const scrollOutput = !!(this._scrollOutput?.checked);
+    for (let r = 0; r < 256; r += 2) {
+      for (let g = 0; g < 256; g += 2) {
+        let s: string[] = [];
+        for (let b = 0; b < 256; b += 2) {
+          if (!this._stressRunning) {
+            return;
+          }
+          const rbg = `RGB: ${[r, g, b]}`;
+          s.push(`\r\x1b[38;2;${r};${g};${b}m${rbg.padEnd(18, ' ')}${TEXT}`);
+          if (s.length >= 16) {
+            if (scrollOutput) {
+              await new Promise<void>(r => this._terminal.write(s.join('\r\n') + '\r\n', r));
+            } else {
+              await new Promise<void>(r => this._terminal.write('\x1b[H' + s.join('\r\n'), r));
+            }
+            s = [];
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
 }

package-lock.json

@@ -663,9 +663,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@esbuild/aix-ppc64": {
-      "version": "0.28.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/aix-ppc64/-/aix-ppc64-0.28.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-lhRUCeuOyJQURhTxl4WkpFTjIsbDayJHih5kZC1giwE+MhIzAb7mEsQMqMf18rHLsrb5qI1tafG20mLxEWcWlA==",
+      "version": "0.28.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/aix-ppc64/-/aix-ppc64-0.28.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-Svl7tq8k/08+p6CXPpRjQ1fKX+1odH/BQbb48fV6fj3CWHhsoIOoY87w1oHXm0qEpkIK3ZfVgp0hed3XBXzXMQ==",
       "cpu": [
         "ppc64"
       ],
@@ -680,9 +680,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@esbuild/android-arm": {
-      "version": "0.28.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/android-arm/-/android-arm-0.28.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-wqh0ByljabXLKHeWXYLqoJ5jKC4XBaw6Hk08OfMrCRd2nP2ZQ5eleDZC41XHyCNgktBGYMbqnrJKq/K/lzPMSQ==",
+      "version": "0.28.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/android-arm/-/android-arm-0.28.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-0k2F129Xdio1TdJfzJ8sy1Q47vUD2NnwdhiAf7drUN1EBTfPf4hsFCtmMgu/6m8JSzsBrlmVjudMBQqOfG8usQ==",
       "cpu": [
         "arm"
       ],
@@ -697,9 +697,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@esbuild/android-arm64": {
-      "version": "0.28.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/android-arm64/-/android-arm64-0.28.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-+WzIXQOSaGs33tLEgYPYe/yQHf0WTU0X42Jca3y8NWMbUVhp7rUnw+vAsRC/QiDrdD31IszMrZy+qwPOPjd+rw==",
+      "version": "0.28.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/android-arm64/-/android-arm64-0.28.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-34EGEbCIAgosYz6goLcopX6Mo7NyGv9tfwEM2/7Ce2VcVRk568iSvniGWcUXIy7wEDR1wzolcxcriFVrWYcwBg==",
       "cpu": [
         "arm64"
       ],
@@ -714,9 +714,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@esbuild/android-x64": {
-      "version": "0.28.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/android-x64/-/android-x64-0.28.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-+VJggoaKhk2VNNqVL7f6S189UzShHC/mR9EE8rDdSkdpN0KflSwWY/gWjDrNxxisg8Fp1ZCD9jLMo4m0OUfeUA==",
+      "version": "0.28.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/android-x64/-/android-x64-0.28.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-dbwY7ltSMDWsRatcRpCnES4F+im88OCUgGZjy52shC7GqHRE/cYlxNbB4Z4UpJswpcc4Qxd2oE/ufM0p61IKng==",
       "cpu": [
         "x64"
       ],
@@ -731,9 +731,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@esbuild/darwin-arm64": {
-      "version": "0.28.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/darwin-arm64/-/darwin-arm64-0.28.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-0T+A9WZm+bZ84nZBtk1ckYsOvyA3x7e2Acj1KdVfV4/2tdG4fzUp91YHx+GArWLtwqp77pBXVCPn2We7Letr0Q==",
+      "version": "0.28.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/darwin-arm64/-/darwin-arm64-0.28.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-TZbWkQY7kvTAXbXUT7uVACR5cMHsDiSz9z7ZKAX/RTq/WJEk3QyRr0wZpNhBDX+/0CtdqUIJlOiodQcta6tY3Q==",
       "cpu": [
         "arm64"
       ],
@@ -748,9 +748,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@esbuild/darwin-x64": {
-      "version": "0.28.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/darwin-x64/-/darwin-x64-0.28.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-fyzLm/DLDl/84OCfp2f/XQ4flmORsjU7VKt8HLjvIXChJoFFOIL6pLJPH4Yhd1n1gGFF9mPwtlN5Wf82DZs+LQ==",
+      "version": "0.28.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/darwin-x64/-/darwin-x64-0.28.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-zfdzgK9ACBNZLI/CyHTOx81SyNbM6YXn7rxSgX97VjyiPl9W1i4Ka4fgKECEoFCKGpvBj5qArWIGgQjOwkgskQ==",
       "cpu": [
         "x64"
       ],
@@ -765,9 +765,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@esbuild/freebsd-arm64": {
-      "version": "0.28.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/freebsd-arm64/-/freebsd-arm64-0.28.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-l9GeW5UZBT9k9brBYI+0WDffcRxgHQD8ShN2Ur4xWq/NFzUKm3k5lsH4PdaRgb2w7mI9u61nr2gI2mLI27Nh3Q==",
+      "version": "0.28.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/freebsd-arm64/-/freebsd-arm64-0.28.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-wG2EA8ENdEI0qhkSZMjfqrdY+ziCYCPMmtZjjIwOmXFjmyzEHn+UUxk5of+SYsjtfs3VpnlC7QLzSI5hY/rOAw==",
       "cpu": [
         "arm64"
       ],
@@ -782,9 +782,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@esbuild/freebsd-x64": {
-      "version": "0.28.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/freebsd-x64/-/freebsd-x64-0.28.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-BXoQai/A0wPO6Es3yFJ7APCiKGc1tdAEOgeTNy3SsB491S3aHn4S4r3e976eUnPdU+NbdtmBuLncYir2tMU9Nw==",
+      "version": "0.28.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/freebsd-x64/-/freebsd-x64-0.28.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-i7dZ9vQgnvSCzi/rYCXNgtF/U+eKZNJBzu3eTQbRgHnM7tNSizLOkRFAl3qzVc/Op/u5YkHHa4pf/3DOYHthLQ==",
       "cpu": [
         "x64"
       ],
@@ -799,9 +799,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@esbuild/linux-arm": {
-      "version": "0.28.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-arm/-/linux-arm-0.28.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-CjaaREJagqJp7iTaNQjjidaNbCKYcd4IDkzbwwxtSvjI7NZm79qiHc8HqciMddQ6CKvJT6aBd8lO9kN/ZudLlw==",
+      "version": "0.28.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-arm/-/linux-arm-0.28.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-qVXBOHQS+d5Y722GwJzJUtOLlX7km3CraOaGormF1pDtPd2C/l1SHRPgjLunLGe51Sh5YYWKMFDyV4SxgMQYTQ==",
       "cpu": [
         "arm"
       ],
@@ -816,9 +816,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@esbuild/linux-arm64": {
-      "version": "0.28.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-arm64/-/linux-arm64-0.28.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-RVyzfb3FWsGA55n6WY0MEIEPURL1FcbhFE6BffZEMEekfCzCIMtB5yyDcFnVbTnwk+CLAgTujmV/Lgvih56W+A==",
+      "version": "0.28.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-arm64/-/linux-arm64-0.28.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-yHs+0uc8+nvEAfAfxrWQKK5peSNzBc4PegcMO0EJ2hT71uA7vB8Ihg2e77R2P7SG5uYjPbHlLLmve4LLLRCf0g==",
       "cpu": [
         "arm64"
       ],
@@ -833,9 +833,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@esbuild/linux-ia32": {
-      "version": "0.28.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-ia32/-/linux-ia32-0.28.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-KBnSTt1kxl9x70q+ydterVdl+Cn0H18ngRMRCEQfrbqdUuntQQ0LoMZv47uB97NljZFzY6HcfqEZ2SAyIUTQBQ==",
+      "version": "0.28.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-ia32/-/linux-ia32-0.28.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-d1z4ZuP0ajrfz/FhGT4vv278rX8KnPPJx8i5+AtK7TYbx9Le9F1hyzurZpkEyjkGa9dUGhQow4C1NmeGvqxN2w==",
       "cpu": [
         "ia32"
       ],
@@ -850,9 +850,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@esbuild/linux-loong64": {
-      "version": "0.28.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-loong64/-/linux-loong64-0.28.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-zpSlUce1mnxzgBADvxKXX5sl8aYQHo2ezvMNI8I0lbblJtp8V4odlm3Yzlj7gPyt3T8ReksE6bK+pT3WD+aJRg==",
+      "version": "0.28.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-loong64/-/linux-loong64-0.28.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-M5sRjUVZrkm1OAPR3dlOYzNmN+loZKGVi1VUQGrwuqLcbR6qeAz+famMhjASeH3YVKvZz+zT1jlh/keC3Rj/lg==",
       "cpu": [
         "loong64"
       ],
@@ -867,9 +867,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@esbuild/linux-mips64el": {
-      "version": "0.28.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-mips64el/-/linux-mips64el-0.28.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-2jIfP6mmjkdmeTlsX/9vmdmhBmKADrWqN7zcdtHIeNSCH1SqIoNI63cYsjQR8J+wGa4Y5izRcSHSm8K3QWmk3w==",
+      "version": "0.28.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-mips64el/-/linux-mips64el-0.28.1.tgz",
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       "version": "1.2.1",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/range-parser/-/range-parser-1.2.1.tgz",
@@ -6932,27 +6922,6 @@
         "tslib": "^2.1.0"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/safe-buffer": {
-      "version": "5.2.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/safe-buffer/-/safe-buffer-5.2.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-rp3So07KcdmmKbGvgaNxQSJr7bGVSVk5S9Eq1F+ppbRo70+YeaDxkw5Dd8NPN+GD6bjnYm2VuPuCXmpuYvmCXQ==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "funding": [
-        {
-          "type": "github",
-          "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/feross"
-        },
-        {
-          "type": "patreon",
-          "url": "https://www.patreon.com/feross"
-        },
-        {
-          "type": "consulting",
-          "url": "https://feross.org/support"
-        }
-      ],
-      "license": "MIT"
-    },
     "node_modules/safer-buffer": {
       "version": "2.1.2",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/safer-buffer/-/safer-buffer-2.1.2.tgz",
@@ -7078,13 +7047,13 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/serialize-javascript": {
-      "version": "6.0.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/serialize-javascript/-/serialize-javascript-6.0.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-Saa1xPByTTq2gdeFZYLLo+RFE35NHZkAbqZeWNd3BpzppeVisAqpDjcp8dyf6uIvEqJRd46jemmyA4iFIeVk8g==",
+      "version": "7.0.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/serialize-javascript/-/serialize-javascript-7.0.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-F4LcB0UqUl1zErq+1nYEEzSHJnIwb3AF2XWB94b+afhrekOUijwooAYqFyRbjYkm2PAKBabx6oYv/xDxNi8IBw==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "randombytes": "^2.1.0"
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=20.0.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/serve-static": {
@@ -7158,9 +7127,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/shell-quote": {
-      "version": "1.8.3",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/shell-quote/-/shell-quote-1.8.3.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-ObmnIF4hXNg1BqhnHmgbDETF8dLPCggZWBjkQfhZpbszZnYur5DUljTcCHii5LC3J5E0yeO/1LIMyH+UvHQgyw==",
+      "version": "1.9.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/shell-quote/-/shell-quote-1.9.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-Iov+JwFv/2HcTpcwNMKd8+IWNb8tboQJNQTkAY/LLVK7gGH9jy+LGkVqPxfekHl+yMmiqXszdGWXgkfml7hjqA==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "engines": {
@@ -8006,9 +7975,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/undici": {
-      "version": "7.25.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/undici/-/undici-7.25.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-xXnp4kTyor2Zq+J1FfPI6Eq3ew5h6Vl0F/8d9XU5zZQf1tX9s2Su1/3PiMmUANFULpmksxkClamIZcaUqryHsQ==",
+      "version": "7.29.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/undici/-/undici-7.29.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-IDxfleLmmbSskfWSUATiN1nfn2rDuvnMOqb5CWR92iIfojA0Ud+ulOAAEQ57LPr9rWmsreUyf5lwyao+7GNNVw==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "engines": {
@@ -8483,9 +8452,9 @@
       "license": "ISC"
     },
     "node_modules/ws": {
-      "version": "8.20.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ws/-/ws-8.20.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-It4dO0K5v//JtTXuPkfEOaI3uUN87iYPnqo/ZzqCoG3g8uhA66QUMs/SrM0YK7/NAu+r4LMh/9dq2A7k+rHs+w==",
+      "version": "8.21.3",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ws/-/ws-8.21.3.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-201TZ/kPWxoPr/OKWjquZR1SWKXcvxdH+e1xrx89b3YbmzLMFCLfnaG1HFIgWzJOEWZ7MvpK++odZufgYR50Rw==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "engines": {

package.json

@@ -11,6 +11,9 @@
   "workspaces": [
     "addons/*"
   ],
+  "overrides": {
+    "serialize-javascript": "^7.0.3"
+  },
   "keywords": [
     "cli",
     "command-line",
@@ -61,9 +64,9 @@
     "test-integration-firefox": "node ./bin/test_integration.js --workers=75% \"--project=FirefoxStable\"",
     "test-integration-webkit": "node ./bin/test_integration.js --workers=75% \"--project=WebKit\"",
     "test-integration-debug": "node ./bin/test_integration.js  --workers=1 --headed --timeout=30000",
-    "benchmark": "xterm-benchmark -r 5 -c test/benchmark/benchmark.json",
-    "benchmark-baseline": "xterm-benchmark -r 5 -c test/benchmark/benchmark.json --baseline out-test/benchmark/*benchmark.js",
-    "benchmark-eval": "xterm-benchmark -r 5 -c test/benchmark/benchmark.json --eval out-test/benchmark/*benchmark.js",
+    "benchmark": "NODE_PATH=./out xterm-benchmark -r 5 -c test/benchmark/benchmark.json",
+    "benchmark-baseline": "NODE_PATH=./out xterm-benchmark -r 5 -c test/benchmark/benchmark.json --baseline out-test/benchmark/*benchmark.js",
+    "benchmark-eval": "NODE_PATH=./out xterm-benchmark -r 5 -c test/benchmark/benchmark.json --eval out-test/benchmark/*benchmark.js",
     "clean": "rm -rf lib out addons/*/lib addons/*/out",
     "vtfeatures": "node bin/extract_vtfeatures.js src/*/*.ts src/*/*/*.ts src/*.ts addons/**/src/*.ts",
     "prepackage": "npm run build",

src/browser/CoreBrowserTerminal.ts

@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ export class CoreBrowserTerminal extends CoreTerminal implements ITerminal {
   private _keyDownHandled: boolean = false;
 
   /**
-   * Records whether a keydown event has occured since the last keyup event, i.e. whether a key
+   * Records whether a keydown event has occurred since the last keyup event, i.e. whether a key
    * is currently "pressed".
    */
   private _keyDownSeen: boolean = false;
@@ -492,6 +492,7 @@ export class CoreBrowserTerminal extends CoreTerminal implements ITerminal {
       // https://issuetracker.google.com/issues/260170397
       this.textarea.setAttribute('aria-multiline', 'false');
     }
+    this.textarea.setAttribute('autocomplete', 'off');
     this.textarea.setAttribute('autocorrect', 'off');
     this.textarea.setAttribute('autocapitalize', 'off');
     this.textarea.setAttribute('spellcheck', 'false');
@@ -1072,10 +1073,6 @@ export class CoreBrowserTerminal extends CoreTerminal implements ITerminal {
    * Clear the entire buffer, making the prompt line the new first line.
    */
   public clear(): void {
-    if (this.buffer.ybase === 0 && this.buffer.y === 0) {
-      // Don't clear if it's already clear
-      return;
-    }
     this.buffer.clearAllMarkers();
     this.buffer.lines.set(0, this.buffer.lines.get(this.buffer.ybase + this.buffer.y)!);
     this.buffer.lines.length = 1;
@@ -1140,13 +1137,13 @@ export class CoreBrowserTerminal extends CoreTerminal implements ITerminal {
 
     switch (type) {
       case WindowsOptionsReportType.GET_WIN_SIZE_PIXELS:
-        const canvasWidth = this._renderService.dimensions.css.canvas.width.toFixed(0);
-        const canvasHeight = this._renderService.dimensions.css.canvas.height.toFixed(0);
+        const canvasWidth = this._renderService.dimensions.device.canvas.width.toFixed(0);
+        const canvasHeight = this._renderService.dimensions.device.canvas.height.toFixed(0);
         this.coreService.triggerDataEvent(`${C0.ESC}[4;${canvasHeight};${canvasWidth}t`);
         break;
       case WindowsOptionsReportType.GET_CELL_SIZE_PIXELS:
-        const cellWidth = this._renderService.dimensions.css.cell.width.toFixed(0);
-        const cellHeight = this._renderService.dimensions.css.cell.height.toFixed(0);
+        const cellWidth = this._renderService.dimensions.device.cell.width.toFixed(0);
+        const cellHeight = this._renderService.dimensions.device.cell.height.toFixed(0);
         this.coreService.triggerDataEvent(`${C0.ESC}[6;${cellHeight};${cellWidth}t`);
         break;
     }

src/browser/RenderDebouncer.ts

@@ -31,9 +31,7 @@ export class RenderDebouncer implements IRenderDebouncerWithCallback {
 
   public addRefreshCallback(callback: FrameRequestCallback): number {
     this._refreshCallbacks.push(callback);
-    if (this._animationFrame === undefined) {
-      this._animationFrame = this._coreBrowserService.window.requestAnimationFrame(() => this._innerRefresh());
-    }
+    this._animationFrame ??= this._coreBrowserService.window.requestAnimationFrame(() => this._innerRefresh());
     return this._animationFrame;
   }
 

src/browser/input/Mouse.ts

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ export function getCoordsRelativeToElement(window: Pick<Window, 'getComputedStyl
  * select that cell and the right half will select the next cell.
  */
 export function getCoords(window: Pick<Window, 'getComputedStyle'>, event: Pick<MouseEvent, 'clientX' | 'clientY'>, element: HTMLElement, colCount: number, rowCount: number, hasValidCharSize: boolean, cssCellWidth: number, cssCellHeight: number, isSelection?: boolean): [number, number] | undefined {
-  // Coordinates cannot be measured if there are no valid
+  // Coordinates cannot be measured if there is no valid character size.
   if (!hasValidCharSize) {
     return undefined;
   }
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ export function getCoords(window: Pick<Window, 'getComputedStyle'>, event: Pick<
   coords[1] = Math.ceil(coords[1] / cssCellHeight);
 
   // Ensure coordinates are within the terminal viewport. Note that selections
-  // need an addition point of precision to cover the end point (as characters
+  // need an additional point of precision to cover the end point (as characters
   // cover half of one char and half of the next).
   coords[0] = Math.min(Math.max(coords[0], 1), colCount + (isSelection ? 1 : 0));
   coords[1] = Math.min(Math.max(coords[1], 1), rowCount);

src/browser/renderer/dom/DomRenderer.ts

@@ -536,9 +536,14 @@ export class DomRenderer extends Disposable implements IRenderer {
     for (let y = start; y <= end; y++) {
       const row = y + buffer.ydisp;
       const rowElement = this._rowElements[y];
+      if (!rowElement) {
+        continue;
+      }
       const lineData = buffer.lines.get(row);
-      if (!rowElement || !lineData) {
-        break;
+      if (!lineData) {
+        rowElement.replaceChildren();
+        this._setRowBlinkState(y, false);
+        continue;
       }
       rowElement.replaceChildren(
         ...this._rowFactory.createRow(
@@ -610,9 +615,14 @@ export class DomRenderer extends Disposable implements IRenderer {
     for (let i = y; i <= y2; ++i) {
       const row = i + buffer.ydisp;
       const rowElement = this._rowElements[i];
+      if (!rowElement) {
+        continue;
+      }
       const bufferline = buffer.lines.get(row);
-      if (!rowElement || !bufferline) {
-        break;
+      if (!bufferline) {
+        rowElement.replaceChildren();
+        this._setRowBlinkState(i, false);
+        continue;
       }
       rowElement.replaceChildren(
         ...this._rowFactory.createRow(

src/browser/renderer/dom/DomRendererRowFactory.test.ts

@@ -6,16 +6,14 @@
 import jsdom = require('jsdom');
 import { assert } from 'chai';
 import { DomRendererRowFactory } from './DomRendererRowFactory';
-import { NULL_CELL_CODE, NULL_CELL_WIDTH, NULL_CELL_CHAR, DEFAULT_ATTR, FgFlags, BgFlags, Attributes, UnderlineStyle } from '../../../common/buffer/Constants';
+import { DEFAULT_ATTR, FgFlags, BgFlags, Attributes, UnderlineStyle } from '../../../common/buffer/Constants';
 import { BufferLine, DEFAULT_ATTR_DATA } from '../../../common/buffer/BufferLine';
-import { BufferLineStringCache } from '../../../common/buffer/BufferLineStringCache';
 import { IBufferLine } from '../../../common/buffer/Types';
 import { CellData } from '../../../common/buffer/CellData';
 import { MockCoreService, MockDecorationService, MockOptionsService, createCellData, NULL_CELL_DATA } from '../../../common/TestUtils.test';
 import { MockCharacterJoinerService, MockCoreBrowserService, MockThemeService } from '../../TestUtils.test';
 import { TestWidthCache } from './WidthCache.test';
 
-const TEST_STRING_CACHE = new BufferLineStringCache();
 
 describe('DomRendererRowFactory', () => {
   let dom: jsdom.JSDOM;
@@ -517,7 +515,7 @@ describe('DomRendererRowFactory', () => {
   }
 
   function createEmptyLineData(cols: number): IBufferLine {
-    const lineData = new BufferLine(TEST_STRING_CACHE, cols);
+    const lineData = new BufferLine(cols);
     for (let i = 0; i < cols; i++) {
       lineData.setCell(i, NULL_CELL_DATA);
     }

src/browser/selection/SelectionModel.test.ts

@@ -64,6 +64,13 @@ describe('SelectionModel', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(model.finalSelectionStart, undefined);
       assert.deepEqual(model.finalSelectionEnd, undefined);
     });
+    it('should reset selection start to origin when start row is trimmed', () => {
+      model.selectionStart = [50, 0];
+      model.selectionEnd = [10, 2];
+      assert.equal(model.handleTrim(1), true);
+      assert.deepEqual(model.finalSelectionStart, [0, 0]);
+      assert.deepEqual(model.finalSelectionEnd, [10, 1]);
+    });
   });
 
   describe('finalSelectionStart', () => {

src/browser/selection/SelectionModel.ts

@@ -135,9 +135,10 @@ export class SelectionModel {
       return true;
     }
 
-    // If the selection start is trimmed, ensure the start column is 0.
+    // If the selection start row is trimmed away, reset to the buffer origin.
     if (this.selectionStart && this.selectionStart[1] < 0) {
-      this.selectionStart[1] = 0;
+      this.selectionStart = [0, 0];
+      return true;
     }
     return false;
   }

src/browser/services/CharacterJoinerService.test.ts

@@ -7,12 +7,10 @@ import { assert } from 'chai';
 import { ICharacterJoinerService } from './Services';
 import { CharacterJoinerService } from './CharacterJoinerService';
 import { BufferLine } from '../../common/buffer/BufferLine';
-import { BufferLineStringCache } from '../../common/buffer/BufferLineStringCache';
 import { IBufferLine } from '../../common/buffer/Types';
 import { CellData } from '../../common/buffer/CellData';
 import { MockBufferService, createCellData } from '../../common/TestUtils.test';
 
-const TEST_STRING_CACHE = new BufferLineStringCache();
 
 describe('CharacterJoinerService', () => {
   let service: ICharacterJoinerService;
@@ -25,7 +23,7 @@ describe('CharacterJoinerService', () => {
     lines.set(2, lineData([['a -> b -', 0xFFFFFFFF], ['> c -> d', 0]]));
 
     lines.set(3, lineData([['no joined ranges']]));
-    lines.set(4, new BufferLine(TEST_STRING_CACHE, 0));
+    lines.set(4, new BufferLine(0));
     lines.set(5, lineData([['a', 0x11111111], [' -> b -> c -> '], ['d', 0x22222222]]));
     const line6 = lineData([['wi']]);
     line6.resize(line6.length + 1, createCellData(0, '￥', 2));
@@ -270,7 +268,7 @@ describe('CharacterJoinerService', () => {
 type IPartialLineData = ([string] | [string, number]);
 
 function lineData(data: IPartialLineData[]): IBufferLine {
-  const tline = new BufferLine(TEST_STRING_CACHE, 0);
+  const tline = new BufferLine(0);
   for (let i = 0; i < data.length; ++i) {
     const line = data[i][0];
     const attr = (data[i][1] || 0) as number;

src/browser/services/CharacterJoinerService.ts

@@ -100,6 +100,7 @@ export class CharacterJoinerService implements ICharacterJoinerService {
 
     const ranges: [number, number][] = [];
     const lineStr = line.translateToString(true);
+    const trimmedLength = line.getTrimmedLength();
 
     // Because some cells can be represented by multiple javascript characters,
     // we track the cell and the string indexes separately. This allows us to
@@ -111,7 +112,7 @@ export class CharacterJoinerService implements ICharacterJoinerService {
     let rangeAttrFG = line.getFg(0);
     let rangeAttrBG = line.getBg(0);
 
-    for (let x = 0; x < line.getTrimmedLength(); x++) {
+    for (let x = 0; x < trimmedLength; x++) {
       line.loadCell(x, this._workCell);
 
       if (this._workCell.getWidth() === 0) {
@@ -147,7 +148,7 @@ export class CharacterJoinerService implements ICharacterJoinerService {
     }
 
     // Process any trailing ranges.
-    if (this._bufferService.cols - rangeStartColumn > 1) {
+    if (trimmedLength - rangeStartColumn > 1) {
       const joinedRanges = this._getJoinedRanges(
         lineStr,
         rangeStartStringIndex,
@@ -216,7 +217,8 @@ export class CharacterJoinerService implements ICharacterJoinerService {
       return;
     }
 
-    for (let x = startCol; x < this._bufferService.cols; x++) {
+    const trimmedLength = line.getTrimmedLength();
+    for (let x = startCol; x < trimmedLength; x++) {
       const width = line.getWidth(x);
       const length = line.getString(x).length || WHITESPACE_CELL_CHAR.length;
 
@@ -264,7 +266,7 @@ export class CharacterJoinerService implements ICharacterJoinerService {
     // If there is still a range left at the end, it must extend all the way to
     // the end of the line.
     if (currentRange) {
-      currentRange[1] = this._bufferService.cols;
+      currentRange[1] = trimmedLength;
     }
   }
 

src/browser/services/MouseService.test.ts

@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ describe('MouseService _triggerMouseEvent', () => {
       for (let i = 0; i < bufferService.cols; ++i) {
         assert.equal(trigger({ col: i, row: 0, x: 0, y: 0, button: CoreMouseButton.LEFT, action: CoreMouseAction.DOWN }), true);
         if (i > 222) {
-          // supress mouse reports if we are out of addressible range (max. 222)
+          // suppress mouse reports if we are out of addressable range (max. 222)
           assert.deepEqual(toBytes(reports.pop()), []);
         } else {
           assert.deepEqual(toBytes(reports.pop()), [0x1b, 0x5b, 0x4d, 0x20, i + 33, 0x21]);
@@ -351,3 +351,96 @@ describe('MouseService mouseEventsRequireAlt', () => {
     assert.isFalse(element.classList.contains(MouseEventCssClasses.ENABLE_MOUSE_EVENTS));
   });
 });
+
+describe('MouseService multi-window', () => {
+  interface IRecordingDocument {
+    doc: Document;
+    added: string[];
+    removed: string[];
+    listeners: { [type: string]: EventListener[] };
+  }
+
+  function createRecordingDocument(): IRecordingDocument {
+    const added: string[] = [];
+    const removed: string[] = [];
+    const listeners: { [type: string]: EventListener[] } = {};
+    const doc = {
+      addEventListener: (type: string, listener: EventListener) => {
+        added.push(type);
+        (listeners[type] ??= []).push(listener);
+      },
+      removeEventListener: (type: string) => removed.push(type)
+    } as any;
+    return { doc, added, removed, listeners };
+  }
+
+  it('should manage protocol mouseup/mousemove listeners on the element\'s current document, not the document the terminal was opened with', () => {
+    const mouseStateService = new MouseStateService();
+    const optionsService = new OptionsService({});
+    const mouseService = new MouseService(
+      new MockRenderService(),
+      {
+        getMouseReportCoords: () => ({ col: 0, row: 0, x: 0, y: 0 })
+      } as any,
+      mouseStateService,
+      {
+        triggerDataEvent: () => {},
+        triggerBinaryEvent: () => {},
+        decPrivateModes: { applicationCursorKeys: false }
+      } as any,
+      bufferService,
+      optionsService,
+      new TestSelectionService(),
+      logService,
+      new MockCoreBrowserService()
+    );
+
+    // Simulate a terminal that was opened with one document but whose element now lives in
+    // another document (eg. it was moved to a child window)
+    const openDocument = createRecordingDocument();
+    const childDocument = createRecordingDocument();
+    const elementListeners: { [type: string]: EventListener[] } = {};
+    const element = {
+      classList: {
+        add: () => {},
+        remove: () => {},
+        contains: () => false
+      },
+      addEventListener: (type: string, listener: EventListener) => {
+        (elementListeners[type] ??= []).push(listener);
+      },
+      removeEventListener: () => {},
+      ownerDocument: childDocument.doc
+    } as any;
+
+    mouseService.bindMouse({
+      element,
+      screenElement: createTestMouseTargetElement(),
+      document: openDocument.doc
+    }, disposable => disposable, () => {});
+    mouseStateService.activeProtocol = 'ANY';
+
+    elementListeners['mousedown'][0]({
+      type: 'mousedown',
+      button: 0,
+      buttons: 1,
+      altKey: false,
+      ctrlKey: false,
+      shiftKey: false,
+      preventDefault: () => {}
+    } as any);
+    assert.deepEqual(childDocument.added, ['mouseup', 'mousemove']);
+    assert.deepEqual(openDocument.added, []);
+
+    childDocument.listeners['mouseup'][0]({
+      type: 'mouseup',
+      button: 0,
+      buttons: 0,
+      altKey: false,
+      ctrlKey: false,
+      shiftKey: false
+    } as any);
+    assert.deepEqual(childDocument.removed, ['mouseup', 'mousemove']);
+    assert.deepEqual(openDocument.removed, []);
+  });
+});

src/browser/services/MouseService.ts

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import { addDisposableListener } from '../Dom';
 import { IBufferService, IMouseStateService, ICoreService, ILogService, IOptionsService } from '../../common/services/Services';
 import { CoreMouseAction, CoreMouseButton, CoreMouseEventType, ICoreMouseEvent, IDisposable } from '../../common/Types';
 import { C0 } from '../../common/data/EscapeSequences';
-import { DisposableStore, MutableDisposable, toDisposable } from '../../common/Lifecycle';
+import { DisposableStore, MutableDisposable } from '../../common/Lifecycle';
 import { ICoreBrowserService, IMouseCoordsService, IMouseService, IMouseServiceTarget, IRenderService, ISelectionService } from './Services';
 import { Gesture, EventType as GestureEventType, IGestureEvent } from '../scrollable/touch';
 
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ interface IMouseBindContext {
   readonly target: IMouseServiceTarget;
   readonly focus: () => void;
   readonly requestedEvents: RequestedMouseEvents;
+  readonly mouseupListener: MutableDisposable<IDisposable>;
+  readonly mousedragListener: MutableDisposable<IDisposable>;
 }
 
 export class MouseService implements IMouseService {
@@ -61,7 +63,11 @@ export class MouseService implements IMouseService {
       mousedrag: null,
       mousemove: null
     };
-    const ctx: IMouseBindContext = { target, focus, requestedEvents };
+    const mouseupListener = new MutableDisposable<IDisposable>();
+    const mousedragListener = new MutableDisposable<IDisposable>();
+    register(mouseupListener);
+    register(mousedragListener);
+    const ctx: IMouseBindContext = { target, focus, requestedEvents, mouseupListener, mousedragListener };
     const eventListeners: Record<'mouseup' | 'wheel' | 'mousedrag' | 'mousemove', EventListener> = {
       mouseup: (ev: Event) => this._handleMouseUp(ctx, ev as MouseEvent),
       wheel: (ev: Event) => this._handleWheel(ctx, ev as WheelEvent),
@@ -85,16 +91,6 @@ export class MouseService implements IMouseService {
     // force initial onProtocolChange so we dont miss early mouse requests
     this._mouseStateService.activeProtocol = this._mouseStateService.activeProtocol;
 
-    // Ensure document-level listeners are removed on dispose
-    register(toDisposable(() => {
-      if (requestedEvents.mouseup) {
-        document.removeEventListener('mouseup', requestedEvents.mouseup);
-      }
-      if (requestedEvents.mousedrag) {
-        document.removeEventListener('mousemove', requestedEvents.mousedrag);
-      }
-    }));
-
     /**
      * "Always on" event listeners.
      */
@@ -199,12 +195,8 @@ export class MouseService implements IMouseService {
     this._sendEvent(ctx, ev);
     if (!ev.buttons) {
       // if no other button is held remove global handlers
-      if (ctx.requestedEvents.mouseup) {
-        ctx.target.document.removeEventListener('mouseup', ctx.requestedEvents.mouseup);
-      }
-      if (ctx.requestedEvents.mousedrag) {
-        ctx.target.document.removeEventListener('mousemove', ctx.requestedEvents.mousedrag);
-      }
+      ctx.mouseupListener.clear();
+      ctx.mousedragListener.clear();
     }
   }
 
@@ -246,11 +238,14 @@ export class MouseService implements IMouseService {
     // of the terminal element.
     // Note: Other emulators also do this for 'mousedown' while a button
     // is held, we currently limit 'mousedown' to the terminal only.
+    // Use the element's current document in case it moved to another window after open.
+    const { element, document: targetDocument } = ctx.target;
+    const listenerDocument = element.ownerDocument ?? targetDocument;
     if (ctx.requestedEvents.mouseup) {
-      ctx.target.document.addEventListener('mouseup', ctx.requestedEvents.mouseup);
+      ctx.mouseupListener.value = addDisposableListener(listenerDocument, 'mouseup', ctx.requestedEvents.mouseup);
     }
     if (ctx.requestedEvents.mousedrag) {
-      ctx.target.document.addEventListener('mousemove', ctx.requestedEvents.mousedrag);
+      ctx.mousedragListener.value = addDisposableListener(listenerDocument, 'mousemove', ctx.requestedEvents.mousedrag);
     }
   }
 
@@ -398,7 +393,7 @@ export class MouseService implements IMouseService {
   }
 
   private _handleProtocolChange(ctx: IMouseBindContext, eventListeners: Record<'mouseup' | 'wheel' | 'mousedrag' | 'mousemove', EventListener>, events: CoreMouseEventType): void {
-    const { element, document } = ctx.target;
+    const { element } = ctx.target;
     const { requestedEvents } = ctx;
     // apply global changes on events
     if (events) {
@@ -433,18 +428,14 @@ export class MouseService implements IMouseService {
     }
 
     if (!(events & CoreMouseEventType.UP)) {
-      if (requestedEvents.mouseup) {
-        document.removeEventListener('mouseup', requestedEvents.mouseup);
-      }
+      ctx.mouseupListener.clear();
       requestedEvents.mouseup = null;
     } else {
       requestedEvents.mouseup ??= eventListeners.mouseup;
     }
 
     if (!(events & CoreMouseEventType.DRAG)) {
-      if (requestedEvents.mousedrag) {
-        document.removeEventListener('mousemove', requestedEvents.mousedrag);
-      }
+      ctx.mousedragListener.clear();
       requestedEvents.mousedrag = null;
     } else {
       requestedEvents.mousedrag ??= eventListeners.mousedrag;

src/browser/services/SelectionService.test.ts

@@ -9,13 +9,11 @@ import { SelectionModel } from '../selection/SelectionModel';
 import { IBuffer, IBufferLine } from '../../common/buffer/Types';
 import { MockBufferService, MockOptionsService, MockCoreService, MockMouseStateService, createCellData } from '../../common/TestUtils.test';
 import { BufferLine } from '../../common/buffer/BufferLine';
-import { BufferLineStringCache } from '../../common/buffer/BufferLineStringCache';
 import { IBufferService, IOptionsService } from '../../common/services/Services';
 import { MockCoreBrowserService, MockMouseService, MockRenderService } from '../TestUtils.test';
 import { CellData } from '../../common/buffer/CellData';
 import { IRenderService } from './Services';
 
-const TEST_STRING_CACHE = new BufferLineStringCache();
 
 class TestSelectionService extends SelectionService {
   constructor(
@@ -60,7 +58,7 @@ describe('SelectionService', () => {
   });
 
   function stringToRow(text: string): IBufferLine {
-    const result = new BufferLine(TEST_STRING_CACHE, text.length);
+    const result = new BufferLine(text.length);
     for (let i = 0; i < text.length; i++) {
       result.setCell(i, createCellData(0, text.charAt(i), 1));
     }
@@ -68,7 +66,7 @@ describe('SelectionService', () => {
   }
 
   function stringArrayToRow(chars: string[]): IBufferLine {
-    const line = new BufferLine(TEST_STRING_CACHE, chars.length);
+    const line = new BufferLine(chars.length);
     chars.map((c, idx) => line.setCell(idx, createCellData(0, c, 1)));
     return line;
   }
@@ -123,7 +121,7 @@ describe('SelectionService', () => {
         [0, 'o', 1, 'o'.charCodeAt(0)],
         [0, 'o', 1, 'o'.charCodeAt(0)]
       ];
-      const line = new BufferLine(TEST_STRING_CACHE, data.length);
+      const line = new BufferLine(data.length);
       for (let i = 0; i < data.length; ++i) line.setCell(i, CellData.fromCharData(data[i]));
       buffer.lines.set(0, line);
       // Ensure wide characters take up 2 columns

src/browser/services/SelectionService.ts

@@ -704,7 +704,7 @@ export class SelectionService extends Disposable implements ISelectionService {
         if (this._activeSelectionMode !== SelectionMode.COLUMN) {
           this._model.selectionEnd[0] = this._bufferService.cols;
         }
-        this._model.selectionEnd[1] = Math.min(buffer.ydisp + this._bufferService.rows, buffer.lines.length - 1);
+        this._model.selectionEnd[1] = Math.min(buffer.ydisp + this._bufferService.rows - 1, buffer.lines.length - 1);
       } else {
         if (this._activeSelectionMode !== SelectionMode.COLUMN) {
           this._model.selectionEnd[0] = 0;

src/browser/services/ThemeService.ts

@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ export class ThemeService extends Disposable implements IThemeService {
         colors.ansi[i + 16] = parseColor(theme.extendedAnsi[i], DEFAULT_ANSI_COLORS[i + 16]);
       }
     }
-    // Clear our the cache
+    // Clear the cache
     this._contrastCache.clear();
     this._halfContrastCache.clear();
     this._updateRestoreColors();

src/common/Color.ts

@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ export function toPaddedHex(c: number): string {
 /**
  * Gets the contrast ratio between two relative luminance values.
  * @param l1 The first relative luminance.
- * @param l2 The first relative luminance.
+ * @param l2 The second relative luminance.
  * @see https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20/#contrast-ratiodef
  */
 export function contrastRatio(l1: number, l2: number): number {

src/common/Event.ts

@@ -27,11 +27,13 @@ export class Emitter<T> {
       }
 
       const entry = { fn: listener, thisArgs };
+      this._listeners = this._listeners.slice();
       this._listeners.push(entry);
 
       const result = toDisposable(() => {
         const idx = this._listeners.indexOf(entry);
         if (idx !== -1) {
+          this._listeners = this._listeners.slice();
           this._listeners.splice(idx, 1);
         }
       });
@@ -50,23 +52,16 @@ export class Emitter<T> {
   }
 
   public fire(event: T): void {
-    if (this._disposed) {
+    if (this._disposed || !this._listeners.length) {
       return;
     }
-    switch (this._listeners.length) {
-      case 0: return;
-      case 1: {
-        const { fn, thisArgs } = this._listeners[0];
-        fn.call(thisArgs, event);
-        return;
-      }
-      default: {
-        // Snapshot listeners to allow modifications during iteration (2+ listeners)
-        const listeners = this._listeners.slice();
-        for (const { fn, thisArgs } of listeners) {
-          fn.call(thisArgs, event);
-        }
-      }
+    if (this._listeners.length === 1) {
+      this._listeners[0].fn.call(this._listeners[0].thisArgs, event);
+      return;
+    }
+    const listeners = this._listeners;
+    for (let i = 0, len = listeners.length; i < len; ++i) {
+      listeners[i].fn.call(listeners[i].thisArgs, event);
     }
   }
 

src/common/InputHandler.test.ts

@@ -16,8 +16,10 @@ import { MockCoreService, MockBufferService, MockOptionsService, MockLogService,
 import { IBufferService, ICoreService, type IOscLinkService } from './services/Services';
 import { DEFAULT_OPTIONS } from './services/OptionsService';
 import { BufferService } from './services/BufferService';
+import { CharsetService } from './services/CharsetService';
 import { CoreService } from './services/CoreService';
 import { OscLinkService } from './services/OscLinkService';
+import { CHARSETS } from './data/Charsets';
 
 
 function getCursor(bufferService: IBufferService): number[] {
@@ -639,19 +641,38 @@ describe('InputHandler', () => {
   });
   describe('print', () => {
     it('should not cause an infinite loop (regression test)', () => {
-      const inputHandler = new TestInputHandler(
-        new MockBufferService(80, 30),
-        new MockCharsetService(),
-        new MockCoreService(),
-        new MockLogService(),
-        new MockOptionsService(),
-        new MockOscLinkService(),
-        new MockMouseStateService(),
-        new MockUnicodeService()
-      );
       const container = new Uint32Array(10);
       container[0] = 0x200B;
+      const lineCountBefore = bufferService.buffer.lines.length;
       inputHandler.print(container, 0, 1);
+      assert.strictEqual(bufferService.buffer.y, 0);
+      assert.strictEqual(bufferService.buffer.lines.length, lineCountBefore);
+    });
+    it('should join combining characters in a single print', async () => {
+      await inputHandler.parseP('e\u0301');
+      assert.strictEqual(bufferService.buffer.translateBufferLineToString(0, true), 'e\u0301');
+      assert.strictEqual(bufferService.buffer.x, 1);
+    });
+    it('should join combining characters split across parse calls', async () => {
+      await inputHandler.parseP('e');
+      await inputHandler.parseP('\u0301');
+      assert.strictEqual(bufferService.buffer.translateBufferLineToString(0, true), 'e\u0301');
+      assert.strictEqual(bufferService.buffer.x, 1);
+    });
+    it('should repeat preceding grapheme cluster via REP', async () => {
+      await inputHandler.parseP('e\u0301\x1b[2b');
+      assert.strictEqual(bufferService.buffer.translateBufferLineToString(0, true), 'e\u0301e\u0301e\u0301');
+      assert.strictEqual(bufferService.buffer.x, 3);
+    });
+    it('should not repeat when REP has no preceding join state', async () => {
+      await inputHandler.parseP('\x1b[2b');
+      assert.strictEqual(bufferService.buffer.translateBufferLineToString(0, true), '');
+      assert.strictEqual(bufferService.buffer.x, 0);
+    });
+    it('should not repeat after an intervening escape sequence', async () => {
+      await inputHandler.parseP('a\x1b[0m\x1b[2b');
+      assert.strictEqual(bufferService.buffer.translateBufferLineToString(0, true), 'a');
+      assert.strictEqual(bufferService.buffer.x, 1);
     });
     it('should clear cells to the right on early wrap-around', async () => {
       bufferService.resize(5, 5);
@@ -668,6 +689,49 @@ describe('InputHandler', () => {
     });
   });
 
+  describe('ISO-2022 character sets', () => {
+    let charsetService: CharsetService;
+
+    beforeEach(() => {
+      charsetService = new CharsetService();
+      inputHandler = new TestInputHandler(
+        bufferService,
+        charsetService,
+        coreService,
+        new MockLogService(),
+        optionsService,
+        oscLinkService,
+        new MockMouseStateService(),
+        new MockUnicodeService()
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('should map G0 line drawing via ESC ( 0', async () => {
+      await inputHandler.parseP('\x1b(0q\x1b(Bq');
+      assert.strictEqual(bufferService.buffer.translateBufferLineToString(0, true), '\u2500q');
+    });
+
+    it('should map G1 line drawing after ESC ) 0 and SO', async () => {
+      await inputHandler.parseP('\x1b)0\x0eq\x0f\x1b(Bq');
+      assert.strictEqual(bufferService.buffer.translateBufferLineToString(0, true), '\u2500q');
+    });
+
+    it('should restore charset and glevel on ESC 7 / ESC 8', async () => {
+      await inputHandler.parseP('\x1b)0\x0e');
+      assert.strictEqual(charsetService.glevel, 1);
+      assert.strictEqual(charsetService.charset, CHARSETS['0']);
+      await inputHandler.parseP('\x1b7');
+      await inputHandler.parseP('\x0f\x1b(B');
+      assert.strictEqual(charsetService.glevel, 0);
+      assert.ok(charsetService.charset === undefined);
+      await inputHandler.parseP('\x1b8');
+      assert.strictEqual(charsetService.glevel, 1);
+      assert.strictEqual(charsetService.charset, CHARSETS['0']);
+      await inputHandler.parseP('q');
+      assert.strictEqual(bufferService.buffer.translateBufferLineToString(0, true), '\u2500');
+    });
+  });
+
   describe('alt screen', () => {
     let bufferService: IBufferService;
     let handler: TestInputHandler;
@@ -1182,6 +1246,19 @@ describe('InputHandler', () => {
       await inputHandler.parseP('\x1b[100;100H');
       assert.deepEqual(getCursor(bufferService), [9, 9]);
     });
+    it('cursor position (CUP) with DECOM and scroll margins', async () => {
+      await inputHandler.parseP('\x1b[?6h\x1b[2;3r\x1b[1;1H');
+      assert.deepEqual(getCursor(bufferService), [0, 1]);
+      await inputHandler.parseP('X');
+      assert.strictEqual(getLines(bufferService, 3)[1], 'X');
+      await inputHandler.parseP('\x1b[2;1H');
+      assert.deepEqual(getCursor(bufferService), [0, 2]);
+      await inputHandler.parseP('\x1b[10;10H');
+      assert.deepEqual(getCursor(bufferService), [9, 2]);
+      await inputHandler.parseP('\x1b[?6l');
+      await inputHandler.parseP('\x1b[2;1H');
+      assert.deepEqual(getCursor(bufferService), [0, 1]);
+    });
     it('horizontal position absolute (HPA)', async () => {
       await inputHandler.parseP('\x1b[`');
       assert.deepEqual(getCursor(bufferService), [0, 0]);
@@ -1241,7 +1318,7 @@ describe('InputHandler', () => {
       await inputHandler.parseP('\x1b[e');
       assert.deepEqual(getCursor(bufferService), [8, 5]);
     });
-    describe('should clamp cursor into addressible range', () => {
+    describe('should clamp cursor into addressable range', () => {
       it('CUF', async () => {
         bufferService.buffer.x = 10000;
         bufferService.buffer.y = 10000;
@@ -2317,6 +2394,54 @@ describe('InputHandler', () => {
     });
   });
 
+  describe('ED3 - erase saved lines', () => {
+    beforeEach(() => {
+      bufferService.resize(10, 5);
+    });
+    it('should stop locking the viewport when the scrollback the user scrolled into is erased', async () => {
+      for (let i = 0; i < 20; ++i) {
+        await inputHandler.parseP(`old ${i}\r\n`);
+      }
+      bufferService.scrollLines(-5);
+      assert.strictEqual(bufferService.isUserScrolling, true);
+
+      await inputHandler.parseP('\x1b[3J');
+
+      assert.strictEqual(bufferService.isUserScrolling, false);
+      assert.strictEqual(bufferService.buffer.ybase, 0);
+      assert.strictEqual(bufferService.buffer.ydisp, 0);
+
+      for (let i = 0; i < 20; ++i) {
+        await inputHandler.parseP(`new ${i}\r\n`);
+      }
+
+      assert.strictEqual(bufferService.buffer.ydisp, bufferService.buffer.ybase);
+    });
+    it('should not reset the scroll position when erasing scrollback on a resized alt buffer', async () => {
+      bufferService.resize(10, 50);
+      bufferService.resize(10, 5);
+      for (let i = 0; i < 20; ++i) {
+        await inputHandler.parseP(`old ${i}\r\n`);
+      }
+      bufferService.scrollLines(-5);
+      const ydisp = bufferService.buffer.ydisp;
+
+      await inputHandler.parseP('\x1b[?1049h');
+      for (let i = 0; i < 20; ++i) {
+        await inputHandler.parseP(`new ${i}\r\n`);
+      }
+      await inputHandler.parseP('\x1b[3J\x1b[?1049l');
+
+      assert.strictEqual(bufferService.isUserScrolling, true);
+      assert.strictEqual(bufferService.buffer.ydisp, ydisp);
+
+      await inputHandler.parseP('more\r\n');
+
+      assert.strictEqual(bufferService.isUserScrolling, true);
+      assert.strictEqual(bufferService.buffer.ydisp, ydisp);
+    });
+  });
+
   describe('DECSCA and DECSED/DECSEL', () => {
     it('default is unprotected', async () => {
       await inputHandler.parseP('some text');

src/common/InputHandler.ts

@@ -1286,6 +1286,11 @@ export class InputHandler extends Disposable implements IInputHandler {
           this._activeBuffer.lines.trimStart(scrollBackSize);
           this._activeBuffer.ybase = Math.max(this._activeBuffer.ybase - scrollBackSize, 0);
           this._activeBuffer.ydisp = Math.max(this._activeBuffer.ydisp - scrollBackSize, 0);
+          // isUserScrolling tracks the normal buffer's viewport, so ED3 on the alt
+          // screen must not touch it
+          if (this._activeBuffer === this._bufferService.buffers.normal) {
+            this._bufferService.isUserScrolling = false;
+          }
           // Force a scroll event to refresh viewport
           this._onScroll.fire(0);
         }

src/common/Platform.ts

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ export function getSafariVersion(): number {
   return parseInt(majorVersion[1], 10);
 }
 
-// Find the users platform. We use this to interpret the meta key
+// Find the user's platform. We use this to interpret the meta key
 // and ISO third level shifts.
 // http://stackoverflow.com/q/19877924/577598
 export const isMac = ['Macintosh', 'MacIntel', 'MacPPC', 'Mac68K'].includes(platform);

src/common/TaskQueue.ts

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import type { ILogService } from './services/Services';
 interface ITaskQueue {
   /**
    * Adds a task to the queue which will run in a future idle callback.
-   * To avoid perceivable stalls on the mainthread, tasks with heavy workload
+   * To avoid perceivable stalls on the main thread, tasks with heavy workload
    * should split their work into smaller pieces and return `true` to get
    * called again until the work is done (on falsy return value).
    */

src/common/Types.ts

@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ export interface ICoreMouseEvent {
   x: number;
   y: number;
   /**
-   * Button the action occured. Due to restrictions of the tracking protocols
+   * Button the action occurred. Due to restrictions of the tracking protocols
    * it is not possible to report multiple buttons at once.
    * Wheel is treated as a button.
    * There are invalid combinations of buttons and actions possible

src/common/WindowsMode.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2026 The xterm.js authors. All rights reserved.
+ * @license MIT
+ */
+
+import { assert } from 'chai';
+import { DEFAULT_ATTR_DATA } from './buffer/BufferLine';
+import { updateWindowsModeWrappedState } from './WindowsMode';
+import { BufferService } from './services/BufferService';
+import { OptionsService } from './services/OptionsService';
+import { MockLogService } from './TestUtils.test';
+
+describe('WindowsMode', () => {
+  describe('updateWindowsModeWrappedState', () => {
+    it('should mark the next line wrapped when the previous line ends in a non-whitespace character', () => {
+      const bufferService = new BufferService(new OptionsService({ rows: 5, cols: 10 }), new MockLogService());
+      const buffer = bufferService.buffer;
+      const previousLine = buffer.lines.get(buffer.ybase)!;
+      for (let i = 0; i < bufferService.cols; i++) {
+        previousLine!.setCellFromCodepoint(i, 'a'.charCodeAt(0), 1, DEFAULT_ATTR_DATA);
+      }
+      buffer.y = 1;
+
+      updateWindowsModeWrappedState(bufferService);
+
+      assert.strictEqual(buffer.lines.get(buffer.ybase + 1)!.isWrapped, true);
+    });
+
+    it('should not mark the next line wrapped when the previous line ends in whitespace', () => {
+      const bufferService = new BufferService(new OptionsService({ rows: 5, cols: 10 }), new MockLogService());
+      const buffer = bufferService.buffer;
+      const previousLine = buffer.lines.get(buffer.ybase)!;
+      for (let i = 0; i < bufferService.cols - 1; i++) {
+        previousLine!.setCellFromCodepoint(i, 'a'.charCodeAt(0), 1, DEFAULT_ATTR_DATA);
+      }
+      previousLine!.setCellFromCodepoint(bufferService.cols - 1, ' '.charCodeAt(0), 1, DEFAULT_ATTR_DATA);
+      buffer.y = 1;
+
+      updateWindowsModeWrappedState(bufferService);
+
+      assert.strictEqual(buffer.lines.get(buffer.ybase + 1)!.isWrapped, false);
+    });
+
+    it('should not mark the next line wrapped when the previous line ends in a null cell', () => {
+      const bufferService = new BufferService(new OptionsService({ rows: 5, cols: 10 }), new MockLogService());
+      const buffer = bufferService.buffer;
+      buffer.y = 1;
+
+      updateWindowsModeWrappedState(bufferService);
+
+      assert.strictEqual(buffer.lines.get(buffer.ybase + 1)!.isWrapped, false);
+    });
+  });
+});