feat(buffer): add logical line storage for wrapped rows

Introduce BufferOverflowLine rows that share cell storage with a parent
BufferLine head, implementing the logical-line model from issue #4800.

- Extend BufferLine with logical capacity and segment-aware indexing
- Add BufferOverflowLine, BufferLineUtils helpers, and unit tests
- Expose attachWrappedRow/clearWrappedRow on Buffer for future integration
- Keep InputHandler on isWrapped flag until reflow/SL paths are updated

Reflow still uses per-row buffers; materializeLogicalLinesForReflow helpers
are included for a follow-up that simplifies resize reflow.

Co-authored-by: Daniel Imms <Tyriar@users.noreply.github.com>

.gitignore

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ test-results/
 
 # Tracing/debug files
 .cursor/nal-trace/
+.cursor/*.log
 
 # Keep bundled code out of Git
 dist/

addons/addon-image/src/SixelHandler.ts

@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ export class SixelHandler implements IDcsHandler, IResetHandler {
     const height = this._dec.height;
 
     // partial fix for https://github.com/jerch/xterm-addon-image/issues/37
-    if (!width || ! height) {
+    if (!width || !height) {
       if (height) {
         this._storage.advanceCursor(height);
       }

addons/addon-progress/test/ProgressAddon.test.ts

@@ -9,15 +9,18 @@ import { ITestContext, createTestContext, openTerminal } from '../../../test/pla
 
 
 let ctx: ITestContext;
-test.beforeAll(async ({ browser }) => {
-  ctx = await createTestContext(browser);
-  ctx.page.setViewportSize({ width: 1024, height: 768 });
-  await openTerminal(ctx);
-});
-test.afterAll(async () => await ctx.page.close());
-
 
 test.describe('ProgressAddon', () => {
+  test.describe.configure({ mode: 'serial' });
+
+  test.beforeAll(async ({ browser }) => {
+    ctx = await createTestContext(browser);
+    await openTerminal(ctx);
+  });
+  test.afterAll(async () => {
+    await ctx?.page?.close();
+  });
+
   test.beforeEach(async function(): Promise<any> {
     await ctx.page.evaluate(`
       window.progressStack = [];

addons/addon-webgl/src/CharAtlasUtils.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2026 The xterm.js authors. All rights reserved.
+ * @license MIT
+ */
+
+import { assert } from 'chai';
+import { configEquals } from './CharAtlasUtils';
+import { ICharAtlasConfig } from './Types';
+import { NULL_COLOR } from 'common/Color';
+import { IColor } from 'common/Types';
+
+function createTestConfig(overrides: Partial<ICharAtlasConfig> = {}): ICharAtlasConfig {
+  const color: IColor = { css: '#ffffff', rgba: 0xffffffff };
+  const contrastCache = {
+    clear: () => {},
+    setCss: () => {},
+    getCss: () => undefined,
+    setColor: () => {},
+    getColor: () => undefined
+  };
+  const colors = {
+    foreground: color,
+    background: color,
+    cursor: NULL_COLOR,
+    cursorAccent: NULL_COLOR,
+    selectionForeground: undefined,
+    selectionBackgroundTransparent: NULL_COLOR,
+    selectionBackgroundOpaque: NULL_COLOR,
+    selectionInactiveBackgroundTransparent: NULL_COLOR,
+    selectionInactiveBackgroundOpaque: NULL_COLOR,
+    overviewRulerBorder: NULL_COLOR,
+    scrollbarSliderBackground: NULL_COLOR,
+    scrollbarSliderHoverBackground: NULL_COLOR,
+    scrollbarSliderActiveBackground: NULL_COLOR,
+    ansi: new Array(256).fill(color),
+    contrastCache,
+    halfContrastCache: contrastCache
+  };
+  return {
+    customGlyphs: true,
+    devicePixelRatio: 1,
+    deviceMaxTextureSize: 4096,
+    letterSpacing: 0,
+    lineHeight: 1,
+    fontSize: 15,
+    fontFamily: 'monospace',
+    fontWeight: 'normal',
+    fontWeightBold: 'bold',
+    deviceCellWidth: 10,
+    deviceCellHeight: 20,
+    deviceCharWidth: 8,
+    deviceCharHeight: 16,
+    allowTransparency: false,
+    drawBoldTextInBrightColors: true,
+    minimumContrastRatio: 1,
+    colors,
+    ...overrides
+  };
+}
+
+describe('CharAtlasUtils', () => {
+  describe('configEquals', () => {
+    it('should return true for identical configs', () => {
+      const a = createTestConfig();
+      const b = createTestConfig();
+      assert.ok(configEquals(a, b));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false when deviceMaxTextureSize differs', () => {
+      const a = createTestConfig();
+      const b = createTestConfig({ deviceMaxTextureSize: 8192 });
+      assert.ok(!configEquals(a, b));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false when deviceCellWidth differs', () => {
+      const a = createTestConfig();
+      const b = createTestConfig({ deviceCellWidth: 11 });
+      assert.ok(!configEquals(a, b));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false when deviceCellHeight differs', () => {
+      const a = createTestConfig();
+      const b = createTestConfig({ deviceCellHeight: 21 });
+      assert.ok(!configEquals(a, b));
+    });
+  });
+});

addons/addon-webgl/src/CharAtlasUtils.ts

@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ export function configEquals(a: ICharAtlasConfig, b: ICharAtlasConfig): boolean
     }
   }
   return a.devicePixelRatio === b.devicePixelRatio &&
+      a.deviceMaxTextureSize === b.deviceMaxTextureSize &&
       a.customGlyphs === b.customGlyphs &&
       a.lineHeight === b.lineHeight &&
       a.letterSpacing === b.letterSpacing &&
@@ -67,6 +68,8 @@ export function configEquals(a: ICharAtlasConfig, b: ICharAtlasConfig): boolean
       a.fontWeight === b.fontWeight &&
       a.fontWeightBold === b.fontWeightBold &&
       a.allowTransparency === b.allowTransparency &&
+      a.deviceCellWidth === b.deviceCellWidth &&
+      a.deviceCellHeight === b.deviceCellHeight &&
       a.deviceCharWidth === b.deviceCharWidth &&
       a.deviceCharHeight === b.deviceCharHeight &&
       a.drawBoldTextInBrightColors === b.drawBoldTextInBrightColors &&

addons/addon-webgl/src/GlyphRenderer.ts

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import { Disposable, toDisposable } from 'common/Lifecycle';
 import { Terminal } from '@xterm/xterm';
 import { IRenderModel, IWebGL2RenderingContext, IWebGLVertexArrayObject, type IRasterizedGlyph, type ITextureAtlas } from './Types';
 import { createProgram, GLTexture, PROJECTION_MATRIX } from './WebglUtils';
-import type { IOptionsService } from 'common/services/Services';
+import type { ILogService, IOptionsService } from 'common/services/Services';
 import { allowRescaling, throwIfFalsy } from 'browser/renderer/shared/RendererUtils';
 
 interface IVertices {
@@ -114,7 +114,8 @@ export class GlyphRenderer extends Disposable {
     private readonly _terminal: Terminal,
     private readonly _gl: IWebGL2RenderingContext,
     private _dimensions: IRenderDimensions,
-    private readonly _optionsService: IOptionsService
+    private readonly _optionsService: IOptionsService,
+    private readonly _logService: ILogService
   ) {
     super();
 
@@ -127,7 +128,7 @@ export class GlyphRenderer extends Disposable {
       TextureAtlas.maxTextureSize = throwIfFalsy(gl.getParameter(gl.MAX_TEXTURE_SIZE) as number | null);
     }
 
-    this._program = throwIfFalsy(createProgram(gl, vertexShaderSource, createFragmentShaderSource(TextureAtlas.maxAtlasPages)));
+    this._program = throwIfFalsy(createProgram(gl, vertexShaderSource, createFragmentShaderSource(TextureAtlas.maxAtlasPages), this._logService));
     this._register(toDisposable(() => gl.deleteProgram(this._program)));
 
     // Uniform locations
@@ -136,8 +137,9 @@ export class GlyphRenderer extends Disposable {
     this._textureLocation = throwIfFalsy(gl.getUniformLocation(this._program, 'u_texture'));
 
     // Create and set the vertex array object
-    this._vertexArrayObject = gl.createVertexArray();
-    gl.bindVertexArray(this._vertexArrayObject);
+    const vertexArrayObject = this._vertexArrayObject = gl.createVertexArray();
+    this._register(toDisposable(() => gl.deleteVertexArray(vertexArrayObject)));
+    gl.bindVertexArray(vertexArrayObject);
 
     // Setup a_unitquad, this defines the 4 vertices of a rectangle
     const unitQuadVertices = new Float32Array([0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1]);

addons/addon-webgl/src/RectangleRenderer.ts

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import { RenderModelConstants } from './RenderModel';
 import { IRenderModel, IWebGL2RenderingContext, IWebGLVertexArrayObject } from './Types';
 import { createProgram, expandFloat32Array, PROJECTION_MATRIX } from './WebglUtils';
 import { throwIfFalsy } from 'browser/renderer/shared/RendererUtils';
+import type { ILogService } from 'common/services/Services';
 
 const enum VertexAttribLocations {
   POSITION = 0,
@@ -89,21 +90,23 @@ export class RectangleRenderer extends Disposable {
     private _terminal: Terminal,
     private _gl: IWebGL2RenderingContext,
     private _dimensions: IRenderDimensions,
-    private readonly _themeService: IThemeService
+    private readonly _themeService: IThemeService,
+    private readonly _logService: ILogService
   ) {
     super();
 
     const gl = this._gl;
 
-    this._program = throwIfFalsy(createProgram(gl, vertexShaderSource, fragmentShaderSource));
+    this._program = throwIfFalsy(createProgram(gl, vertexShaderSource, fragmentShaderSource, this._logService));
     this._register(toDisposable(() => gl.deleteProgram(this._program)));
 
     // Uniform locations
     this._projectionLocation = throwIfFalsy(gl.getUniformLocation(this._program, 'u_projection'));
 
     // Create and set the vertex array object
-    this._vertexArrayObject = gl.createVertexArray();
-    gl.bindVertexArray(this._vertexArrayObject);
+    const vertexArrayObject = this._vertexArrayObject = gl.createVertexArray();
+    this._register(toDisposable(() => gl.deleteVertexArray(vertexArrayObject)));
+    gl.bindVertexArray(vertexArrayObject);
 
     // Setup a_unitquad, this defines the 4 vertices of a rectangle
     const unitQuadVertices = new Float32Array([0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1]);

addons/addon-webgl/src/TextureAtlas.ts

@@ -109,6 +109,7 @@ export class TextureAtlas implements ITextureAtlas {
       page.canvas.remove();
     }
     this._onAddTextureAtlasCanvas.dispose();
+    this._onRemoveTextureAtlasCanvas.dispose();
   }
 
   public warmUp(): void {
@@ -529,7 +530,7 @@ export class TextureAtlas implements ITextureAtlas {
     let customGlyph = false;
     if (this._config.customGlyphs !== false) {
       const variantOffset = this._workAttributeData.getUnderlineVariantOffset();
-      customGlyph = tryDrawCustomGlyph(this._tmpCtx, chars, padding, padding, this._config.deviceCellWidth, this._config.deviceCellHeight, this._config.deviceCharWidth, this._config.deviceCharHeight, this._config.fontSize, this._config.devicePixelRatio, backgroundColor.css, variantOffset);
+      customGlyph = tryDrawCustomGlyph(this._tmpCtx, chars, padding, padding, this._config.deviceCellWidth, this._config.deviceCellHeight, this._config.deviceCharWidth, this._config.deviceCharHeight, this._config.fontSize, this._config.devicePixelRatio, this._logService, backgroundColor.css, variantOffset);
     }
 
     // Whether to clear pixels based on a threshold difference between the glyph color and the

addons/addon-webgl/src/Types.ts

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ export interface ICursorRenderModel {
 export interface IWebGL2RenderingContext extends WebGLRenderingContext {
   vertexAttribDivisor(index: number, divisor: number): void;
   createVertexArray(): IWebGLVertexArrayObject;
+  deleteVertexArray(vao: IWebGLVertexArrayObject): void;
   bindVertexArray(vao: IWebGLVertexArrayObject): void;
   drawElementsInstanced(mode: number, count: number, type: number, offset: number, instanceCount: number): void;
 }

addons/addon-webgl/src/WebglAddon.ts

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import { ICharacterJoinerService, ICharSizeService, ICoreBrowserService, IRender
 import { ITerminal } from 'browser/Types';
 import { Disposable, toDisposable } from 'common/Lifecycle';
 import { getSafariVersion, isSafari } from 'common/Platform';
-import { ICoreService, IDecorationService, IOptionsService } from 'common/services/Services';
+import { ICoreService, IDecorationService, ILogService, IOptionsService } from 'common/services/Services';
 import { IWebGL2RenderingContext } from './Types';
 import { WebglRenderer } from './WebglRenderer';
 import { Emitter, EventUtils } from 'common/Event';
@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@ export class WebglAddon extends Disposable implements ITerminalAddon, IWebglApi
     const charSizeService: ICharSizeService = unsafeCore._charSizeService;
     const coreBrowserService: ICoreBrowserService = unsafeCore._coreBrowserService;
     const decorationService: IDecorationService = unsafeCore._decorationService;
+    const logService: ILogService = unsafeCore._logService;
     const themeService: IThemeService = unsafeCore._themeService;
 
     this._renderer = this._register(new WebglRenderer(
@@ -74,6 +75,7 @@ export class WebglAddon extends Disposable implements ITerminalAddon, IWebglApi
       coreBrowserService,
       coreService,
       decorationService,
+      logService,
       optionsService,
       themeService,
       this._customGlyphs,

addons/addon-webgl/src/WebglRenderer.ts

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import { AttributeData } from 'common/buffer/AttributeData';
 import { CellData } from 'common/buffer/CellData';
 import { Attributes, Content, FgFlags, NULL_CELL_CHAR, NULL_CELL_CODE } from 'common/buffer/Constants';
 import { TextBlinkStateManager } from 'browser/renderer/shared/TextBlinkStateManager';
-import { ICoreService, IDecorationService, IOptionsService } from 'common/services/Services';
+import { ICoreService, IDecorationService, ILogService, IOptionsService } from 'common/services/Services';
 import { Terminal } from '@xterm/xterm';
 import { GlyphRenderer } from './GlyphRenderer';
 import { RectangleRenderer } from './RectangleRenderer';
@@ -77,6 +77,7 @@ export class WebglRenderer extends Disposable implements IRenderer {
     private readonly _coreBrowserService: ICoreBrowserService,
     private readonly _coreService: ICoreService,
     private readonly _decorationService: IDecorationService,
+    private readonly _logService: ILogService,
     private readonly _optionsService: IOptionsService,
     private readonly _themeService: IThemeService,
     private readonly _customGlyphs: boolean = true,
@@ -122,19 +123,19 @@ export class WebglRenderer extends Disposable implements IRenderer {
     this._deviceMaxTextureSize = this._gl.getParameter(this._gl.MAX_TEXTURE_SIZE);
 
     this._register(addDisposableListener(this._canvas, 'webglcontextlost', (e) => {
-      console.log('webglcontextlost event received');
+      this._logService.debug('webglcontextlost event received');
       // Prevent the default behavior in order to enable WebGL context restoration.
       e.preventDefault();
       // Wait a few seconds to see if the 'webglcontextrestored' event is fired.
       // If not, dispatch the onContextLoss notification to observers.
       this._contextRestorationTimeout = setTimeout(() => {
         this._contextRestorationTimeout = undefined;
-        console.warn('webgl context not restored; firing onContextLoss');
+        this._logService.warn('webgl context not restored; firing onContextLoss');
         this._onContextLoss.fire(e);
       }, 3000 /* ms */);
     }));
     this._register(addDisposableListener(this._canvas, 'webglcontextrestored', (e) => {
-      console.warn('webglcontextrestored event received');
+      this._logService.warn('webglcontextrestored event received');
       clearTimeout(this._contextRestorationTimeout);
       this._contextRestorationTimeout = undefined;
       // The texture atlas and glyph renderer must be fully reinitialized
@@ -158,6 +159,8 @@ export class WebglRenderer extends Disposable implements IRenderer {
     this._isAttached = this._core.screenElement!.isConnected;
 
     this._register(toDisposable(() => {
+      clearTimeout(this._contextRestorationTimeout);
+      this._contextRestorationTimeout = undefined;
       for (const l of this._renderLayers) {
         l.dispose();
       }
@@ -274,8 +277,8 @@ export class WebglRenderer extends Disposable implements IRenderer {
    * Initializes members dependent on WebGL context state.
    */
   private _initializeWebGLState(): [RectangleRenderer, GlyphRenderer] {
-    this._rectangleRenderer.value = new RectangleRenderer(this._terminal, this._gl, this.dimensions, this._themeService);
-    this._glyphRenderer.value = new GlyphRenderer(this._terminal, this._gl, this.dimensions, this._optionsService);
+    this._rectangleRenderer.value = new RectangleRenderer(this._terminal, this._gl, this.dimensions, this._themeService, this._logService);
+    this._glyphRenderer.value = new GlyphRenderer(this._terminal, this._gl, this.dimensions, this._optionsService, this._logService);
 
     // Update dimensions and acquire char atlas
     this.handleCharSizeChanged();

addons/addon-webgl/src/WebglUtils.ts

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
  */
 
 import { throwIfFalsy } from 'browser/renderer/shared/RendererUtils';
+import type { ILogService } from 'common/services/Services';
 
 /**
  * A matrix that when multiplies will translate 0-1 coordinates (left to right,
@@ -16,21 +17,21 @@ export const PROJECTION_MATRIX = new Float32Array([
   -1, 1, 0, 1
 ]);
 
-export function createProgram(gl: WebGLRenderingContext, vertexSource: string, fragmentSource: string): WebGLProgram | undefined {
+export function createProgram(gl: WebGLRenderingContext, vertexSource: string, fragmentSource: string, logService: ILogService): WebGLProgram | undefined {
   const program = throwIfFalsy(gl.createProgram());
-  gl.attachShader(program, throwIfFalsy(createShader(gl, gl.VERTEX_SHADER, vertexSource)));
-  gl.attachShader(program, throwIfFalsy(createShader(gl, gl.FRAGMENT_SHADER, fragmentSource)));
+  gl.attachShader(program, throwIfFalsy(createShader(gl, gl.VERTEX_SHADER, vertexSource, logService)));
+  gl.attachShader(program, throwIfFalsy(createShader(gl, gl.FRAGMENT_SHADER, fragmentSource, logService)));
   gl.linkProgram(program);
   const success = gl.getProgramParameter(program, gl.LINK_STATUS);
   if (success) {
     return program;
   }
 
-  console.error(gl.getProgramInfoLog(program));
+  logService.error(gl.getProgramInfoLog(program));
   gl.deleteProgram(program);
 }
 
-export function createShader(gl: WebGLRenderingContext, type: number, source: string): WebGLShader | undefined {
+export function createShader(gl: WebGLRenderingContext, type: number, source: string, logService: ILogService): WebGLShader | undefined {
   const shader = throwIfFalsy(gl.createShader(type));
   gl.shaderSource(shader, source);
   gl.compileShader(shader);
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ export function createShader(gl: WebGLRenderingContext, type: number, source: st
     return shader;
   }
 
-  console.error(gl.getShaderInfoLog(shader));
+  logService.error(gl.getShaderInfoLog(shader));
   gl.deleteShader(shader);
 }
 

addons/addon-webgl/src/customGlyphs/CustomGlyphRasterizer.ts

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
  */
 
 import { throwIfFalsy } from 'browser/renderer/shared/RendererUtils';
+import type { ILogService } from 'common/services/Services';
 import { customGlyphDefinitions } from './CustomGlyphDefinitions';
 import { CustomGlyphDefinitionType, CustomGlyphScaleType, CustomGlyphVectorType, type CustomGlyphDefinitionPart, type CustomGlyphPathDrawFunctionDefinition, type CustomGlyphPatternDefinition, type ICustomGlyphSolidOctantBlockVector, type ICustomGlyphVectorShape } from './Types';
 
@@ -22,6 +23,7 @@ export function tryDrawCustomGlyph(
   deviceCharHeight: number,
   fontSize: number,
   devicePixelRatio: number,
+  logService: ILogService,
   backgroundColor?: string,
   variantOffset: number = 0
 ): boolean {
@@ -30,7 +32,7 @@ export function tryDrawCustomGlyph(
     // Normalize to array for uniform handling
     const parts = Array.isArray(unifiedCharDefinition) ? unifiedCharDefinition : [unifiedCharDefinition];
     for (const part of parts) {
-      drawDefinitionPart(ctx, part, xOffset, yOffset, deviceCellWidth, deviceCellHeight, deviceCharWidth, deviceCharHeight, fontSize, devicePixelRatio, backgroundColor, variantOffset);
+      drawDefinitionPart(ctx, part, xOffset, yOffset, deviceCellWidth, deviceCellHeight, deviceCharWidth, deviceCharHeight, fontSize, devicePixelRatio, logService, backgroundColor, variantOffset);
     }
     return true;
   }
@@ -49,6 +51,7 @@ function drawDefinitionPart(
   deviceCharHeight: number,
   fontSize: number,
   devicePixelRatio: number,
+  logService: ILogService,
   backgroundColor?: string,
   variantOffset: number = 0
 ): void {
@@ -79,7 +82,7 @@ function drawDefinitionPart(
       drawPatternChar(ctx, part.data, drawXOffset, drawYOffset, drawWidth, drawHeight, variantOffset);
       break;
     case CustomGlyphDefinitionType.PATH_FUNCTION:
-      drawPathFunctionCharacter(ctx, part.data, drawXOffset, drawYOffset, drawWidth, drawHeight, devicePixelRatio, part.strokeWidth);
+      drawPathFunctionCharacter(ctx, part.data, drawXOffset, drawYOffset, drawWidth, drawHeight, devicePixelRatio, logService, part.strokeWidth);
       break;
     case CustomGlyphDefinitionType.PATH:
       drawPathDefinitionCharacter(ctx, part.data, drawXOffset, drawYOffset, drawWidth, drawHeight, devicePixelRatio, part.strokeWidth);
@@ -88,7 +91,7 @@ function drawDefinitionPart(
       drawPathNegativeDefinitionCharacter(ctx, part.data, drawXOffset, drawYOffset, drawWidth, drawHeight, devicePixelRatio, backgroundColor);
       break;
     case CustomGlyphDefinitionType.VECTOR_SHAPE:
-      drawVectorShape(ctx, part.data, drawXOffset, drawYOffset, drawWidth, drawHeight, fontSize, devicePixelRatio);
+      drawVectorShape(ctx, part.data, drawXOffset, drawYOffset, drawWidth, drawHeight, fontSize, devicePixelRatio, logService);
       break;
     case CustomGlyphDefinitionType.BRAILLE:
       drawBrailleCharacter(ctx, part.data, drawXOffset, drawYOffset, drawWidth, drawHeight);
@@ -510,6 +513,7 @@ function drawPathFunctionCharacter(
   deviceCellWidth: number,
   deviceCellHeight: number,
   devicePixelRatio: number,
+  logService: ILogService,
   strokeWidth?: number
 ): void {
   ctx.save();
@@ -536,7 +540,7 @@ function drawPathFunctionCharacter(
     }
     const f = svgToCanvasInstructionMap[type];
     if (!f) {
-      console.error(`Could not find drawing instructions for "${type}"`);
+      logService.error(`Could not find drawing instructions for "${type}"`);
       continue;
     }
     const args: string[] = instruction.substring(1).split(',');
@@ -598,7 +602,8 @@ function drawVectorShape(
   deviceCellWidth: number,
   deviceCellHeight: number,
   fontSize: number,
-  devicePixelRatio: number
+  devicePixelRatio: number,
+  logService: ILogService
 ): void {
   // Clip the cell to make sure drawing doesn't occur beyond bounds
   const clipRegion = new Path2D();
@@ -619,7 +624,7 @@ function drawVectorShape(
     }
     const f = svgToCanvasInstructionMap[type];
     if (!f) {
-      console.error(`Could not find drawing instructions for "${type}"`);
+      logService.error(`Could not find drawing instructions for "${type}"`);
       continue;
     }
     const args: string[] = instruction.substring(1).split(',');

eslint.config.mjs

@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ export default tseslint.config(
         singleline: { delimiter: 'comma', requireLast: false }
       }],
       '@stylistic/type-annotation-spacing': 'warn',
+      '@stylistic/space-unary-ops': 'warn',
 
       '@typescript-eslint/array-type': ['warn', { default: 'array', readonly: 'generic' }],
       '@typescript-eslint/consistent-type-assertions': 'warn',
@@ -85,6 +86,7 @@ export default tseslint.config(
       'eqeqeq': ['warn', 'always'],
       'jsdoc/check-alignment': 'warn',
       'jsdoc/check-param-names': 'warn',
+      'jsdoc/multiline-blocks': 'warn',
       'jsdoc/no-multi-asterisks': 'warn',
       'keyword-spacing': 'warn',
       'max-len': ['warn', {

package-lock.json

@@ -2594,10 +2594,11 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/body-parser": {
-      "version": "1.20.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/body-parser/-/body-parser-1.20.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-ZTgYYLMOXY9qKU/57FAo8F+HA2dGX7bqGc71txDRC1rS4frdFI5R7NhluHxH6M0YItAP0sHB4uqAOcYKxO6uGA==",
+      "version": "1.20.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/body-parser/-/body-parser-1.20.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-3grm+/2tUOvu2cjJkvsIxrv/wVpfXQW4PsQHYm7yk4vfpu7Ekl6nEsYBoJUL6qDwZUx8wUhQ8tR2qz+ad9c9OA==",
       "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
         "bytes": "~3.1.2",
         "content-type": "~1.0.5",
@@ -2607,7 +2608,7 @@
         "http-errors": "~2.0.1",
         "iconv-lite": "~0.4.24",
         "on-finished": "~2.4.1",
-        "qs": "~6.14.0",
+        "qs": "~6.15.1",
         "raw-body": "~2.5.3",
         "type-is": "~1.6.18",
         "unpipe": "~1.0.0"
@@ -2622,6 +2623,7 @@
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/debug/-/debug-2.6.9.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-bC7ElrdJaJnPbAP+1EotYvqZsb3ecl5wi6Bfi6BJTUcNowp6cvspg0jXznRTKDjm/E7AdgFBVeAPVMNcKGsHMA==",
       "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
         "ms": "2.0.0"
       }
@@ -2630,7 +2632,8 @@
       "version": "2.0.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ms/-/ms-2.0.0.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-Tpp60P6IUJDTuOq/5Z8cdskzJujfwqfOTkrwIwj7IRISpnkJnT6SyJ4PCPnGMoFjC9ddhal5KVIYtAt97ix05A==",
-      "dev": true
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "node_modules/brace-expansion": {
       "version": "2.0.2",
@@ -2712,6 +2715,7 @@
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/bytes/-/bytes-3.1.2.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-/Nf7TyzTx6S3yRJObOAV7956r8cr2+Oj8AC5dt8wSP3BQAoeX58NoHyCU8P8zGkNXStjTSi6fzO6F0pBdcYbEg==",
       "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 0.8"
       }
@@ -2749,6 +2753,7 @@
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/call-bound/-/call-bound-1.0.4.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-+ys997U96po4Kx/ABpBCqhA9EuxJaQWDQg7295H4hBphv3IZg0boBKuwYpt4YXp6MZ5AmZQnU/tyMTlRpaSejg==",
       "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
         "call-bind-apply-helpers": "^1.0.2",
         "get-intrinsic": "^1.3.0"
@@ -3144,6 +3149,7 @@
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/content-type/-/content-type-1.0.5.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-nTjqfcBFEipKdXCv4YDQWCfmcLZKm81ldF0pAopTvyrFGVbcR6P/VAAd5G7N+0tTr8QqiU0tFadD6FK4NtJwOA==",
       "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 0.6"
       }
@@ -3780,14 +3786,15 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/express": {
-      "version": "4.22.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/express/-/express-4.22.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-F2X8g9P1X7uCPZMA3MVf9wcTqlyNp7IhH5qPCI0izhaOIYXaW9L535tGA3qmjRzpH+bZczqq7hVKxTR4NWnu+g==",
+      "version": "4.22.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/express/-/express-4.22.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-IuL+Elrou2ZvCFHs18/CIzy2Nzvo25nZ1/D2eIZlz7c+QUayAcYoiM2BthCjs+EBHVpjYjcuLDAiCWgeIX3X1Q==",
       "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
         "accepts": "~1.3.8",
         "array-flatten": "1.1.1",
-        "body-parser": "~1.20.3",
+        "body-parser": "~1.20.5",
         "content-disposition": "~0.5.4",
         "content-type": "~1.0.4",
         "cookie": "~0.7.1",
@@ -3806,7 +3813,7 @@
         "parseurl": "~1.3.3",
         "path-to-regexp": "~0.1.12",
         "proxy-addr": "~2.0.7",
-        "qs": "~6.14.0",
+        "qs": "~6.15.1",
         "range-parser": "~1.2.1",
         "safe-buffer": "5.2.1",
         "send": "~0.19.0",
@@ -4521,6 +4528,7 @@
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/iconv-lite/-/iconv-lite-0.4.24.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-v3MXnZAcvnywkTUEZomIActle7RXXeedOR31wwl7VlyoXO4Qi9arvSenNQWne1TcRwhCL1HwLI21bEqdpj8/rA==",
       "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
         "safer-buffer": ">= 2.1.2 < 3"
       },
@@ -5222,6 +5230,7 @@
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/media-typer/-/media-typer-0.3.0.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-dq+qelQ9akHpcOl/gUVRTxVIOkAJ1wR3QAvb4RsVjS8oVoFjDGTc679wJYmUmknUF5HwMLOgb5O+a3KxfWapPQ==",
       "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 0.6"
       }
@@ -5706,6 +5715,7 @@
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/object-inspect/-/object-inspect-1.13.4.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-W67iLl4J2EXEGTbfeHCffrjDfitvLANg0UlX3wFUUSTx92KXRFegMHUVgSqE+wvhAbi4WqjGg9czysTV2Epbew==",
       "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 0.4"
       },
@@ -6128,9 +6138,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/qs": {
-      "version": "6.14.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/qs/-/qs-6.14.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-V/yCWTTF7VJ9hIh18Ugr2zhJMP01MY7c5kh4J870L7imm6/DIzBsNLTXzMwUA3yZ5b/KBqLx8Kp3uRvd7xSe3Q==",
+      "version": "6.15.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/qs/-/qs-6.15.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-Rzq0KEyX/w/tEybncDgdkZrJgVUsUMk3xjh3t5bv3S1HTAtg+uOYt72+ZfwiQwKdysThkTBdL/rTi6HDmX9Ddw==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
       "dependencies": {
@@ -6166,6 +6176,7 @@
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/raw-body/-/raw-body-2.5.3.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-s4VSOf6yN0rvbRZGxs8Om5CWj6seneMwK3oDb4lWDH0UPhWcxwOWw5+qk24bxq87szX1ydrwylIOp2uG1ojUpA==",
       "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
         "bytes": "~3.1.2",
         "http-errors": "~2.0.1",
@@ -6604,6 +6615,7 @@
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/side-channel/-/side-channel-1.1.0.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-ZX99e6tRweoUXqR+VBrslhda51Nh5MTQwou5tnUDgbtyM0dBgmhEDtWGP/xbKn6hqfPRHujUNwz5fy/wbbhnpw==",
       "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
         "es-errors": "^1.3.0",
         "object-inspect": "^1.13.3",
@@ -6619,13 +6631,14 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/side-channel-list": {
-      "version": "1.0.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/side-channel-list/-/side-channel-list-1.0.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-FCLHtRD/gnpCiCHEiJLOwdmFP+wzCmDEkc9y7NsYxeF4u7Btsn1ZuwgwJGxImImHicJArLP4R0yX4c2KCrMrTA==",
+      "version": "1.0.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/side-channel-list/-/side-channel-list-1.0.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-mjn/0bi/oUURjc5Xl7IaWi/OJJJumuoJFQJfDDyO46+hBWsfaVM65TBHq2eoZBhzl9EchxOijpkbRC8SVBQU0w==",
       "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
         "es-errors": "^1.3.0",
-        "object-inspect": "^1.13.3"
+        "object-inspect": "^1.13.4"
       },
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 0.4"
@@ -6639,6 +6652,7 @@
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/side-channel-map/-/side-channel-map-1.0.1.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-VCjCNfgMsby3tTdo02nbjtM/ewra6jPHmpThenkTYh8pG9ucZ/1P8So4u4FGBek/BjpOVsDCMoLA/iuBKIFXRA==",
       "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
         "call-bound": "^1.0.2",
         "es-errors": "^1.3.0",
@@ -6657,6 +6671,7 @@
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/side-channel-weakmap/-/side-channel-weakmap-1.0.2.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-WPS/HvHQTYnHisLo9McqBHOJk2FkHO/tlpvldyrnem4aeQp4hai3gythswg6p01oSoTl58rcpiFAjF2br2Ak2A==",
       "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
         "call-bound": "^1.0.2",
         "es-errors": "^1.3.0",
@@ -7194,6 +7209,7 @@
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/type-is/-/type-is-1.6.18.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-TkRKr9sUTxEH8MdfuCSP7VizJyzRNMjj2J2do2Jr3Kym598JVdEksuzPQCnlFPW4ky9Q+iA+ma9BGm06XQBy8g==",
       "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
         "media-typer": "0.3.0",
         "mime-types": "~2.1.24"

src/browser/CoreBrowserTerminal.ts

@@ -563,8 +563,9 @@ export class CoreBrowserTerminal extends CoreTerminal implements ITerminal {
 
     try {
       this._onWillOpen.fire(this.element);
+    } catch (e) {
+      this._logService.error('onWillOpen handler threw an exception', e);
     }
-    catch { /* fails to load addon for some reason */ }
     if (!this._renderService.hasRenderer()) {
       this._renderService.setRenderer(this._createRenderer());
     }

src/browser/Linkifier.test.ts

@@ -43,6 +43,20 @@ describe('Linkifier2', () => {
     },
     activate: () => { }
   };
+  const multiLineLink: ILink = {
+    text: 'foo',
+    range: {
+      start: {
+        x: 2,
+        y: 1
+      },
+      end: {
+        x: 4,
+        y: 2
+      }
+    },
+    activate: () => { }
+  };
 
   beforeEach(() => {
     const dom = new jsdom.JSDOM();
@@ -86,4 +100,30 @@ describe('Linkifier2', () => {
     linkifier.linkLeave({ classList: { add: () => { } } } as any, link, {} as any);
   });
 
+  it('onShowLinkUnderline event range is correct for wrapped links', done => {
+    linkifier.onShowLinkUnderline(e => {
+      assert.equal(multiLineLink.range.start.x - 1, e.x1);
+      assert.equal(multiLineLink.range.start.y - 1, e.y1);
+      assert.equal(multiLineLink.range.end.x, e.x2);
+      assert.equal(multiLineLink.range.end.y - 1, e.y2);
+
+      done();
+    });
+
+    linkifier.linkHover({ classList: { add: () => { } } } as any, multiLineLink, {} as any);
+  });
+
+  it('onHideLinkUnderline event range is correct for wrapped links', done => {
+    linkifier.onHideLinkUnderline(e => {
+      assert.equal(multiLineLink.range.start.x - 1, e.x1);
+      assert.equal(multiLineLink.range.start.y - 1, e.y1);
+      assert.equal(multiLineLink.range.end.x, e.x2);
+      assert.equal(multiLineLink.range.end.y - 1, e.y2);
+
+      done();
+    });
+
+    linkifier.linkLeave({ classList: { add: () => { } } } as any, multiLineLink, {} as any);
+  });
+
 });

src/browser/OscLinkProvider.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2026 The xterm.js authors. All rights reserved.
+ * @license MIT
+ */
+
+import { assert } from 'chai';
+import { OscLinkProvider } from 'browser/OscLinkProvider';
+import { ILink } from 'browser/Types';
+import { createCellData, MockBufferService, MockOptionsService } from 'common/TestUtils.test';
+import { IBufferService, IOscLinkService } from 'common/services/Services';
+import { IBufferLine, IOscLinkData } from 'common/Types';
+
+class TestOscLinkService implements IOscLinkService {
+  public serviceBrand: any;
+  public registerLink(_linkData: IOscLinkData): number { return 0; }
+  public addLineToLink(_linkId: number, _y: number): void { }
+  public getLinkData(linkId: number): IOscLinkData | undefined {
+    return { uri: `https://example.com/${linkId}` };
+  }
+}
+
+function setText(line: IBufferLine | undefined, x: number, text: string): void {
+  if (!line) {
+    throw new Error('Missing buffer line');
+  }
+  for (let i = 0; i < text.length; i++) {
+    line.setCell(x + i, createCellData(0, text[i], 1));
+  }
+}
+
+function setUrl(line: IBufferLine | undefined, x: number, text: string, linkId: number): void {
+  if (!line) {
+    throw new Error('Missing buffer line');
+  }
+  for (let i = 0; i < text.length; i++) {
+    const cell = createCellData(0, text[i], 1);
+    cell.extended.urlId = linkId;
+    cell.updateExtended();
+    line.setCell(x + i, cell);
+  }
+}
+
+function getLinks(provider: OscLinkProvider, y: number): Promise<ILink[]> {
+  return new Promise(resolve => provider.provideLinks(y, links => resolve(links ?? [])));
+}
+
+describe('OscLinkProvider', () => {
+  let bufferService: IBufferService;
+  let provider: OscLinkProvider;
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    const optionsService = new MockOptionsService();
+    bufferService = new MockBufferService(5, 5, optionsService);
+    provider = new OscLinkProvider(bufferService, optionsService, new TestOscLinkService());
+  });
+
+  it('expands a wrapped link range backward to the previous line', async () => {
+    const line1 = bufferService.buffer.lines.get(0);
+    const line2 = bufferService.buffer.lines.get(1);
+    setText(line1, 0, 'aa');
+    setUrl(line1, 2, 'bbb', 1);
+    setUrl(line2, 0, 'cccc', 1);
+    setText(line2, 4, 'x');
+    line2!.isWrapped = true;
+
+    const links = await getLinks(provider, 2);
+    assert.lengthOf(links, 1);
+    assert.deepEqual(links[0].range, {
+      start: { x: 3, y: 1 },
+      end: { x: 4, y: 2 }
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('expands a wrapped link range forward when a link ends at line boundary', async () => {
+    const line1 = bufferService.buffer.lines.get(0);
+    const line2 = bufferService.buffer.lines.get(1);
+    setUrl(line1, 0, 'aaaaa', 1);
+    setUrl(line2, 0, 'bb', 1);
+    setText(line2, 2, 'ccc');
+    line2!.isWrapped = true;
+
+    const links = await getLinks(provider, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(links, 1);
+    assert.deepEqual(links[0].range, {
+      start: { x: 1, y: 1 },
+      end: { x: 2, y: 2 }
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('does not merge wrapped links with different url ids', async () => {
+    const line1 = bufferService.buffer.lines.get(0);
+    const line2 = bufferService.buffer.lines.get(1);
+    setUrl(line1, 0, 'aaaaa', 1);
+    setUrl(line2, 0, 'bbb', 2);
+    setText(line2, 3, 'cc');
+    line2!.isWrapped = true;
+
+    const links = await getLinks(provider, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(links, 1);
+    assert.deepEqual(links[0].range, {
+      start: { x: 1, y: 1 },
+      end: { x: 5, y: 1 }
+    });
+  });
+});

src/browser/OscLinkProvider.ts

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 import { IBufferRange, ILink } from 'browser/Types';
 import { ILinkProvider } from 'browser/services/Services';
 import { CellData } from 'common/buffer/CellData';
+import { IBufferLine } from 'common/Types';
 import { IBufferService, IOptionsService, IOscLinkService } from 'common/services/Services';
 
 export class OscLinkProvider implements ILinkProvider {
@@ -57,19 +58,8 @@ export class OscLinkProvider implements ILinkProvider {
       if (finishLink || (currentStart !== -1 && x === lineLength - 1)) {
         const text = this._oscLinkService.getLinkData(currentLinkId)?.uri;
         if (text) {
-          // These ranges are 1-based
-          const range: IBufferRange = {
-            start: {
-              x: currentStart + 1,
-              y
-            },
-            end: {
-              // Offset end x if it's a link that ends on the last cell in the line
-              x: x + (!finishLink && x === lineLength - 1 ? 1 : 0),
-              y
-            }
-          };
-
+          const endX = x + (!finishLink && x === lineLength - 1 ? 1 : 0);
+          const range = this._getRangeWithLineWrap(y, currentStart, endX, currentLinkId);
           let ignoreLink = false;
           if (!linkHandler?.allowNonHttpProtocols) {
             try {
@@ -111,6 +101,82 @@ export class OscLinkProvider implements ILinkProvider {
     //       id
     callback(result);
   }
+
+  /**
+   * Expand a single-line OSC 8 range to a contiguous wrapped range for the same link id.
+   */
+  private _getRangeWithLineWrap(y: number, startX: number, endX: number, linkId: number): IBufferRange {
+    let startY = y;
+    let finalStartX = startX;
+    let endY = y;
+    let finalEndX = endX;
+
+    // Expand upward only when this segment starts at column 0 and the current line is wrapped.
+    while (finalStartX === 0) {
+      const currentLine = this._bufferService.buffer.lines.get(startY - 1);
+      if (!currentLine?.isWrapped) {
+        break;
+      }
+      const previousLine = this._bufferService.buffer.lines.get(startY - 2);
+      if (!previousLine) {
+        break;
+      }
+      const previousLineLength = previousLine.getTrimmedLength();
+      if (previousLineLength === 0 || !this._hasUrlId(previousLine, previousLineLength - 1, linkId)) {
+        break;
+      }
+      let previousStartX = previousLineLength - 1;
+      while (previousStartX > 0 && this._hasUrlId(previousLine, previousStartX - 1, linkId)) {
+        previousStartX--;
+      }
+      startY--;
+      finalStartX = previousStartX;
+    }
+
+    // Expand downward only when this segment reaches trimmed EOL and the next line is wrapped.
+    while (true) {
+      const currentLine = this._bufferService.buffer.lines.get(endY - 1);
+      if (!currentLine) {
+        break;
+      }
+      const currentLineLength = currentLine.getTrimmedLength();
+      if (finalEndX !== currentLineLength) {
+        break;
+      }
+      const nextLine = this._bufferService.buffer.lines.get(endY);
+      if (!nextLine?.isWrapped) {
+        break;
+      }
+      const nextLineLength = nextLine.getTrimmedLength();
+      if (nextLineLength === 0 || !this._hasUrlId(nextLine, 0, linkId)) {
+        break;
+      }
+      let nextEndX = 1;
+      while (nextEndX < nextLineLength && this._hasUrlId(nextLine, nextEndX, linkId)) {
+        nextEndX++;
+      }
+      endY++;
+      finalEndX = nextEndX;
+    }
+
+    // IBufferRange uses 1-based coordinates.
+    return {
+      start: {
+        x: finalStartX + 1,
+        y: startY
+      },
+      end: {
+        x: finalEndX,
+        y: endY
+      }
+    };
+  }
+
+  private _hasUrlId(line: IBufferLine, x: number, linkId: number): boolean {
+    const cell = this._workCell;
+    line.loadCell(x, cell);
+    return !!cell.hasExtendedAttrs() && cell.extended.urlId === linkId;
+  }
 }
 
 function defaultActivate(e: MouseEvent, uri: string): void {

src/browser/TestUtils.test.ts

@@ -258,6 +258,15 @@ export class MockBuffer implements IBuffer {
   public getBlankLine(attr: IAttributeData, isWrapped?: boolean): IBufferLine {
     return Buffer.prototype.getBlankLine.apply(this, arguments as any);
   }
+  public attachWrappedRow(y: number, fillCellData: ICellData): IBufferLine {
+    return Buffer.prototype.attachWrappedRow.apply(this, arguments as any);
+  }
+  public clearWrappedRow(y: number, fillCellData: ICellData, preserveContent?: boolean): void {
+    Buffer.prototype.clearWrappedRow.apply(this, arguments as any);
+  }
+  public createScrollWrappedLine(lineAbove: IBufferLine | undefined, attr: IAttributeData): IBufferLine {
+    return Buffer.prototype.createScrollWrappedLine.apply(this, arguments as any);
+  }
   public getNullCell(attr?: IAttributeData): ICellData {
     throw new Error('Method not implemented.');
   }

src/browser/services/SelectionService.ts

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import { moveToCellSequence } from 'browser/input/MoveToCell';
 import { SelectionModel } from 'browser/selection/SelectionModel';
 import { ISelectionRedrawRequestEvent, ISelectionRequestScrollLinesEvent } from 'browser/selection/Types';
 import { ICoreBrowserService, IMouseCoordsService, IRenderService, ISelectionService } from 'browser/services/Services';
-import { Disposable, toDisposable } from 'common/Lifecycle';
+import { Disposable, MutableDisposable, toDisposable } from 'common/Lifecycle';
 import * as Browser from 'common/Platform';
 import { IBufferLine, ICellData, IDisposable } from 'common/Types';
 import { getRangeLength } from 'common/buffer/BufferRange';
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ export class SelectionService extends Disposable implements ISelectionService {
 
   private _mouseMoveListener: EventListener;
   private _mouseUpListener: EventListener;
-  private _trimListener: IDisposable;
+  private readonly _trimListener = this._register(new MutableDisposable<IDisposable>());
   private _workCell: CellData = new CellData();
 
   private _mouseDownTimeStamp: number = 0;
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ export class SelectionService extends Disposable implements ISelectionService {
         this.clearSelection();
       }
     });
-    this._trimListener = this._bufferService.buffer.lines.onTrim(amount => this._handleTrim(amount));
+    this._trimListener.value = this._bufferService.buffer.lines.onTrim(amount => this._handleTrim(amount));
     this._register(this._bufferService.buffers.onBufferActivate(e => this._handleBufferActivate(e)));
 
     this.enable();
@@ -769,8 +769,7 @@ export class SelectionService extends Disposable implements ISelectionService {
     // reverseIndex) and delete in a splice is only ever used when the same
     // number of elements was just added. Given this is could actually be
     // beneficial to leave the selection as is for these cases.
-    this._trimListener.dispose();
-    this._trimListener = e.activeBuffer.lines.onTrim(amount => this._handleTrim(amount));
+    this._trimListener.value = e.activeBuffer.lines.onTrim(amount => this._handleTrim(amount));
   }
 
   /**

src/common/Clone.test.ts

@@ -1,129 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * Copyright (c) 2016 The xterm.js authors. All rights reserved.
- * @license MIT
- */
-
-import { assert } from 'chai';
-import { clone } from 'common/Clone';
-
-describe('clone', () => {
-  it('should clone simple objects', () => {
-    const test = {
-      a: 1,
-      b: 2
-    };
-
-    assert.deepEqual(clone(test), { a: 1, b: 2 });
-  });
-
-  it('should clone nested objects', () => {
-    const test = {
-      bar: {
-        a: 1,
-        b: 2,
-        c: {
-          foo: 'bar'
-        }
-      }
-    };
-
-    assert.deepEqual(clone(test), {
-      bar: {
-        a: 1,
-        b: 2,
-        c: {
-          foo: 'bar'
-        }
-      }
-    });
-  });
-
-  it('should clone array values', () => {
-    const test = {
-      a: [1, 2, 3],
-      b: [1, null, 'test', { foo: 'bar' }]
-    };
-
-    assert.deepEqual(clone(test), {
-      a: [1, 2, 3],
-      b: [1, null, 'test', { foo: 'bar' }]
-    });
-  });
-
-  it('should stop mutation from occuring on the original object', () => {
-    const test = {
-      a: 1,
-      b: 2,
-      c: {
-        foo: 'bar'
-      }
-    };
-
-    const cloned = clone(test);
-
-    test.a = 5;
-    test.c.foo = 'barbaz';
-
-    assert.deepEqual(cloned, {
-      a: 1,
-      b: 2,
-      c: {
-        foo: 'bar'
-      }
-    });
-  });
-
-  it('should clone to a maximum depth of 5 by default', () => {
-    const test = {
-      a: {
-        b: {
-          c: {
-            d: {
-              e: {
-                f: 'foo'
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    };
-
-    const cloned = clone(test);
-
-    test.a.b.c.d.e.f = 'bar';
-
-    // The values at a greater depth then 5 should not be cloned
-    assert.equal((cloned as any).a.b.c.d.e.f, 'bar');
-  });
-
-  it('should allow an optional maximum depth to be set', () => {
-    const test = {
-      a: {
-        b: {
-          c: 'foo'
-        }
-      }
-    };
-
-    const cloned = clone(test, 2);
-
-    test.a.b.c = 'bar';
-
-    // The values at a greater depth then 2 should not be cloned
-    assert.equal((cloned as any).a.b.c, 'bar');
-  });
-
-  it('should not throw when cloning a recursive reference', () => {
-    const test = {
-      a: {
-        b: {
-          c: {}
-        }
-      }
-    };
-
-    test.a.b.c = test;
-
-    assert.doesNotThrow(() => clone(test));
-  });
-});

src/common/Clone.ts

@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * Copyright (c) 2016 The xterm.js authors. All rights reserved.
- * @license MIT
- */
-
-/*
- * A simple utility for cloning values
- */
-export function clone<T>(val: T, depth: number = 5): T {
-  if (typeof val !== 'object') {
-    return val;
-  }
-
-  // If we're cloning an array, use an array as the base, otherwise use an object
-  const clonedObject: any = Array.isArray(val) ? [] : {};
-
-  for (const key in val) {
-    // Recursively clone eack item unless we're at the maximum depth
-    clonedObject[key] = depth <= 1 ? val[key] : (val[key] && clone(val[key], depth - 1));
-  }
-
-  return clonedObject as T;
-}

src/common/CoreTerminal.ts

@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ export abstract class CoreTerminal extends Disposable implements ICoreTerminal {
   private _handleWindowsPtyOptionChange(): void {
     let value = false;
     const windowsPty = this.optionsService.rawOptions.windowsPty;
-    if (windowsPty && windowsPty.buildNumber !== undefined && windowsPty.buildNumber !== undefined) {
+    if (windowsPty && windowsPty.backend !== undefined && windowsPty.buildNumber !== undefined) {
       value = !!(windowsPty.backend === 'conpty' && windowsPty.buildNumber < 21376);
     }
     if (value) {

src/common/InputHandler.test.ts

@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ import { Params } from 'common/parser/Params';
 import { MockCoreService, MockBufferService, MockOptionsService, MockLogService, MockMouseStateService, MockCharsetService, MockUnicodeService, MockOscLinkService, extendedAttributes } from 'common/TestUtils.test';
 import { IBufferService, ICoreService, type IOscLinkService } from 'common/services/Services';
 import { DEFAULT_OPTIONS } from 'common/services/OptionsService';
-import { clone } from 'common/Clone';
 import { BufferService } from 'common/services/BufferService';
 import { CoreService } from 'common/services/CoreService';
 import { OscLinkService } from 'common/services/OscLinkService';
@@ -227,32 +226,32 @@ describe('InputHandler', () => {
       assert.equal(coreService.decPrivateModes.cursorStyle, undefined);
       assert.equal(coreService.decPrivateModes.cursorBlink, undefined);
 
-      optionsService.options = clone(DEFAULT_OPTIONS);
+      optionsService.options = structuredClone(DEFAULT_OPTIONS);
       inputHandler.setCursorStyle(Params.fromArray([1]));
       assert.equal(coreService.decPrivateModes.cursorStyle, 'block');
       assert.equal(coreService.decPrivateModes.cursorBlink, true);
 
-      optionsService.options = clone(DEFAULT_OPTIONS);
+      optionsService.options = structuredClone(DEFAULT_OPTIONS);
       inputHandler.setCursorStyle(Params.fromArray([2]));
       assert.equal(coreService.decPrivateModes.cursorStyle, 'block');
       assert.equal(coreService.decPrivateModes.cursorBlink, false);
 
-      optionsService.options = clone(DEFAULT_OPTIONS);
+      optionsService.options = structuredClone(DEFAULT_OPTIONS);
       inputHandler.setCursorStyle(Params.fromArray([3]));
       assert.equal(coreService.decPrivateModes.cursorStyle, 'underline');
       assert.equal(coreService.decPrivateModes.cursorBlink, true);
 
-      optionsService.options = clone(DEFAULT_OPTIONS);
+      optionsService.options = structuredClone(DEFAULT_OPTIONS);
       inputHandler.setCursorStyle(Params.fromArray([4]));
       assert.equal(coreService.decPrivateModes.cursorStyle, 'underline');
       assert.equal(coreService.decPrivateModes.cursorBlink, false);
 
-      optionsService.options = clone(DEFAULT_OPTIONS);
+      optionsService.options = structuredClone(DEFAULT_OPTIONS);
       inputHandler.setCursorStyle(Params.fromArray([5]));
       assert.equal(coreService.decPrivateModes.cursorStyle, 'bar');
       assert.equal(coreService.decPrivateModes.cursorBlink, true);
 
-      optionsService.options = clone(DEFAULT_OPTIONS);
+      optionsService.options = structuredClone(DEFAULT_OPTIONS);
       inputHandler.setCursorStyle(Params.fromArray([6]));
       assert.equal(coreService.decPrivateModes.cursorStyle, 'bar');
       assert.equal(coreService.decPrivateModes.cursorBlink, false);

src/common/InputHandler.ts

@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ import { EscapeSequenceParser } from 'common/parser/EscapeSequenceParser';
 import { Disposable } from 'common/Lifecycle';
 import { StringToUtf32, stringFromCodePoint, Utf8ToUtf32 } from 'common/input/TextDecoder';
 import { BufferLine, DEFAULT_ATTR_DATA } from 'common/buffer/BufferLine';
+import { getWrappedRangeEnd } from 'common/buffer/BufferLineUtils';
+import { BufferOverflowLine } from 'common/buffer/BufferOverflowLine';
 import { IParsingState, IEscapeSequenceParser, IParams, IFunctionIdentifier } from 'common/parser/Types';
 import { NULL_CELL_CODE, NULL_CELL_WIDTH, Attributes, FgFlags, BgFlags, Content, UnderlineStyle } from 'common/buffer/Constants';
 import { CellData } from 'common/buffer/CellData';
@@ -567,8 +569,9 @@ export class InputHandler extends Disposable implements IInputHandler {
       if (screenReaderMode) {
         this._onA11yChar.fire(stringFromCodePoint(code));
       }
-      if (this._getCurrentLinkId()) {
-        this._oscLinkService.addLineToLink(this._getCurrentLinkId(), this._activeBuffer.ybase + this._activeBuffer.y);
+      const linkId = this._getCurrentLinkId();
+      if (linkId) {
+        this._oscLinkService.addLineToLink(linkId, this._activeBuffer.ybase + this._activeBuffer.y);
       }
 
       // goto next line if ch would overflow
@@ -589,8 +592,7 @@ export class InputHandler extends Disposable implements IInputHandler {
             if (this._activeBuffer.y >= this._bufferService.rows) {
               this._activeBuffer.y = this._bufferService.rows - 1;
             }
-            // The line already exists (eg. the initial viewport), mark it as a
-            // wrapped line
+            // The line already exists (eg. the initial viewport), mark it as a wrapped line
             this._activeBuffer.lines.get(this._activeBuffer.ybase + this._activeBuffer.y)!.isWrapped = true;
           }
           // row changed, get it again
@@ -755,7 +757,7 @@ export class InputHandler extends Disposable implements IInputHandler {
       // reprint is common, especially on resize. Note that the windowsMode wrapped line heuristics
       // can mess with this so windowsMode should be disabled, which is recommended on Windows build
       // 21376 and above.
-      this._activeBuffer.lines.get(this._activeBuffer.ybase + this._activeBuffer.y)!.isWrapped = false;
+      this._unwrapBufferRow(this._activeBuffer.ybase + this._activeBuffer.y, false);
     }
     // If the end of the line is hit, prevent this action from wrapping around to the next line.
     if (this._activeBuffer.x >= this._bufferService.cols) {
@@ -819,7 +821,7 @@ export class InputHandler extends Disposable implements IInputHandler {
         && this._activeBuffer.y > this._activeBuffer.scrollTop
         && this._activeBuffer.y <= this._activeBuffer.scrollBottom
         && this._activeBuffer.lines.get(this._activeBuffer.ybase + this._activeBuffer.y)?.isWrapped) {
-        this._activeBuffer.lines.get(this._activeBuffer.ybase + this._activeBuffer.y)!.isWrapped = false;
+        this._unwrapBufferRow(this._activeBuffer.ybase + this._activeBuffer.y, false);
         this._activeBuffer.y--;
         this._activeBuffer.x = this._bufferService.cols - 1;
         // find last taken cell - last cell can have 3 different states:
@@ -1183,21 +1185,43 @@ export class InputHandler extends Disposable implements IInputHandler {
       respectProtect
     );
     if (clearWrap) {
-      line.isWrapped = false;
+      this._unwrapBufferRow(this._activeBuffer.ybase + y, true);
     }
   }
 
+  private _unwrapBufferRow(y: number, preserveContent: boolean): void {
+    const line = this._activeBuffer.lines.get(y);
+    if (!line?.isWrapped) {
+      return;
+    }
+    if (line instanceof BufferOverflowLine) {
+      if (preserveContent) {
+        this._activeBuffer.lines.set(y, line.materializeToStandalone(this._activeBuffer.getNullCell(this._eraseAttrData())));
+      } else {
+        this._activeBuffer.clearWrappedRow(y, this._activeBuffer.getNullCell(this._eraseAttrData()), false);
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+    line.isWrapped = false;
+  }
+
   /**
    * Helper method to reset cells in a terminal row. The cell gets replaced with the eraseChar of
    * the terminal and the isWrapped property is set to false.
    * @param y row index
    */
   private _resetBufferLine(y: number, respectProtect: boolean = false): void {
-    const line = this._activeBuffer.lines.get(this._activeBuffer.ybase + y);
+    const absY = this._activeBuffer.ybase + y;
+    const nullCell = this._activeBuffer.getNullCell(this._eraseAttrData());
+    const last = getWrappedRangeEnd(this._activeBuffer.lines, absY);
+    for (let i = last; i > absY; i--) {
+      this._activeBuffer.clearWrappedRow(i, nullCell);
+    }
+    const line = this._activeBuffer.lines.get(absY);
     if (line) {
-      line.fill(this._activeBuffer.getNullCell(this._eraseAttrData()), respectProtect);
-      this._bufferService.buffer.clearMarkers(this._activeBuffer.ybase + y);
-      line.isWrapped = false;
+      line.fill(nullCell, respectProtect);
+      this._bufferService.buffer.clearMarkers(absY);
+      this._activeBuffer.clearWrappedRow(absY, nullCell);
     }
   }
 
@@ -1245,10 +1269,7 @@ export class InputHandler extends Disposable implements IInputHandler {
         this._eraseInBufferLine(j, 0, this._activeBuffer.x + 1, true, respectProtect);
         if (this._activeBuffer.x + 1 >= this._bufferService.cols) {
           // Deleted entire previous line. This next line can no longer be wrapped.
-          const nextLine = this._activeBuffer.lines.get(j + 1);
-          if (nextLine) {
-            nextLine.isWrapped = false;
-          }
+          this._unwrapBufferRow(this._activeBuffer.ybase + j + 1, true);
         }
         while (j--) {
           this._resetBufferLine(j, respectProtect);
@@ -1512,7 +1533,7 @@ export class InputHandler extends Disposable implements IInputHandler {
     for (let y = this._activeBuffer.scrollTop; y <= this._activeBuffer.scrollBottom; ++y) {
       const line = this._activeBuffer.lines.get(this._activeBuffer.ybase + y)!;
       line.deleteCells(0, param, this._activeBuffer.getNullCell(this._eraseAttrData()));
-      line.isWrapped = false;
+      this._unwrapBufferRow(this._activeBuffer.ybase + y, true);
     }
     this._dirtyRowTracker.markRangeDirty(this._activeBuffer.scrollTop, this._activeBuffer.scrollBottom);
     return true;
@@ -1545,7 +1566,7 @@ export class InputHandler extends Disposable implements IInputHandler {
     for (let y = this._activeBuffer.scrollTop; y <= this._activeBuffer.scrollBottom; ++y) {
       const line = this._activeBuffer.lines.get(this._activeBuffer.ybase + y)!;
       line.insertCells(0, param, this._activeBuffer.getNullCell(this._eraseAttrData()));
-      line.isWrapped = false;
+      this._unwrapBufferRow(this._activeBuffer.ybase + y, true);
     }
     this._dirtyRowTracker.markRangeDirty(this._activeBuffer.scrollTop, this._activeBuffer.scrollBottom);
     return true;
@@ -1568,7 +1589,7 @@ export class InputHandler extends Disposable implements IInputHandler {
     for (let y = this._activeBuffer.scrollTop; y <= this._activeBuffer.scrollBottom; ++y) {
       const line = this._activeBuffer.lines.get(this._activeBuffer.ybase + y)!;
       line.insertCells(this._activeBuffer.x, param, this._activeBuffer.getNullCell(this._eraseAttrData()));
-      line.isWrapped = false;
+      this._unwrapBufferRow(this._activeBuffer.ybase + y, true);
     }
     this._dirtyRowTracker.markRangeDirty(this._activeBuffer.scrollTop, this._activeBuffer.scrollBottom);
     return true;
@@ -1591,7 +1612,7 @@ export class InputHandler extends Disposable implements IInputHandler {
     for (let y = this._activeBuffer.scrollTop; y <= this._activeBuffer.scrollBottom; ++y) {
       const line = this._activeBuffer.lines.get(this._activeBuffer.ybase + y)!;
       line.deleteCells(this._activeBuffer.x, param, this._activeBuffer.getNullCell(this._eraseAttrData()));
-      line.isWrapped = false;
+      this._unwrapBufferRow(this._activeBuffer.ybase + y, true);
     }
     this._dirtyRowTracker.markRangeDirty(this._activeBuffer.scrollTop, this._activeBuffer.scrollBottom);
     return true;
@@ -2590,10 +2611,6 @@ export class InputHandler extends Disposable implements IInputHandler {
    * | 3      | CMY color.                                                    | #N      |
    * | 4      | CMYK color.                                                   | #N      |
    * | 5      | Indexed (256 colors) as `Ps ; 5 ; INDEX` or `Ps : 5 : INDEX`. | #Y      |
-   *
-   *
-   * FIXME: blinking is implemented in attrs, but not working in renderers?
-   * FIXME: remove dead branch for p=100
    */
   public charAttributes(params: IParams): boolean {
     // Optimize a single SGR0.
@@ -3479,7 +3496,7 @@ export class InputHandler extends Disposable implements IInputHandler {
       const line = this._activeBuffer.lines.get(row);
       if (line) {
         line.fill(cell);
-        line.isWrapped = false;
+        this._unwrapBufferRow(row, true);
       }
     }
     this._dirtyRowTracker.markAllDirty();

src/common/StringBuilder.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2026 The xterm.js authors. All rights reserved.
+ * @license MIT
+ */
+
+import { assert } from 'chai';
+import { LimitedStringBuilder, StringBuilder } from 'common/StringBuilder';
+
+describe('StringBuilder', () => {
+  it('should start empty', () => {
+    const builder = new StringBuilder();
+    assert.strictEqual(builder.length, 0);
+    assert.strictEqual(builder.toString(), '');
+  });
+
+  it('should append a single chunk', () => {
+    const builder = new StringBuilder();
+    builder.append('hello');
+    assert.strictEqual(builder.length, 5);
+    assert.strictEqual(builder.toString(), 'hello');
+  });
+
+  it('should join multiple chunks in order', () => {
+    const builder = new StringBuilder();
+    builder.append('foo');
+    builder.append('bar');
+    builder.append('baz');
+    assert.strictEqual(builder.length, 9);
+    assert.strictEqual(builder.toString(), 'foobarbaz');
+  });
+
+  it('should handle empty chunks', () => {
+    const builder = new StringBuilder();
+    builder.append('');
+    builder.append('a');
+    builder.append('');
+    assert.strictEqual(builder.length, 1);
+    assert.strictEqual(builder.toString(), 'a');
+  });
+
+  it('should reset accumulated data', () => {
+    const builder = new StringBuilder();
+    builder.append('hello');
+    builder.reset();
+    assert.strictEqual(builder.length, 0);
+    assert.strictEqual(builder.toString(), '');
+  });
+
+  it('should allow appending after reset', () => {
+    const builder = new StringBuilder();
+    builder.append('old');
+    builder.reset();
+    builder.append('new');
+    assert.strictEqual(builder.toString(), 'new');
+  });
+
+  it('should accumulate many small chunks without quadratic concatenation', () => {
+    const builder = new StringBuilder();
+    const chunk = 'x';
+    const count = 10000;
+    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+      builder.append(chunk);
+    }
+    assert.strictEqual(builder.length, count);
+    assert.strictEqual(builder.toString(), 'x'.repeat(count));
+  });
+});
+
+describe('LimitedStringBuilder', () => {
+  it('should expose the configured limit', () => {
+    const builder = new LimitedStringBuilder(42);
+    assert.strictEqual(builder.limit, 42);
+  });
+
+  it('should start empty', () => {
+    const builder = new LimitedStringBuilder(10);
+    assert.strictEqual(builder.length, 0);
+    assert.strictEqual(builder.toString(), '');
+  });
+
+  it('should accept data up to the limit', () => {
+    const builder = new LimitedStringBuilder(10);
+    assert.strictEqual(builder.append('12345'), false);
+    assert.strictEqual(builder.append('67890'), false);
+    assert.strictEqual(builder.length, 10);
+    assert.strictEqual(builder.toString(), '1234567890');
+  });
+
+  it('should accept a single chunk exactly at the limit', () => {
+    const builder = new LimitedStringBuilder(5);
+    assert.strictEqual(builder.append('abcde'), false);
+    assert.strictEqual(builder.length, 5);
+    assert.strictEqual(builder.toString(), 'abcde');
+  });
+
+  it('should reject data exceeding the limit and clear the buffer', () => {
+    const builder = new LimitedStringBuilder(5);
+    builder.append('abc');
+    assert.strictEqual(builder.append('def'), true);
+    assert.strictEqual(builder.length, 0);
+    assert.strictEqual(builder.toString(), '');
+  });
+
+  it('should reject a single chunk larger than the limit', () => {
+    const builder = new LimitedStringBuilder(3);
+    assert.strictEqual(builder.append('toolong'), true);
+    assert.strictEqual(builder.length, 0);
+    assert.strictEqual(builder.toString(), '');
+  });
+
+  it('should allow appending again after reset following a limit breach', () => {
+    const builder = new LimitedStringBuilder(3);
+    assert.strictEqual(builder.append('abcd'), true);
+    builder.reset();
+    assert.strictEqual(builder.append('ab'), false);
+    assert.strictEqual(builder.toString(), 'ab');
+  });
+
+  it('should accumulate many chunks before hitting the limit', () => {
+    const limit = 100;
+    const builder = new LimitedStringBuilder(limit);
+    const chunk = 'A';
+    for (let i = 0; i < limit; i++) {
+      assert.strictEqual(builder.append(chunk), false);
+    }
+    assert.strictEqual(builder.toString(), 'A'.repeat(limit));
+    assert.strictEqual(builder.append('B'), true);
+    assert.strictEqual(builder.toString(), '');
+  });
+
+  it('should reject when limit is zero and any data is appended', () => {
+    const builder = new LimitedStringBuilder(0);
+    assert.strictEqual(builder.append('a'), true);
+    assert.strictEqual(builder.length, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should allow zero-length appends at the limit', () => {
+    const builder = new LimitedStringBuilder(0);
+    assert.strictEqual(builder.append(''), false);
+    assert.strictEqual(builder.length, 0);
+    assert.strictEqual(builder.toString(), '');
+  });
+});

src/common/StringBuilder.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2026 The xterm.js authors. All rights reserved.
+ * @license MIT
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Accumulates string data from multiple chunks without O(n²) string concatenation.
+ */
+export class StringBuilder {
+  private _chunks: string[] = [];
+  private _length = 0;
+
+  public get length(): number {
+    return this._length;
+  }
+
+  public reset(): void {
+    this._chunks.length = 0;
+    this._length = 0;
+  }
+
+  public append(chunk: string): void {
+    this._chunks.push(chunk);
+    this._length += chunk.length;
+  }
+
+  public toString(): string {
+    return this._chunks.join('');
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * String builder that rejects payloads larger than a fixed limit.
+ */
+export class LimitedStringBuilder {
+  private readonly _builder = new StringBuilder();
+
+  constructor(private readonly _limit: number) { }
+
+  public get length(): number {
+    return this._builder.length;
+  }
+
+  public get limit(): number {
+    return this._limit;
+  }
+
+  public reset(): void {
+    this._builder.reset();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @returns true if the limit was exceeded (buffer is cleared in that case)
+   */
+  public append(chunk: string): boolean {
+    this._builder.append(chunk);
+    if (this._builder.length > this._limit) {
+      this._builder.reset();
+      return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  public toString(): string {
+    return this._builder.toString();
+  }
+}

src/common/TestUtils.test.ts

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 
 import { IBufferService, ICoreService, ILogService, IOptionsService, ITerminalOptions, IMouseStateService, ICharsetService, UnicodeCharProperties, UnicodeCharWidth, IUnicodeService, IUnicodeVersionProvider, LogLevelEnum, IDecorationService, IInternalDecoration, IOscLinkService, type IBufferResizeEvent } from 'common/services/Services';
 import { UnicodeService } from 'common/services/UnicodeService';
-import { clone } from 'common/Clone';
 import { DEFAULT_OPTIONS } from 'common/services/OptionsService';
 import { IBufferSet, IBuffer } from 'common/buffer/Types';
 import { BufferSet } from 'common/buffer/BufferSet';
@@ -157,7 +156,7 @@ export class MockLogService implements ILogService {
 
 export class MockOptionsService implements IOptionsService {
   public serviceBrand: any;
-  public readonly rawOptions: Required<ITerminalOptions> = clone(DEFAULT_OPTIONS);
+  public readonly rawOptions: Required<ITerminalOptions> = structuredClone(DEFAULT_OPTIONS);
   public options: Required<ITerminalOptions> = this.rawOptions;
   public onOptionChange: IEvent<keyof ITerminalOptions> = new Emitter<keyof ITerminalOptions>().event;
   constructor(testOptions?: Partial<ITerminalOptions>) {

src/common/Types.ts

@@ -528,8 +528,8 @@ export interface IInputHandler {
   /** CSI ' } */ insertColumns(params: IParams): boolean;
   /** CSI ' ~ */ deleteColumns(params: IParams): boolean;
 
-  /** OSC 0
-      OSC 2 */ setTitle(data: string): boolean;
+  /** OSC 0 */
+  /** OSC 2 */ setTitle(data: string): boolean;
   /** OSC 4 */ setOrReportIndexedColor(data: string): boolean;
   /** OSC 10 */ setOrReportFgColor(data: string): boolean;
   /** OSC 11 */ setOrReportBgColor(data: string): boolean;
@@ -542,24 +542,24 @@ export interface IInputHandler {
   /** ESC E */ nextLine(): boolean;
   /** ESC = */ keypadApplicationMode(): boolean;
   /** ESC > */ keypadNumericMode(): boolean;
-  /** ESC % G
-      ESC % @ */ selectDefaultCharset(): boolean;
-  /** ESC ( C
-      ESC ) C
-      ESC * C
-      ESC + C
-      ESC - C
-      ESC . C
-      ESC / C */ selectCharset(collectAndFlag: string): boolean;
+  /** ESC % G */
+  /** ESC % @ */ selectDefaultCharset(): boolean;
+  /** ESC ( C */
+  /** ESC ) C */
+  /** ESC * C */
+  /** ESC + C */
+  /** ESC - C */
+  /** ESC . C */
+  /** ESC / C */ selectCharset(collectAndFlag: string): boolean;
   /** ESC D */ index(): boolean;
   /** ESC H */ tabSet(): boolean;
   /** ESC M */ reverseIndex(): boolean;
   /** ESC c */ fullReset(): boolean;
-  /** ESC n
-      ESC o
-      ESC |
-      ESC }
-      ESC ~ */ setgLevel(level: number): boolean;
+  /** ESC n */
+  /** ESC o */
+  /** ESC | */
+  /** ESC } */
+  /** ESC ~ */ setgLevel(level: number): boolean;
   /** ESC # 8 */ screenAlignmentPattern(): boolean;
 }
 

src/common/buffer/Buffer.ts

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import { IdleTaskQueue } from 'common/TaskQueue';
 import { IAttributeData, IBufferLine, ICellData, ICharset } from 'common/Types';
 import { ExtendedAttrs } from 'common/buffer/AttributeData';
 import { BufferLine, DEFAULT_ATTR_DATA } from 'common/buffer/BufferLine';
+import { attachWrappedRow, clearWrappedRow, createScrollWrappedLine } from 'common/buffer/BufferLineUtils';
 import { BufferLineStringCache } from 'common/buffer/BufferLineStringCache';
 import { getWrappedLineTrimmedLength, reflowLargerApplyNewLayout, reflowLargerCreateNewLayout, reflowLargerGetLinesToRemove, reflowSmallerGetNewLineLengths } from 'common/buffer/BufferReflow';
 import { CellData } from 'common/buffer/CellData';
@@ -100,7 +101,19 @@ export class Buffer extends Disposable implements IBuffer {
   }
 
   public getBlankLine(attr: IAttributeData, isWrapped?: boolean): IBufferLine {
-    return new BufferLine(this._stringCache, this._bufferService.cols, this.getNullCell(attr), isWrapped);
+    return new BufferLine(this._stringCache, this._bufferService.cols, this.getNullCell(attr), !!isWrapped);
+  }
+
+  public attachWrappedRow(y: number, fillCellData: ICellData): IBufferLine {
+    return attachWrappedRow(this.lines, y, this._stringCache, this._cols, fillCellData);
+  }
+
+  public clearWrappedRow(y: number, fillCellData: ICellData, preserveContent: boolean = true): void {
+    clearWrappedRow(this.lines, y, fillCellData, this._stringCache, this._cols, preserveContent);
+  }
+
+  public createScrollWrappedLine(lineAbove: IBufferLine | undefined, attr: IAttributeData): IBufferLine {
+    return createScrollWrappedLine(lineAbove, this._stringCache, this._cols, this.getNullCell(attr), attr);
   }
 
   public get hasScrollback(): boolean {

src/common/buffer/BufferLine.ts

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import { AttributeData } from 'common/buffer/AttributeData';
 import { CellData } from 'common/buffer/CellData';
 import { Attributes, BgFlags, CHAR_DATA_ATTR_INDEX, CHAR_DATA_CHAR_INDEX, CHAR_DATA_WIDTH_INDEX, Content, NULL_CELL_CHAR, NULL_CELL_CODE, NULL_CELL_WIDTH, WHITESPACE_CELL_CHAR } from 'common/buffer/Constants';
 import { stringFromCodePoint } from 'common/input/TextDecoder';
+import { StringBuilder } from 'common/StringBuilder';
 
 // Buffer memory layout:
 //
@@ -41,6 +42,7 @@ export const DEFAULT_ATTR_DATA = Object.freeze(new AttributeData());
 // Work variables to avoid garbage collection
 let $startIndex = 0;
 const $workCell = new CellData();
+const $translateToStringBuilder = new StringBuilder();
 
 export interface IBufferLineStringCacheEntry {
   value: string | undefined;
@@ -74,20 +76,106 @@ export class BufferLine implements IBufferLine {
   protected _combined: {[index: number]: string} = {};
   protected _extendedAttrs: {[index: number]: IExtendedAttrs | undefined} = {};
   protected _stringCacheEntryRef: WeakRef<IBufferLineStringCacheEntry> | undefined;
+  /** When set, this row is a viewport slice of the logical line owned by this buffer line. */
+  protected _logicalHead: BufferLine | undefined;
+  protected _segmentStart: number = 0;
+  protected _logicalCellCount: number = 0;
+  protected _overflowRowCount: number = 0;
+  protected _fillCellData: ICellData;
   public length: number;
+  public isWrapped: boolean = false;
 
   constructor(
     protected readonly _stringCache: IBufferLineStringCache,
     cols: number,
     fillCellData?: ICellData,
-    public isWrapped: boolean = false
+    isWrapped: boolean = false,
+    logicalHead?: BufferLine,
+    segmentStart?: number
   ) {
-    this._data = new Uint32Array(cols * Constants.CELL_INDICIES);
     const cell = fillCellData ?? CellData.fromCharData([0, NULL_CELL_CHAR, NULL_CELL_WIDTH, NULL_CELL_CODE]);
+    this._fillCellData = cell;
+    if (logicalHead) {
+      this._logicalHead = logicalHead;
+      this._segmentStart = segmentStart ?? 0;
+      this._data = logicalHead._data;
+      this._combined = logicalHead._combined;
+      this._extendedAttrs = logicalHead._extendedAttrs;
+      this.length = cols;
+      this.isWrapped = true;
+      return;
+    }
+    this._data = new Uint32Array(cols * Constants.CELL_INDICIES);
+    this._logicalCellCount = cols;
     for (let i = 0; i < cols; ++i) {
       this.setCell(i, cell);
     }
     this.length = cols;
+    this.isWrapped = isWrapped;
+  }
+
+  public get logicalCellCount(): number {
+    return this._logicalHead ? this._logicalHead._logicalCellCount : this._logicalCellCount;
+  }
+
+  public registerOverflowRow(): void {
+    if (this._logicalHead) {
+      this._logicalHead.registerOverflowRow();
+    } else {
+      this._overflowRowCount++;
+    }
+  }
+
+  public unregisterOverflowRow(): void {
+    if (this._logicalHead) {
+      this._logicalHead.unregisterOverflowRow();
+    } else if (this._overflowRowCount > 0) {
+      this._overflowRowCount--;
+    }
+  }
+
+  public clearOverflowRows(): void {
+    if (!this._logicalHead) {
+      this._overflowRowCount = 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** After reflow merges wrapped rows into the head, reset overflow tracking. */
+  public clearReflowMergedState(): void {
+    if (!this._logicalHead) {
+      this._overflowRowCount = 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  public ensureLogicalCapacity(minCells: number, fillCellData: ICellData): void {
+    const head = this._logicalHead ?? this;
+    if (minCells <= head._logicalCellCount) {
+      return;
+    }
+    head._invalidateStringCache();
+    const uint32Cells = minCells * Constants.CELL_INDICIES;
+    if (head._data.buffer.byteLength >= uint32Cells * 4) {
+      head._data = new Uint32Array(head._data.buffer, 0, uint32Cells);
+    } else {
+      const data = new Uint32Array(uint32Cells);
+      data.set(head._data);
+      head._data = data;
+    }
+    for (let i = head._logicalCellCount; i < minCells; ++i) {
+      const start = i * Constants.CELL_INDICIES;
+      head._data[start + Cell.CONTENT] = fillCellData.content;
+      head._data[start + Cell.FG] = fillCellData.fg;
+      head._data[start + Cell.BG] = fillCellData.bg;
+    }
+    head._logicalCellCount = minCells;
+  }
+
+  protected _absoluteColumn(column: number): number {
+    return this._segmentStart + column;
+  }
+
+  protected _cellStartIndex(column: number): number {
+    return this._absoluteColumn(column) * Constants.CELL_INDICIES;
   }
 
   /**
@@ -95,16 +183,18 @@ export class BufferLine implements IBufferLine {
    * @deprecated
    */
   public get(index: number): CharData {
-    const content = this._data[index * Constants.CELL_INDICIES + Cell.CONTENT];
+    const abs = this._absoluteColumn(index);
+    const start = this._cellStartIndex(index);
+    const content = this._data[start + Cell.CONTENT];
     const cp = content & Content.CODEPOINT_MASK;
     return [
-      this._data[index * Constants.CELL_INDICIES + Cell.FG],
+      this._data[start + Cell.FG],
       (content & Content.IS_COMBINED_MASK)
-        ? this._combined[index]
+        ? this._combined[abs]
         : (cp) ? stringFromCodePoint(cp) : '',
       content >> Content.WIDTH_SHIFT,
       (content & Content.IS_COMBINED_MASK)
-        ? this._combined[index].charCodeAt(this._combined[index].length - 1)
+        ? this._combined[abs].charCodeAt(this._combined[abs].length - 1)
         : cp
     ];
   }
@@ -115,12 +205,14 @@ export class BufferLine implements IBufferLine {
    */
   public set(index: number, value: CharData): void {
     this._invalidateStringCache();
-    this._data[index * Constants.CELL_INDICIES + Cell.FG] = value[CHAR_DATA_ATTR_INDEX];
+    const abs = this._absoluteColumn(index);
+    const start = this._cellStartIndex(index);
+    this._data[start + Cell.FG] = value[CHAR_DATA_ATTR_INDEX];
     if (value[CHAR_DATA_CHAR_INDEX].length > 1) {
-      this._combined[index] = value[1];
-      this._data[index * Constants.CELL_INDICIES + Cell.CONTENT] = index | Content.IS_COMBINED_MASK | (value[CHAR_DATA_WIDTH_INDEX] << Content.WIDTH_SHIFT);
+      this._combined[abs] = value[1];
+      this._data[start + Cell.CONTENT] = abs | Content.IS_COMBINED_MASK | (value[CHAR_DATA_WIDTH_INDEX] << Content.WIDTH_SHIFT);
     } else {
-      this._data[index * Constants.CELL_INDICIES + Cell.CONTENT] = value[CHAR_DATA_CHAR_INDEX].charCodeAt(0) | (value[CHAR_DATA_WIDTH_INDEX] << Content.WIDTH_SHIFT);
+      this._data[start + Cell.CONTENT] = value[CHAR_DATA_CHAR_INDEX].charCodeAt(0) | (value[CHAR_DATA_WIDTH_INDEX] << Content.WIDTH_SHIFT);
     }
   }
 
@@ -129,22 +221,22 @@ export class BufferLine implements IBufferLine {
    * use these when only one value is needed, otherwise use `loadCell`
    */
   public getWidth(index: number): number {
-    return this._data[index * Constants.CELL_INDICIES + Cell.CONTENT] >> Content.WIDTH_SHIFT;
+    return this._data[this._cellStartIndex(index) + Cell.CONTENT] >> Content.WIDTH_SHIFT;
   }
 
   /** Test whether content has width. */
   public hasWidth(index: number): number {
-    return this._data[index * Constants.CELL_INDICIES + Cell.CONTENT] & Content.WIDTH_MASK;
+    return this._data[this._cellStartIndex(index) + Cell.CONTENT] & Content.WIDTH_MASK;
   }
 
   /** Get FG cell component. */
   public getFg(index: number): number {
-    return this._data[index * Constants.CELL_INDICIES + Cell.FG];
+    return this._data[this._cellStartIndex(index) + Cell.FG];
   }
 
   /** Get BG cell component. */
   public getBg(index: number): number {
-    return this._data[index * Constants.CELL_INDICIES + Cell.BG];
+    return this._data[this._cellStartIndex(index) + Cell.BG];
   }
 
   /**
@@ -153,7 +245,7 @@ export class BufferLine implements IBufferLine {
    * from real empty cells.
    */
   public hasContent(index: number): number {
-    return this._data[index * Constants.CELL_INDICIES + Cell.CONTENT] & Content.HAS_CONTENT_MASK;
+    return this._data[this._cellStartIndex(index) + Cell.CONTENT] & Content.HAS_CONTENT_MASK;
   }
 
   /**
@@ -162,23 +254,25 @@ export class BufferLine implements IBufferLine {
    * a single UTF32 codepoint or the last codepoint of a combined string.
    */
   public getCodePoint(index: number): number {
-    const content = this._data[index * Constants.CELL_INDICIES + Cell.CONTENT];
+    const abs = this._absoluteColumn(index);
+    const content = this._data[this._cellStartIndex(index) + Cell.CONTENT];
     if (content & Content.IS_COMBINED_MASK) {
-      return this._combined[index].charCodeAt(this._combined[index].length - 1);
+      return this._combined[abs].charCodeAt(this._combined[abs].length - 1);
     }
     return content & Content.CODEPOINT_MASK;
   }
 
   /** Test whether the cell contains a combined string. */
   public isCombined(index: number): number {
-    return this._data[index * Constants.CELL_INDICIES + Cell.CONTENT] & Content.IS_COMBINED_MASK;
+    return this._data[this._cellStartIndex(index) + Cell.CONTENT] & Content.IS_COMBINED_MASK;
   }
 
   /** Returns the string content of the cell. */
   public getString(index: number): string {
-    const content = this._data[index * Constants.CELL_INDICIES + Cell.CONTENT];
+    const abs = this._absoluteColumn(index);
+    const content = this._data[this._cellStartIndex(index) + Cell.CONTENT];
     if (content & Content.IS_COMBINED_MASK) {
-      return this._combined[index];
+      return this._combined[abs];
     }
     if (content & Content.CODEPOINT_MASK) {
       return stringFromCodePoint(content & Content.CODEPOINT_MASK);
@@ -189,7 +283,7 @@ export class BufferLine implements IBufferLine {
 
   /** Get state of protected flag. */
   public isProtected(index: number): number {
-    return this._data[index * Constants.CELL_INDICIES + Cell.BG] & BgFlags.PROTECTED;
+    return this._data[this._cellStartIndex(index) + Cell.BG] & BgFlags.PROTECTED;
   }
 
   /**
@@ -197,15 +291,16 @@ export class BufferLine implements IBufferLine {
    * to GC as it significantly reduced the amount of new objects/references needed.
    */
   public loadCell(index: number, cell: ICellData): ICellData {
-    $startIndex = index * Constants.CELL_INDICIES;
+    const abs = this._absoluteColumn(index);
+    $startIndex = this._cellStartIndex(index);
     cell.content = this._data[$startIndex + Cell.CONTENT];
     cell.fg = this._data[$startIndex + Cell.FG];
     cell.bg = this._data[$startIndex + Cell.BG];
     if (cell.content & Content.IS_COMBINED_MASK) {
-      cell.combinedData = this._combined[index];
+      cell.combinedData = this._combined[abs];
     }
     if (cell.bg & BgFlags.HAS_EXTENDED) {
-      cell.extended = this._extendedAttrs[index]!;
+      cell.extended = this._extendedAttrs[abs]!;
     }
     return cell;
   }
@@ -215,15 +310,17 @@ export class BufferLine implements IBufferLine {
    */
   public setCell(index: number, cell: ICellData): void {
     this._invalidateStringCache();
+    const abs = this._absoluteColumn(index);
+    const start = this._cellStartIndex(index);
     if (cell.content & Content.IS_COMBINED_MASK) {
-      this._combined[index] = cell.combinedData;
+      this._combined[abs] = cell.combinedData;
     }
     if (cell.bg & BgFlags.HAS_EXTENDED) {
-      this._extendedAttrs[index] = cell.extended;
+      this._extendedAttrs[abs] = cell.extended;
     }
-    this._data[index * Constants.CELL_INDICIES + Cell.CONTENT] = cell.content;
-    this._data[index * Constants.CELL_INDICIES + Cell.FG] = cell.fg;
-    this._data[index * Constants.CELL_INDICIES + Cell.BG] = cell.bg;
+    this._data[start + Cell.CONTENT] = cell.content;
+    this._data[start + Cell.FG] = cell.fg;
+    this._data[start + Cell.BG] = cell.bg;
   }
 
   /**
@@ -233,12 +330,14 @@ export class BufferLine implements IBufferLine {
    */
   public setCellFromCodepoint(index: number, codePoint: number, width: number, attrs: IAttributeData): void {
     this._invalidateStringCache();
+    const abs = this._absoluteColumn(index);
+    const start = this._cellStartIndex(index);
     if (attrs.bg & BgFlags.HAS_EXTENDED) {
-      this._extendedAttrs[index] = attrs.extended;
+      this._extendedAttrs[abs] = attrs.extended;
     }
-    this._data[index * Constants.CELL_INDICIES + Cell.CONTENT] = codePoint | (width << Content.WIDTH_SHIFT);
-    this._data[index * Constants.CELL_INDICIES + Cell.FG] = attrs.fg;
-    this._data[index * Constants.CELL_INDICIES + Cell.BG] = attrs.bg;
+    this._data[start + Cell.CONTENT] = codePoint | (width << Content.WIDTH_SHIFT);
+    this._data[start + Cell.FG] = attrs.fg;
+    this._data[start + Cell.BG] = attrs.bg;
   }
 
   /**
@@ -249,16 +348,18 @@ export class BufferLine implements IBufferLine {
    */
   public addCodepointToCell(index: number, codePoint: number, width: number): void {
     this._invalidateStringCache();
-    let content = this._data[index * Constants.CELL_INDICIES + Cell.CONTENT];
+    const abs = this._absoluteColumn(index);
+    const start = this._cellStartIndex(index);
+    let content = this._data[start + Cell.CONTENT];
     if (content & Content.IS_COMBINED_MASK) {
       // we already have a combined string, simply add
-      this._combined[index] += stringFromCodePoint(codePoint);
+      this._combined[abs] += stringFromCodePoint(codePoint);
     } else {
       if (content & Content.CODEPOINT_MASK) {
         // normal case for combining chars:
         //  - move current leading char + new one into combined string
         //  - set combined flag
-        this._combined[index] = stringFromCodePoint(content & Content.CODEPOINT_MASK) + stringFromCodePoint(codePoint);
+        this._combined[abs] = stringFromCodePoint(content & Content.CODEPOINT_MASK) + stringFromCodePoint(codePoint);
         content &= ~Content.CODEPOINT_MASK; // set codepoint in buffer to 0
         content |= Content.IS_COMBINED_MASK;
       } else {
@@ -271,7 +372,7 @@ export class BufferLine implements IBufferLine {
       content &= ~Content.WIDTH_MASK;
       content |= width << Content.WIDTH_SHIFT;
     }
-    this._data[index * Constants.CELL_INDICIES + Cell.CONTENT] = content;
+    this._data[start + Cell.CONTENT] = content;
   }
 
   public insertCells(pos: number, n: number, fillCellData: ICellData): void {
@@ -371,20 +472,28 @@ export class BufferLine implements IBufferLine {
    */
   public resize(cols: number, fillCellData: ICellData): boolean {
     this._invalidateStringCache();
+    if (this._logicalHead) {
+      if (cols > this.length) {
+        this._logicalHead.ensureLogicalCapacity(this._segmentStart + cols, fillCellData);
+      }
+      this.length = cols;
+      return false;
+    }
+    if (this._overflowRowCount > 0) {
+      if (cols > this.length) {
+        this.ensureLogicalCapacity(Math.max(this._logicalCellCount, this._segmentStart + cols), fillCellData);
+      }
+      this.length = cols;
+      return this._data.length * 4 * Constants.CLEANUP_THRESHOLD < this._data.buffer.byteLength;
+    }
     if (cols === this.length) {
       return this._data.length * 4 * Constants.CLEANUP_THRESHOLD < this._data.buffer.byteLength;
     }
     const uint32Cells = cols * Constants.CELL_INDICIES;
     if (cols > this.length) {
-      if (this._data.buffer.byteLength >= uint32Cells * 4) {
-        // optimization: avoid alloc and data copy if buffer has enough room
-        this._data = new Uint32Array(this._data.buffer, 0, uint32Cells);
-      } else {
-        // slow path: new alloc and full data copy
-        const data = new Uint32Array(uint32Cells);
-        data.set(this._data);
-        this._data = data;
-      }
+      const data = new Uint32Array(uint32Cells);
+      data.set(this._data.subarray(0, this.length * Constants.CELL_INDICIES));
+      this._data = data;
       for (let i = this.length; i < cols; ++i) {
         this.setCell(i, fillCellData);
       }
@@ -409,6 +518,7 @@ export class BufferLine implements IBufferLine {
       }
     }
     this.length = cols;
+    this._logicalCellCount = cols;
     return uint32Cells * 4 * Constants.CLEANUP_THRESHOLD < this._data.buffer.byteLength;
   }
 
@@ -419,10 +529,12 @@ export class BufferLine implements IBufferLine {
    * Returns 0 or 1 indicating whether a cleanup happened.
    */
   public cleanupMemory(): number {
-    if (this._data.length * 4 * Constants.CLEANUP_THRESHOLD < this._data.buffer.byteLength) {
-      const data = new Uint32Array(this._data.length);
-      data.set(this._data);
-      this._data = data;
+    const head = this._logicalHead ?? this;
+    const usedCells = head._logicalCellCount * Constants.CELL_INDICIES;
+    if (usedCells * 4 * Constants.CLEANUP_THRESHOLD < head._data.buffer.byteLength) {
+      const data = new Uint32Array(usedCells);
+      data.set(head._data.subarray(0, usedCells));
+      head._data = data;
       return 1;
     }
     return 0;
@@ -440,8 +552,10 @@ export class BufferLine implements IBufferLine {
       }
       return;
     }
-    this._combined = {};
-    this._extendedAttrs = {};
+    if (!this._logicalHead) {
+      this._combined = {};
+      this._extendedAttrs = {};
+    }
     for (let i = 0; i < this.length; ++i) {
       this.setCell(i, fillCellData);
     }
@@ -449,30 +563,72 @@ export class BufferLine implements IBufferLine {
 
   /** alter to a full copy of line  */
   public copyFrom(line: BufferLine): void {
+    if (this._logicalHead) {
+      this.materializeFromLogicalHead(this._fillCellData);
+    }
     this._invalidateStringCache();
+    this._logicalHead = undefined;
+    this._segmentStart = 0;
+    this._overflowRowCount = 0;
+    if (line._logicalHead) {
+      const standalone = new BufferLine(this._stringCache, line.length, this._fillCellData, false);
+      standalone.copyCellsFrom(line, 0, 0, line.length, false);
+      line = standalone;
+    }
     if (this.length !== line.length) {
-      this._data = new Uint32Array(line._data);
+      this._data = new Uint32Array(line._data.subarray(0, line.length * Constants.CELL_INDICIES));
     } else {
       // use high speed copy if lengths are equal
-      this._data.set(line._data);
+      this._data.set(line._data.subarray(0, line.length * Constants.CELL_INDICIES));
     }
     this.length = line.length;
+    this._logicalCellCount = line._logicalCellCount || line.length;
     this._combined = {};
     for (const el in line._combined) {
-      this._combined[el] = line._combined[el];
+      const key = parseInt(el, 10);
+      if (key < this._logicalCellCount) {
+        this._combined[key] = line._combined[el];
+      }
     }
     this._extendedAttrs = {};
     for (const el in line._extendedAttrs) {
-      this._extendedAttrs[el] = line._extendedAttrs[el];
+      const key = parseInt(el, 10);
+      if (key < this._logicalCellCount) {
+        this._extendedAttrs[key] = line._extendedAttrs[el];
+      }
     }
     this.isWrapped = line.isWrapped;
   }
 
+  public materializeFromLogicalHead(fillCellData: ICellData): BufferLine {
+    if (!this._logicalHead) {
+      return this;
+    }
+    const standalone = new BufferLine(this._stringCache, this.length, fillCellData, false);
+    standalone.copyCellsFrom(this._logicalHead, this._segmentStart, 0, this.length, false);
+    this._logicalHead.unregisterOverflowRow();
+    this._data = standalone._data;
+    this._combined = standalone._combined;
+    this._extendedAttrs = standalone._extendedAttrs;
+    this._logicalHead = undefined;
+    this._segmentStart = 0;
+    this._logicalCellCount = this.length;
+    this.isWrapped = false;
+    return this;
+  }
+
   /** create a new clone */
   public clone(): IBufferLine {
+    if (this._logicalHead) {
+      const newLine = new BufferLine(this._stringCache, 0, undefined, true, this._logicalHead, this._segmentStart);
+      newLine.length = this.length;
+      return newLine;
+    }
     const newLine = new BufferLine(this._stringCache, 0, undefined, false);
-    newLine._data = new Uint32Array(this._data);
+    newLine._data = new Uint32Array(this._data.subarray(0, this._logicalCellCount * Constants.CELL_INDICIES));
     newLine.length = this.length;
+    newLine._logicalCellCount = this._logicalCellCount;
+    newLine._overflowRowCount = this._overflowRowCount;
     for (const el in this._combined) {
       newLine._combined[el] = this._combined[el];
     }
@@ -485,8 +641,34 @@ export class BufferLine implements IBufferLine {
 
   public getTrimmedLength(): number {
     for (let i = this.length - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
-      if ((this._data[i * Constants.CELL_INDICIES + Cell.CONTENT] & Content.HAS_CONTENT_MASK)) {
-        return i + (this._data[i * Constants.CELL_INDICIES + Cell.CONTENT] >> Content.WIDTH_SHIFT);
+      const start = this._cellStartIndex(i);
+      if ((this._data[start + Cell.CONTENT] & Content.HAS_CONTENT_MASK)) {
+        return i + (this._data[start + Cell.CONTENT] >> Content.WIDTH_SHIFT);
+      }
+    }
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  /** Creates a standalone line containing the full logical line content. */
+  public toStandaloneLogicalLine(cols: number, fillCellData: ICellData, stringCache: IBufferLineStringCache): BufferLine {
+    const head = this._logicalHead ?? this;
+    const trimmed = head.getLogicalTrimmedLength();
+    const flat = new BufferLine(stringCache, cols, fillCellData, false);
+    if (trimmed > 0) {
+      flat.copyCellsFrom(head, 0, 0, trimmed, false);
+      flat._logicalCellCount = trimmed;
+    }
+    head.clearReflowMergedState();
+    return flat;
+  }
+
+  /** Trimmed length across the entire logical line (all segments). */
+  public getLogicalTrimmedLength(): number {
+    const head = this._logicalHead ?? this;
+    for (let i = head._logicalCellCount - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
+      const start = i * Constants.CELL_INDICIES;
+      if ((head._data[start + Cell.CONTENT] & Content.HAS_CONTENT_MASK)) {
+        return i + (head._data[start + Cell.CONTENT] >> Content.WIDTH_SHIFT);
       }
     }
     return 0;
@@ -494,8 +676,9 @@ export class BufferLine implements IBufferLine {
 
   public getNoBgTrimmedLength(): number {
     for (let i = this.length - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
-      if ((this._data[i * Constants.CELL_INDICIES + Cell.CONTENT] & Content.HAS_CONTENT_MASK) || (this._data[i * Constants.CELL_INDICIES + Cell.BG] & Attributes.CM_MASK)) {
-        return i + (this._data[i * Constants.CELL_INDICIES + Cell.CONTENT] >> Content.WIDTH_SHIFT);
+      const start = this._cellStartIndex(i);
+      if ((this._data[start + Cell.CONTENT] & Content.HAS_CONTENT_MASK) || (this._data[start + Cell.BG] & Attributes.CM_MASK)) {
+        return i + (this._data[start + Cell.CONTENT] >> Content.WIDTH_SHIFT);
       }
     }
     return 0;
@@ -504,22 +687,32 @@ export class BufferLine implements IBufferLine {
   public copyCellsFrom(src: BufferLine, srcCol: number, destCol: number, length: number, applyInReverse: boolean): void {
     this._invalidateStringCache();
     const srcData = src._data;
+    const srcOffset = src._segmentStart;
+    const destOffset = this._segmentStart;
     if (applyInReverse) {
       for (let cell = length - 1; cell >= 0; cell--) {
+        const srcStart = (srcOffset + srcCol + cell) * Constants.CELL_INDICIES;
+        const destStart = (destOffset + destCol + cell) * Constants.CELL_INDICIES;
         for (let i = 0; i < Constants.CELL_INDICIES; i++) {
-          this._data[(destCol + cell) * Constants.CELL_INDICIES + i] = srcData[(srcCol + cell) * Constants.CELL_INDICIES + i];
+          this._data[destStart + i] = srcData[srcStart + i];
         }
-        if (srcData[(srcCol + cell) * Constants.CELL_INDICIES + Cell.BG] & BgFlags.HAS_EXTENDED) {
-          this._extendedAttrs[destCol + cell] = src._extendedAttrs[srcCol + cell];
+        if (srcData[srcStart + Cell.BG] & BgFlags.HAS_EXTENDED) {
+          const absSrc = srcOffset + srcCol + cell;
+          const absDest = destOffset + destCol + cell;
+          this._extendedAttrs[absDest] = src._extendedAttrs[absSrc];
         }
       }
     } else {
       for (let cell = 0; cell < length; cell++) {
+        const srcStart = (srcOffset + srcCol + cell) * Constants.CELL_INDICIES;
+        const destStart = (destOffset + destCol + cell) * Constants.CELL_INDICIES;
         for (let i = 0; i < Constants.CELL_INDICIES; i++) {
-          this._data[(destCol + cell) * Constants.CELL_INDICIES + i] = srcData[(srcCol + cell) * Constants.CELL_INDICIES + i];
+          this._data[destStart + i] = srcData[srcStart + i];
         }
-        if (srcData[(srcCol + cell) * Constants.CELL_INDICIES + Cell.BG] & BgFlags.HAS_EXTENDED) {
-          this._extendedAttrs[destCol + cell] = src._extendedAttrs[srcCol + cell];
+        if (srcData[srcStart + Cell.BG] & BgFlags.HAS_EXTENDED) {
+          const absSrc = srcOffset + srcCol + cell;
+          const absDest = destOffset + destCol + cell;
+          this._extendedAttrs[absDest] = src._extendedAttrs[absSrc];
         }
       }
     }
@@ -528,8 +721,9 @@ export class BufferLine implements IBufferLine {
     const srcCombinedKeys = Object.keys(src._combined);
     for (let i = 0; i < srcCombinedKeys.length; i++) {
       const key = parseInt(srcCombinedKeys[i], 10);
-      if (key >= srcCol) {
-        this._combined[key - srcCol + destCol] = src._combined[key];
+      const srcAbsCol = srcOffset + srcCol;
+      if (key >= srcAbsCol && key < srcAbsCol + length) {
+        this._combined[key - srcCol + destOffset + destCol] = src._combined[key];
       }
     }
   }
@@ -570,12 +764,16 @@ export class BufferLine implements IBufferLine {
     if (outColumns) {
       outColumns.length = 0;
     }
-    let result = '';
+    $translateToStringBuilder.reset();
     while (startCol < endCol) {
-      const content = this._data[startCol * Constants.CELL_INDICIES + Cell.CONTENT];
+      const abs = this._absoluteColumn(startCol);
+      const start = this._cellStartIndex(startCol);
+      const content = this._data[start + Cell.CONTENT];
       const cp = content & Content.CODEPOINT_MASK;
-      const chars = (content & Content.IS_COMBINED_MASK) ? this._combined[startCol] : (cp) ? stringFromCodePoint(cp) : WHITESPACE_CELL_CHAR;
-      result += chars;
+      const chars = (content & Content.IS_COMBINED_MASK)
+        ? (this._combined[abs] ?? '')
+        : (cp) ? stringFromCodePoint(cp) : WHITESPACE_CELL_CHAR;
+      $translateToStringBuilder.append(chars);
       if (outColumns) {
         for (let i = 0; i < chars.length; ++i) {
           outColumns.push(startCol);
@@ -586,6 +784,8 @@ export class BufferLine implements IBufferLine {
     if (outColumns) {
       outColumns.push(startCol);
     }
+    const result = $translateToStringBuilder.toString();
+    $translateToStringBuilder.reset();
     if (isCanonicalRequest) {
       const cacheEntry = this._getStringCacheEntry(true)!;
       cacheEntry.value = result;
@@ -609,8 +809,9 @@ export class BufferLine implements IBufferLine {
     return cacheEntry;
   }
 
-  private _invalidateStringCache(): void {
-    const cacheEntry = this._getStringCacheEntry(false);
+  protected _invalidateStringCache(): void {
+    const head = this._logicalHead ?? this;
+    const cacheEntry = head._getStringCacheEntry(false);
     if (cacheEntry) {
       cacheEntry.value = undefined;
       cacheEntry.isTrimmed = false;

src/common/buffer/BufferLineUtils.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2026 The xterm.js authors. All rights reserved.
+ * @license MIT
+ */
+
+import { BufferLine } from 'common/buffer/BufferLine';
+import { BufferOverflowLine } from 'common/buffer/BufferOverflowLine';
+import { IAttributeData, IBufferLine, ICellData } from 'common/Types';
+import { IBufferLineStringCache } from 'common/buffer/BufferLine';
+
+export function getLogicalHead(line: IBufferLine): BufferLine {
+  if (line instanceof BufferOverflowLine) {
+    return line.head;
+  }
+  return line as BufferLine;
+}
+
+export function isBufferOverflowLine(line: IBufferLine): line is BufferOverflowLine {
+  return line instanceof BufferOverflowLine;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns the logical cell offset for the start of a buffer row.
+ */
+export function getSegmentStart(line: IBufferLine): number {
+  if (line instanceof BufferOverflowLine) {
+    return line.segmentStart;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Marks the row at `y` as a wrapped continuation of the logical line above.
+ * Extends the logical line storage and replaces the row with a {@link BufferOverflowLine}.
+ */
+export function attachWrappedRow(
+  lines: { get(index: number): IBufferLine | undefined; set(index: number, line: IBufferLine): void },
+  y: number,
+  stringCache: IBufferLineStringCache,
+  cols: number,
+  fillCellData: ICellData
+): IBufferLine {
+  const headY = y > 0 ? getWrappedRangeStart(lines, y - 1) : y;
+  const head = getLogicalHead(lines.get(headY)!);
+  const segmentStart = head.logicalCellCount;
+  head.ensureLogicalCapacity(segmentStart + cols, fillCellData);
+
+  const existingLine = lines.get(y);
+  if (existingLine && !(existingLine instanceof BufferOverflowLine) && existingLine.getTrimmedLength() > 0) {
+    head.copyCellsFrom(existingLine as BufferLine, 0, segmentStart, existingLine.length, false);
+  }
+
+  const overflowLine = new BufferOverflowLine(head, segmentStart, stringCache, cols, fillCellData);
+  lines.set(y, overflowLine);
+  head.registerOverflowRow();
+  return overflowLine;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Clears the wrapped state for a row, detaching overflow rows from their logical line.
+ */
+export function clearWrappedRow(
+  lines: { get(index: number): IBufferLine | undefined; set(index: number, line: IBufferLine): void },
+  y: number,
+  fillCellData: ICellData,
+  stringCache?: IBufferLineStringCache,
+  cols?: number,
+  preserveContent: boolean = true
+): void {
+  const line = lines.get(y);
+  if (!line) {
+    return;
+  }
+  if (line.isWrapped) {
+    if (line instanceof BufferOverflowLine) {
+      if (preserveContent) {
+        lines.set(y, line.materializeToStandalone(fillCellData));
+      } else if (stringCache !== undefined && cols !== undefined) {
+        line.head.unregisterOverflowRow();
+        lines.set(y, new BufferLine(stringCache, cols, fillCellData, false));
+      } else {
+        lines.set(y, line.materializeToStandalone(fillCellData));
+      }
+    } else if (line instanceof BufferLine) {
+      (line as BufferLine).materializeFromLogicalHead(fillCellData);
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+  const head = line as BufferLine;
+  head.clearOverflowRows();
+}
+
+export function getWrappedRangeStart(lines: { get(index: number): IBufferLine | undefined }, y: number): number {
+  let first = y;
+  while (first > 0 && lines.get(first)?.isWrapped) {
+    first--;
+  }
+  return first;
+}
+
+export function getWrappedRangeEnd(lines: { get(index: number): IBufferLine | undefined; length: number }, y: number): number {
+  let last = y;
+  while (last + 1 < lines.length && lines.get(last + 1)?.isWrapped) {
+    last++;
+  }
+  return last;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Copies a logical line group into a single standalone buffer row and removes overflow rows.
+ * Used before reflow so existing reflow algorithms can operate on independent lines.
+ */
+export function flattenLogicalGroup(
+  lines: { get(index: number): IBufferLine | undefined; set(index: number, line: IBufferLine): void; length: number },
+  headY: number,
+  cols: number,
+  fillCellData: ICellData,
+  stringCache: IBufferLineStringCache
+): void {
+  const last = getWrappedRangeEnd(lines, headY);
+  if (last <= headY) {
+    return;
+  }
+  const head = getLogicalHead(lines.get(headY)!);
+  lines.set(headY, head.toStandaloneLogicalLine(cols, fillCellData, stringCache));
+  for (let i = headY + 1; i <= last; i++) {
+    const line = lines.get(i);
+    if (line instanceof BufferOverflowLine) {
+      const standalone = line.materializeToStandalone(fillCellData);
+      standalone.isWrapped = true;
+      lines.set(i, standalone);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+export function materializeLogicalLinesForReflow(
+  lines: { get(index: number): IBufferLine | undefined; set(index: number, line: IBufferLine): void; length: number },
+  cols: number,
+  fillCellData: ICellData,
+  stringCache: IBufferLineStringCache
+): void {
+  let y = 0;
+  while (y < lines.length) {
+    const line = lines.get(y);
+    const next = lines.get(y + 1);
+    if (line && next instanceof BufferOverflowLine && next.head === getLogicalHead(line)) {
+      flattenLogicalGroup(lines, y, cols, fillCellData, stringCache);
+      y++;
+      continue;
+    }
+    y++;
+  }
+}
+
+export function createScrollWrappedLine(
+  lineAbove: IBufferLine | undefined,
+  stringCache: IBufferLineStringCache,
+  cols: number,
+  fillCellData: ICellData,
+  attr: IAttributeData
+): IBufferLine {
+  if (!lineAbove) {
+    return new BufferLine(stringCache, cols, fillCellData, true);
+  }
+  const head = getLogicalHead(lineAbove);
+  const segmentStart = head.logicalCellCount;
+  head.ensureLogicalCapacity(segmentStart + cols, fillCellData);
+  const overflowLine = new BufferOverflowLine(head, segmentStart, stringCache, cols, fillCellData);
+  head.registerOverflowRow();
+  return overflowLine;
+}

src/common/buffer/BufferLogicalLine.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2026 The xterm.js authors. All rights reserved.
+ * @license MIT
+ */
+
+import { assert } from 'chai';
+import { BufferLine } from 'common/buffer/BufferLine';
+import { BufferLineStringCache } from 'common/buffer/BufferLineStringCache';
+import { attachWrappedRow } from 'common/buffer/BufferLineUtils';
+import { BufferOverflowLine } from 'common/buffer/BufferOverflowLine';
+import { CellData } from 'common/buffer/CellData';
+import { NULL_CELL_CHAR, NULL_CELL_CODE, NULL_CELL_WIDTH } from 'common/buffer/Constants';
+import { IBufferLine } from 'common/Types';
+
+const TEST_STRING_CACHE = new BufferLineStringCache();
+const NULL_CELL = CellData.fromCharData([0, NULL_CELL_CHAR, NULL_CELL_WIDTH, NULL_CELL_CODE]);
+
+class LineList {
+  private _lines: IBufferLine[] = [];
+  public get(index: number): IBufferLine | undefined { return this._lines[index]; }
+  public set(index: number, line: IBufferLine): void { this._lines[index] = line; }
+  public get length(): number { return this._lines.length; }
+}
+
+describe('BufferLogicalLine', () => {
+  it('should share storage across wrapped rows', () => {
+    const cols = 5;
+    const lines = new LineList();
+    const head = new BufferLine(TEST_STRING_CACHE, cols, NULL_CELL, false);
+    lines.set(0, head);
+    for (let i = 0; i < cols; i++) {
+      head.setCellFromCodepoint(i, 'a'.charCodeAt(0) + i, 1, NULL_CELL);
+    }
+    attachWrappedRow(lines, 1, TEST_STRING_CACHE, cols, NULL_CELL);
+    const overflow = lines.get(1)!;
+    assert.instanceOf(overflow, BufferOverflowLine);
+    for (let i = 0; i < cols; i++) {
+      (overflow as BufferLine).setCellFromCodepoint(i, 'f'.charCodeAt(0) + i, 1, NULL_CELL);
+    }
+    assert.equal(head.translateToString(true), 'abcde');
+    assert.equal(overflow.translateToString(true), 'fghij');
+    assert.equal(head.getLogicalTrimmedLength(), 10);
+  });
+
+  it('should reflow unwrap without copying when logical content fits', () => {
+    const lines = new LineList();
+    const head = new BufferLine(TEST_STRING_CACHE, 5, NULL_CELL, false);
+    lines.set(0, head);
+    for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+      head.setCellFromCodepoint(i, 'f'.charCodeAt(0) + i, 1, NULL_CELL);
+    }
+    attachWrappedRow(lines, 1, TEST_STRING_CACHE, 2, NULL_CELL);
+    const overflow = lines.get(1)! as BufferOverflowLine;
+    for (let i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+      overflow.setCellFromCodepoint(i, 'k'.charCodeAt(0) + i, 1, NULL_CELL);
+    }
+    assert.equal(head.getLogicalTrimmedLength(), 7);
+    assert.equal(overflow.translateToString(true), 'kl');
+  });
+});

src/common/buffer/BufferOverflowLine.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2026 The xterm.js authors. All rights reserved.
+ * @license MIT
+ */
+
+import { ICellData } from 'common/Types';
+import { BufferLine, IBufferLineStringCache } from 'common/buffer/BufferLine';
+
+/**
+ * A viewport row that is a view into a slice of a parent {@link BufferLine}'s logical storage.
+ */
+export class BufferOverflowLine extends BufferLine {
+  public readonly head: BufferLine;
+  public readonly segmentStart: number;
+
+  constructor(
+    head: BufferLine,
+    segmentStart: number,
+    stringCache: IBufferLineStringCache,
+    cols: number,
+    fillCellData: ICellData
+  ) {
+    super(stringCache, cols, fillCellData, true, head, segmentStart);
+    this.head = head;
+    this.segmentStart = segmentStart;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Copies this row's segment into a standalone {@link BufferLine}.
+   */
+  public materializeToStandalone(fillCellData: ICellData): BufferLine {
+    return this.materializeFromLogicalHead(fillCellData);
+  }
+}

src/common/buffer/BufferReflow.ts

@@ -178,7 +178,10 @@ export function reflowLargerApplyNewLayout(lines: CircularList<IBufferLine>, new
  */
 export function reflowSmallerGetNewLineLengths(wrappedLines: BufferLine[], oldCols: number, newCols: number): number[] {
   const newLineLengths: number[] = [];
-  const cellsNeeded = wrappedLines.map((l, i) => getWrappedLineTrimmedLength(wrappedLines, i, oldCols)).reduce((p, c) => p + c);
+  let cellsNeeded = 0;
+  for (let i = 0; i < wrappedLines.length; i++) {
+    cellsNeeded += getWrappedLineTrimmedLength(wrappedLines, i, oldCols);
+  }
 
   // Use srcCol and srcLine to find the new wrapping point, use that to get the cellsAvailable and
   // linesNeeded

src/common/buffer/Types.ts

@@ -34,6 +34,9 @@ export interface IBuffer {
   nextStop(x?: number): number;
   prevStop(x?: number): number;
   getBlankLine(attr: IAttributeData, isWrapped?: boolean): IBufferLine;
+  attachWrappedRow(y: number, fillCellData: ICellData): IBufferLine;
+  clearWrappedRow(y: number, fillCellData: ICellData, preserveContent?: boolean): void;
+  createScrollWrappedLine(lineAbove: IBufferLine | undefined, attr: IAttributeData): IBufferLine;
   getNullCell(attr?: IAttributeData): ICellData;
   getWhitespaceCell(attr?: IAttributeData): ICellData;
   addMarker(y: number): IMarker;

src/common/input/WriteBuffer.test.ts

@@ -125,5 +125,86 @@ describe('WriteBuffer', () => {
       assert.deepEqual(stack, []);
       assert.deepEqual(cbStack, []);
     });
+    it('flushSync fires onWriteParsed', () => {
+      let parsed = 0;
+      wb.onWriteParsed(() => parsed++);
+      wb.write('a');
+      wb.write('b');
+      assert.equal(parsed, 0);
+      wb.flushSync();
+      assert.equal(parsed, 1);
+    });
+    it('flushSync with no pending writes does not fire onWriteParsed', () => {
+      let parsed = 0;
+      wb.onWriteParsed(() => parsed++);
+      wb.flushSync();
+      assert.equal(parsed, 0);
+    });
+    it('dispose cancels scheduled innerWrite', done => {
+      wb.write('a');
+      wb.dispose();
+      setTimeout(() => {
+        assert.deepEqual(stack, []);
+        done();
+      }, 20);
+    });
+    it('dispose does not fire onWriteParsed for pending writes', done => {
+      let parsed = 0;
+      wb.onWriteParsed(() => parsed++);
+      wb.write('a');
+      wb.dispose();
+      setTimeout(() => {
+        assert.equal(parsed, 0);
+        done();
+      }, 20);
+    });
+    it('write after dispose is a no-op', done => {
+      wb.dispose();
+      wb.write('a');
+      setTimeout(() => {
+        assert.deepEqual(stack, []);
+        done();
+      }, 20);
+    });
+    it('dispose is idempotent', done => {
+      wb.write('a');
+      wb.dispose();
+      wb.dispose();
+      setTimeout(() => {
+        assert.deepEqual(stack, []);
+        done();
+      }, 20);
+    });
+    it('async handler continuation is skipped after dispose', done => {
+      let resolve!: (value: boolean) => void;
+      const pending = new Promise<boolean>(r => { resolve = r; });
+      wb = new WriteBuffer(() => pending);
+      wb.write('a');
+      wb.dispose();
+      resolve(true);
+      setTimeout(() => {
+        assert.deepEqual(stack, []);
+        done();
+      }, 20);
+    });
+    it('handleUserInput still processes first chunk synchronously', () => {
+      wb.handleUserInput();
+      wb.write('a');
+      assert.deepEqual(stack, ['a']);
+    });
+    it('flushSync after dispose is a no-op', done => {
+      wb.write('a');
+      wb.dispose();
+      wb.flushSync();
+      setTimeout(() => {
+        assert.deepEqual(stack, []);
+        done();
+      }, 20);
+    });
+    it('writeSync after dispose is a no-op', () => {
+      wb.dispose();
+      wb.writeSync('a');
+      assert.deepEqual(stack, []);
+    });
   });
 });

src/common/input/WriteBuffer.ts

@@ -4,11 +4,10 @@
  * @license MIT
  */
 
-import { Disposable } from 'common/Lifecycle';
+import { TimeoutTimer } from 'common/Async';
+import { Disposable, toDisposable } from 'common/Lifecycle';
 import { Emitter } from 'common/Event';
 
-declare const setTimeout: (handler: () => void, timeout?: number) => void;
-
 const enum Constants {
   /**
    * Safety watermark to avoid memory exhaustion and browser engine crash on fast data input.
@@ -43,11 +42,18 @@ export class WriteBuffer extends Disposable {
   private _syncCalls = 0;
   private _didUserInput = false;
 
+  private readonly _innerWriteTimer = this._register(new TimeoutTimer());
   private readonly _onWriteParsed = this._register(new Emitter<void>());
   public readonly onWriteParsed = this._onWriteParsed.event;
 
   constructor(private _action: (data: string | Uint8Array, promiseResult?: boolean) => void | Promise<boolean>) {
     super();
+    this._register(toDisposable(() => {
+      this._writeBuffer.length = 0;
+      this._callbacks.length = 0;
+      this._pendingData = 0;
+      this._bufferOffset = 0;
+    }));
   }
 
   public handleUserInput(): void {
@@ -63,6 +69,9 @@ export class WriteBuffer extends Disposable {
    * promises to resolve.
    */
   public flushSync(): void {
+    if (this._store.isDisposed) {
+      return;
+    }
     // exit early if another sync write loop is active
     if (this._isSyncWriting) {
       return;
@@ -71,7 +80,9 @@ export class WriteBuffer extends Disposable {
 
     // Process all pending chunks synchronously
     let chunk: string | Uint8Array | undefined;
+    let didProcess = false;
     while (chunk = this._writeBuffer.shift()) {
+      didProcess = true;
       this._action(chunk);
       const cb = this._callbacks.shift();
       if (cb) cb();
@@ -84,12 +95,18 @@ export class WriteBuffer extends Disposable {
     this._callbacks.length = 0;
 
     this._isSyncWriting = false;
+    if (didProcess) {
+      this._onWriteParsed.fire();
+    }
   }
 
   /**
    * @deprecated Unreliable, to be removed soon.
    */
   public writeSync(data: string | Uint8Array, maxSubsequentCalls?: number): void {
+    if (this._store.isDisposed) {
+      return;
+    }
     // stop writeSync recursions with maxSubsequentCalls argument
     // This is dangerous to use as it will lose the current data chunk
     // and return immediately.
@@ -133,6 +150,9 @@ export class WriteBuffer extends Disposable {
   }
 
   public write(data: string | Uint8Array, callback?: () => void): void {
+    if (this._store.isDisposed) {
+      return;
+    }
     if (this._pendingData > Constants.DISCARD_WATERMARK) {
       throw new Error('write data discarded, use flow control to avoid losing data');
     }
@@ -153,7 +173,7 @@ export class WriteBuffer extends Disposable {
         return;
       }
 
-      setTimeout(() => this._innerWrite());
+      this._scheduleInnerWrite();
     }
 
     this._pendingData += data.length;
@@ -189,7 +209,17 @@ export class WriteBuffer extends Disposable {
    *
    * Note, for pure sync code `lastTime` and `promiseResult` have no meaning.
    */
+  private _scheduleInnerWrite(lastTime: number = 0, promiseResult: boolean = true): void {
+    if (this._store.isDisposed) {
+      return;
+    }
+    this._innerWriteTimer.cancelAndSet(() => this._innerWrite(lastTime, promiseResult), 0);
+  }
+
   protected _innerWrite(lastTime: number = 0, promiseResult: boolean = true): void {
+    if (this._store.isDisposed) {
+      return;
+    }
     const startTime = lastTime || performance.now();
     while (this._writeBuffer.length > this._bufferOffset) {
       const data = this._writeBuffer[this._bufferOffset];
@@ -218,9 +248,16 @@ export class WriteBuffer extends Disposable {
          * responsibility to slice hard work), but we can at least schedule a screen update as we
          * gain control.
          */
-        const continuation: (r: boolean) => void = (r: boolean) => performance.now() - startTime >= Constants.WRITE_TIMEOUT_MS
-          ? setTimeout(() => this._innerWrite(0, r))
-          : this._innerWrite(startTime, r);
+        const continuation: (r: boolean) => void = (r: boolean) => {
+          if (this._store.isDisposed) {
+            return;
+          }
+          if (performance.now() - startTime >= Constants.WRITE_TIMEOUT_MS) {
+            this._scheduleInnerWrite(0, r);
+          } else {
+            this._innerWrite(startTime, r);
+          }
+        };
 
         /**
          * Optimization considerations:
@@ -267,7 +304,7 @@ export class WriteBuffer extends Disposable {
         this._callbacks = this._callbacks.slice(this._bufferOffset);
         this._bufferOffset = 0;
       }
-      setTimeout(() => this._innerWrite());
+      this._scheduleInnerWrite();
     } else {
       this._writeBuffer.length = 0;
       this._callbacks.length = 0;

src/common/parser/ApcParser.ts

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import { IApcHandler, IHandlerCollection, ApcFallbackHandlerType, IApcParser, IS
 import { ParserConstants } from 'common/parser/Constants';
 import { utf32ToString } from 'common/input/TextDecoder';
 import { IDisposable } from 'common/Types';
+import { LimitedStringBuilder } from 'common/StringBuilder';
 
 const EMPTY_HANDLERS: IApcHandler[] = [];
 
@@ -153,13 +154,13 @@ export class ApcParser implements IApcParser {
 export class ApcHandler implements IApcHandler {
   private static _payloadLimit = ParserConstants.PAYLOAD_LIMIT;
 
-  private _data = '';
+  private _data = new LimitedStringBuilder(ApcHandler._payloadLimit);
   private _hitLimit: boolean = false;
 
   constructor(private _handler: (data: string) => boolean | Promise<boolean>) { }
 
   public start(): void {
-    this._data = '';
+    this._data.reset();
     this._hitLimit = false;
   }
 
@@ -167,9 +168,7 @@ export class ApcHandler implements IApcHandler {
     if (this._hitLimit) {
       return;
     }
-    this._data += utf32ToString(data, start, end);
-    if (this._data.length > ApcHandler._payloadLimit) {
-      this._data = '';
+    if (this._data.append(utf32ToString(data, start, end))) {
       this._hitLimit = true;
     }
   }
@@ -179,18 +178,18 @@ export class ApcHandler implements IApcHandler {
     if (this._hitLimit) {
       ret = false;
     } else if (success) {
-      ret = this._handler(this._data);
+      ret = this._handler(this._data.toString());
       if (ret instanceof Promise) {
         // need to hold data until `ret` got resolved
         // dont care for errors, data will be freed anyway on next start
         return ret.then(res => {
-          this._data = '';
+          this._data.reset();
           this._hitLimit = false;
           return res;
         });
       }
     }
-    this._data = '';
+    this._data.reset();
     this._hitLimit = false;
     return ret;
   }

src/common/parser/DcsParser.ts

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import { IDcsHandler, IParams, IHandlerCollection, IDcsParser, DcsFallbackHandle
 import { utf32ToString } from 'common/input/TextDecoder';
 import { Params } from 'common/parser/Params';
 import { ParserConstants } from 'common/parser/Constants';
+import { LimitedStringBuilder } from 'common/StringBuilder';
 
 const EMPTY_HANDLERS: IDcsHandler[] = [];
 
@@ -140,7 +141,7 @@ EMPTY_PARAMS.addParam(0);
 export class DcsHandler implements IDcsHandler {
   private static _payloadLimit = ParserConstants.PAYLOAD_LIMIT;
 
-  private _data = '';
+  private _data = new LimitedStringBuilder(DcsHandler._payloadLimit);
   private _params: IParams = EMPTY_PARAMS;
   private _hitLimit: boolean = false;
 
@@ -152,7 +153,7 @@ export class DcsHandler implements IDcsHandler {
     // perf optimization:
     // clone only, if we have non empty params, otherwise stick with default
     this._params = (params.length > 1 || params.params[0]) ? params.clone() : EMPTY_PARAMS;
-    this._data = '';
+    this._data.reset();
     this._hitLimit = false;
   }
 
@@ -160,9 +161,7 @@ export class DcsHandler implements IDcsHandler {
     if (this._hitLimit) {
       return;
     }
-    this._data += utf32ToString(data, start, end);
-    if (this._data.length > DcsHandler._payloadLimit) {
-      this._data = '';
+    if (this._data.append(utf32ToString(data, start, end))) {
       this._hitLimit = true;
     }
   }
@@ -172,20 +171,20 @@ export class DcsHandler implements IDcsHandler {
     if (this._hitLimit) {
       ret = false;
     } else if (success) {
-      ret = this._handler(this._data, this._params);
+      ret = this._handler(this._data.toString(), this._params);
       if (ret instanceof Promise) {
         // need to hold data and params until `ret` got resolved
         // dont care for errors, data will be freed anyway on next start
         return ret.then(res => {
           this._params = EMPTY_PARAMS;
-          this._data = '';
+          this._data.reset();
           this._hitLimit = false;
           return res;
         });
       }
     }
     this._params = EMPTY_PARAMS;
-    this._data = '';
+    this._data.reset();
     this._hitLimit = false;
     return ret;
   }

src/common/parser/OscParser.ts

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import { IOscHandler, IHandlerCollection, OscFallbackHandlerType, IOscParser, IS
 import { OscState, ParserConstants } from 'common/parser/Constants';
 import { utf32ToString } from 'common/input/TextDecoder';
 import { IDisposable } from 'common/Types';
+import { LimitedStringBuilder } from 'common/StringBuilder';
 
 const EMPTY_HANDLERS: IOscHandler[] = [];
 
@@ -194,13 +195,13 @@ export class OscParser implements IOscParser {
 export class OscHandler implements IOscHandler {
   private static _payloadLimit = ParserConstants.PAYLOAD_LIMIT;
 
-  private _data = '';
+  private _data = new LimitedStringBuilder(OscHandler._payloadLimit);
   private _hitLimit: boolean = false;
 
   constructor(private _handler: (data: string) => boolean | Promise<boolean>) { }
 
   public start(): void {
-    this._data = '';
+    this._data.reset();
     this._hitLimit = false;
   }
 
@@ -208,9 +209,7 @@ export class OscHandler implements IOscHandler {
     if (this._hitLimit) {
       return;
     }
-    this._data += utf32ToString(data, start, end);
-    if (this._data.length > OscHandler._payloadLimit) {
-      this._data = '';
+    if (this._data.append(utf32ToString(data, start, end))) {
       this._hitLimit = true;
     }
   }
@@ -220,18 +219,18 @@ export class OscHandler implements IOscHandler {
     if (this._hitLimit) {
       ret = false;
     } else if (success) {
-      ret = this._handler(this._data);
+      ret = this._handler(this._data.toString());
       if (ret instanceof Promise) {
         // need to hold data until `ret` got resolved
         // dont care for errors, data will be freed anyway on next start
         return ret.then(res => {
-          this._data = '';
+          this._data.reset();
           this._hitLimit = false;
           return res;
         });
       }
     }
-    this._data = '';
+    this._data.reset();
     this._hitLimit = false;
     return ret;
   }

src/common/public/BufferNamespaceApi.ts

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ export class BufferNamespaceApi extends Disposable implements IBufferNamespaceAp
     super();
     this._normal = new BufferApiView(this._core.buffers.normal, 'normal');
     this._alternate = new BufferApiView(this._core.buffers.alt, 'alternate');
-    this._core.buffers.onBufferActivate(() => this._onBufferChange.fire(this.active));
+    this._register(this._core.buffers.onBufferActivate(() => this._onBufferChange.fire(this.active)));
   }
   public get active(): IBufferApi {
     if (this._core.buffers.active === this._core.buffers.normal) { return this.normal; }

src/common/services/BufferService.ts

@@ -69,17 +69,17 @@ export class BufferService extends Disposable implements IBufferService {
   public scroll(eraseAttr: IAttributeData, isWrapped: boolean = false): void {
     const buffer = this.buffer;
 
-    let newLine: IBufferLine | undefined;
-    newLine = this._cachedBlankLine;
+    const topRow = buffer.ybase + buffer.scrollTop;
+    const bottomRow = buffer.ybase + buffer.scrollBottom;
+
+    let newLine: IBufferLine;
+    newLine = this._cachedBlankLine!;
     if (!newLine || newLine.length !== this.cols || newLine.getFg(0) !== eraseAttr.fg || newLine.getBg(0) !== eraseAttr.bg) {
       newLine = buffer.getBlankLine(eraseAttr, isWrapped);
       this._cachedBlankLine = newLine;
     }
     newLine.isWrapped = isWrapped;
 
-    const topRow = buffer.ybase + buffer.scrollTop;
-    const bottomRow = buffer.ybase + buffer.scrollBottom;
-
     if (buffer.scrollTop === 0) {
       // Determine whether the buffer is going to be trimmed after insertion.
       const willBufferBeTrimmed = buffer.lines.isFull;

src/common/services/CoreService.ts

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
  * @license MIT
  */
 
-import { clone } from 'common/Clone';
 import { Disposable } from 'common/Lifecycle';
 import { IDecPrivateModes, IKittyKeyboardState, IModes } from 'common/Types';
 import { IBufferService, ICoreService, ILogService, IOptionsService } from 'common/services/Services';
@@ -61,14 +60,14 @@ export class CoreService extends Disposable implements ICoreService {
   ) {
     super();
     this.isCursorInitialized = _optionsService.rawOptions.showCursorImmediately ?? false;
-    this.modes = clone(DEFAULT_MODES);
-    this.decPrivateModes = clone(DEFAULT_DEC_PRIVATE_MODES);
+    this.modes = structuredClone(DEFAULT_MODES);
+    this.decPrivateModes = structuredClone(DEFAULT_DEC_PRIVATE_MODES);
     this.kittyKeyboard = DEFAULT_KITTY_KEYBOARD_STATE();
   }
 
   public reset(): void {
-    this.modes = clone(DEFAULT_MODES);
-    this.decPrivateModes = clone(DEFAULT_DEC_PRIVATE_MODES);
+    this.modes = structuredClone(DEFAULT_MODES);
+    this.decPrivateModes = structuredClone(DEFAULT_DEC_PRIVATE_MODES);
     this.kittyKeyboard = DEFAULT_KITTY_KEYBOARD_STATE();
   }
 

src/common/services/DecorationService.ts

@@ -225,12 +225,7 @@ export class DecorationLineCache extends Disposable {
       if (newLine < 0) {
         continue;
       }
-      const existing = newMap.get(newLine);
-      if (existing) {
-        existing.push(...bucket);
-      } else {
-        newMap.set(newLine, bucket.slice());
-      }
+      this._mergeLineBucket(newMap, newLine, bucket);
     }
     this._decorationsByLine.clear();
     for (const [line, bucket] of newMap) {
@@ -254,7 +249,9 @@ export class DecorationLineCache extends Disposable {
   private _mergeLineBucket(newMap: Map<number, IInternalDecoration[]>, line: number, bucket: IInternalDecoration[]): void {
     const existing = newMap.get(line);
     if (existing) {
-      existing.push(...bucket);
+      for (let i = 0, len = bucket.length; i < len; i++) {
+        existing.push(bucket[i]);
+      }
     } else {
       newMap.set(line, bucket.slice());
     }

src/headless/Terminal.ts

@@ -69,12 +69,7 @@ export class Terminal extends CoreTerminal {
     return this.buffer.markers;
   }
 
-  public addMarker(cursorYOffset: number): IMarker | undefined {
-    // Disallow markers on the alt buffer
-    if (this.buffer !== this.buffers.normal) {
-      return;
-    }
-
+  public registerMarker(cursorYOffset: number): IMarker {
     return this.buffer.addMarker(this.buffer.ybase + this.buffer.y + cursorYOffset);
   }
 
@@ -108,6 +103,7 @@ export class Terminal extends CoreTerminal {
       // Don't clear if it's already clear
       return;
     }
+    this.buffer.clearAllMarkers();
     this.buffer.lines.set(0, this.buffer.lines.get(this.buffer.ybase + this.buffer.y)!);
     this.buffer.lines.length = 1;
     this.buffer.ydisp = 0;

src/headless/public/Terminal.test.ts

@@ -114,6 +114,29 @@ describe('Headless API Tests', function (): void {
     }
   });
 
+  it('clear disposes markers', async () => {
+    term = new Terminal({ rows: 5, allowProposedApi: true });
+    for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+      await writeSync('\n\rtest' + i);
+    }
+    const markers = [
+      term.registerMarker(1),
+      term.registerMarker(2),
+      term.registerMarker(3),
+      term.registerMarker(4)
+    ];
+    let disposeCount = 0;
+    for (const marker of markers) {
+      marker.onDispose(() => disposeCount++);
+    }
+    term.clear();
+    strictEqual(disposeCount, markers.length);
+    for (const marker of markers) {
+      strictEqual(marker.isDisposed, true);
+    }
+    strictEqual(term.markers.length, 0);
+  });
+
   describe('options', () => {
     const termOptions = {
       cols: 80,
@@ -396,6 +419,15 @@ describe('Headless API Tests', function (): void {
       strictEqual(term.buffer.normal.getLine(0)!.translateToString(), 'norm ');
       strictEqual(term.buffer.alternate.getLine(0), undefined);
     });
+
+    it('registerMarker on alternate buffer', async () => {
+      term = new Terminal({ cols: 5, allowProposedApi: true });
+      await writeSync('\x1b[?47h');
+      const marker = term.registerMarker(0);
+      strictEqual(term.buffer.active.type, 'alternate');
+      strictEqual(term.markers.length, 1);
+      strictEqual(term.markers[0], marker);
+    });
   });
 
   describe('modes', () => {

src/headless/public/Terminal.ts

@@ -40,15 +40,6 @@ export class Terminal extends Disposable implements ITerminalApi {
     };
 
     for (const propName in this._core.options) {
-      Object.defineProperty(this._publicOptions, propName, {
-        get: () => {
-          return this._core.options[propName];
-        },
-        set: (value: any) => {
-          this._checkReadonlyOptions(propName);
-          this._core.options[propName] = value;
-        }
-      });
       const desc = {
         get: getter.bind(this, propName),
         set: setter.bind(this, propName)
@@ -139,11 +130,11 @@ export class Terminal extends Disposable implements ITerminalApi {
     this._verifyIntegers(columns, rows);
     this._core.resize(columns, rows);
   }
-  public registerMarker(cursorYOffset: number = 0): IMarker | undefined {
+  public registerMarker(cursorYOffset: number = 0): IMarker {
     this._verifyIntegers(cursorYOffset);
-    return this._core.addMarker(cursorYOffset);
+    return this._core.registerMarker(cursorYOffset);
   }
-  public addMarker(cursorYOffset: number): IMarker | undefined {
+  public addMarker(cursorYOffset: number): IMarker {
     return this.registerMarker(cursorYOffset);
   }
   public dispose(): void {

typings/xterm-headless.d.ts

@@ -825,12 +825,11 @@ declare module '@xterm/headless' {
     resize(columns: number, rows: number): void;
 
     /**
-     * Adds a marker to the normal buffer and returns it. If the alt buffer is
-     * active, undefined is returned.
+     * Adds a marker to the normal buffer and returns it.
      * @param cursorYOffset The y position offset of the marker from the cursor.
      * @returns The new marker or undefined.
      */
-    registerMarker(cursorYOffset?: number): IMarker | undefined;
+    registerMarker(cursorYOffset?: number): IMarker;
 
     /*
      * Disposes of the terminal, detaching it from the DOM and removing any