Merge pull request #5879 from PerBothner/image-ext

Change image storage to use new ExtendedAttrs payload field
Fix bad ExtendedAttrs sharing in ImageStore
2026-08-30 22:11:27 +02:00 · 2026-08-30 12:40:59 -07:00 · 2026-08-30 08:52:48 -07:00 · 2026-08-24 13:33:17 +02:00 · 2026-08-24 13:27:57 +02:00 · 2026-08-23 19:58:25 -10:00
63 changed files with 2027 additions and 797 deletions
@@ -6,14 +6,19 @@ on:
  pull_request:
    branches: [ "master" ]

+permissions:
+  contents: read 
+
 jobs:
  build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    timeout-minutes: 10
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+    - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
    - name: Use Node.js 22.x
-      uses: actions/setup-node@v5
+      uses: actions/setup-node@a0853c24544627f65ddf259abe73b1d18a591444 # v5
      with:
        node-version: 22.x
        cache: 'npm'
@@ -69,7 +74,7 @@ jobs:
          ./addons/addon-webgl/out/* \
          ./addons/addon-webgl/out-*st/*
    - name: Upload artifacts
-      uses: actions/upload-artifact@v6
+      uses: actions/upload-artifact@b7c566a772e6b6bfb58ed0dc250532a479d7789f # v6
      with:
        name: build-artifacts
        path: compressed-build.zip
@@ -79,9 +84,11 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    timeout-minutes: 10
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+    - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
    - name: Use Node.js 22.x
-      uses: actions/setup-node@v5
+      uses: actions/setup-node@a0853c24544627f65ddf259abe73b1d18a591444 # v5
      with:
        node-version: 22.x
        cache: 'npm'
@@ -100,16 +107,18 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    timeout-minutes: 10
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+    - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
    - name: Use Node.js 22.x
-      uses: actions/setup-node@v5
+      uses: actions/setup-node@a0853c24544627f65ddf259abe73b1d18a591444 # v5
      with:
        node-version: 22.x
        cache: 'npm'
    - name: Install dependencies
      run: |
        npm ci
-    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v7
+    - uses: actions/download-artifact@37930b1c2abaa49bbe596cd826c3c89aef350131 # v7
      with:
        name: build-artifacts
    - name: Unzip artifacts
@@ -137,16 +146,18 @@ jobs:
        runs-on: [ubuntu, macos, windows]
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.runs-on }}-latest
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+    - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
    - name: Use Node.js ${{ matrix.node-version }}.x
-      uses: actions/setup-node@v5
+      uses: actions/setup-node@a0853c24544627f65ddf259abe73b1d18a591444 # v5
      with:
        node-version: ${{ matrix.node-version }}.x
        cache: 'npm'
    - name: Install dependencies
      run: |
        npm ci
-    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v7
+    - uses: actions/download-artifact@37930b1c2abaa49bbe596cd826c3c89aef350131 # v7
      with:
        name: build-artifacts
    - name: Unzip artifacts
@@ -171,9 +182,11 @@ jobs:
        browser: [chromium, firefox, webkit]
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.runs-on }}
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+    - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
    - name: Use Node.js ${{ matrix.node-version }}.x
-      uses: actions/setup-node@v5
+      uses: actions/setup-node@a0853c24544627f65ddf259abe73b1d18a591444 # v5
      with:
        node-version: ${{ matrix.node-version }}.x
        cache: 'npm'
@@ -182,7 +195,7 @@ jobs:
        npm ci
    - name: Install playwright
      run: npx playwright install --with-deps ${{ matrix.browser }}
-    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v7
+    - uses: actions/download-artifact@37930b1c2abaa49bbe596cd826c3c89aef350131 # v7
      with:
        name: build-artifacts
    - name: Unzip artifacts
@@ -232,9 +245,11 @@ jobs:
      matrix:
        node-version: [22]
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+    - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
    - name: Use Node.js ${{ matrix.node-version }}.x
-      uses: actions/setup-node@v5
+      uses: actions/setup-node@a0853c24544627f65ddf259abe73b1d18a591444 # v5
      with:
        node-version: ${{ matrix.node-version }}.x
        cache: 'npm'
@@ -243,7 +258,7 @@ jobs:
        npm ci
    - name: Install playwright
      run: npx playwright install
-    - uses: actions/download-artifact@v7
+    - uses: actions/download-artifact@37930b1c2abaa49bbe596cd826c3c89aef350131 # v7
      with:
        name: build-artifacts
    - name: Unzip artifacts
@@ -8,6 +8,11 @@ on:
  schedule:
    - cron: '41 17 * * 0'

+permissions:
+  actions: read          
+  contents: read          
+  security-events: write 
+
 jobs:
  analyze:
    name: Analyze
@@ -24,12 +29,14 @@ jobs:

    steps:
    - name: Checkout repository
-      uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
    - name: Initialize CodeQL
-      uses: github/codeql-action/init@v4
+      uses: github/codeql-action/init@8aad20d150bbac5944a9f9d289da16a4b0d87c1e # v4
      with:
        languages: ${{ matrix.language }}
    - name: Autobuild
-      uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@v4
+      uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@8aad20d150bbac5944a9f9d289da16a4b0d87c1e # v4
    - name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
-      uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@v4
+      uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@8aad20d150bbac5944a9f9d289da16a4b0d87c1e # v4
@@ -9,6 +9,9 @@ on:
    paths:
      - .github/workflows/copilot-setup-steps.yml

+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
  copilot-setup-steps:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
@@ -18,9 +21,11 @@ jobs:

    steps:
      - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@v5
+        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
      - name: Use Node.js 22.x
-        uses: actions/setup-node@v5
+        uses: actions/setup-node@a0853c24544627f65ddf259abe73b1d18a591444 # v5
        with:
          node-version: 22.x
          cache: 'npm'
@@ -6,13 +6,18 @@ on:
    # without running tests to save time to publish
    branches: [ "master" ]

+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
  release:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+    - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
    - name: Use Node.js 22.x
-      uses: actions/setup-node@v5
+      uses: actions/setup-node@a0853c24544627f65ddf259abe73b1d18a591444 # v5
      with:
        node-version: 22.x
        cache: 'npm'
@@ -254,6 +254,13 @@ Xterm.js is used in many world-class applications to provide great terminal expe
 - [**WooTTY**](https://github.com/icoretech/wootty): Flawless browser terminal for real operators.
 - [**Orca**](https://github.com/stablyai/orca): Agentic development environment for 100x builders.
 - [**4bit**](https://ciembor.github.io/4bit): Terminal Color Scheme Designer.
+- [**Cate**](https://github.com/0-AI-UG/cate): Open source desktop IDE on an infinite zoomable canvas. Editor, browser, and terminal panels float in spatial space; the terminals are xterm.js with the WebGL addon, backed by node-pty.
+- [**OmnyShell PWA**](https://github.com/OmnyGrid/omnyshell_web): Web client for [**OmnyShell**](https://github.com/OmnyGrid/omnyshell), featuring remote terminals, a built-in IDE, AI-assisted workflows, and detachable/resumable sessions for seamless browser-based access to nodes.
+- [**kmux**](https://github.com/kkd927/kmux): A keyboard-centric terminal workspace for running parallel AI coding agents side by side on macOS and Linux.
+- [**LynxHub**](https://github.com/KindaBrazy/LynxHub): Cross-platform, extensible terminal and browser for AI management.
+- [**Codeman**](https://github.com/Ark0N/Codeman): Self-hosted mission control for AI coding agents, streaming live tmux sessions to browser and phone.
+- [**JSVIsion**](https://github.com/blendsdk/jsvision): A Turbo Vision-Style TUI SDK for TypeScript. We use xterm.js in our docs to show live JSVision examples running in a web terminal.
+- [**BitFun**](https://github.com/GCWing/BitFun): Open-source desktop AI agent whose integrated terminals and read-only terminal output views use xterm.js with the Fit, Web Links, and WebGL addons.
 - [And much more...](https://github.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/network/dependents?package_id=UGFja2FnZS0xNjYzMjc4OQ%3D%3D)

 Do you use xterm.js in your application as well? Please [open a Pull Request](https://github.com/sourcelair/xterm.js/pulls) to include it here. We would love to have it on our list. Please add any new contributions to the end of the list.
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ terminal.loadAddon(imageAddon);
  Set by default, change it with `{iipSupport: true}`.

  The IIP implementation has the following features / restrictions (sequence will silently fail for unmet conditions):
-  - Supported formats: PNG, JPEG, GIF and QOI
+  - Supported formats: PNG, JPEG, GIF, QOI, WEBP and AVIF
  - No animation support.
  - Image type hinting is not supported (always deducted from data header).
  - File download is not supported.
@@ -112,6 +112,13 @@ terminal.loadAddon(imageAddon);
  - ReportCellSize sequence is supported.
  - Hi-res display support is currently limited (image gets blurred).

+- **Note on IIP image format support**  
+  For all image formats except QOI the addon only does the dimension extraction and leaves
+  the image decoding to the underlying browser engine. Note that some formats are implemented
+  and enabled with different constraints by browser vendors, especially newer formats
+  (e.g. under Firefox you might need to change the setting _image.avif.compliance_strictness_ to 0
+  to get broader AVIF support).
+
 - **Kitty Graphics Support (TGP)**  
  Set by default, change it with `{kittySupport: true}`.

@@ -39,7 +39,6 @@ export class IIPHandler implements IOscHandler, IResetHandler {
  private _header: IHeaderFields = DEFAULT_HEADER;
  private _dec: Base64Decoder;
  private _qoiDec: QoiDecoder;
-  private _metrics = UNSUPPORTED_TYPE;
  private _isMultipart = false;
  private _abortMulti = false;

@@ -63,7 +62,6 @@ export class IIPHandler implements IOscHandler, IResetHandler {

  public start(): void {
    this._aborted = false;
-    this._metrics  = UNSUPPORTED_TYPE;
    this._hp.reset();
  }

@@ -120,14 +118,14 @@ export class IIPHandler implements IOscHandler, IResetHandler {

    if (seqType === SequenceType.REPORTCELLSIZE) {
      // OSC 1337 ; ReportCellSize=[height];[width];[scale] ST
-      let width = CELL_SIZE_DEFAULT.width;
-      let height = CELL_SIZE_DEFAULT.height;
+      let w = CELL_SIZE_DEFAULT.width;
+      let h = CELL_SIZE_DEFAULT.height;
      if (this._renderer.dimensions) {
-        width = this._renderer.dimensions.css.canvas.width / this._coreTerminal.cols;
-        height = this._renderer.dimensions.css.canvas.height / this._coreTerminal.rows;
+        w = this._renderer.dimensions.css.canvas.width / this._coreTerminal.cols;
+        h = this._renderer.dimensions.css.canvas.height / this._coreTerminal.rows;
      }
      const scale = this._coreTerminal._core._coreBrowserService?.dpr ?? 1;
-      const report = `\x1b]1337;ReportCellSize=${height.toFixed(3)};${width.toFixed(3)};${scale.toFixed(3)}\x1b\\`;
+      const report = `\x1b]1337;ReportCellSize=${h.toFixed(3)};${w.toFixed(3)};${scale.toFixed(3)}\x1b\\`;
      this._coreTerminal.input(report, false);
      return true;
    }
@@ -154,17 +152,24 @@ export class IIPHandler implements IOscHandler, IResetHandler {

    // early exit condition chain
    let cond: number | boolean;
+    let metrics = UNSUPPORTED_TYPE;
    if (cond = success) {
      if (cond = !this._dec.end()) {
-        this._metrics = imageType(this._dec.data8);
-        if (cond = this._metrics.mime !== 'unsupported') {
-          w = this._metrics.width;
-          h = this._metrics.height;
+        metrics = imageType(this._dec.data8);
+        if (cond = metrics.mime !== 'unsupported') {
+          w = metrics.width;
+          h = metrics.height;
          if (cond = w && h && w * h < this._opts.pixelLimit) {
            [w, h] = this._resize(w, h).map(Math.floor);
            cond = w && h && w * h < this._opts.pixelLimit;
+          } else {
+            console.warn(`IIP: image dimension issue ${metrics.width}x${metrics.height}`);
          }
+        } else {
+          console.warn('IIP: unsupported image type');
        }
+      } else {
+        console.warn('IIP: error during BASE64 decoding');
      }
    }
    if (!cond) {
@@ -173,7 +178,7 @@ export class IIPHandler implements IOscHandler, IResetHandler {
    }

    let blob: Blob | ImageData;
-    if (this._metrics.mime === 'image/qoi') {
+    if (metrics.mime === 'image/qoi') {
      const data = this._qoiDec.decode(this._dec.data8);
      blob = new ImageData(
        new Uint8ClampedArray(data.buffer, data.byteOffset, data.byteLength),
@@ -190,13 +195,17 @@ export class IIPHandler implements IOscHandler, IResetHandler {
        return true;
      }
    } else {
-      blob = new Blob([this._dec.data8], { type: this._metrics.mime });
+      blob = new Blob([this._dec.data8], { type: metrics.mime });
    }
    this._dec.release();
    return createImageBitmap(blob, { resizeWidth: w, resizeHeight: h })
      .then(bm => {
        this._storage.addImage(bm);
        return true;
+      })
+      .catch(e => {
+        console.warn(`IIP: decoding error ${metrics.mime} ${metrics.width}x${metrics.height}`, e);
+        return true;
      });
  }

@@ -32,6 +32,28 @@ const TEST_IMAGES: [string, IMetrics][] = [
  ['agfa-makernotes.jpg', { mime: 'image/jpeg', width: 8, height: 8 }],
  ['sony-alpha-6000.jpg', { mime: 'image/jpeg', width: 6000, height: 4000 }],
  ['dice.qoi', { mime: 'image/qoi', width: 800, height: 600 }],
+  // VP8
+  ['1.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 550, height: 368 }],
+  ['2.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 550, height: 404 }],
+  ['3.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 1280, height: 720 }],
+  ['4.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 1024, height: 772 }],
+  ['5.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 1024, height: 752 }],
+  // VP8X
+  ['1_webp_a.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 400, height: 301 }],
+  ['2_webp_a.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 386, height: 395 }],
+  ['3_webp_a.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 800, height: 600 }],
+  ['4_webp_a.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 421, height: 163 }],
+  ['5_webp_a.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 300, height: 300 }],
+  // VP8L
+  ['1_webp_ll.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 400, height: 301 }],
+  ['2_webp_ll.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 386, height: 395 }],
+  ['3_webp_ll.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 800, height: 600 }],
+  ['4_webp_ll.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 421, height: 163 }],
+  ['5_webp_ll.webp', { mime: 'image/webp', width: 300, height: 300 }],
+  // some AVIF test images
+  ['fox.profile2.12bpc.yuv444.odd-width.odd-height.avif', { mime: 'image/avif', width: 1203, height: 799 }],
+  ['hato.profile0.8bpc.yuv420.avif', { mime: 'image/avif', width: 3082, height: 2048 }],
+  ['kimono.crop.avif', { mime: 'image/avif', width: 722, height: 1024 }],
 ];


@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 */


-export type ImageType = 'image/png' | 'image/jpeg' | 'image/gif' | 'image/qoi' | 'unsupported' | '';
+export type ImageType = 'image/png' | 'image/jpeg' | 'image/gif' | 'image/qoi' | 'image/webp' | 'image/avif' | 'unsupported' | '';

 export interface IMetrics {
  mime: ImageType;
@@ -19,16 +19,16 @@ export const UNSUPPORTED_TYPE: IMetrics = {
 };

 export function imageType(d: Uint8Array): IMetrics {
-  if (d.length < 24) {
+  if (d.length < 32) {
    return UNSUPPORTED_TYPE;
  }
-  const d32 = new Uint32Array(d.buffer, d.byteOffset, 6);
+  const d32 = new Uint32Array(d.buffer, d.byteOffset, 8);
  // PNG: 89 50 4E 47 0D 0A 1A 0A (8 first bytes == magic number for PNG)
  // + first chunk must be IHDR
  if (d32[0] === 0x474E5089 && d32[1] === 0x0A1A0A0D && d32[3] === 0x52444849) {
    return {
      mime: 'image/png',
-      width: d[16] << 24 | d[17] << 16 | d[18] << 8 | d[19],
+      width:  d[16] << 24 | d[17] << 16 | d[18] << 8 | d[19],
      height: d[20] << 24 | d[21] << 16 | d[22] << 8 | d[23]
    };
  }
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ export function imageType(d: Uint8Array): IMetrics {
  if (d32[0] === 0x38464947 && (d[4] === 0x37 || d[4] === 0x39) && d[5] === 0x61) {
    return {
      mime: 'image/gif',
-      width: d[7] << 8 | d[6],
+      width:  d[7] << 8 | d[6],
      height: d[9] << 8 | d[8]
    };
  }
@@ -49,13 +49,71 @@ export function imageType(d: Uint8Array): IMetrics {
  if (d32[0] === 0x66696F71) {
    return {
      mime: 'image/qoi',
-      width: d[4] << 24 | d[5] << 16 | d[6] << 8 | d[7],
+      width:  d[4] << 24 | d[5] << 16 | d[6] << 8 | d[7],
      height: d[8] << 24 | d[9] << 16 | d[10] << 8 | d[11]
    };
  }
+  // WEBP: RIFF | xxxx | WEBP | VP8x
+  if (d32[0] === 0x46464952 && d32[2] === 0x50424557 && (d32[3] & 0xFFFFFF) === 0x385056) {
+    switch (d[15]) {
+      case 0x58:  // Extended WebP VP8X --> "X"
+        return {
+          mime: 'image/webp',
+          width:  (d[24] | d[25] << 8 | d[26] << 16) + 1,
+          height: (d[27] | d[28] << 8 | d[29] << 16) + 1
+        };
+      case 0x4C:  // Lossless WebP VP8L --> "L"
+        if (d[20] !== 0x2f) return UNSUPPORTED_TYPE;
+        const dim = d[21] | d[22] << 8 | d[23] << 16 | d[24] << 24;
+        return {
+          mime: 'image/webp',
+          width:  (dim        & 0x3FFF) + 1,
+          height: (dim >>> 14 & 0x3FFF) + 1
+        };
+      case 0x20:  // Lossy WebP VP8  --> " "
+        if (d[23] !== 0x9d || d[24] !== 0x01 || d[25] !== 0x2a) return UNSUPPORTED_TYPE;
+        return {
+          mime: 'image/webp',
+          width:  (d[26] | d[27] << 8) & 0x3FFF,
+          height: (d[28] | d[29] << 8) & 0x3FFF
+        };
+    }
+    return UNSUPPORTED_TYPE;
+  }
+  // AVIF: Box size | ftyp | avif/avis
+  if (d32[1] === 0x70797466 && (d32[2] === 0x66697661 || d32[2] === 0x73697661)) {
+    let pos = -1;
+    // search for ispe box within first 1024 bytes
+    const limit = Math.min(d.length - 16, 1024);
+    for (let i = 8; i < limit; i++) {
+      // scan for ispe
+      if (d[i] === 0x69 && d[i + 1] === 0x73 && d[i + 2] === 0x70 && d[i + 3] === 0x65) {
+        pos = i;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    if (pos !== -1) {
+      // dimensions are in BE at +8 (width) at +12 (height)
+      const width =
+        d[pos +  8] << 24 |
+        d[pos +  9] << 16 |
+        d[pos + 10] <<  8 |
+        d[pos + 11];
+      const height =
+        d[pos + 12] << 24 |
+        d[pos + 13] << 16 |
+        d[pos + 14] <<  8 |
+        d[pos + 15];
+      if (width > 0 && height > 0) {
+        return { mime: 'image/avif', width, height };
+      }
+    }
+    return UNSUPPORTED_TYPE;
+  }
  return UNSUPPORTED_TYPE;
 }

+
 function jpgSize(d: Uint8Array): [number, number] {
  const len = d.length;
  let i = 4;
@@ -5,12 +5,11 @@

 import { IDisposable } from '@xterm/xterm';
 import { ImageRenderer } from './ImageRenderer';
-import {
-  ITerminalExt, IExtendedAttrsImage, IImageAddonOptions, IImageSpec,
-  IBufferLineExt, BgFlags, Cell, Content, ICellSize, ExtFlags, Attributes,
-  UnderlineStyle, IAddImageOpts
+import type {
+  ITerminalExt, IImageAddonOptions, IImageSpec, ICellSize, IAddImageOpts
 } from './Types';
-
+import type { IBufferLine } from 'common/buffer/Types';
+import { CellData } from 'common/buffer/CellData';

 // fallback default cell size
 export const CELL_SIZE_DEFAULT: ICellSize = {
@@ -18,93 +17,12 @@ export const CELL_SIZE_DEFAULT: ICellSize = {
  height: 14
 };

-/**
- * Extend extended attribute to also hold image tile information.
- *
- * Object definition is copied from base repo to fully mimick its behavior.
- * Image data is added as additional public properties `imageId` and `tileId`.
- */
-class ExtendedAttrsImage implements IExtendedAttrsImage {
-  private _ext: number = 0;
-  public get ext(): number {
-    if (this._urlId) {
-      return (
-        (this._ext & ~ExtFlags.UNDERLINE_STYLE) |
-        (this.underlineStyle << 26)
-      );
-    }
-    return this._ext;
-  }
-  public set ext(value: number) { this._ext = value; }
-
-  public get underlineStyle(): UnderlineStyle {
-    // Always return the URL style if it has one
-    if (this._urlId) {
-      return UnderlineStyle.DASHED;
-    }
-    return (this._ext & ExtFlags.UNDERLINE_STYLE) >> 26;
-  }
-  public set underlineStyle(value: UnderlineStyle) {
-    this._ext &= ~ExtFlags.UNDERLINE_STYLE;
-    this._ext |= (value << 26) & ExtFlags.UNDERLINE_STYLE;
-  }
-
-  public get underlineColor(): number {
-    return this._ext & (Attributes.CM_MASK | Attributes.RGB_MASK);
-  }
-  public set underlineColor(value: number) {
-    this._ext &= ~(Attributes.CM_MASK | Attributes.RGB_MASK);
-    this._ext |= value & (Attributes.CM_MASK | Attributes.RGB_MASK);
-  }
-
-  public get underlineVariantOffset(): number {
-    const val = (this._ext & ExtFlags.VARIANT_OFFSET) >> 29;
-    if (val < 0) {
-      return val ^ 0xFFFFFFF8;
-    }
-    return val;
-  }
-  public set underlineVariantOffset(value: number) {
-    this._ext &= ~ExtFlags.VARIANT_OFFSET;
-    this._ext |= (value << 29) & ExtFlags.VARIANT_OFFSET;
-  }
-
-  private _urlId: number = 0;
-  public get urlId(): number {
-    return this._urlId;
-  }
-  public set urlId(value: number) {
-    this._urlId = value;
-  }
-
+class ImageTileInfo {
  constructor(
-    ext: number = 0,
-    urlId: number = 0,
    public imageId = -1,
-    public tileId = -1
-  ) {
-    this._ext = ext;
-    this._urlId = urlId;
-  }
-
-  public clone(): IExtendedAttrsImage {
-    /**
-     * Technically we dont need a clone variant of ExtendedAttrsImage,
-     * as we never clone a cell holding image data.
-     * Note: Clone is only meant to be used by the InputHandler for
-     * sticky attributes, which is never the case for image data.
-     * We still provide a proper clone method to reflect the full ext attr
-     * state in case there are future use cases for clone.
-     */
-    return new ExtendedAttrsImage(this._ext, this._urlId, this.imageId, this.tileId);
-  }
-
-  public isEmpty(): boolean {
-    return this.underlineStyle === UnderlineStyle.NONE && this._urlId === 0 && this.imageId === -1;
+    public tileId = -1) {
  }
 }
-const EMPTY_ATTRS = new ExtendedAttrsImage();
-

 /**
 * ImageStorage - extension of CoreTerminal:
@@ -126,6 +44,7 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {
  private _needsFullClear = false;
  // hard limit of stored pixels (fallback limit of 10 MB)
  private _pixelLimit: number = 2500000;
+  private _workCell: CellData = new CellData();

  private _viewportMetrics: { cols: number, rows: number };
  public onImageAdded: (() => void) | undefined;
@@ -277,10 +196,10 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {

    this._terminal._core._inputHandler._dirtyRowTracker.markDirty(buffer.y);
    for (let row = 0; row < rows; ++row) {
-      const line = buffer.lines.get(buffer.y + buffer.ybase);
+      const line = buffer.lines.get(buffer.y + buffer.ybase)!;
      for (let col = 0; col < cols; ++col) {
        if (offset + col >= termCols) break;
-        this._writeToCell(line as IBufferLineExt, offset + col, imageId, row * cols + col);
+        this._writeToCell(line, offset + col, imageId, row * cols + col);
        tileCount++;
      }
      if (opts.scrolling) {
@@ -427,55 +346,44 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {
    const placeholderCalls: { col: number, row: number, count: number }[] = [];

    // walk all cells in viewport and collect tiles found
-    // Note: We check _extendedAttrs directly (not just HAS_EXTENDED flag)
-    // because text writes clear the BG flag but leave image tile data intact.
-    // This lets top-layer images survive text overwrites (kitty C=1 behavior).
    for (let row = start; row <= end; ++row) {
-      const line = buffer.lines.get(row + buffer.ydisp) as IBufferLineExt;
+      const line = buffer.lines.get(row + buffer.ydisp);
      if (!line) return;
      for (let col = 0; col < cols; ++col) {
-        let e: IExtendedAttrsImage;
-        if (line.getBg(col) & BgFlags.HAS_EXTENDED) {
-          e = line._extendedAttrs[col] ?? EMPTY_ATTRS;
-        } else {
-          const maybeImg = line._extendedAttrs[col] as IExtendedAttrsImage | undefined;
-          if (!maybeImg || maybeImg.imageId === undefined || maybeImg.imageId === -1) {
+        const e = line.getExtended(col)?.payload;
+        if (e instanceof ImageTileInfo) {
+          const imageId = e.imageId;
+          if (imageId === undefined || imageId === -1) {
            continue;
          }
-          e = maybeImg;
-        }
-        const imageId = e.imageId;
-        if (imageId === undefined || imageId === -1) {
-          continue;
-        }
-        const imgSpec = this._images.get(imageId);
-        if (e.tileId !== -1) {
-          const startTile = e.tileId;
-          const startCol = col;
-          let count = 1;
-          /**
-           * merge tiles to the right into a single draw call, if:
-           * - not at end of line
-           * - cell has same image id
-           * - cell has consecutive tile id
-           * Also check _extendedAttrs directly for cells where text cleared HAS_EXTENDED.
-           */
-          while (++col < cols) {
-            const nextE = line._extendedAttrs[col] as IExtendedAttrsImage | undefined;
-            if (!nextE || nextE.imageId !== imageId || nextE.tileId !== startTile + count) {
-              break;
+          const imgSpec = this._images.get(imageId);
+          if (e.tileId !== -1) {
+            const startTile = e.tileId;
+            const startCol = col;
+            let count = 1;
+            /**
+             * merge tiles to the right into a single draw call, if:
+             * - not at end of line
+             * - cell has same image id
+             * - cell has consecutive tile id
+             */
+            while (++col < cols) {
+              const nextE = line.getExtended(col)?.payload;
+              if (!(nextE instanceof ImageTileInfo) || nextE.imageId !== imageId || nextE.tileId !== startTile + count) {
+                break;
+              }
+              count++;
            }
-            count++;
-          }
-          col--;
-          if (imgSpec) {
-            if (imgSpec.actual) {
-              drawCalls.push({ imgSpec, tileId: startTile, col: startCol, row, count });
+            col--;
+            if (imgSpec) {
+              if (imgSpec.actual) {
+                drawCalls.push({ imgSpec, tileId: startTile, col: startCol, row, count });
+              }
+            } else if (this._opts.showPlaceholder) {
+              placeholderCalls.push({ col: startCol, row, count });
            }
-          } else if (this._opts.showPlaceholder) {
-            placeholderCalls.push({ col: startCol, row, count });
+            this._fullyCleared = false;
          }
-          this._fullyCleared = false;
        }
      }
    }
@@ -513,9 +421,9 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {
    const rows = buffer.lines.length;
    const oldCol = this._viewportMetrics.cols - 1;
    for (let row = 0; row < rows; ++row) {
-      const line = buffer.lines.get(row) as IBufferLineExt;
-      if (line.getBg(oldCol) & BgFlags.HAS_EXTENDED) {
-        const e: IExtendedAttrsImage = line._extendedAttrs[oldCol] ?? EMPTY_ATTRS;
+      const line = buffer.lines.get(row)!;
+      const e = line.getExtended(oldCol)?.payload;
+      if (e instanceof ImageTileInfo) {
        const imageId = e.imageId;
        if (imageId === undefined || imageId === -1) {
          continue;
@@ -532,7 +440,7 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {
        // expand only if right side is empty (nothing got wrapped from below)
        let hasData = false;
        for (let rightCol = oldCol + 1; rightCol > metrics.cols; ++rightCol) {
-          if (line._data[rightCol * Cell.SIZE + Cell.CONTENT] & Content.HAS_CONTENT_MASK) {
+          if (line.hasContent(rightCol)) {
            hasData = true;
            break;
          }
@@ -544,7 +452,7 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {
        const end = Math.min(metrics.cols, tilesPerRow - (e.tileId % tilesPerRow) + oldCol);
        let lastTile = e.tileId;
        for (let expandCol = oldCol + 1; expandCol < end; ++expandCol) {
-          this._writeToCell(line as IBufferLineExt, expandCol, imageId, ++lastTile);
+          this._writeToCell(line, expandCol, imageId, ++lastTile);
          imgSpec.tileCount++;
        }
      }
@@ -558,10 +466,10 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {
   */
  public getImageAtBufferCell(x: number, y: number): HTMLCanvasElement | undefined {
    const buffer = this._terminal._core.buffer;
-    const line = buffer.lines.get(y) as IBufferLineExt;
-    if (line && line.getBg(x) & BgFlags.HAS_EXTENDED) {
-      const e: IExtendedAttrsImage = line._extendedAttrs[x] ?? EMPTY_ATTRS;
-      if (e.imageId && e.imageId !== -1) {
+    const line = buffer.lines.get(y);
+    if (line) {
+      const e = line.getExtended(x)?.payload;
+      if (e instanceof ImageTileInfo && e.imageId && e.imageId !== -1) {
        const orig = this._images.get(e.imageId)?.orig;
        if (window.ImageBitmap && orig instanceof ImageBitmap) {
          const canvas = ImageRenderer.createCanvas(window.document, orig.width, orig.height);
@@ -578,10 +486,10 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {
   */
  public extractTileAtBufferCell(x: number, y: number): HTMLCanvasElement | undefined {
    const buffer = this._terminal._core.buffer;
-    const line = buffer.lines.get(y) as IBufferLineExt;
-    if (line && line.getBg(x) & BgFlags.HAS_EXTENDED) {
-      const e: IExtendedAttrsImage = line._extendedAttrs[x] ?? EMPTY_ATTRS;
-      if (e.imageId && e.imageId !== -1 && e.tileId !== -1) {
+    const line = buffer.lines.get(y);
+    if (line) {
+      const e = line.getExtended(x)?.payload;
+      if (e instanceof ImageTileInfo && e.imageId && e.imageId !== -1 && e.tileId !== -1) {
        const spec = this._images.get(e.imageId);
        if (spec) {
          return this._renderer.extractTile(spec, e.tileId);
@@ -609,31 +517,31 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {
    return used - current;
  }

-  private _writeToCell(line: IBufferLineExt, x: number, imageId: number, tileId: number): void {
-    if (line._data[x * Cell.SIZE + Cell.BG] & BgFlags.HAS_EXTENDED) {
-      const old = line._extendedAttrs[x];
-      if (old) {
-        if (old.imageId !== undefined) {
-          // found an old ExtendedAttrsImage, since we know that
-          // they are always isolated instances (single cell usage),
-          // we can re-use it and just update their id entries
-          const oldSpec = this._images.get(old.imageId);
-          if (oldSpec) {
-            // early eviction for in-viewport overwrites
-            oldSpec.tileCount--;
-          }
-          old.imageId = imageId;
-          old.tileId = tileId;
-          return;
+  private _writeToCell(line: IBufferLine, x: number, imageId: number, tileId: number): void {
+    const workCell = this._workCell;
+    line.loadCell(x, workCell);
+    if (this._workCell.hasExtendedAttrs()) {
+      const old = workCell.extended.payload;
+      if (old instanceof ImageTileInfo) {
+        // found an old ExtendedAttrsImage, since we know that
+        // they are always isolated instances (single cell usage),
+        // we can re-use it and just update their id entries
+        const oldSpec = this._images.get(old.imageId);
+        if (oldSpec) {
+          // early eviction for in-viewport overwrites
+          oldSpec.tileCount--;
        }
-        // found a plain ExtendedAttrs instance, clone it to new entry
-        line._extendedAttrs[x] = new ExtendedAttrsImage(old.ext, old.urlId, imageId, tileId);
+        old.imageId = imageId;
+        old.tileId = tileId;
        return;
      }
    }
-    // fall-through: always create new ExtendedAttrsImage entry
-    line._data[x * Cell.SIZE + Cell.BG] |= BgFlags.HAS_EXTENDED;
-    line._extendedAttrs[x] = new ExtendedAttrsImage(0, 0, imageId, tileId);
+    // fall-through: always create new ExtendedAttrs entry
+    const extattr = workCell.extended.clone();
+    extattr.payload = new ImageTileInfo(imageId, tileId);
+    workCell.extended = extattr;
+    workCell.updateExtended();
+    line.setCell(x, workCell);
  }

  private _evictOnAlternate(): void {
@@ -646,18 +554,16 @@ export class ImageStorage implements IDisposable {
    // re-count tiles on whole buffer
    const buffer = this._terminal._core.buffer;
    for (let y = 0; y < this._terminal.rows; ++y) {
-      const line = buffer.lines.get(y) as IBufferLineExt;
+      const line = buffer.lines.get(y);
      if (!line) {
        continue;
      }
      for (let x = 0; x < this._terminal.cols; ++x) {
-        if (line._data[x * Cell.SIZE + Cell.BG] & BgFlags.HAS_EXTENDED) {
-          const imgId = line._extendedAttrs[x]?.imageId;
-          if (imgId) {
-            const spec = this._images.get(imgId);
-            if (spec) {
-              spec.tileCount++;
-            }
+        const payload = line.getExtended(x)?.payload;
+        if (payload instanceof ImageTileInfo) {
+          const spec = this._images.get(payload.imageId);
+          if (spec) {
+            spec.tileCount++;
          }
        }
      }
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import { Attributes, BgFlags, Content, ExtFlags, UnderlineStyle } from 'common/b
 import type { AttributeData } from 'common/buffer/AttributeData';
 import type { IParams, IDcsHandler, IOscHandler, IApcHandler, IEscapeSequenceParser } from 'common/parser/Types';
 import type { IInputHandler } from 'common/Types';
-import type { IBufferLine, IExtendedAttrs } from 'common/buffer/Types';
 import type { ITerminal, ReadonlyColorSet } from 'browser/Types';
 import type { IRenderDimensions } from 'browser/renderer/shared/Types';
 import type { ICoreBrowserService, IRenderService, IThemeService } from 'browser/services/Services';
@@ -48,6 +47,7 @@ export interface IResetHandler {
  reset(): void;
 }

+/* eslint-disable */
 /**
 * Stub into private interfaces.
 * This should be kept in line with common libs.
@@ -55,19 +55,6 @@ export interface IResetHandler {
 * have a somewhat reliable testing against code changes in the core repo.
 */

-// overloaded IExtendedAttrs to hold image refs
-export interface IExtendedAttrsImage extends IExtendedAttrs {
-  imageId: number;
-  tileId: number;
-  clone(): IExtendedAttrsImage;
-}
-
-/* eslint-disable */
-export interface IBufferLineExt extends IBufferLine {
-  _extendedAttrs: {[index: number]: IExtendedAttrsImage | undefined};
-  _data: Uint32Array;
-}
-
 interface IInputHandlerExt extends IInputHandler {
  _parser: IEscapeSequenceParser;
  _curAttrData: AttributeData;
@@ -78,6 +65,7 @@ interface IInputHandlerExt extends IInputHandler {
  };
  onRequestReset(handler: () => void): IDisposable;
 }
+/* eslint-enable */

 export interface ICoreTerminalExt extends ITerminal {
  _themeService: IThemeService | undefined;
@@ -89,8 +77,6 @@ export interface ICoreTerminalExt extends ITerminal {
 export interface ITerminalExt extends Terminal {
  _core: ICoreTerminalExt;
 }
-/* eslint-enable */
-

 /**
 * Some storage definitions.
@@ -435,6 +435,15 @@ test.describe('ImageAddon', () => {
      });
    }
  });
+
+  test.describe('text overwrite removes tiles', () => {
+    test('sixel', async () => {
+      await assertTextClearsTiles(SIXEL_SEQ_0);
+    });
+    test('iip', async () => {
+      await assertTextClearsTiles(TESTDATA_IIP[0][0]);
+    });
+  });
 });

 /**
@@ -472,3 +481,20 @@ async function getOrigSize(id: number): Promise<[number, number]> {
 async function getImageAtBufferCell(x: number, y: number): Promise<string | undefined> {
  return ctx.page.evaluate<any>(`window.imageAddon.getImageAtBufferCell(${x}, ${y})?.toDataURL('image/png')`);
 }
+
+async function hasTileAtBufferCell(x: number, y: number): Promise<boolean> {
+  return ctx.page.evaluate(`!!window.imageAddon.extractTileAtBufferCell(${x}, ${y})`);
+}
+
+async function assertTextClearsTiles(imageSeq: string): Promise<void> {
+  await ctx.proxy.write('\x1b[H' + imageSeq);
+  await pollFor(ctx.page, '!!window.imageAddon.extractTileAtBufferCell(5, 1)', true);
+  ok(await hasTileAtBufferCell(0, 1));
+  await ctx.proxy.write('\x1b[2;6H#######');
+  for (let x = 5; x < 12; x++) {
+    strictEqual(await hasTileAtBufferCell(x, 1), false);
+  }
+  ok(await hasTileAtBufferCell(0, 1));
+  ok(await hasTileAtBufferCell(13, 1));
+  ok(((await ctx.page.evaluate('window.term.buffer.active.getLine(1).translateToString(true)')) as string).includes('#######'));
+}
@@ -2213,6 +2213,21 @@ test.describe('Kitty Graphics Protocol', () => {
      await pollFor(ctx.page, 'window._imageAddedCount', 2);
    });
  });
+
+  test.describe('text overwrite removes tiles', () => {
+    test('a=T placement', async () => {
+      await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b[H\x1b_Ga=T,f=100;${KITTY_MULTICOLOR_200X100_BASE64}\x1b\\`);
+      await pollFor(ctx.page, '!!window.imageAddon.extractTileAtBufferCell(5, 1)', true);
+      ok(await hasTileAtBufferCell(0, 1));
+      await ctx.proxy.write('\x1b[2;6H#######');
+      for (let x = 5; x < 12; x++) {
+        strictEqual(await hasTileAtBufferCell(x, 1), false);
+      }
+      ok(await hasTileAtBufferCell(0, 1));
+      ok(await hasTileAtBufferCell(13, 1));
+      ok(((await ctx.page.evaluate('window.term.buffer.active.getLine(1).translateToString(true)')) as string).includes('#######'));
+    });
+  });
 });

 /**
@@ -2262,3 +2277,7 @@ async function getPixels(col: number, row: number, x: number, y: number, w: numb
    return Array.from(ctx2d.getImageData(x, y, w, h).data);
  }, [col, row, x, y, w, h]);
 }
+
+async function hasTileAtBufferCell(x: number, y: number): Promise<boolean> {
+  return ctx.page.evaluate(`!!window.imageAddon.extractTileAtBufferCell(${x}, ${y})`);
+}
@@ -100,6 +100,8 @@ export class GlyphRenderer extends Disposable {
  private readonly _attributesBuffer: WebGLBuffer;

  private _atlas: ITextureAtlas | undefined;
+  private _lastSeenPageLayoutVersion: number = -1;
+  private _pageOverflowWarned: boolean = false;
  private _activeBuffer: number = 0;
  private readonly _vertices: IVertices = {
    count: 0,
@@ -213,8 +215,19 @@ export class GlyphRenderer extends Disposable {
    this.handleResize();
  }

+  /**
+   * Call when a frame is being drawn. Returns whether the full model must be rebuilt before
+   * rendering this frame because the atlas page layout changed since this renderer last drew.
+   */
  public beginFrame(): boolean {
-    return this._atlas ? this._atlas.beginFrame() : true;
+    if (!this._atlas) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    if (this._atlas.pageLayoutVersion !== this._lastSeenPageLayoutVersion) {
+      this._lastSeenPageLayoutVersion = this._atlas.pageLayoutVersion;
+      return true;
+    }
+    return false;
  }

  public updateCell(x: number, y: number, code: number, bg: number, fg: number, ext: number, chars: string, width: number, lastBg: number): void {
@@ -363,7 +376,13 @@ export class GlyphRenderer extends Disposable {
    // Bind the atlas page texture if they have changed. AtlasPage.version is globally
    // monotonic, so a page object swap at the same index (which happens after a page merge)
    // is detected by the same comparison.
-    for (let i = 0; i < this._atlas.pages.length; i++) {
+    // Clamp defensively in case the atlas unexpectedly exceeds texture capacity.
+    const pageCount = Math.min(this._atlas.pages.length, this._atlasTextures.length);
+    if (this._atlas.pages.length > this._atlasTextures.length && !this._pageOverflowWarned) {
+      this._pageOverflowWarned = true;
+      this._logService.warn(`Atlas page count (${this._atlas.pages.length}) exceeds the renderer's texture capacity (${this._atlasTextures.length}), some glyphs will not render correctly`);
+    }
+    for (let i = 0; i < pageCount; i++) {
      if (this._atlas.pages[i].version !== this._atlasTextures[i].version) {
        this._bindAtlasPageTexture(gl, this._atlas, i);
      }
@@ -375,6 +394,7 @@ export class GlyphRenderer extends Disposable {

  public setAtlas(atlas: ITextureAtlas): void {
    this._atlas = atlas;
+    this._lastSeenPageLayoutVersion = -1;
    this.invalidateAtlasTextures();
  }

@@ -132,12 +132,8 @@ export class TextureAtlas implements ITextureAtlas {
    }
  }

-  private _requestClearModel = false;
-  public beginFrame(): boolean {
-    const result = this._requestClearModel;
-    this._requestClearModel = false;
-    return result;
-  }
+  private _pageLayoutVersion = 0;
+  public get pageLayoutVersion(): number { return this._pageLayoutVersion; }

  public clearTexture(): void {
    if (this._pages[0].currentRow.x === 0 && this._pages[0].currentRow.y === 0) {
@@ -149,6 +145,11 @@ export class TextureAtlas implements ITextureAtlas {
    this._cacheMap.clear();
    this._cacheMapCombined.clear();
    this._didWarmUp = false;
+
+    // Invalidate renderer models so all texture pages are refreshed. The atlas may be shared, in
+    // which case the clearing renderer has cleared only its own model and every other owner still
+    // holds texture coords into the rows just wiped.
+    this._pageLayoutVersion++;
  }

  private _createNewPage(): AtlasPage {
@@ -184,6 +185,8 @@ export class TextureAtlas implements ITextureAtlas {
      // Only proceed with merge if we have exactly 4 same-sized pages. If not, we cannot
      // effectively reduce page count and merging would cause issues.
      if (mergingPages.length < 4 || mergingPages.some(p => p.canvas.width !== mergingPages[0].canvas.width)) {
+        // Evict instead of adding a page beyond the renderer's texture capacity.
+        this._evictAllPages();
        const newPage = new AtlasPage(this._document, this._textureSize);
        this._pages.push(newPage);
        this._activePages.push(newPage);
@@ -206,8 +209,8 @@ export class TextureAtlas implements ITextureAtlas {
      // Add the new merged page to the end
      this.pages.push(mergedPage);

-      // Request the model to be cleared to refresh all texture pages.
-      this._requestClearModel = true;
+      // Invalidate renderer models so all texture pages are refreshed.
+      this._pageLayoutVersion++;
      this._onAddTextureAtlasCanvas.fire(mergedPage.canvas);
    }

@@ -258,6 +261,23 @@ export class TextureAtlas implements ITextureAtlas {
    }
  }

+  private _evictAllPages(): void {
+    const startTime = performance.now();
+    const pageCount = this._pages.length;
+    for (const page of this._pages) {
+      this._onRemoveTextureAtlasCanvas.fire(page.canvas);
+      page.canvas.remove();
+    }
+    this._pages.length = 0;
+    this._activePages.length = 0;
+    this._overflowSizePage = undefined;
+    this._cacheMap.clear();
+    this._cacheMapCombined.clear();
+    this._didWarmUp = false;
+    this._pageLayoutVersion++;
+    this._logService.debug(`Evicted ${pageCount} WebGL atlas pages in ${(performance.now() - startTime).toFixed(2)}ms`);
+  }
+
  public getRasterizedGlyphCombinedChar(chars: string, bg: number, fg: number, ext: number, restrictToCellHeight: boolean, domContainer: HTMLElement | undefined): IRasterizedGlyph {
    return this._getFromCacheMap(this._cacheMapCombined, chars, bg, fg, ext, restrictToCellHeight, domContainer);
  }
@@ -815,11 +835,15 @@ export class TextureAtlas implements ITextureAtlas {
      // Create a new page for oversized glyphs as they come up
      if (rasterizedGlyph.size.x > this._textureSize) {
        if (!this._overflowSizePage) {
+          // Make room for the oversized page without exceeding texture capacity.
+          if (TextureAtlas.maxAtlasPages && this._pages.length >= TextureAtlas.maxAtlasPages) {
+            this._evictAllPages();
+          }
          this._overflowSizePage = new AtlasPage(this._document, this._config.deviceMaxTextureSize);
          this.pages.push(this._overflowSizePage);

-          // Request the model to be cleared to refresh all texture pages.
-          this._requestClearModel = true;
+          // Invalidate renderer models so all texture pages are refreshed.
+          this._pageLayoutVersion++;
          this._onAddTextureAtlasCanvas.fire(this._overflowSizePage.canvas);
        }
        activePage = this._overflowSizePage;
@@ -68,10 +68,12 @@ export interface ITextureAtlas extends IDisposable {
  warmUp(): void;

  /**
-   * Call when a frame is being drawn, this will return true if the atlas was cleared to make room
-   * for a new set of glyphs.
+   * Incremented whenever cached glyph texture page mappings may be stale, such as after atlas page
+   * merges or overflow page creation. Renderers compare this against their own last-seen value and
+   * rebuild their model when it changes; a shared atlas can have many renderers, so this must not
+   * be a consume-once flag.
   */
-  beginFrame(): boolean;
+  readonly pageLayoutVersion: number;

  /**
   * Clear all glyphs from the texture atlas.
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2026 The xterm.js authors. All rights reserved.
+ * @license MIT
+ */
+
+import { assert } from 'chai';
+import { createPatternCanvas } from './CustomGlyphRasterizer';
+
+describe('CustomGlyphRasterizer', () => {
+  describe('createPatternCanvas', () => {
+    it('prefers an offscreen canvas without using the DOM canvas factory', () => {
+      const expectedCanvas = {} as OffscreenCanvas;
+      const calls: string[] = [];
+
+      const canvas = createPatternCanvas(
+        2,
+        3,
+        (width, height) => {
+          calls.push(`offscreen:${width}x${height}`);
+          return expectedCanvas;
+        },
+        () => {
+          calls.push('dom');
+          return {} as HTMLCanvasElement;
+        }
+      );
+
+      assert.deepEqual({ canvas, calls }, {
+        canvas: expectedCanvas,
+        calls: ['offscreen:2x3']
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('uses the main-realm DOM canvas factory when OffscreenCanvas is unavailable', () => {
+      const expectedCanvas = {} as HTMLCanvasElement;
+      const calls: string[] = [];
+
+      const canvas = createPatternCanvas(
+        4,
+        5,
+        undefined,
+        (width, height) => {
+          calls.push(`dom:${width}x${height}`);
+          return expectedCanvas;
+        }
+      );
+
+      assert.deepEqual({ canvas, calls }, {
+        canvas: expectedCanvas,
+        calls: ['dom:4x5']
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
@@ -8,6 +8,29 @@ import type { ILogService } from 'common/services/Services';
 import { customGlyphDefinitions } from './CustomGlyphDefinitions';
 import { CustomGlyphDefinitionType, CustomGlyphScaleType, CustomGlyphVectorType, type CustomGlyphDefinitionPart, type CustomGlyphPathDrawFunctionDefinition, type CustomGlyphPatternDefinition, type ICustomGlyphSolidOctantBlockVector, type ICustomGlyphVectorShape } from './Types';

+type PatternCanvas = HTMLCanvasElement | OffscreenCanvas;
+type PatternCanvasFactory = (width: number, height: number) => PatternCanvas;
+
+const createOffscreenPatternCanvas: PatternCanvasFactory | undefined = typeof OffscreenCanvas === 'undefined'
+  ? undefined
+  : (width, height) => new OffscreenCanvas(width, height);
+
+const createDomPatternCanvas: PatternCanvasFactory = (width, height) => {
+  const canvas = document.createElement('canvas');
+  canvas.width = width;
+  canvas.height = height;
+  return canvas;
+};
+
+export function createPatternCanvas(
+  width: number,
+  height: number,
+  offscreenCanvasFactory: PatternCanvasFactory | undefined = createOffscreenPatternCanvas,
+  domCanvasFactory: PatternCanvasFactory = createDomPatternCanvas
+): PatternCanvas {
+  return offscreenCanvasFactory?.(width, height) ?? domCanvasFactory(width, height);
+}
+
 /**
 * Try drawing a custom block element or box drawing character, returning whether it was
 * successfully drawn.
@@ -458,9 +481,9 @@ function drawPatternChar(
  if (!pattern) {
    const width = charDefinition[0].length;
    const height = charDefinition.length;
-    const tmpCanvas = ctx.canvas.ownerDocument.createElement('canvas');
-    tmpCanvas.width = width;
-    tmpCanvas.height = height;
+    // The atlas canvas can be adopted into another document, so temporary resources must not use
+    // its mutable ownerDocument.
+    const tmpCanvas = createPatternCanvas(width, height);
    const tmpCtx = throwIfFalsy(tmpCanvas.getContext('2d'));
    const imageData = new ImageData(width, height);

@@ -0,0 +1,481 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2025 The xterm.js authors. All rights reserved.
+ * @license MIT
+ */
+
+import { IImage32, decodePng } from '@lunapaint/png-codec';
+import test, { expect } from '@playwright/test';
+import type { Terminal, ITerminalInitOnlyOptions, ITerminalOptions } from '@xterm/xterm';
+import type { IWebglAddonOptions, WebglAddon } from '@xterm/addon-webgl';
+import { ITestContext, createTestContext, openTerminal } from '../../../test/playwright/TestUtils';
+
+type CellSignature = number[];
+type TestTerminalConstructor = new (options?: ITerminalOptions & ITerminalInitOnlyOptions) => ITestTerminal;
+type TestWebglAddonConstructor = new (options?: IWebglAddonOptions) => ITestWebglAddon;
+
+interface ITestTextureAtlasConstructor {
+  maxAtlasPages: number | undefined;
+  maxTextureSize: number | undefined;
+}
+
+interface ITestAtlasPage {
+  canvas: HTMLCanvasElement;
+}
+
+interface ITestTextureAtlas {
+  constructor: ITestTextureAtlasConstructor;
+  pages: ITestAtlasPage[];
+  pageLayoutVersion: number;
+  _overflowSizePage?: ITestAtlasPage;
+  _textureSize: number;
+}
+
+interface ITestGlyphRenderer {
+  _atlasTextures: unknown[];
+}
+
+interface ITestRenderer {
+  _charAtlas?: ITestTextureAtlas;
+  _glyphRenderer?: {
+    value?: ITestGlyphRenderer;
+  };
+  dimensions: {
+    device: {
+      cell: {
+        width: number;
+      };
+    };
+  };
+}
+
+interface ITestRenderService {
+  _renderer?: {
+    value?: ITestRenderer;
+  };
+}
+
+interface ITestTerminal extends Terminal {
+  _core?: {
+    _renderService?: ITestRenderService;
+  };
+}
+
+interface ITestWebglAddon extends WebglAddon {
+  _renderer?: ITestRenderer;
+}
+
+interface IAtlasEventStats {
+  removals: number;
+  maxPages: number;
+}
+
+interface ITestWindow extends Window {
+  Terminal: TestTerminalConstructor;
+  WebglAddon: TestWebglAddonConstructor;
+  term: ITestTerminal;
+  termB?: ITestTerminal;
+  addon?: ITestWebglAddon;
+  addonB?: ITestWebglAddon;
+  atlasEventStats?: IAtlasEventStats;
+}
+
+interface IAtlasLimits {
+  maxAtlasPages: number;
+  maxTextureSize: number;
+}
+
+interface IAtlasState {
+  pages: number;
+  atlasTextures: number;
+  pageLayoutVersion: number;
+  overflowPageCreated: boolean;
+  removals: number;
+  maxPages: number;
+}
+
+const NORMAL_HEADER = ' NORMAL_REF_0123456789';
+const POST_EVICTION_TEXT = ' AFTER_EVICTION_0123456789';
+const NORMAL_HEADER_COLS = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10];
+const POST_EVICTION_COLS = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11];
+const TERM_B_SELECTOR = '#terminal-container-b .xterm-screen';
+const TERM_SELECTOR = '#terminal-container .xterm-screen';
+
+async function loadWebglStrict(ctx: ITestContext): Promise<void> {
+  await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
+    const w = window as unknown as ITestWindow;
+    w.addon = new w.WebglAddon({ preserveDrawingBuffer: true });
+    w.term.loadAddon(w.addon);
+  });
+  const isWebglRenderer = await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
+    const w = window as unknown as ITestWindow;
+    return !!w.addon && w.term._core?._renderService?._renderer?.value === w.addon._renderer;
+  });
+  expect(isWebglRenderer, 'WebGL renderer must be active').toBe(true);
+}
+
+async function createTerminalB(ctx: ITestContext, cols: number): Promise<void> {
+  await ctx.page.evaluate(columnCount => {
+    const w = window as unknown as ITestWindow;
+    w.termB?.dispose();
+    document.getElementById('terminal-container-b')?.remove();
+    const element = document.createElement('div');
+    element.id = 'terminal-container-b';
+    document.body.appendChild(element);
+    w.termB = new w.Terminal({ cols: columnCount, rows: 24, allowProposedApi: true });
+    w.termB.open(element);
+    w.addonB = new w.WebglAddon({ preserveDrawingBuffer: true });
+    w.termB.loadAddon(w.addonB);
+  }, cols);
+}
+
+async function writeToBAndWaitForRender(ctx: ITestContext, data: string): Promise<void> {
+  await ctx.page.evaluate(value => new Promise<void>(resolve => {
+    const w = window as unknown as ITestWindow;
+    if (!w.termB) {
+      throw new Error('Terminal B must be created before writing to it');
+    }
+    const disposable = w.termB.onRender(() => {
+      disposable.dispose();
+      resolve();
+    });
+    w.termB.write(value);
+  }), data);
+}
+
+async function writeAndWaitForRender(ctx: ITestContext, data: string): Promise<void> {
+  const renderPromise = new Promise<void>(resolve => {
+    const disposable = ctx.proxy.onRender(() => {
+      disposable.dispose();
+      resolve();
+    });
+  });
+  await ctx.proxy.write(data);
+  await renderPromise;
+}
+
+async function refreshAndWaitForRender(ctx: ITestContext, terminal: 'term' | 'termB'): Promise<void> {
+  await ctx.page.evaluate(name => new Promise<void>(resolve => {
+    const w = window as unknown as ITestWindow;
+    const term = w[name];
+    if (!term) {
+      throw new Error(`${name} must exist before refreshing it`);
+    }
+    const disposable = term.onRender(() => {
+      disposable.dispose();
+      resolve();
+    });
+    term.refresh(0, term.rows - 1);
+  }), terminal);
+}
+
+async function configureAtlasLimits(ctx: ITestContext): Promise<IAtlasLimits> {
+  const limits = await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
+    const w = window as unknown as ITestWindow;
+    const atlas = w.term._core?._renderService?._renderer?.value?._charAtlas;
+    if (!atlas || atlas.constructor.maxAtlasPages === undefined || atlas.constructor.maxTextureSize === undefined) {
+      return undefined;
+    }
+    const result = {
+      maxAtlasPages: atlas.constructor.maxAtlasPages,
+      maxTextureSize: atlas.constructor.maxTextureSize
+    };
+    atlas.constructor.maxAtlasPages = 4;
+    atlas.constructor.maxTextureSize = 512;
+    return result;
+  });
+  expect(limits, 'TextureAtlas limits must be initialized').toBeDefined();
+  return limits!;
+}
+
+async function restoreAtlasLimits(ctx: ITestContext, limits: IAtlasLimits | undefined): Promise<void> {
+  if (!limits) {
+    return;
+  }
+  await ctx.page.evaluate(original => {
+    const w = window as unknown as ITestWindow;
+    const atlas = w.term._core?._renderService?._renderer?.value?._charAtlas;
+    if (atlas) {
+      atlas.constructor.maxAtlasPages = original.maxAtlasPages;
+      atlas.constructor.maxTextureSize = original.maxTextureSize;
+    }
+  }, limits);
+}
+
+async function installAtlasEventStats(ctx: ITestContext): Promise<void> {
+  const installed = await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
+    const w = window as unknown as ITestWindow;
+    const atlas = w.term._core?._renderService?._renderer?.value?._charAtlas;
+    if (!atlas || !w.addon) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    const stats: IAtlasEventStats = {
+      removals: 0,
+      maxPages: atlas.pages.length
+    };
+    w.atlasEventStats = stats;
+    w.addon.onAddTextureAtlasCanvas(() => {
+      stats.maxPages = Math.max(stats.maxPages, atlas.pages.length);
+    });
+    w.addon.onRemoveTextureAtlasCanvas(() => stats.removals++);
+    return true;
+  });
+  expect(installed, 'atlas event tracking must be installed').toBe(true);
+}
+
+async function getAtlasState(ctx: ITestContext): Promise<IAtlasState> {
+  const state = await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
+    const w = window as unknown as ITestWindow;
+    const renderer = w.term._core?._renderService?._renderer?.value;
+    const atlas = renderer?._charAtlas;
+    const glyphRenderer = renderer?._glyphRenderer?.value;
+    const stats = w.atlasEventStats;
+    if (!atlas || !glyphRenderer || !stats) {
+      return undefined;
+    }
+    return {
+      pages: atlas.pages.length,
+      atlasTextures: glyphRenderer._atlasTextures.length,
+      pageLayoutVersion: atlas.pageLayoutVersion,
+      overflowPageCreated: !!atlas._overflowSizePage,
+      removals: stats.removals,
+      maxPages: stats.maxPages
+    };
+  });
+  expect(state, 'atlas state must be available').toBeDefined();
+  return state!;
+}
+
+function generateUniqueGlyphFlood(count: number, cols: number, offset: number): string {
+  const base = 0x4E00;
+  const range = 0x9FFF - base;
+  const perRow = Math.max(1, Math.floor(cols / 2));
+  let result = '';
+  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+    result += String.fromCodePoint(base + ((offset + i) % range));
+    if ((i + 1) % perRow === 0 && i + 1 < count) {
+      result += '\r\n';
+    }
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+async function captureRowSignatures(ctx: ITestContext, selector: string, cols: number, row: number, sampleCols: number[], debugName: string): Promise<CellSignature[]> {
+  const screenshotOptions = process.env.DEBUG ? { path: `out-esbuild-test/playwright/${debugName}.png` } : undefined;
+  const buffer = await ctx.page.locator(selector).screenshot(screenshotOptions);
+  const frame = {
+    cols,
+    rows: 24,
+    decoded: (await decodePng(new Uint8Array(buffer), { force32: true })).image
+  };
+  return sampleCols.map(col => cellSignature(frame, col, row));
+}
+
+function cellSignature(frame: { cols: number, rows: number, decoded: IImage32 }, col: number, row: number): CellSignature {
+  const grid = 4;
+  const data = frame.decoded.data;
+  const imageWidth = frame.decoded.width;
+  const cellWidth = frame.decoded.width / frame.cols;
+  const cellHeight = frame.decoded.height / frame.rows;
+  const x0 = (col - 1) * cellWidth;
+  const y0 = (row - 1) * cellHeight;
+  const sums = new Array<number>(grid * grid * 4).fill(0);
+  const counts = new Array<number>(grid * grid).fill(0);
+  const startX = Math.max(0, Math.floor(x0));
+  const startY = Math.max(0, Math.floor(y0));
+  const endX = Math.min(frame.decoded.width, Math.ceil(x0 + cellWidth));
+  const endY = Math.min(frame.decoded.height, Math.ceil(y0 + cellHeight));
+
+  for (let y = startY; y < endY; y++) {
+    const gy = Math.min(grid - 1, Math.max(0, Math.floor(((y - y0) / cellHeight) * grid)));
+    for (let x = startX; x < endX; x++) {
+      const gx = Math.min(grid - 1, Math.max(0, Math.floor(((x - x0) / cellWidth) * grid)));
+      const sub = gy * grid + gx;
+      const i = (y * imageWidth + x) * 4;
+      sums[sub * 4] += data[i];
+      sums[sub * 4 + 1] += data[i + 1];
+      sums[sub * 4 + 2] += data[i + 2];
+      sums[sub * 4 + 3] += data[i + 3];
+      counts[sub]++;
+    }
+  }
+
+  const signature = new Array<number>(grid * grid * 4).fill(0);
+  for (let sub = 0; sub < counts.length; sub++) {
+    if (counts[sub] > 0) {
+      signature[sub * 4] = sums[sub * 4] / counts[sub];
+      signature[sub * 4 + 1] = sums[sub * 4 + 1] / counts[sub];
+      signature[sub * 4 + 2] = sums[sub * 4 + 2] / counts[sub];
+      signature[sub * 4 + 3] = sums[sub * 4 + 3] / counts[sub];
+    }
+  }
+  return signature;
+}
+
+function signatureDiff(actual: CellSignature, reference: CellSignature): number {
+  let diff = 0;
+  for (let i = 0; i < actual.length; i++) {
+    diff = Math.max(diff, Math.abs(actual[i] - reference[i]));
+  }
+  return diff;
+}
+
+function expectSignatureMatches(actual: CellSignature, reference: CellSignature, message: string): void {
+  const diff = signatureDiff(actual, reference);
+  expect(diff, `${message}; max channel diff ${diff}`).toBeLessThanOrEqual(14);
+}
+
+test.describe('atlas page overflow (#6038)', () => {
+  test.skip(({ browserName }) => browserName !== 'chromium');
+  test.describe.configure({ timeout: 90000 });
+
+  test('evicts normal pages when the page cap cannot be reduced by merging', async ({ browser }) => {
+    const ctx = await createTestContext(browser);
+    const errors: string[] = [];
+    const onError = (error: Error): void => { errors.push(error.message); };
+    let limits: IAtlasLimits | undefined;
+    ctx.page.on('pageerror', onError);
+    try {
+      await openTerminal(ctx, { cols: 80, rows: 24 });
+      await loadWebglStrict(ctx);
+      limits = await configureAtlasLimits(ctx);
+
+      await openTerminal(ctx, { cols: 80, rows: 24 });
+      await loadWebglStrict(ctx);
+      await createTerminalB(ctx, 80);
+      await installAtlasEventStats(ctx);
+
+      const atlasShared = await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
+        const w = window as unknown as ITestWindow;
+        return w.term._core?._renderService?._renderer?.value?._charAtlas === w.termB?._core?._renderService?._renderer?.value?._charAtlas;
+      });
+      expect(atlasShared, 'terminals with equal configs should share one texture atlas').toBe(true);
+
+      await writeToBAndWaitForRender(ctx, `\x1b[H${NORMAL_HEADER}\x1b[2;1H${POST_EVICTION_TEXT}`);
+      const headerReference = await captureRowSignatures(ctx, TERM_B_SELECTOR, 80, 1, NORMAL_HEADER_COLS, 'atlas-overflow-header-reference');
+      const postReference = await captureRowSignatures(ctx, TERM_B_SELECTOR, 80, 2, POST_EVICTION_COLS, 'atlas-overflow-post-reference');
+      await writeToBAndWaitForRender(ctx, '\x1b[2;1H\x1b[2K');
+
+      const initialState = await getAtlasState(ctx);
+      const glyphsPerChunk = 23 * 40 - 1;
+      for (let chunk = 0; chunk < 24; chunk++) {
+        await ctx.proxy.write('\x1b[H\x1b[2J' + generateUniqueGlyphFlood(glyphsPerChunk, 80, chunk * glyphsPerChunk));
+        await ctx.page.waitForTimeout(50);
+        const state = await getAtlasState(ctx);
+        if (state.removals > 0 || state.pages > state.atlasTextures || errors.length > 0) {
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+
+      const evictionState = await getAtlasState(ctx);
+      expect(evictionState.removals, 'normal atlas pages must be evicted at the page cap').toBeGreaterThan(0);
+      expect(evictionState.pageLayoutVersion, 'eviction must invalidate renderer models').toBeGreaterThan(initialState.pageLayoutVersion);
+      expect(evictionState.maxPages, 'atlas pages must stay within renderer texture capacity').toBeLessThanOrEqual(evictionState.atlasTextures);
+      expect(errors, `renderer must not throw during atlas eviction: ${errors[0] ?? ''}`).toEqual([]);
+
+      await writeToBAndWaitForRender(ctx, `\x1b[2;1H${POST_EVICTION_TEXT}`);
+      const termBHeader = await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
+        const w = window as unknown as ITestWindow;
+        return w.termB?.buffer.active.getLine(0)?.translateToString(true);
+      });
+      expect(termBHeader, 'terminal B buffer must still contain the header').toBe(NORMAL_HEADER);
+
+      const headerAfter = await captureRowSignatures(ctx, TERM_B_SELECTOR, 80, 1, NORMAL_HEADER_COLS, 'atlas-overflow-header-after');
+      const postAfter = await captureRowSignatures(ctx, TERM_B_SELECTOR, 80, 2, POST_EVICTION_COLS, 'atlas-overflow-post-after');
+      for (let i = 0; i < NORMAL_HEADER_COLS.length; i++) {
+        expectSignatureMatches(headerAfter[i], headerReference[i], `existing header col ${NORMAL_HEADER_COLS[i]} changed after eviction`);
+      }
+      for (let i = 0; i < POST_EVICTION_COLS.length; i++) {
+        expectSignatureMatches(postAfter[i], postReference[i], `new text col ${POST_EVICTION_COLS[i]} changed after eviction`);
+      }
+
+      const stableState = await getAtlasState(ctx);
+      await refreshAndWaitForRender(ctx, 'termB');
+      const refreshedState = await getAtlasState(ctx);
+      expect(refreshedState.pageLayoutVersion, 'an unchanged full refresh must not evict again').toBe(stableState.pageLayoutVersion);
+      expect(refreshedState.removals, 'an unchanged full refresh must not remove more pages').toBe(stableState.removals);
+    } finally {
+      ctx.page.off('pageerror', onError);
+      await restoreAtlasLimits(ctx, limits).catch(() => {});
+      await ctx.page.close();
+    }
+  });
+
+  test('evicts before adding an oversized glyph page at the page cap', async ({ browser }) => {
+    const ctx = await createTestContext(browser);
+    const errors: string[] = [];
+    const onError = (error: Error): void => { errors.push(error.message); };
+    let limits: IAtlasLimits | undefined;
+    ctx.page.on('pageerror', onError);
+    try {
+      await openTerminal(ctx, { cols: 160, rows: 24 });
+      await loadWebglStrict(ctx);
+      limits = await configureAtlasLimits(ctx);
+
+      await openTerminal(ctx, { cols: 160, rows: 24 });
+      await loadWebglStrict(ctx);
+      await installAtlasEventStats(ctx);
+
+      let state = await getAtlasState(ctx);
+      let offset = 0;
+      for (let chunk = 0; chunk < 120 && state.pages < state.atlasTextures; chunk++) {
+        const glyphCount = state.pages < state.atlasTextures - 1 ? 200 : 25;
+        await ctx.proxy.write('\x1b[H\x1b[2J' + generateUniqueGlyphFlood(glyphCount, 160, offset));
+        await ctx.page.waitForTimeout(50);
+        offset += glyphCount;
+        state = await getAtlasState(ctx);
+      }
+      expect(state.pages, 'normal atlas pages must reach the texture capacity before the oversized glyph').toBe(state.atlasTextures);
+      expect(state.overflowPageCreated, 'normal glyph filling must not create the oversized page').toBe(false);
+      expect(errors, `renderer must not fail while filling normal pages: ${errors[0] ?? ''}`).toEqual([]);
+
+      await writeAndWaitForRender(ctx, '\x1b[H\x1b[2K\x1b[24;1H');
+      const sampleCols = [1, 8, 16, 24, 32];
+      const blankSignatures = await captureRowSignatures(ctx, TERM_SELECTOR, 160, 1, sampleCols, 'atlas-overflow-wide-blank');
+      const joinedLength = await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
+        const w = window as unknown as ITestWindow;
+        const renderer = w.term._core?._renderService?._renderer?.value;
+        const atlas = renderer?._charAtlas;
+        if (!renderer || !atlas) {
+          throw new Error('renderer and atlas must exist');
+        }
+        const cellWidth = renderer.dimensions.device.cell.width;
+        const length = Math.min(w.term.cols - 1, Math.ceil(atlas._textureSize / cellWidth) + 32);
+        if (length * cellWidth <= atlas._textureSize) {
+          throw new Error('joined glyph must be wider than a normal atlas page');
+        }
+        const marker = 'W'.repeat(length);
+        w.term.registerCharacterJoiner(text => text.startsWith(marker) ? [[0, length]] : []);
+        return length;
+      });
+
+      const beforeOversized = await getAtlasState(ctx);
+      await ctx.proxy.write(`\x1b[H${'W'.repeat(joinedLength)}`);
+      await ctx.page.waitForTimeout(50);
+      const oversizedState = await getAtlasState(ctx);
+      expect(oversizedState.overflowPageCreated, 'the joined glyph must use the oversized atlas page').toBe(true);
+      expect(oversizedState.removals, 'normal pages must be evicted before adding the oversized page').toBeGreaterThan(beforeOversized.removals);
+      expect(oversizedState.maxPages, 'oversized page creation must stay within renderer texture capacity').toBeLessThanOrEqual(oversizedState.atlasTextures);
+      expect(oversizedState.pageLayoutVersion, 'oversized eviction must invalidate renderer models').toBeGreaterThan(beforeOversized.pageLayoutVersion);
+      expect(errors, `renderer must not throw while adding the oversized page: ${errors[0] ?? ''}`).toEqual([]);
+
+      const wideSignatures = await captureRowSignatures(ctx, TERM_SELECTOR, 160, 1, sampleCols, 'atlas-overflow-wide-after');
+      for (let i = 0; i < sampleCols.length; i++) {
+        expect(signatureDiff(wideSignatures[i], blankSignatures[i]), `wide glyph col ${sampleCols[i]} must render visible pixels`).toBeGreaterThan(14);
+      }
+
+      const stableState = await getAtlasState(ctx);
+      await refreshAndWaitForRender(ctx, 'term');
+      const refreshedState = await getAtlasState(ctx);
+      expect(refreshedState.pageLayoutVersion, 'oversized glyph refresh must settle without another eviction').toBe(stableState.pageLayoutVersion);
+      expect(refreshedState.removals, 'oversized glyph refresh must not remove more pages').toBe(stableState.removals);
+      const wideAfterRefresh = await captureRowSignatures(ctx, TERM_SELECTOR, 160, 1, sampleCols, 'atlas-overflow-wide-refreshed');
+      for (let i = 0; i < sampleCols.length; i++) {
+        expectSignatureMatches(wideAfterRefresh[i], wideSignatures[i], `wide glyph col ${sampleCols[i]} changed after refresh`);
+      }
+    } finally {
+      ctx.page.off('pageerror', onError);
+      await restoreAtlasLimits(ctx, limits).catch(() => {});
+      await ctx.page.close();
+    }
+  });
+});
@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2025 The xterm.js authors. All rights reserved.
+ * @license MIT
+ */
+
+import { decodePng, type IImage32 } from '@lunapaint/png-codec';
+import test, { expect } from '@playwright/test';
+import type { Terminal, ITerminalInitOnlyOptions, ITerminalOptions } from '@xterm/xterm';
+import type { IWebglAddonOptions, WebglAddon } from '@xterm/addon-webgl';
+import { ITestContext, createTestContext, openTerminal } from '../../../test/playwright/TestUtils';
+
+type CellSignature = number[];
+type TestTerminalConstructor = new (options?: ITerminalOptions & ITerminalInitOnlyOptions) => ITestTerminal;
+type TestWebglAddonConstructor = new (options?: IWebglAddonOptions) => ITestWebglAddon;
+
+interface ITestTextureAtlas {
+  readonly pages: ReadonlyArray<{ readonly canvas: HTMLCanvasElement }>;
+}
+
+interface ITestGlyphRenderer {
+  readonly _atlasTextures: ReadonlyArray<unknown>;
+}
+
+interface ITestRenderer {
+  _charAtlas?: ITestTextureAtlas;
+  _glyphRenderer?: {
+    value?: ITestGlyphRenderer;
+  };
+}
+
+interface ITestRenderService {
+  _renderer?: {
+    value?: ITestRenderer;
+  };
+}
+
+interface ITestTerminal extends Terminal {
+  _core?: {
+    _renderService?: ITestRenderService;
+  };
+}
+
+interface ITestWebglAddon extends WebglAddon {
+  _renderer?: ITestRenderer;
+}
+
+interface IAtlasEventStats {
+  additions: number;
+  maxPages: number;
+}
+
+interface ITestWindow {
+  WebglAddon: TestWebglAddonConstructor;
+  term: ITestTerminal;
+  addon?: ITestWebglAddon;
+  atlasEventStats?: IAtlasEventStats;
+}
+
+interface IAtlasState {
+  additions: number;
+  atlasTextures: number;
+  maxPages: number;
+}
+
+const REFERENCE_LINE = 'Ref0123456789ABCDEF';
+const REFERENCE_COLS = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19];
+const TERM_SELECTOR = '#terminal-container .xterm-screen';
+
+async function loadWebglStrict(ctx: ITestContext): Promise<void> {
+  await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
+    const w = window as unknown as ITestWindow;
+    w.addon = new w.WebglAddon({ preserveDrawingBuffer: true });
+    w.term.loadAddon(w.addon);
+  });
+  const isWebglRenderer = await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
+    const w = window as unknown as ITestWindow;
+    return !!w.addon && w.term._core?._renderService?._renderer?.value === w.addon._renderer;
+  });
+  expect(isWebglRenderer, 'WebGL renderer must be active').toBe(true);
+}
+
+async function installAtlasEventStats(ctx: ITestContext): Promise<void> {
+  const installed = await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
+    const w = window as unknown as ITestWindow;
+    const atlas = w.term._core?._renderService?._renderer?.value?._charAtlas;
+    if (!atlas || !w.addon) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    const stats: IAtlasEventStats = {
+      additions: 0,
+      maxPages: atlas.pages.length
+    };
+    w.atlasEventStats = stats;
+    w.addon.onAddTextureAtlasCanvas(() => {
+      stats.additions++;
+      stats.maxPages = Math.max(stats.maxPages, atlas.pages.length);
+    });
+    return true;
+  });
+  expect(installed, 'atlas event tracking must be installed').toBe(true);
+}
+
+async function getAtlasState(ctx: ITestContext): Promise<IAtlasState> {
+  const state = await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
+    const w = window as unknown as ITestWindow;
+    const renderer = w.term._core?._renderService?._renderer?.value;
+    const glyphRenderer = renderer?._glyphRenderer?.value;
+    const stats = w.atlasEventStats;
+    if (!glyphRenderer || !stats) {
+      return undefined;
+    }
+    return {
+      additions: stats.additions,
+      atlasTextures: glyphRenderer._atlasTextures.length,
+      maxPages: stats.maxPages
+    };
+  });
+  expect(state, 'atlas state must be available').toBeDefined();
+  return state!;
+}
+
+async function writeAndWaitForRender(ctx: ITestContext, data: string): Promise<void> {
+  const renderPromise = new Promise<void>(resolve => {
+    const disposable = ctx.proxy.onRender(() => {
+      disposable.dispose();
+      resolve();
+    });
+  });
+  await ctx.proxy.write(data);
+  await renderPromise;
+}
+
+async function refreshAndWaitForRender(ctx: ITestContext): Promise<void> {
+  const renderPromise = new Promise<void>(resolve => {
+    const disposable = ctx.proxy.onRender(() => {
+      disposable.dispose();
+      resolve();
+    });
+  });
+  await ctx.proxy.refresh(0, (await ctx.proxy.rows) - 1);
+  await renderPromise;
+}
+
+function generateSyntheticTuiFrames(frameCount: number, cols: number, rows: number): string[] {
+  const spinner = ['|', '/', '-', '\\'];
+  const words = ['reading', 'rendering', 'atlas', 'terminal', 'buffer', 'tokens', 'diff', 'patch'];
+  const frames: string[] = [];
+  for (let frameIndex = 0; frameIndex < frameCount; frameIndex++) {
+    const lines = [
+      `+${'-'.repeat(cols - 2)}+`,
+      `|${(` ${spinner[frameIndex % spinner.length]} Copilot is working`).padEnd(cols - 2).slice(0, cols - 2)}|`,
+      `+${'-'.repeat(cols - 2)}+`
+    ];
+    for (let row = 3; row < rows - 1; row++) {
+      const foreground = 31 + ((frameIndex + row) % 6);
+      const text = `${words[(frameIndex + row) % words.length]} ${frameIndex}:${row}`;
+      lines.push(`\x1b[${foreground}m${text}\x1b[0m`);
+    }
+    lines.push(`\x1b[2mtokens ${1000 + frameIndex * 37}\x1b[0m`);
+    frames.push(`\x1b[2J\x1b[H${lines.join('\r\n')}`);
+  }
+  return frames;
+}
+
+function generateUniqueGlyphFlood(count: number, cols: number, offset: number): string {
+  const base = 0x4E00;
+  const range = 0x9FFF - base;
+  const perRow = Math.max(1, Math.floor(cols / 2));
+  let result = '';
+  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+    result += String.fromCodePoint(base + ((offset + i) % range));
+    if ((i + 1) % perRow === 0 && i + 1 < count) {
+      result += '\r\n';
+    }
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+async function captureRowSignatures(ctx: ITestContext, row: number, cols: number[], debugName: string): Promise<CellSignature[]> {
+  const screenshotOptions = process.env.DEBUG ? { path: `out-esbuild-test/playwright/${debugName}.png` } : undefined;
+  const buffer = await ctx.page.locator(TERM_SELECTOR).screenshot(screenshotOptions);
+  const frame = {
+    cols: await ctx.proxy.cols,
+    rows: await ctx.proxy.rows,
+    decoded: (await decodePng(new Uint8Array(buffer), { force32: true })).image
+  };
+  return cols.map(col => cellSignature(frame, col, row));
+}
+
+function cellSignature(frame: { cols: number, rows: number, decoded: IImage32 }, col: number, row: number): CellSignature {
+  const grid = 4;
+  const data = frame.decoded.data;
+  const imageWidth = frame.decoded.width;
+  const cellWidth = frame.decoded.width / frame.cols;
+  const cellHeight = frame.decoded.height / frame.rows;
+  const x0 = (col - 1) * cellWidth;
+  const y0 = (row - 1) * cellHeight;
+  const sums = new Array<number>(grid * grid * 4).fill(0);
+  const counts = new Array<number>(grid * grid).fill(0);
+  const startX = Math.max(0, Math.floor(x0));
+  const startY = Math.max(0, Math.floor(y0));
+  const endX = Math.min(frame.decoded.width, Math.ceil(x0 + cellWidth));
+  const endY = Math.min(frame.decoded.height, Math.ceil(y0 + cellHeight));
+
+  for (let y = startY; y < endY; y++) {
+    const gy = Math.min(grid - 1, Math.max(0, Math.floor(((y - y0) / cellHeight) * grid)));
+    for (let x = startX; x < endX; x++) {
+      const gx = Math.min(grid - 1, Math.max(0, Math.floor(((x - x0) / cellWidth) * grid)));
+      const sub = gy * grid + gx;
+      const i = (y * imageWidth + x) * 4;
+      sums[sub * 4] += data[i];
+      sums[sub * 4 + 1] += data[i + 1];
+      sums[sub * 4 + 2] += data[i + 2];
+      sums[sub * 4 + 3] += data[i + 3];
+      counts[sub]++;
+    }
+  }
+
+  const signature = new Array<number>(grid * grid * 4).fill(0);
+  for (let sub = 0; sub < counts.length; sub++) {
+    if (counts[sub] > 0) {
+      signature[sub * 4] = sums[sub * 4] / counts[sub];
+      signature[sub * 4 + 1] = sums[sub * 4 + 1] / counts[sub];
+      signature[sub * 4 + 2] = sums[sub * 4 + 2] / counts[sub];
+      signature[sub * 4 + 3] = sums[sub * 4 + 3] / counts[sub];
+    }
+  }
+  return signature;
+}
+
+function expectSignatureMatches(actual: CellSignature, reference: CellSignature, message: string): void {
+  let diff = 0;
+  for (let i = 0; i < actual.length; i++) {
+    diff = Math.max(diff, Math.abs(actual[i] - reference[i]));
+  }
+  expect(diff, `${message}; max channel diff ${diff}`).toBeLessThanOrEqual(14);
+}
+
+test.describe('WebGL atlas TUI stress (#6038)', () => {
+  test.skip(({ browserName }) => browserName !== 'chromium', 'WebGL atlas tests run on Chromium/SwiftShader only');
+  test.describe.configure({ timeout: 90000 });
+
+  test('primary-buffer glyphs survive alternate-buffer redraws and atlas page churn', async ({ browser }) => {
+    const ctx = await createTestContext(browser);
+    const errors: string[] = [];
+    const onError = (error: Error): void => { errors.push(error.message); };
+    ctx.page.on('pageerror', onError);
+    try {
+      await openTerminal(ctx, { cols: 80, rows: 24, scrollback: 5000 });
+      await loadWebglStrict(ctx);
+      await installAtlasEventStats(ctx);
+
+      await writeAndWaitForRender(ctx, REFERENCE_LINE);
+      const reference = await captureRowSignatures(ctx, 1, REFERENCE_COLS, 'atlas-stress-reference');
+
+      await writeAndWaitForRender(ctx, '\x1b[?1049h');
+      for (const frame of generateSyntheticTuiFrames(30, 80, 24)) {
+        await writeAndWaitForRender(ctx, frame);
+      }
+      const glyphsPerViewport = 23 * 40 - 1;
+      for (let chunk = 0; chunk < 4; chunk++) {
+        await writeAndWaitForRender(ctx, `\x1b[2J\x1b[H${generateUniqueGlyphFlood(glyphsPerViewport, 80, chunk * glyphsPerViewport)}`);
+      }
+      await writeAndWaitForRender(ctx, '\x1b[?1049l');
+      await refreshAndWaitForRender(ctx);
+
+      const state = await getAtlasState(ctx);
+      expect(state.additions, 'stress workload must add atlas pages').toBeGreaterThan(0);
+      expect(state.maxPages, 'stress workload must exercise multiple atlas pages').toBeGreaterThan(1);
+      expect(state.maxPages, 'atlas pages must remain within renderer texture capacity').toBeLessThanOrEqual(state.atlasTextures);
+      expect(errors, `renderer must not throw during TUI stress: ${errors[0] ?? ''}`).toEqual([]);
+
+      const primaryText = await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
+        const w = window as unknown as ITestWindow;
+        return w.term.buffer.active.getLine(0)?.translateToString(true);
+      });
+      expect(primaryText, 'primary buffer must still contain the reference line').toBe(REFERENCE_LINE);
+
+      const after = await captureRowSignatures(ctx, 1, REFERENCE_COLS, 'atlas-stress-after');
+      for (let i = 0; i < REFERENCE_COLS.length; i++) {
+        expectSignatureMatches(after[i], reference[i], `primary-buffer glyph at col ${REFERENCE_COLS[i]} changed after TUI stress`);
+      }
+    } finally {
+      ctx.page.off('pageerror', onError);
+      await ctx.page.close();
+    }
+  });
+});
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2026 The xterm.js authors. All rights reserved.
+ * @license MIT
+ */
+
+import test, { expect } from '@playwright/test';
+import { platform } from 'os';
+import { ITestContext, createTestContext, openTerminal } from '../../../test/playwright/TestUtils';
+
+interface ITestRendererWithAtlasCanvas {
+  readonly _charAtlas?: {
+    readonly _tmpCanvas?: HTMLCanvasElement;
+  };
+}
+
+async function writeAndWaitForRender(ctx: ITestContext, data: string): Promise<void> {
+  const renderPromise = new Promise<void>(resolve => {
+    const disposable = ctx.proxy.onRender(() => {
+      disposable.dispose();
+      resolve();
+    });
+  });
+  await ctx.proxy.write(data);
+  await renderPromise;
+}
+
+test.describe('WebGL custom glyphs', () => {
+  if (platform() === 'linux') {
+    test.skip(({ browserName }) => browserName === 'firefox' || browserName === 'webkit');
+  }
+
+  test('pattern glyphs render after the terminal is adopted into another document', async ({ browser }) => {
+    const ctx = await createTestContext(browser);
+    const errors: string[] = [];
+    const onError = (error: Error): void => { errors.push(error.message); };
+    ctx.page.on('pageerror', onError);
+    try {
+      await openTerminal(ctx);
+      await ctx.page.evaluate(`
+        window.addon = new window.WebglAddon({ customGlyphs: true });
+        window.term.loadAddon(window.addon);
+      `);
+      await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
+        const frame = document.createElement('iframe');
+        document.body.appendChild(frame);
+        const auxiliaryDocument = frame.contentDocument;
+        if (!auxiliaryDocument?.body || !window.term.element) {
+          throw new Error('Auxiliary document and terminal element must be available');
+        }
+        const renderer = window.term._core?._renderService?._renderer?.value as ITestRendererWithAtlasCanvas | undefined;
+        const atlasCanvas = renderer?._charAtlas?._tmpCanvas;
+        if (!atlasCanvas) {
+          throw new Error('Texture atlas canvas must be available');
+        }
+        // Model the atlas state after an uncached glyph has attached the measurement canvas.
+        window.term.element.appendChild(atlasCanvas);
+        auxiliaryDocument.body.appendChild(window.term.element);
+        if (atlasCanvas.ownerDocument !== auxiliaryDocument) {
+          throw new Error('Texture atlas canvas must be adopted into the auxiliary document');
+        }
+        auxiliaryDocument.createElement = () => {
+          throw new Error('Not allowed to create elements in the auxiliary document');
+        };
+      });
+
+      await writeAndWaitForRender(ctx, '\u2591');
+      await writeAndWaitForRender(ctx, 'X');
+
+      const line = await ctx.page.evaluate(() => window.term.buffer.active.getLine(0)?.translateToString(true));
+      expect(errors, `renderer must not create pattern canvases in the auxiliary document: ${errors[0] ?? ''}`).toEqual([]);
+      expect(line).toBe('\u2591X');
+    } finally {
+      ctx.page.off('pageerror', onError);
+      await ctx.page.close();
+    }
+  });
+});
@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2025 The xterm.js authors. All rights reserved.
+ * @license MIT
+ */
+
+import { IImage32, decodePng } from '@lunapaint/png-codec';
+import test, { expect } from '@playwright/test';
+import type { Terminal, ITerminalInitOnlyOptions, ITerminalOptions } from '@xterm/xterm';
+import type { IWebglAddonOptions, WebglAddon } from '@xterm/addon-webgl';
+import { ITestContext, createTestContext, openTerminal } from '../../../test/playwright/TestUtils';
+
+type CellSignature = number[];
+type TestTerminalConstructor = new (options?: ITerminalOptions & ITerminalInitOnlyOptions) => ITestTerminal;
+type TestWebglAddonConstructor = new (options?: IWebglAddonOptions) => ITestWebglAddon;
+
+interface ITestTextureAtlasConstructor {
+  maxAtlasPages: number | undefined;
+}
+
+interface ITestTextureAtlas {
+  constructor: ITestTextureAtlasConstructor;
+}
+
+interface ITestRenderer {
+  _charAtlas?: ITestTextureAtlas;
+}
+
+interface ITestRenderService {
+  _renderer?: {
+    value?: ITestRenderer;
+  };
+}
+
+interface ITestTerminal extends Terminal {
+  _core?: {
+    _renderService?: ITestRenderService;
+  };
+}
+
+interface ITestWebglAddon extends WebglAddon {
+  _renderer?: ITestRenderer;
+}
+
+declare global {
+  interface Window { // eslint-disable-line @typescript-eslint/naming-convention
+    Terminal: TestTerminalConstructor;
+    WebglAddon: TestWebglAddonConstructor;
+    term: ITestTerminal;
+    termB?: ITestTerminal;
+    addon?: ITestWebglAddon;
+    addonB?: ITestWebglAddon;
+  }
+}
+
+const HEADER = ' HEADER_REF_0123456789';
+const HEADER_COLS = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10];
+const TERM_B_SELECTOR = '#terminal-container-b .xterm-screen';
+
+async function loadWebglStrict(ctx: ITestContext): Promise<void> {
+  await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
+    window.addon = new window.WebglAddon({ preserveDrawingBuffer: true });
+    window.term.loadAddon(window.addon);
+  });
+  const isWebglRenderer = await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
+    return !!window.addon && window.term?._core?._renderService?._renderer?.value === window.addon._renderer;
+  });
+  expect(isWebglRenderer, 'WebGL renderer must be active').toBe(true);
+}
+
+async function createTerminalB(ctx: ITestContext): Promise<void> {
+  await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
+    window.termB?.dispose();
+    document.getElementById('terminal-container-b')?.remove();
+    const el = document.createElement('div');
+    el.id = 'terminal-container-b';
+    document.body.appendChild(el);
+    window.termB = new window.Terminal({ cols: 80, rows: 24, allowProposedApi: true });
+    window.termB.open(el);
+    window.addonB = new window.WebglAddon({ preserveDrawingBuffer: true });
+    window.termB.loadAddon(window.addonB);
+  });
+}
+
+async function writeToBAndWaitForRender(ctx: ITestContext, data: string): Promise<void> {
+  await ctx.page.evaluate(d => new Promise<void>(resolve => {
+    const termB = window.termB;
+    if (!termB) {
+      throw new Error('Terminal B must be created before writing to it');
+    }
+    const disposable = termB.onRender(() => {
+      disposable.dispose();
+      resolve();
+    });
+    termB.write(d);
+  }), data);
+}
+
+async function writeAndWaitForRender(ctx: ITestContext, data: string): Promise<void> {
+  const renderPromise = new Promise<void>(resolve => {
+    const disposable = ctx.proxy.onRender(() => {
+      disposable.dispose();
+      resolve();
+    });
+  });
+  await ctx.proxy.write(data);
+  await renderPromise;
+}
+
+async function setMaxAtlasPages(ctx: ITestContext, maxAtlasPages: number): Promise<void> {
+  const applied = await ctx.page.evaluate(max => {
+    const atlas = window.term?._core?._renderService?._renderer?.value?._charAtlas;
+    if (!atlas) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    atlas.constructor.maxAtlasPages = max;
+    return true;
+  }, maxAtlasPages);
+  expect(applied, 'should be able to set TextureAtlas.maxAtlasPages').toBe(true);
+}
+
+async function resetMaxAtlasPages(ctx: ITestContext): Promise<void> {
+  await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
+    const atlas = window.term?._core?._renderService?._renderer?.value?._charAtlas;
+    if (atlas) {
+      atlas.constructor.maxAtlasPages = undefined;
+    }
+  });
+}
+
+function generateColoredAsciiFlood(cells: number, offset: number = 0): string {
+  const letters = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789';
+  let out = '';
+  for (let i = 0; i < cells; i++) {
+    const ch = letters[(offset + i) % letters.length];
+    const fg = (offset + i) % 256;
+    const bg = (offset + i * 7) % 256;
+    out += `\x1b[38;5;${fg}m\x1b[48;5;${bg}m${ch}`;
+    if ((i + 1) % 78 === 0 && i + 1 < cells) {
+      out += '\x1b[0m\r\n';
+    }
+  }
+  return out + '\x1b[0m';
+}
+
+async function captureRowSignatures(ctx: ITestContext, row: number, cols: number[]): Promise<CellSignature[]> {
+  const screenshotOptions = process.env.DEBUG ? { path: 'out-esbuild-test/playwright/shared-atlas-term-b.png' } : undefined;
+  const buffer = await ctx.page.locator(TERM_B_SELECTOR).screenshot(screenshotOptions);
+  const frame = {
+    cols: 80,
+    rows: 24,
+    decoded: (await decodePng(new Uint8Array(buffer), { force32: true })).image
+  };
+  return cols.map(col => cellSignature(frame, col, row));
+}
+
+function cellSignature(frame: { cols: number, rows: number, decoded: IImage32 }, col: number, row: number): CellSignature {
+  const grid = 4;
+  const data = frame.decoded.data;
+  const imageWidth = frame.decoded.width;
+  const cellWidth = frame.decoded.width / frame.cols;
+  const cellHeight = frame.decoded.height / frame.rows;
+  const x0 = (col - 1) * cellWidth;
+  const y0 = (row - 1) * cellHeight;
+  const sums = new Array<number>(grid * grid * 4).fill(0);
+  const counts = new Array<number>(grid * grid).fill(0);
+  const startX = Math.max(0, Math.floor(x0));
+  const startY = Math.max(0, Math.floor(y0));
+  const endX = Math.min(frame.decoded.width, Math.ceil(x0 + cellWidth));
+  const endY = Math.min(frame.decoded.height, Math.ceil(y0 + cellHeight));
+
+  for (let y = startY; y < endY; y++) {
+    const gy = Math.min(grid - 1, Math.max(0, Math.floor(((y - y0) / cellHeight) * grid)));
+    for (let x = startX; x < endX; x++) {
+      const gx = Math.min(grid - 1, Math.max(0, Math.floor(((x - x0) / cellWidth) * grid)));
+      const sub = gy * grid + gx;
+      const i = (y * imageWidth + x) * 4;
+      sums[sub * 4] += data[i];
+      sums[sub * 4 + 1] += data[i + 1];
+      sums[sub * 4 + 2] += data[i + 2];
+      sums[sub * 4 + 3] += data[i + 3];
+      counts[sub]++;
+    }
+  }
+
+  const signature = new Array<number>(grid * grid * 4).fill(0);
+  for (let sub = 0; sub < counts.length; sub++) {
+    if (counts[sub] > 0) {
+      signature[sub * 4] = sums[sub * 4] / counts[sub];
+      signature[sub * 4 + 1] = sums[sub * 4 + 1] / counts[sub];
+      signature[sub * 4 + 2] = sums[sub * 4 + 2] / counts[sub];
+      signature[sub * 4 + 3] = sums[sub * 4 + 3] / counts[sub];
+    }
+  }
+  return signature;
+}
+
+function expectSignatureMatches(actual: CellSignature, reference: CellSignature, message: string): void {
+  let diff = 0;
+  for (let i = 0; i < actual.length; i++) {
+    diff = Math.max(diff, Math.abs(actual[i] - reference[i]));
+  }
+  expect(diff, `${message}; max channel diff ${diff}`).toBeLessThanOrEqual(14);
+}
+
+test.describe('shared-atlas garble across terminals (#6038)', () => {
+  test.skip(({ browserName }) => browserName !== 'chromium');
+  test.describe.configure({ timeout: 60000 });
+
+  test('keeps a second terminal rendering correctly after shared atlas page merges', async ({ browser }) => {
+    const ctx = await createTestContext(browser);
+    try {
+      await openTerminal(ctx, { cols: 80, rows: 24 });
+      await loadWebglStrict(ctx);
+      await createTerminalB(ctx);
+
+      const atlasShared = await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
+        return window.term._core?._renderService?._renderer?.value?._charAtlas === window.termB?._core?._renderService?._renderer?.value?._charAtlas;
+      });
+      expect(atlasShared, 'terminals with equal configs should share one texture atlas').toBe(true);
+
+      await setMaxAtlasPages(ctx, 4);
+
+      await writeToBAndWaitForRender(ctx, HEADER);
+      const reference = await captureRowSignatures(ctx, 1, HEADER_COLS);
+
+      for (let c = 0; c < 10; c++) {
+        await writeAndWaitForRender(ctx, '\x1b[2;1H' + generateColoredAsciiFlood(23 * 78, c * 23 * 78));
+      }
+
+      await writeToBAndWaitForRender(ctx, '\x1b[24;1Hx');
+      const termBHeader = await ctx.page.evaluate(() => window.termB?.buffer.active.getLine(0)?.translateToString(true));
+      expect(termBHeader, 'terminal B buffer must still contain the header').toBe(HEADER);
+
+      const after = await captureRowSignatures(ctx, 1, HEADER_COLS);
+      for (let i = 0; i < HEADER_COLS.length; i++) {
+        expectSignatureMatches(after[i], reference[i], `terminal B header col ${HEADER_COLS[i]} garbled by terminal A's atlas merges`);
+      }
+    } finally {
+      await resetMaxAtlasPages(ctx).catch(() => {});
+      await ctx.page.close();
+    }
+  });
+
+  test('keeps a second terminal rendering correctly after terminal A clears the shared atlas', async ({ browser }) => {
+    const ctx = await createTestContext(browser);
+    try {
+      await openTerminal(ctx, { cols: 80, rows: 24 });
+      await loadWebglStrict(ctx);
+      await createTerminalB(ctx);
+
+      const atlasShared = await ctx.page.evaluate(() => {
+        return window.term._core?._renderService?._renderer?.value?._charAtlas === window.termB?._core?._renderService?._renderer?.value?._charAtlas;
+      });
+      expect(atlasShared, 'terminals with equal configs should share one texture atlas').toBe(true);
+
+      await writeToBAndWaitForRender(ctx, HEADER);
+      const reference = await captureRowSignatures(ctx, 1, HEADER_COLS);
+
+      // Terminal A alone clears the shared atlas, as embedders do to force a redraw (VS Code calls
+      // this for every terminal on OS resume). This wipes the pages that terminal B's model still
+      // holds texture coords into.
+      await ctx.proxy.clearTextureAtlas();
+
+      // Terminal A repopulates the cleared pages with a different glyph set, so B's stale coords now
+      // resolve to whatever A rasterized into those slots.
+      await writeAndWaitForRender(ctx, '\x1b[2;1H' + generateColoredAsciiFlood(23 * 78));
+
+      // Nudge B into a render that does not touch row 1, mirroring a terminal that is idle but
+      // visible. Row 1 must still be drawn from a model B rebuilt against the current atlas.
+      await writeToBAndWaitForRender(ctx, '\x1b[24;1Hx');
+      const termBHeader = await ctx.page.evaluate(() => window.termB?.buffer.active.getLine(0)?.translateToString(true));
+      expect(termBHeader, 'terminal B buffer must still contain the header').toBe(HEADER);
+
+      const after = await captureRowSignatures(ctx, 1, HEADER_COLS);
+      for (let i = 0; i < HEADER_COLS.length; i++) {
+        expectSignatureMatches(after[i], reference[i], `terminal B header col ${HEADER_COLS[i]} garbled by terminal A's atlas clear`);
+      }
+    } finally {
+      await ctx.page.close();
+    }
+  });
+});
@@ -67,6 +67,8 @@ export class AddonImageWindow extends BaseWindow implements IControlWindow {
    dlIip.appendChild(dtIip);
    this._addDdWithButton(dlIip, 'image-demo3', 'palette (png File)');
    this._addDdWithButton(dlIip, 'image-demo4', 'dice (qoi MultipartFile)');
+    this._addDdWithButton(dlIip, 'image-demo5', 'rose (webp File)');
+    this._addDdWithButton(dlIip, 'image-demo6', 'kimono (avif MultipartFile)');
    container.appendChild(dlIip);

    // Kitty demos
@@ -173,11 +175,15 @@ export class AddonImageWindow extends BaseWindow implements IControlWindow {
    document.getElementById('image-demo2')!.addEventListener('click',
      sixelDemo('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jerch/node-sixel/master/testfiles/test2.sixel'));
    document.getElementById('image-demo3')!.addEventListener('click',
-      iipDemo('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jerch/node-sixel/master/palette.png'));
+      iipDemo('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/master/addons/addon-image/fixture/palette.png'));
    document.getElementById('image-demo4')!.addEventListener('click',
-      iipDemoMulti('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jerch/xterm-wasm-parts/master/fixtures/qoi/dice.qoi'));
+      iipDemoMulti('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/master/addons/addon-image/fixture/testimages/dice.qoi'));
+    document.getElementById('image-demo5')!.addEventListener('click',
+      iipDemo('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/master/addons/addon-image/fixture/testimages/1_webp_a.webp'));
+    document.getElementById('image-demo6')!.addEventListener('click',
+      iipDemoMulti('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/master/addons/addon-image/fixture/testimages/kimono.crop.avif'));
    document.getElementById('image-demo-kitty1')!.addEventListener('click',
-      kittyDemo('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jerch/node-sixel/master/palette.png'));
+      kittyDemo('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xtermjs/xterm.js/master/addons/addon-image/fixture/palette.png'));

    // demo for image retrieval API
    this._terminal.element!.addEventListener('click', (ev: MouseEvent) => {
@@ -12,31 +12,33 @@ export class WebglWindow extends BaseWindow implements IControlWindow {

  private _textureAtlasContainer!: HTMLElement;
  private _stressRunning = false;
-  private _stressScrolling: HTMLInputElement | undefined;
+  private _scrollOutput: HTMLInputElement | undefined;

  public build(container: HTMLElement): void {
-    const stressDiv = document.createElement('div');
+    const stressButtons = document.createElement('div');
    const stressStart = document.createElement('button');
    stressStart.id = 'stress-start';
    stressStart.textContent = 'atlas stress start';
    stressStart.addEventListener('click', () => this._stress());
-    stressDiv.appendChild(stressStart);
+    stressButtons.appendChild(stressStart);

    const stressStop = document.createElement('button');
    stressStop.id = 'stress-stop';
    stressStop.textContent = 'atlas stress stop';
    stressStop.addEventListener('click', () => this._stressRunning = false);
-    stressDiv.appendChild(stressStop);
+    stressButtons.appendChild(stressStop);
+    container.appendChild(stressButtons);

-    this._stressScrolling = document.createElement('input');
-    this._stressScrolling.type = 'checkbox';
-    this._stressScrolling.id = 'stress-scrolling';
-    stressDiv.appendChild(this._stressScrolling);
-    const stressScrollingLabel = document.createElement('label');
-    stressScrollingLabel.htmlFor = 'stress-scrolling';
-    stressScrollingLabel.textContent = 'stress scrolling';
-    stressDiv.appendChild(stressScrollingLabel);
-    container.appendChild(stressDiv);
+    const stressOptions = document.createElement('div');
+    this._scrollOutput = document.createElement('input');
+    this._scrollOutput.type = 'checkbox';
+    this._scrollOutput.id = 'scroll-output';
+    stressOptions.appendChild(this._scrollOutput);
+    const scrollOutputLabel = document.createElement('label');
+    scrollOutputLabel.htmlFor = 'scroll-output';
+    scrollOutputLabel.textContent = 'Scroll output';
+    stressOptions.appendChild(scrollOutputLabel);
+    container.appendChild(stressOptions);

    const zoomCheckbox = document.createElement('input');
    zoomCheckbox.type = 'checkbox';
@@ -80,7 +82,7 @@ export class WebglWindow extends BaseWindow implements IControlWindow {
      return;
    }
    this._stressRunning = true;
-    const scrolling = !!(this._stressScrolling?.checked);
+    const scrollOutput = !!(this._scrollOutput?.checked);
    for (let r = 0; r < 256; r += 2) {
      for (let g = 0; g < 256; g += 2) {
        let s: string[] = [];
@@ -91,7 +93,7 @@ export class WebglWindow extends BaseWindow implements IControlWindow {
          const rbg = `RGB: ${[r, g, b]}`;
          s.push(`\r\x1b[38;2;${r};${g};${b}m${rbg.padEnd(18, ' ')}${TEXT}`);
          if (s.length >= 16) {
-            if (scrolling) {
+            if (scrollOutput) {
              await new Promise<void>(r => this._terminal.write(s.join('\r\n') + '\r\n', r));
            } else {
              await new Promise<void>(r => this._terminal.write('\x1b[H' + s.join('\r\n'), r));
@@ -663,9 +663,9 @@
      }
    },
    "node_modules/@esbuild/aix-ppc64": {
-      "version": "0.28.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/aix-ppc64/-/aix-ppc64-0.28.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-lhRUCeuOyJQURhTxl4WkpFTjIsbDayJHih5kZC1giwE+MhIzAb7mEsQMqMf18rHLsrb5qI1tafG20mLxEWcWlA==",
+      "version": "0.28.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/aix-ppc64/-/aix-ppc64-0.28.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-Svl7tq8k/08+p6CXPpRjQ1fKX+1odH/BQbb48fV6fj3CWHhsoIOoY87w1oHXm0qEpkIK3ZfVgp0hed3XBXzXMQ==",
      "cpu": [
        "ppc64"
      ],
@@ -680,9 +680,9 @@
      }
    },
    "node_modules/@esbuild/android-arm": {
-      "version": "0.28.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/android-arm/-/android-arm-0.28.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-wqh0ByljabXLKHeWXYLqoJ5jKC4XBaw6Hk08OfMrCRd2nP2ZQ5eleDZC41XHyCNgktBGYMbqnrJKq/K/lzPMSQ==",
+      "version": "0.28.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/android-arm/-/android-arm-0.28.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-0k2F129Xdio1TdJfzJ8sy1Q47vUD2NnwdhiAf7drUN1EBTfPf4hsFCtmMgu/6m8JSzsBrlmVjudMBQqOfG8usQ==",
      "cpu": [
        "arm"
      ],
@@ -697,9 +697,9 @@
      }
    },
    "node_modules/@esbuild/android-arm64": {
-      "version": "0.28.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/android-arm64/-/android-arm64-0.28.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-+WzIXQOSaGs33tLEgYPYe/yQHf0WTU0X42Jca3y8NWMbUVhp7rUnw+vAsRC/QiDrdD31IszMrZy+qwPOPjd+rw==",
+      "version": "0.28.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/android-arm64/-/android-arm64-0.28.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-34EGEbCIAgosYz6goLcopX6Mo7NyGv9tfwEM2/7Ce2VcVRk568iSvniGWcUXIy7wEDR1wzolcxcriFVrWYcwBg==",
      "cpu": [
        "arm64"
      ],
@@ -714,9 +714,9 @@
      }
    },
    "node_modules/@esbuild/android-x64": {
-      "version": "0.28.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/android-x64/-/android-x64-0.28.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-+VJggoaKhk2VNNqVL7f6S189UzShHC/mR9EE8rDdSkdpN0KflSwWY/gWjDrNxxisg8Fp1ZCD9jLMo4m0OUfeUA==",
+      "version": "0.28.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/android-x64/-/android-x64-0.28.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-dbwY7ltSMDWsRatcRpCnES4F+im88OCUgGZjy52shC7GqHRE/cYlxNbB4Z4UpJswpcc4Qxd2oE/ufM0p61IKng==",
      "cpu": [
        "x64"
      ],
@@ -731,9 +731,9 @@
      }
    },
    "node_modules/@esbuild/darwin-arm64": {
-      "version": "0.28.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/darwin-arm64/-/darwin-arm64-0.28.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-0T+A9WZm+bZ84nZBtk1ckYsOvyA3x7e2Acj1KdVfV4/2tdG4fzUp91YHx+GArWLtwqp77pBXVCPn2We7Letr0Q==",
+      "version": "0.28.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/darwin-arm64/-/darwin-arm64-0.28.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-TZbWkQY7kvTAXbXUT7uVACR5cMHsDiSz9z7ZKAX/RTq/WJEk3QyRr0wZpNhBDX+/0CtdqUIJlOiodQcta6tY3Q==",
      "cpu": [
        "arm64"
      ],
@@ -748,9 +748,9 @@
      }
    },
    "node_modules/@esbuild/darwin-x64": {
-      "version": "0.28.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/darwin-x64/-/darwin-x64-0.28.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-fyzLm/DLDl/84OCfp2f/XQ4flmORsjU7VKt8HLjvIXChJoFFOIL6pLJPH4Yhd1n1gGFF9mPwtlN5Wf82DZs+LQ==",
+      "version": "0.28.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/darwin-x64/-/darwin-x64-0.28.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-zfdzgK9ACBNZLI/CyHTOx81SyNbM6YXn7rxSgX97VjyiPl9W1i4Ka4fgKECEoFCKGpvBj5qArWIGgQjOwkgskQ==",
      "cpu": [
        "x64"
      ],
@@ -765,9 +765,9 @@
      }
    },
    "node_modules/@esbuild/freebsd-arm64": {
-      "version": "0.28.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/freebsd-arm64/-/freebsd-arm64-0.28.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-l9GeW5UZBT9k9brBYI+0WDffcRxgHQD8ShN2Ur4xWq/NFzUKm3k5lsH4PdaRgb2w7mI9u61nr2gI2mLI27Nh3Q==",
+      "version": "0.28.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/freebsd-arm64/-/freebsd-arm64-0.28.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-wG2EA8ENdEI0qhkSZMjfqrdY+ziCYCPMmtZjjIwOmXFjmyzEHn+UUxk5of+SYsjtfs3VpnlC7QLzSI5hY/rOAw==",
      "cpu": [
        "arm64"
      ],
@@ -782,9 +782,9 @@
      }
    },
    "node_modules/@esbuild/freebsd-x64": {
-      "version": "0.28.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/freebsd-x64/-/freebsd-x64-0.28.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-BXoQai/A0wPO6Es3yFJ7APCiKGc1tdAEOgeTNy3SsB491S3aHn4S4r3e976eUnPdU+NbdtmBuLncYir2tMU9Nw==",
+      "version": "0.28.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/freebsd-x64/-/freebsd-x64-0.28.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-i7dZ9vQgnvSCzi/rYCXNgtF/U+eKZNJBzu3eTQbRgHnM7tNSizLOkRFAl3qzVc/Op/u5YkHHa4pf/3DOYHthLQ==",
      "cpu": [
        "x64"
      ],
@@ -799,9 +799,9 @@
      }
    },
    "node_modules/@esbuild/linux-arm": {
-      "version": "0.28.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-arm/-/linux-arm-0.28.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-CjaaREJagqJp7iTaNQjjidaNbCKYcd4IDkzbwwxtSvjI7NZm79qiHc8HqciMddQ6CKvJT6aBd8lO9kN/ZudLlw==",
+      "version": "0.28.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-arm/-/linux-arm-0.28.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-qVXBOHQS+d5Y722GwJzJUtOLlX7km3CraOaGormF1pDtPd2C/l1SHRPgjLunLGe51Sh5YYWKMFDyV4SxgMQYTQ==",
      "cpu": [
        "arm"
      ],
@@ -816,9 +816,9 @@
      }
    },
    "node_modules/@esbuild/linux-arm64": {
-      "version": "0.28.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-arm64/-/linux-arm64-0.28.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-RVyzfb3FWsGA55n6WY0MEIEPURL1FcbhFE6BffZEMEekfCzCIMtB5yyDcFnVbTnwk+CLAgTujmV/Lgvih56W+A==",
+      "version": "0.28.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-arm64/-/linux-arm64-0.28.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-yHs+0uc8+nvEAfAfxrWQKK5peSNzBc4PegcMO0EJ2hT71uA7vB8Ihg2e77R2P7SG5uYjPbHlLLmve4LLLRCf0g==",
      "cpu": [
        "arm64"
      ],
@@ -833,9 +833,9 @@
      }
    },
    "node_modules/@esbuild/linux-ia32": {
-      "version": "0.28.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-ia32/-/linux-ia32-0.28.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-KBnSTt1kxl9x70q+ydterVdl+Cn0H18ngRMRCEQfrbqdUuntQQ0LoMZv47uB97NljZFzY6HcfqEZ2SAyIUTQBQ==",
+      "version": "0.28.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-ia32/-/linux-ia32-0.28.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-d1z4ZuP0ajrfz/FhGT4vv278rX8KnPPJx8i5+AtK7TYbx9Le9F1hyzurZpkEyjkGa9dUGhQow4C1NmeGvqxN2w==",
      "cpu": [
        "ia32"
      ],
@@ -850,9 +850,9 @@
      }
    },
    "node_modules/@esbuild/linux-loong64": {
-      "version": "0.28.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-loong64/-/linux-loong64-0.28.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-zpSlUce1mnxzgBADvxKXX5sl8aYQHo2ezvMNI8I0lbblJtp8V4odlm3Yzlj7gPyt3T8ReksE6bK+pT3WD+aJRg==",
+      "version": "0.28.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-loong64/-/linux-loong64-0.28.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-M5sRjUVZrkm1OAPR3dlOYzNmN+loZKGVi1VUQGrwuqLcbR6qeAz+famMhjASeH3YVKvZz+zT1jlh/keC3Rj/lg==",
      "cpu": [
        "loong64"
      ],
@@ -867,9 +867,9 @@
      }
    },
    "node_modules/@esbuild/linux-mips64el": {
-      "version": "0.28.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-mips64el/-/linux-mips64el-0.28.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-2jIfP6mmjkdmeTlsX/9vmdmhBmKADrWqN7zcdtHIeNSCH1SqIoNI63cYsjQR8J+wGa4Y5izRcSHSm8K3QWmk3w==",
+      "version": "0.28.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-mips64el/-/linux-mips64el-0.28.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-mRObBZeHh2OxcBFPWE/FjylkRgZdYuiTR3vaTozquCGOH14iP9oN4x4Ge81CoIDYQrXmIxpFumJBu5MtZpnQJQ==",
      "cpu": [
        "mips64el"
      ],
@@ -884,9 +884,9 @@
      }
    },
    "node_modules/@esbuild/linux-ppc64": {
-      "version": "0.28.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-ppc64/-/linux-ppc64-0.28.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-bc0FE9wWeC0WBm49IQMPSPILRocGTQt3j5KPCA8os6VprfuJ7KD+5PzESSrJ6GmPIPJK965ZJHTUlSA6GNYEhg==",
+      "version": "0.28.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-ppc64/-/linux-ppc64-0.28.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-slScBsMAb3GFDcdrCgLwZtPYRoH2H/youv10QiZyRjmsP48fznoveWytSgCI/R0ZcUgpc0ZhIUEx6LHts8yrfQ==",
      "cpu": [
        "ppc64"
      ],
@@ -901,9 +901,9 @@
      }
    },
    "node_modules/@esbuild/linux-riscv64": {
-      "version": "0.28.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-riscv64/-/linux-riscv64-0.28.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-SQPZOwoTTT/HXFXQJG/vBX8sOFagGqvZyXcgLA3NhIqcBv1BJU1d46c0rGcrij2B56Z2rNiSLaZOYW5cUk7yLQ==",
+      "version": "0.28.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-riscv64/-/linux-riscv64-0.28.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-kw0owk1o0GFETUJyW0jc0G4Yzs0BHZn0JDZ8JRT088vjJYX777BAs1fDGxAC+q831qOs2DTC96mNsG2opdfyyQ==",
      "cpu": [
        "riscv64"
      ],
@@ -918,9 +918,9 @@
      }
    },
    "node_modules/@esbuild/linux-s390x": {
-      "version": "0.28.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-s390x/-/linux-s390x-0.28.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-SCfR0HN8CEEjnYnySJTd2cw0k9OHB/YFzt5zgJEwa+wL/T/raGWYMBqwDNAC6dqFKmJYZoQBRfHjgwLHGSrn3Q==",
+      "version": "0.28.1",
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@@ -935,9 +935,9 @@
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+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-x64/-/linux-x64-0.28.1.tgz",
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@@ -952,9 +952,9 @@
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-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/netbsd-arm64/-/netbsd-arm64-0.28.0.tgz",
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@@ -969,9 +969,9 @@
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-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/netbsd-x64/-/netbsd-x64-0.28.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-nU1yhmYutL+fQ71Kxnhg8uEOdC0pwEW9entHykTgEbna2pw2dkbFSMeqjjyHZoCmt8SBkOSvV+yNmm94aUrrqw==",
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+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/netbsd-x64/-/netbsd-x64-0.28.1.tgz",
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@@ -986,9 +986,9 @@
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-      "version": "0.28.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/openbsd-arm64/-/openbsd-arm64-0.28.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-cXb5vApOsRsxsEl4mcZ1XY3D4DzcoMxR/nnc4IyqYs0rTI8ZKmW6kyyg+11Z8yvgMfAEldKzP7AdP64HnSC/6g==",
+      "version": "0.28.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/openbsd-arm64/-/openbsd-arm64-0.28.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-MEFJe5C3R8pwXdZ5Y21oo6m7ePiS0d9pWucn99O/wvyJZChoIQKrQDxKrGeW8F5+T0okTHesAmDeiHDTIq0V/Q==",
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        "arm64"
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@@ -1003,9 +1003,9 @@
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    "node_modules/@esbuild/openbsd-x64": {
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-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/openbsd-x64/-/openbsd-x64-0.28.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-8wZM2qqtv9UP3mzy7HiGYNH/zjTA355mpeuA+859TyR+e+Tc08IHYpLJuMsfpDJwoLo1ikIJI8jC3GFjnRClzA==",
+      "version": "0.28.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/openbsd-x64/-/openbsd-x64-0.28.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-i/ZLIOafE0Z8cI/XANJAixoJL/uRAoS2xOA3rb0xN+KK0K177cMAsQYkzHtBrtMXAKuAc7HGgcWiZ/sRC1Nxgw==",
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@@ -1020,9 +1020,9 @@
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    "node_modules/@esbuild/openharmony-arm64": {
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-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/openharmony-arm64/-/openharmony-arm64-0.28.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-FLGfyizszcef5C3YtoyQDACyg95+dndv79i2EekILBofh5wpCa1KuBqOWKrEHZg3zrL3t5ouE5jgr94vA+Wb2w==",
+      "version": "0.28.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/openharmony-arm64/-/openharmony-arm64-0.28.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-ge+Z7EXFNt2BO1oAMsVpiQ8EwndV9i1xXerAeTIK7AtPs3bKFXQM7nlRxDSIUIMeueR1CNXxqztLzdNeReKBJg==",
      "cpu": [
        "arm64"
      ],
@@ -1037,9 +1037,9 @@
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    "node_modules/@esbuild/sunos-x64": {
-      "version": "0.28.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/sunos-x64/-/sunos-x64-0.28.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-1ZgjUoEdHZZl/YlV76TSCz9Hqj9h9YmMGAgAPYd+q4SicWNX3G5GCyx9uhQWSLcbvPW8Ni7lj4gDa1T40akdlw==",
+      "version": "0.28.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/sunos-x64/-/sunos-x64-0.28.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-BEjgtECkL3vY+SaSQ6nzVfiALUeFxpawyp8Jmf5PtYhf1Ug40N1h/hxlhts+f1FvSvarEigdxS3BlSMI2PJLcQ==",
      "cpu": [
        "x64"
      ],
@@ -1054,9 +1054,9 @@
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    "node_modules/@esbuild/win32-arm64": {
-      "version": "0.28.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/win32-arm64/-/win32-arm64-0.28.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-Q9StnDmQ/enxnpxCCLSg0oo4+34B9TdXpuyPeTedN/6+iXBJ4J+zwfQI28u/Jl40nOYAxGoNi7mFP40RUtkmUA==",
+      "version": "0.28.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/win32-arm64/-/win32-arm64-0.28.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-lCv9eK/H6ZJWbE7bh2nw54CZ9M2nupBxJcTsdk/QQnWkdSjKGuxmmH8/GWrlT1eMmZfn4dGcCjRte397WqfQXA==",
      "cpu": [
        "arm64"
      ],
@@ -1071,9 +1071,9 @@
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    },
    "node_modules/@esbuild/win32-ia32": {
-      "version": "0.28.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/win32-ia32/-/win32-ia32-0.28.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-zF3ag/gfiCe6U2iczcRzSYJKH1DCI+ByzSENHlM2FcDbEeo5Zd2C86Aq0tKUYAJJ1obRP84ymxIAksZUcdztHA==",
+      "version": "0.28.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/win32-ia32/-/win32-ia32-0.28.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-zvb/mB2bSCoJOpoCBgYKKpX6YM6mJBlBUVUtVj41DlZJVEB6/0CKlRYxP5wWl1C1ILiCoAU5wZZ4q1P3qeS6Eg==",
      "cpu": [
        "ia32"
      ],
@@ -1088,9 +1088,9 @@
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    "node_modules/@esbuild/win32-x64": {
-      "version": "0.28.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/win32-x64/-/win32-x64-0.28.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-pEl1bO9mfAmIC+tW5btTmrKaujg3zGtUmWNdCw/xs70FBjwAL3o9OEKNHvNmnyylD6ubxUERiEhdsL0xBQ9efw==",
+      "version": "0.28.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/win32-x64/-/win32-x64-0.28.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-bm4Mowrv+GXMlpWX++EcXw/iLyd1o3+bJkC2DkWXYVvgZCqD/bSj9ctZeAMC3cIxgjRVR2Dufaiu4YPxr5gW1A==",
      "cpu": [
        "x64"
      ],
@@ -3061,16 +3061,16 @@
      }
    },
    "node_modules/brace-expansion": {
-      "version": "5.0.6",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/brace-expansion/-/brace-expansion-5.0.6.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-kLpxurY4Z4r9sgMsyG0Z9uzsBlgiU/EFKhj/h91/8yHu0edo7XuixOIH3VcJ8kkxs6/jPzoI6U9Vj3WqbMQ94g==",
+      "version": "5.0.9",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/brace-expansion/-/brace-expansion-5.0.9.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-ScQ4IuvIEF1TMlP7Zt+vjJ//9zlPb2SDcxWxM3bk8s6t6GGdJ7KO1dCcTidOPJKePW30LE/2cT7wCyPho9/Wxg==",
      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "dependencies": {
        "balanced-match": "^4.0.2"
      },
      "engines": {
-        "node": "18 || 20 || >=22"
+        "node": "20 || >=22"
      }
    },
    "node_modules/braces": {
@@ -3519,15 +3519,15 @@
      }
    },
    "node_modules/concurrently": {
-      "version": "9.2.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/concurrently/-/concurrently-9.2.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-fsfrO0MxV64Znoy8/l1vVIjjHa29SZyyqPgQBwhiDcaW8wJc2W3XWVOGx4M3oJBnv/zdUZIIp1gDeS98GzP8Ng==",
+      "version": "9.2.4",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/concurrently/-/concurrently-9.2.4.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-TZ0CEhyzvFjgtAvHTusDMgj7wNdihCh7LLLrzdUOXIhdlnL2JBBGA9eJxR24rtqgmdjh3OA3hrN1rCHj6HM8qA==",
      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "dependencies": {
        "chalk": "4.1.2",
        "rxjs": "7.8.2",
-        "shell-quote": "1.8.3",
+        "shell-quote": "1.9.0",
        "supports-color": "8.1.1",
        "tree-kill": "1.2.2",
        "yargs": "17.7.2"
@@ -3869,9 +3869,9 @@
      "license": "MIT"
    },
    "node_modules/esbuild": {
-      "version": "0.28.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/esbuild/-/esbuild-0.28.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-sNR9MHpXSUV/XB4zmsFKN+QgVG82Cc7+/aaxJ8Adi8hyOac+EXptIp45QBPaVyX3N70664wRbTcLTOemCAnyqw==",
+      "version": "0.28.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/esbuild/-/esbuild-0.28.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-HrJrvZv5ayxBzPfwphOoNzkzOIIlifzk0KJrGK2c8R4+LKpMtpYLQeUdjnwjWv/LZlkH2laZk+4w78pi99D4Vw==",
      "dev": true,
      "hasInstallScript": true,
      "license": "MIT",
@@ -3882,32 +3882,32 @@
        "node": ">=18"
      },
      "optionalDependencies": {
-        "@esbuild/aix-ppc64": "0.28.0",
-        "@esbuild/android-arm": "0.28.0",
-        "@esbuild/android-arm64": "0.28.0",
-        "@esbuild/android-x64": "0.28.0",
-        "@esbuild/darwin-arm64": "0.28.0",
-        "@esbuild/darwin-x64": "0.28.0",
-        "@esbuild/freebsd-arm64": "0.28.0",
-        "@esbuild/freebsd-x64": "0.28.0",
-        "@esbuild/linux-arm": "0.28.0",
-        "@esbuild/linux-arm64": "0.28.0",
-        "@esbuild/linux-ia32": "0.28.0",
-        "@esbuild/linux-loong64": "0.28.0",
-        "@esbuild/linux-mips64el": "0.28.0",
-        "@esbuild/linux-ppc64": "0.28.0",
-        "@esbuild/linux-riscv64": "0.28.0",
-        "@esbuild/linux-s390x": "0.28.0",
-        "@esbuild/linux-x64": "0.28.0",
-        "@esbuild/netbsd-arm64": "0.28.0",
-        "@esbuild/netbsd-x64": "0.28.0",
-        "@esbuild/openbsd-arm64": "0.28.0",
-        "@esbuild/openbsd-x64": "0.28.0",
-        "@esbuild/openharmony-arm64": "0.28.0",
-        "@esbuild/sunos-x64": "0.28.0",
-        "@esbuild/win32-arm64": "0.28.0",
-        "@esbuild/win32-ia32": "0.28.0",
-        "@esbuild/win32-x64": "0.28.0"
+        "@esbuild/aix-ppc64": "0.28.1",
+        "@esbuild/android-arm": "0.28.1",
+        "@esbuild/android-arm64": "0.28.1",
+        "@esbuild/android-x64": "0.28.1",
+        "@esbuild/darwin-arm64": "0.28.1",
+        "@esbuild/darwin-x64": "0.28.1",
+        "@esbuild/freebsd-arm64": "0.28.1",
+        "@esbuild/freebsd-x64": "0.28.1",
+        "@esbuild/linux-arm": "0.28.1",
+        "@esbuild/linux-arm64": "0.28.1",
+        "@esbuild/linux-ia32": "0.28.1",
+        "@esbuild/linux-loong64": "0.28.1",
+        "@esbuild/linux-mips64el": "0.28.1",
+        "@esbuild/linux-ppc64": "0.28.1",
+        "@esbuild/linux-riscv64": "0.28.1",
+        "@esbuild/linux-s390x": "0.28.1",
+        "@esbuild/linux-x64": "0.28.1",
+        "@esbuild/netbsd-arm64": "0.28.1",
+        "@esbuild/netbsd-x64": "0.28.1",
+        "@esbuild/openbsd-arm64": "0.28.1",
+        "@esbuild/openbsd-x64": "0.28.1",
+        "@esbuild/openharmony-arm64": "0.28.1",
+        "@esbuild/sunos-x64": "0.28.1",
+        "@esbuild/win32-arm64": "0.28.1",
+        "@esbuild/win32-ia32": "0.28.1",
+        "@esbuild/win32-x64": "0.28.1"
      }
    },
    "node_modules/escalade": {
@@ -4308,9 +4308,9 @@
      }
    },
    "node_modules/express-ws/node_modules/ws": {
-      "version": "7.5.10",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ws/-/ws-7.5.10.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-+dbF1tHwZpXcbOJdVOkzLDxZP1ailvSxM6ZweXTegylPny803bFhA+vqBYw4s31NSAk4S2Qz+AKXK9a4wkdjcQ==",
+      "version": "7.5.13",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ws/-/ws-7.5.13.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-rsKI6xDBFVf4r/x8XyChGK04QR/XHroxs/jUcoWvtEZM8TPU/X/uIY9B1CsSzYws9ZJb/6bbBu7dPhFW00CAoA==",
      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "engines": {
@@ -4351,9 +4351,9 @@
      "license": "MIT"
    },
    "node_modules/fast-uri": {
-      "version": "3.1.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/fast-uri/-/fast-uri-3.1.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-rVjf7ArG3LTk+FS6Yw81V1DLuZl1bRbNrev6Tmd/9RaroeeRRJhAt7jg/6YFxbvAQXUCavSoZhPPj6oOx+5KjQ==",
+      "version": "3.1.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/fast-uri/-/fast-uri-3.1.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-gHwA1O9LDIcKunMKhObS/HimwtehO1nPUECKAu5TpKgaO19fcWEl4bliWe1jWxVFvIXztJjjQ4L8XQ1EU9f7Jw==",
      "dev": true,
      "funding": [
        {
@@ -4749,9 +4749,9 @@
      "license": "MIT"
    },
    "node_modules/glob/node_modules/brace-expansion": {
-      "version": "2.1.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/brace-expansion/-/brace-expansion-2.1.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-TN1kCZAgdgweJhWWpgKYrQaMNHcDULHkWwQIspdtjV4Y5aurRdZpjAqn6yX3FPqTA9ngHCc4hJxMAMgGfve85w==",
+      "version": "2.1.4",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/brace-expansion/-/brace-expansion-2.1.4.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-hGfVzPxthbf3+2yjg/RBs60cB0FhqBS/zvdV/4wn4/BmN0bNMMHPc4V/BbFieqf1TKAGGAHnY4eSjajCl0f2Xg==",
      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "dependencies": {
@@ -5795,9 +5795,9 @@
      "license": "MIT"
    },
    "node_modules/mocha/node_modules/brace-expansion": {
-      "version": "2.1.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/brace-expansion/-/brace-expansion-2.1.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-TN1kCZAgdgweJhWWpgKYrQaMNHcDULHkWwQIspdtjV4Y5aurRdZpjAqn6yX3FPqTA9ngHCc4hJxMAMgGfve85w==",
+      "version": "2.1.4",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/brace-expansion/-/brace-expansion-2.1.4.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-hGfVzPxthbf3+2yjg/RBs60cB0FhqBS/zvdV/4wn4/BmN0bNMMHPc4V/BbFieqf1TKAGGAHnY4eSjajCl0f2Xg==",
      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "dependencies": {
@@ -7127,9 +7127,9 @@
      }
    },
    "node_modules/shell-quote": {
-      "version": "1.8.3",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/shell-quote/-/shell-quote-1.8.3.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-ObmnIF4hXNg1BqhnHmgbDETF8dLPCggZWBjkQfhZpbszZnYur5DUljTcCHii5LC3J5E0yeO/1LIMyH+UvHQgyw==",
+      "version": "1.9.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/shell-quote/-/shell-quote-1.9.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-Iov+JwFv/2HcTpcwNMKd8+IWNb8tboQJNQTkAY/LLVK7gGH9jy+LGkVqPxfekHl+yMmiqXszdGWXgkfml7hjqA==",
      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "engines": {
@@ -7975,9 +7975,9 @@
      }
    },
    "node_modules/undici": {
-      "version": "7.25.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/undici/-/undici-7.25.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-xXnp4kTyor2Zq+J1FfPI6Eq3ew5h6Vl0F/8d9XU5zZQf1tX9s2Su1/3PiMmUANFULpmksxkClamIZcaUqryHsQ==",
+      "version": "7.29.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/undici/-/undici-7.29.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-IDxfleLmmbSskfWSUATiN1nfn2rDuvnMOqb5CWR92iIfojA0Ud+ulOAAEQ57LPr9rWmsreUyf5lwyao+7GNNVw==",
      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "engines": {
@@ -8452,9 +8452,9 @@
      "license": "ISC"
    },
    "node_modules/ws": {
-      "version": "8.20.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ws/-/ws-8.20.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-It4dO0K5v//JtTXuPkfEOaI3uUN87iYPnqo/ZzqCoG3g8uhA66QUMs/SrM0YK7/NAu+r4LMh/9dq2A7k+rHs+w==",
+      "version": "8.21.3",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ws/-/ws-8.21.3.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-201TZ/kPWxoPr/OKWjquZR1SWKXcvxdH+e1xrx89b3YbmzLMFCLfnaG1HFIgWzJOEWZ7MvpK++odZufgYR50Rw==",
      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "engines": {
@@ -492,6 +492,7 @@ export class CoreBrowserTerminal extends CoreTerminal implements ITerminal {
      // https://issuetracker.google.com/issues/260170397
      this.textarea.setAttribute('aria-multiline', 'false');
    }
+    this.textarea.setAttribute('autocomplete', 'off');
    this.textarea.setAttribute('autocorrect', 'off');
    this.textarea.setAttribute('autocapitalize', 'off');
    this.textarea.setAttribute('spellcheck', 'false');
@@ -6,16 +6,14 @@
 import jsdom = require('jsdom');
 import { assert } from 'chai';
 import { DomRendererRowFactory } from './DomRendererRowFactory';
-import { NULL_CELL_CODE, NULL_CELL_WIDTH, NULL_CELL_CHAR, DEFAULT_ATTR, FgFlags, BgFlags, Attributes, UnderlineStyle } from '../../../common/buffer/Constants';
+import { DEFAULT_ATTR, FgFlags, BgFlags, Attributes, UnderlineStyle } from '../../../common/buffer/Constants';
 import { BufferLine, DEFAULT_ATTR_DATA } from '../../../common/buffer/BufferLine';
-import { BufferLineStringCache } from '../../../common/buffer/BufferLineStringCache';
 import { IBufferLine } from '../../../common/buffer/Types';
 import { CellData } from '../../../common/buffer/CellData';
 import { MockCoreService, MockDecorationService, MockOptionsService, createCellData, NULL_CELL_DATA } from '../../../common/TestUtils.test';
 import { MockCharacterJoinerService, MockCoreBrowserService, MockThemeService } from '../../TestUtils.test';
 import { TestWidthCache } from './WidthCache.test';

-const TEST_STRING_CACHE = new BufferLineStringCache();

 describe('DomRendererRowFactory', () => {
  let dom: jsdom.JSDOM;
@@ -517,7 +515,7 @@ describe('DomRendererRowFactory', () => {
  }

  function createEmptyLineData(cols: number): IBufferLine {
-    const lineData = new BufferLine(TEST_STRING_CACHE, cols);
+    const lineData = new BufferLine(cols);
    for (let i = 0; i < cols; i++) {
      lineData.setCell(i, NULL_CELL_DATA);
    }
@@ -7,12 +7,10 @@ import { assert } from 'chai';
 import { ICharacterJoinerService } from './Services';
 import { CharacterJoinerService } from './CharacterJoinerService';
 import { BufferLine } from '../../common/buffer/BufferLine';
-import { BufferLineStringCache } from '../../common/buffer/BufferLineStringCache';
 import { IBufferLine } from '../../common/buffer/Types';
 import { CellData } from '../../common/buffer/CellData';
 import { MockBufferService, createCellData } from '../../common/TestUtils.test';

-const TEST_STRING_CACHE = new BufferLineStringCache();

 describe('CharacterJoinerService', () => {
  let service: ICharacterJoinerService;
@@ -25,7 +23,7 @@ describe('CharacterJoinerService', () => {
    lines.set(2, lineData([['a -> b -', 0xFFFFFFFF], ['> c -> d', 0]]));

    lines.set(3, lineData([['no joined ranges']]));
-    lines.set(4, new BufferLine(TEST_STRING_CACHE, 0));
+    lines.set(4, new BufferLine(0));
    lines.set(5, lineData([['a', 0x11111111], [' -> b -> c -> '], ['d', 0x22222222]]));
    const line6 = lineData([['wi']]);
    line6.resize(line6.length + 1, createCellData(0, '￥', 2));
@@ -270,7 +268,7 @@ describe('CharacterJoinerService', () => {
 type IPartialLineData = ([string] | [string, number]);

 function lineData(data: IPartialLineData[]): IBufferLine {
-  const tline = new BufferLine(TEST_STRING_CACHE, 0);
+  const tline = new BufferLine(0);
  for (let i = 0; i < data.length; ++i) {
    const line = data[i][0];
    const attr = (data[i][1] || 0) as number;
@@ -351,3 +351,96 @@ describe('MouseService mouseEventsRequireAlt', () => {
    assert.isFalse(element.classList.contains(MouseEventCssClasses.ENABLE_MOUSE_EVENTS));
  });
 });
+
+describe('MouseService multi-window', () => {
+  interface IRecordingDocument {
+    doc: Document;
+    added: string[];
+    removed: string[];
+    listeners: { [type: string]: EventListener[] };
+  }
+
+  function createRecordingDocument(): IRecordingDocument {
+    const added: string[] = [];
+    const removed: string[] = [];
+    const listeners: { [type: string]: EventListener[] } = {};
+    const doc = {
+      addEventListener: (type: string, listener: EventListener) => {
+        added.push(type);
+        (listeners[type] ??= []).push(listener);
+      },
+      removeEventListener: (type: string) => removed.push(type)
+    } as any;
+    return { doc, added, removed, listeners };
+  }
+
+  it('should manage protocol mouseup/mousemove listeners on the element\'s current document, not the document the terminal was opened with', () => {
+    const mouseStateService = new MouseStateService();
+    const optionsService = new OptionsService({});
+    const mouseService = new MouseService(
+      new MockRenderService(),
+      {
+        getMouseReportCoords: () => ({ col: 0, row: 0, x: 0, y: 0 })
+      } as any,
+      mouseStateService,
+      {
+        triggerDataEvent: () => {},
+        triggerBinaryEvent: () => {},
+        decPrivateModes: { applicationCursorKeys: false }
+      } as any,
+      bufferService,
+      optionsService,
+      new TestSelectionService(),
+      logService,
+      new MockCoreBrowserService()
+    );
+
+    // Simulate a terminal that was opened with one document but whose element now lives in
+    // another document (eg. it was moved to a child window)
+    const openDocument = createRecordingDocument();
+    const childDocument = createRecordingDocument();
+    const elementListeners: { [type: string]: EventListener[] } = {};
+    const element = {
+      classList: {
+        add: () => {},
+        remove: () => {},
+        contains: () => false
+      },
+      addEventListener: (type: string, listener: EventListener) => {
+        (elementListeners[type] ??= []).push(listener);
+      },
+      removeEventListener: () => {},
+      ownerDocument: childDocument.doc
+    } as any;
+
+    mouseService.bindMouse({
+      element,
+      screenElement: createTestMouseTargetElement(),
+      document: openDocument.doc
+    }, disposable => disposable, () => {});
+    mouseStateService.activeProtocol = 'ANY';
+
+    elementListeners['mousedown'][0]({
+      type: 'mousedown',
+      button: 0,
+      buttons: 1,
+      altKey: false,
+      ctrlKey: false,
+      shiftKey: false,
+      preventDefault: () => {}
+    } as any);
+    assert.deepEqual(childDocument.added, ['mouseup', 'mousemove']);
+    assert.deepEqual(openDocument.added, []);
+
+    childDocument.listeners['mouseup'][0]({
+      type: 'mouseup',
+      button: 0,
+      buttons: 0,
+      altKey: false,
+      ctrlKey: false,
+      shiftKey: false
+    } as any);
+    assert.deepEqual(childDocument.removed, ['mouseup', 'mousemove']);
+    assert.deepEqual(openDocument.removed, []);
+  });
+});
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import { addDisposableListener } from '../Dom';
 import { IBufferService, IMouseStateService, ICoreService, ILogService, IOptionsService } from '../../common/services/Services';
 import { CoreMouseAction, CoreMouseButton, CoreMouseEventType, ICoreMouseEvent, IDisposable } from '../../common/Types';
 import { C0 } from '../../common/data/EscapeSequences';
-import { DisposableStore, MutableDisposable, toDisposable } from '../../common/Lifecycle';
+import { DisposableStore, MutableDisposable } from '../../common/Lifecycle';
 import { ICoreBrowserService, IMouseCoordsService, IMouseService, IMouseServiceTarget, IRenderService, ISelectionService } from './Services';
 import { Gesture, EventType as GestureEventType, IGestureEvent } from '../scrollable/touch';

@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ interface IMouseBindContext {
  readonly target: IMouseServiceTarget;
  readonly focus: () => void;
  readonly requestedEvents: RequestedMouseEvents;
+  readonly mouseupListener: MutableDisposable<IDisposable>;
+  readonly mousedragListener: MutableDisposable<IDisposable>;
 }

 export class MouseService implements IMouseService {
@@ -61,7 +63,11 @@ export class MouseService implements IMouseService {
      mousedrag: null,
      mousemove: null
    };
-    const ctx: IMouseBindContext = { target, focus, requestedEvents };
+    const mouseupListener = new MutableDisposable<IDisposable>();
+    const mousedragListener = new MutableDisposable<IDisposable>();
+    register(mouseupListener);
+    register(mousedragListener);
+    const ctx: IMouseBindContext = { target, focus, requestedEvents, mouseupListener, mousedragListener };
    const eventListeners: Record<'mouseup' | 'wheel' | 'mousedrag' | 'mousemove', EventListener> = {
      mouseup: (ev: Event) => this._handleMouseUp(ctx, ev as MouseEvent),
      wheel: (ev: Event) => this._handleWheel(ctx, ev as WheelEvent),
@@ -85,16 +91,6 @@ export class MouseService implements IMouseService {
    // force initial onProtocolChange so we dont miss early mouse requests
    this._mouseStateService.activeProtocol = this._mouseStateService.activeProtocol;

-    // Ensure document-level listeners are removed on dispose
-    register(toDisposable(() => {
-      if (requestedEvents.mouseup) {
-        document.removeEventListener('mouseup', requestedEvents.mouseup);
-      }
-      if (requestedEvents.mousedrag) {
-        document.removeEventListener('mousemove', requestedEvents.mousedrag);
-      }
-    }));
-
    /**
     * "Always on" event listeners.
     */
@@ -199,12 +195,8 @@ export class MouseService implements IMouseService {
    this._sendEvent(ctx, ev);
    if (!ev.buttons) {
      // if no other button is held remove global handlers
-      if (ctx.requestedEvents.mouseup) {
-        ctx.target.document.removeEventListener('mouseup', ctx.requestedEvents.mouseup);
-      }
-      if (ctx.requestedEvents.mousedrag) {
-        ctx.target.document.removeEventListener('mousemove', ctx.requestedEvents.mousedrag);
-      }
+      ctx.mouseupListener.clear();
+      ctx.mousedragListener.clear();
    }
  }

@@ -246,11 +238,14 @@ export class MouseService implements IMouseService {
    // of the terminal element.
    // Note: Other emulators also do this for 'mousedown' while a button
    // is held, we currently limit 'mousedown' to the terminal only.
+    // Use the element's current document in case it moved to another window after open.
+    const { element, document: targetDocument } = ctx.target;
+    const listenerDocument = element.ownerDocument ?? targetDocument;
    if (ctx.requestedEvents.mouseup) {
-      ctx.target.document.addEventListener('mouseup', ctx.requestedEvents.mouseup);
+      ctx.mouseupListener.value = addDisposableListener(listenerDocument, 'mouseup', ctx.requestedEvents.mouseup);
    }
    if (ctx.requestedEvents.mousedrag) {
-      ctx.target.document.addEventListener('mousemove', ctx.requestedEvents.mousedrag);
+      ctx.mousedragListener.value = addDisposableListener(listenerDocument, 'mousemove', ctx.requestedEvents.mousedrag);
    }
  }

@@ -398,7 +393,7 @@ export class MouseService implements IMouseService {
  }

  private _handleProtocolChange(ctx: IMouseBindContext, eventListeners: Record<'mouseup' | 'wheel' | 'mousedrag' | 'mousemove', EventListener>, events: CoreMouseEventType): void {
-    const { element, document } = ctx.target;
+    const { element } = ctx.target;
    const { requestedEvents } = ctx;
    // apply global changes on events
    if (events) {
@@ -433,18 +428,14 @@ export class MouseService implements IMouseService {
    }

    if (!(events & CoreMouseEventType.UP)) {
-      if (requestedEvents.mouseup) {
-        document.removeEventListener('mouseup', requestedEvents.mouseup);
-      }
+      ctx.mouseupListener.clear();
      requestedEvents.mouseup = null;
    } else {
      requestedEvents.mouseup ??= eventListeners.mouseup;
    }

    if (!(events & CoreMouseEventType.DRAG)) {
-      if (requestedEvents.mousedrag) {
-        document.removeEventListener('mousemove', requestedEvents.mousedrag);
-      }
+      ctx.mousedragListener.clear();
      requestedEvents.mousedrag = null;
    } else {
      requestedEvents.mousedrag ??= eventListeners.mousedrag;
@@ -9,13 +9,11 @@ import { SelectionModel } from '../selection/SelectionModel';
 import { IBuffer, IBufferLine } from '../../common/buffer/Types';
 import { MockBufferService, MockOptionsService, MockCoreService, MockMouseStateService, createCellData } from '../../common/TestUtils.test';
 import { BufferLine } from '../../common/buffer/BufferLine';
-import { BufferLineStringCache } from '../../common/buffer/BufferLineStringCache';
 import { IBufferService, IOptionsService } from '../../common/services/Services';
 import { MockCoreBrowserService, MockMouseService, MockRenderService } from '../TestUtils.test';
 import { CellData } from '../../common/buffer/CellData';
 import { IRenderService } from './Services';

-const TEST_STRING_CACHE = new BufferLineStringCache();

 class TestSelectionService extends SelectionService {
  constructor(
@@ -60,7 +58,7 @@ describe('SelectionService', () => {
  });

  function stringToRow(text: string): IBufferLine {
-    const result = new BufferLine(TEST_STRING_CACHE, text.length);
+    const result = new BufferLine(text.length);
    for (let i = 0; i < text.length; i++) {
      result.setCell(i, createCellData(0, text.charAt(i), 1));
    }
@@ -68,7 +66,7 @@ describe('SelectionService', () => {
  }

  function stringArrayToRow(chars: string[]): IBufferLine {
-    const line = new BufferLine(TEST_STRING_CACHE, chars.length);
+    const line = new BufferLine(chars.length);
    chars.map((c, idx) => line.setCell(idx, createCellData(0, c, 1)));
    return line;
  }
@@ -123,7 +121,7 @@ describe('SelectionService', () => {
        [0, 'o', 1, 'o'.charCodeAt(0)],
        [0, 'o', 1, 'o'.charCodeAt(0)]
      ];
-      const line = new BufferLine(TEST_STRING_CACHE, data.length);
+      const line = new BufferLine(data.length);
      for (let i = 0; i < data.length; ++i) line.setCell(i, CellData.fromCharData(data[i]));
      buffer.lines.set(0, line);
      // Ensure wide characters take up 2 columns
@@ -27,11 +27,13 @@ export class Emitter<T> {
      }

      const entry = { fn: listener, thisArgs };
+      this._listeners = this._listeners.slice();
      this._listeners.push(entry);

      const result = toDisposable(() => {
        const idx = this._listeners.indexOf(entry);
        if (idx !== -1) {
+          this._listeners = this._listeners.slice();
          this._listeners.splice(idx, 1);
        }
      });
@@ -50,23 +52,16 @@ export class Emitter<T> {
  }

  public fire(event: T): void {
-    if (this._disposed) {
+    if (this._disposed || !this._listeners.length) {
      return;
    }
-    switch (this._listeners.length) {
-      case 0: return;
-      case 1: {
-        const { fn, thisArgs } = this._listeners[0];
-        fn.call(thisArgs, event);
-        return;
-      }
-      default: {
-        // Snapshot listeners to allow modifications during iteration (2+ listeners)
-        const listeners = this._listeners.slice();
-        for (const { fn, thisArgs } of listeners) {
-          fn.call(thisArgs, event);
-        }
-      }
+    if (this._listeners.length === 1) {
+      this._listeners[0].fn.call(this._listeners[0].thisArgs, event);
+      return;
+    }
+    const listeners = this._listeners;
+    for (let i = 0, len = listeners.length; i < len; ++i) {
+      listeners[i].fn.call(listeners[i].thisArgs, event);
    }
  }

@@ -2394,6 +2394,54 @@ describe('InputHandler', () => {
    });
  });

+  describe('ED3 - erase saved lines', () => {
+    beforeEach(() => {
+      bufferService.resize(10, 5);
+    });
+    it('should stop locking the viewport when the scrollback the user scrolled into is erased', async () => {
+      for (let i = 0; i < 20; ++i) {
+        await inputHandler.parseP(`old ${i}\r\n`);
+      }
+      bufferService.scrollLines(-5);
+      assert.strictEqual(bufferService.isUserScrolling, true);
+
+      await inputHandler.parseP('\x1b[3J');
+
+      assert.strictEqual(bufferService.isUserScrolling, false);
+      assert.strictEqual(bufferService.buffer.ybase, 0);
+      assert.strictEqual(bufferService.buffer.ydisp, 0);
+
+      for (let i = 0; i < 20; ++i) {
+        await inputHandler.parseP(`new ${i}\r\n`);
+      }
+
+      assert.strictEqual(bufferService.buffer.ydisp, bufferService.buffer.ybase);
+    });
+    it('should not reset the scroll position when erasing scrollback on a resized alt buffer', async () => {
+      bufferService.resize(10, 50);
+      bufferService.resize(10, 5);
+      for (let i = 0; i < 20; ++i) {
+        await inputHandler.parseP(`old ${i}\r\n`);
+      }
+      bufferService.scrollLines(-5);
+      const ydisp = bufferService.buffer.ydisp;
+
+      await inputHandler.parseP('\x1b[?1049h');
+      for (let i = 0; i < 20; ++i) {
+        await inputHandler.parseP(`new ${i}\r\n`);
+      }
+      await inputHandler.parseP('\x1b[3J\x1b[?1049l');
+
+      assert.strictEqual(bufferService.isUserScrolling, true);
+      assert.strictEqual(bufferService.buffer.ydisp, ydisp);
+
+      await inputHandler.parseP('more\r\n');
+
+      assert.strictEqual(bufferService.isUserScrolling, true);
+      assert.strictEqual(bufferService.buffer.ydisp, ydisp);
+    });
+  });
+
  describe('DECSCA and DECSED/DECSEL', () => {
    it('default is unprotected', async () => {
      await inputHandler.parseP('some text');
@@ -1286,6 +1286,11 @@ export class InputHandler extends Disposable implements IInputHandler {
          this._activeBuffer.lines.trimStart(scrollBackSize);
          this._activeBuffer.ybase = Math.max(this._activeBuffer.ybase - scrollBackSize, 0);
          this._activeBuffer.ydisp = Math.max(this._activeBuffer.ydisp - scrollBackSize, 0);
+          // isUserScrolling tracks the normal buffer's viewport, so ED3 on the alt
+          // screen must not touch it
+          if (this._activeBuffer === this._bufferService.buffers.normal) {
+            this._bufferService.isUserScrolling = false;
+          }
          // Force a scroll event to refresh viewport
          this._onScroll.fire(0);
        }
@@ -139,6 +139,7 @@ export class AttributeData implements IAttributeData {
 */
 export class ExtendedAttrs implements IExtendedAttrs {
  private _ext: number = 0;
+  public payload: Object | undefined;
  public get ext(): number {
    if (this._urlId) {
      return (
@@ -207,6 +208,6 @@ export class ExtendedAttrs implements IExtendedAttrs {
   * that needs to be persistant in the buffer.
   */
  public isEmpty(): boolean {
-    return this.underlineStyle === UnderlineStyle.NONE && this._urlId === 0;
+    return this.underlineStyle === UnderlineStyle.NONE && this._urlId === 0 && this.payload === undefined;
  }
 }
@@ -8,24 +8,14 @@ import { Buffer } from './Buffer';
 import { CircularList } from '../CircularList';
 import { MockOptionsService, MockBufferService, MockLogService, createCellData } from '../TestUtils.test';
 import { BufferLine, DEFAULT_ATTR_DATA } from './BufferLine';
-import { BufferLineStringCache } from './BufferLineStringCache';
 import { CellData } from './CellData';
-import { ExtendedAttrs } from './AttributeData';
+

 const INIT_COLS = 80;
 const INIT_ROWS = 24;
 const INIT_SCROLLBACK = 1000;
-const TEST_STRING_CACHE = new BufferLineStringCache();

-class TestBuffer extends Buffer {
-  public getStringCache(): BufferLineStringCache {
-    return (this as unknown as { _stringCache: BufferLineStringCache })._stringCache;
-  }
-
-  public getStringCacheClearTimeout(): unknown {
-    return (this.getStringCache() as unknown as { _clearTimeout: { value: unknown } })._clearTimeout.value;
-  }
-}
+class TestBuffer extends Buffer {}

 describe('Buffer', () => {
  let optionsService: MockOptionsService;
@@ -1202,7 +1192,7 @@ describe('Buffer', () => {

  describe ('translateBufferLineToString', () => {
    it('should handle selecting a section of ascii text', () => {
-      const line = new BufferLine(TEST_STRING_CACHE, 4);
+      const line = new BufferLine(4);
      line.setCell(0, createCellData(0, 'a', 1));
      line.setCell(1, createCellData(0, 'b', 1));
      line.setCell(2, createCellData(0, 'c', 1));
@@ -1214,7 +1204,7 @@ describe('Buffer', () => {
    });

    it('should handle a cut-off double width character by including it', () => {
-      const line = new BufferLine(TEST_STRING_CACHE, 3);
+      const line = new BufferLine(3);
      line.setCell(0, createCellData(0, '語', 2));
      line.setCell(1, createCellData(0, '', 0));
      line.setCell(2, createCellData(0, 'a', 1));
@@ -1225,7 +1215,7 @@ describe('Buffer', () => {
    });

    it('should handle a zero width character in the middle of the string by not including it', () => {
-      const line = new BufferLine(TEST_STRING_CACHE, 3);
+      const line = new BufferLine(3);
      line.setCell(0, createCellData(0, '語', 2));
      line.setCell(1, createCellData(0, '', 0));
      line.setCell(2, createCellData(0, 'a', 1));
@@ -1242,7 +1232,7 @@ describe('Buffer', () => {
    });

    it('should handle single width emojis', () => {
-      const line = new BufferLine(TEST_STRING_CACHE, 2);
+      const line = new BufferLine(2);
      line.setCell(0, createCellData(0, '😁', 1));
      line.setCell(1, createCellData(0, 'a', 1));
      buffer.lines.set(0, line);
@@ -1255,7 +1245,7 @@ describe('Buffer', () => {
    });

    it('should handle double width emojis', () => {
-      const line = new BufferLine(TEST_STRING_CACHE, 2);
+      const line = new BufferLine(2);
      line.setCell(0, createCellData(0, '😁', 2));
      line.setCell(1, createCellData(0, '', 0));
      buffer.lines.set(0, line);
@@ -1266,7 +1256,7 @@ describe('Buffer', () => {
      const str2 = buffer.translateBufferLineToString(0, true, 0, 2);
      assert.equal(str2, '😁');

-      const line2 = new BufferLine(TEST_STRING_CACHE, 3);
+      const line2 = new BufferLine(3);
      line2.setCell(0, createCellData(0, '😁', 2));
      line2.setCell(1, createCellData(0, '', 0));
      line2.setCell(2, createCellData(0, 'a', 1));
@@ -1277,99 +1267,6 @@ describe('Buffer', () => {
    });
  });

-  describe('line string cache cleanup', () => {
-    it('should clear shared cache entries with a single timer', () => {
-      const originalSetTimeout = globalThis.setTimeout;
-      const originalClearTimeout = globalThis.clearTimeout;
-      const originalDateNow = Date.now;
-      let timeoutId = 0;
-      let now = 0;
-      const clearedTimeouts: number[] = [];
-      const scheduledTimeouts = new Map<number, { delay: number, fire: () => void }>();
-      (globalThis as any).setTimeout = ((handler: (...args: any[]) => void, timeout?: number) => {
-        const id = ++timeoutId;
-        scheduledTimeouts.set(id, {
-          delay: timeout ?? 0,
-          fire: () => {
-            scheduledTimeouts.delete(id);
-            handler();
-          }
-        });
-        return id as ReturnType<typeof setTimeout>;
-      }) as typeof setTimeout;
-      (globalThis as any).clearTimeout = ((id: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout>) => {
-        const numericId = id as unknown as number;
-        clearedTimeouts.push(numericId);
-        scheduledTimeouts.delete(numericId);
-      }) as typeof clearTimeout;
-      Date.now = () => now;
-      try {
-        buffer.fillViewportRows();
-        buffer.lines.get(0)!.setCell(0, createCellData(0, 'a', 1));
-        buffer.lines.get(1)!.setCell(0, createCellData(0, 'b', 1));
-
-        assert.equal(buffer.translateBufferLineToString(0, false), `a${' '.repeat(INIT_COLS - 1)}`);
-        assert.equal(buffer.translateBufferLineToString(1, false), `b${' '.repeat(INIT_COLS - 1)}`);
-
-        const cache = buffer.getStringCache();
-        assert.equal(cache.entries.size, 2);
-        assert.ok(buffer.getStringCacheClearTimeout() !== undefined);
-        assert.equal(scheduledTimeouts.size, 1);
-        assert.equal([...scheduledTimeouts.values()][0].delay, 15000);
-        const initialTimerCreationCount = timeoutId;
-
-        now = 5000;
-        assert.equal(buffer.translateBufferLineToString(0, false), `a${' '.repeat(INIT_COLS - 1)}`);
-        assert.equal(timeoutId, initialTimerCreationCount);
-        assert.equal(scheduledTimeouts.size, 1);
-        assert.deepEqual(clearedTimeouts, []);
-
-        now = 15000;
-        [...scheduledTimeouts.values()][0].fire();
-        assert.equal(timeoutId, initialTimerCreationCount + 1);
-        assert.ok(buffer.getStringCacheClearTimeout() !== undefined);
-        assert.equal(scheduledTimeouts.size, 1);
-        assert.equal([...scheduledTimeouts.values()][0].delay, 5000);
-
-        now = 20000;
-        [...scheduledTimeouts.values()][0].fire();
-
-        assert.equal(cache.entries.size, 0);
-        assert.equal(buffer.getStringCacheClearTimeout(), undefined);
-
-        assert.equal(buffer.translateBufferLineToString(0, false), `a${' '.repeat(INIT_COLS - 1)}`);
-        assert.equal(cache.entries.size, 1);
-      } finally {
-        Date.now = originalDateNow;
-        globalThis.setTimeout = originalSetTimeout;
-        globalThis.clearTimeout = originalClearTimeout;
-      }
-    });
-
-    it('should reset line string cache state on clear and resize', () => {
-      buffer.fillViewportRows();
-      buffer.lines.get(0)!.setCell(0, createCellData(0, 'a', 1));
-      buffer.translateBufferLineToString(0, false);
-
-      const cache = buffer.getStringCache();
-      assert.equal(cache.entries.size, 1);
-      assert.ok(buffer.getStringCacheClearTimeout() !== undefined);
-
-      buffer.clear();
-      assert.equal(cache.entries.size, 0);
-      assert.equal(buffer.getStringCacheClearTimeout(), undefined);
-
-      buffer.fillViewportRows();
-      buffer.lines.get(0)!.setCell(0, createCellData(0, 'b', 1));
-      buffer.translateBufferLineToString(0, false);
-      assert.equal(cache.entries.size, 1);
-
-      buffer.resize(INIT_COLS - 1, INIT_ROWS);
-      assert.equal(cache.entries.size, 0);
-      assert.equal(buffer.getStringCacheClearTimeout(), undefined);
-    });
-  });
-
  describe('memory cleanup after shrinking', () => {
    it('should realign memory from idle task execution', async () => {
      buffer.fillViewportRows();
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import { ICharset } from '../Types';
 import { IAttributeData, IBuffer, IBufferLine, ICellData } from './Types';
 import { ExtendedAttrs } from './AttributeData';
 import { BufferLine, DEFAULT_ATTR_DATA } from './BufferLine';
-import { BufferLineStringCache } from './BufferLineStringCache';
 import { getWrappedLineTrimmedLength, reflowLargerApplyNewLayout, reflowLargerCreateNewLayout, reflowLargerGetLinesToRemove, reflowSmallerGetNewLineLengths } from './BufferReflow';
 import { CellData } from './CellData';
 import { NULL_CELL_CHAR, NULL_CELL_CODE, NULL_CELL_WIDTH, WHITESPACE_CELL_CHAR, WHITESPACE_CELL_CODE, WHITESPACE_CELL_WIDTH } from './Constants';
@@ -52,7 +51,6 @@ export class Buffer extends Disposable implements IBuffer {
  private _isClearing: boolean = false;
  private _memoryCleanupQueue: InstanceType<typeof IdleTaskQueue>;
  private _memoryCleanupPosition = 0;
-  private readonly _stringCache: BufferLineStringCache;

  constructor(
    private _hasScrollback: boolean,
@@ -70,7 +68,6 @@ export class Buffer extends Disposable implements IBuffer {
    this._memoryCleanupQueue = new IdleTaskQueue(this._logService);
    this._register(toDisposable(() => this._memoryCleanupQueue.clear()));
    this._register(toDisposable(() => this.clearAllMarkers()));
-    this._stringCache = this._register(new BufferLineStringCache());
  }

  public getNullCell(attr?: IAttributeData): ICellData {
@@ -100,7 +97,7 @@ export class Buffer extends Disposable implements IBuffer {
  }

  public getBlankLine(attr: IAttributeData, isWrapped?: boolean): IBufferLine {
-    return new BufferLine(this._stringCache, this._bufferService.cols, this.getNullCell(attr), isWrapped);
+    return new BufferLine(this._bufferService.cols, this.getNullCell(attr), isWrapped);
  }

  public get hasScrollback(): boolean {
@@ -145,7 +142,6 @@ export class Buffer extends Disposable implements IBuffer {
   * Clears the buffer to its initial state, discarding all previous data.
   */
  public clear(): void {
-    this._stringCache.clear();
    this.ydisp = 0;
    this.ybase = 0;
    this.y = 0;
@@ -164,7 +160,6 @@ export class Buffer extends Disposable implements IBuffer {
  public resize(newCols: number, newRows: number): void {
    // store reference to null cell with default attrs
    const nullCell = this.getNullCell(DEFAULT_ATTR_DATA);
-    this._stringCache.clear();

    // count bufferlines with overly big memory to be cleaned afterwards
    let dirtyMemoryLines = 0;
@@ -199,7 +194,7 @@ export class Buffer extends Disposable implements IBuffer {
            if (this._optionsService.rawOptions.windowsPty.backend !== undefined || this._optionsService.rawOptions.windowsPty.buildNumber !== undefined) {
              // Just add the new missing rows on Windows as conpty reprints the screen with its
              // view of the world. Once a line enters scrollback for conpty it remains there
-              this.lines.push(new BufferLine(this._stringCache, newCols, nullCell, false));
+              this.lines.push(new BufferLine(newCols, nullCell, false));
            } else {
              if (this.ybase > 0 && this.lines.length <= this.ybase + this.y + addToY + 1) {
                // There is room above the buffer and there are no empty elements below the line,
@@ -213,7 +208,7 @@ export class Buffer extends Disposable implements IBuffer {
              } else {
                // Add a blank line if there is no buffer left at the top to scroll to, or if there
                // are blank lines after the cursor
-                this.lines.push(new BufferLine(this._stringCache, newCols, nullCell, false));
+                this.lines.push(new BufferLine(newCols, nullCell, false));
              }
            }
          }
@@ -354,7 +349,7 @@ export class Buffer extends Disposable implements IBuffer {
        }
        if (this.lines.length < newRows) {
          // Add an extra row at the bottom of the viewport
-          this.lines.push(new BufferLine(this._stringCache, newCols, nullCell, false));
+          this.lines.push(new BufferLine(newCols, nullCell, false));
        }
      } else {
        if (this.ydisp === this.ybase) {
@@ -4,19 +4,16 @@
 */
 import { NULL_CELL_CHAR, NULL_CELL_WIDTH, NULL_CELL_CODE, DEFAULT_ATTR, Content, UnderlineStyle, BgFlags, Attributes, FgFlags } from './Constants';
 import { BufferLine } from './BufferLine';
-import { BufferLineStringCache } from './BufferLineStringCache';
 import { CellData } from './CellData';
 import { CharData, IBufferLine, ICellData } from './Types';
 import { assert } from 'chai';
 import { AttributeData } from './AttributeData';
 import { createCellData, NULL_CELL_DATA, extendedAttributes } from '../TestUtils.test';

-const TEST_STRING_CACHE = new BufferLineStringCache();
-

 class TestBufferLine extends BufferLine {
  constructor(cols: number, fillCellData?: ICellData, isWrapped: boolean = false) {
-    super(TEST_STRING_CACHE, cols, fillCellData, isWrapped);
+    super(cols, fillCellData, isWrapped);
  }

  public get combined(): {[index: number]: string} {
@@ -24,19 +21,19 @@ class TestBufferLine extends BufferLine {
  }

  public get cachedString(): string | undefined {
-    return this._getStringCacheEntry(false)?.value;
+    return this._cacheValid ? this._cache : undefined;
  }

  public set cachedString(value: string | undefined) {
-    this._getStringCacheEntry(true)!.value = value;
+    this._cache = value ?? '';
  }

  public get isCachedStringTrimmed(): boolean {
-    return this._getStringCacheEntry(false)?.isTrimmed ?? false;
+    return this._cacheTrimmed;
  }

  public set isCachedStringTrimmed(value: boolean) {
-    this._getStringCacheEntry(true)!.isTrimmed = value;
+    this._cacheTrimmed = value;
  }

  public toArray(): CharData[] {
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import { AttributeData } from './AttributeData';
 import { CellData } from './CellData';
 import { Attributes, BgFlags, CHAR_DATA_ATTR_INDEX, CHAR_DATA_CHAR_INDEX, CHAR_DATA_WIDTH_INDEX, Content, NULL_CELL_CHAR, NULL_CELL_CODE, NULL_CELL_WIDTH, WHITESPACE_CELL_CHAR } from './Constants';
 import { stringFromCodePoint } from '../input/TextDecoder';
-import { StringBuilder } from '../StringBuilder';

 // Buffer memory layout:
 //
@@ -37,24 +36,20 @@ const enum Cell {
  BG = 2  // currently unused
 }

+
+interface IExtendedAttrsExt extends IExtendedAttrs {
+  _ext: number;
+  _urlId: number;
+}
+
+
 export const DEFAULT_ATTR_DATA = Object.freeze(new AttributeData());

 // Work variables to avoid garbage collection
 let $startIndex = 0;
 const $workCell = new CellData();
-const $translateToStringBuilder = new StringBuilder();
+const $extended = DEFAULT_ATTR_DATA.extended.clone() as IExtendedAttrsExt;

-export interface IBufferLineStringCacheEntry {
-  value: string | undefined;
-  isTrimmed: boolean;
-  generation: number;
-}
-
-export interface IBufferLineStringCache {
-  generation: number;
-  allocateEntry(): IBufferLineStringCacheEntry;
-  touch?(): void;
-}

 /**
 * Typed array based bufferline implementation.
@@ -77,11 +72,14 @@ export class BufferLine implements IBufferLine {
  protected _combined: {[index: number]: string} = {};
  /** Sparse cache; only read when `HAS_EXTENDED` is set in `_data`. */
  protected _extendedAttrs: {[index: number]: IExtendedAttrs | undefined} = {};
-  protected _stringCacheEntryRef: WeakRef<IBufferLineStringCacheEntry> | undefined;
  public length: number;

+  /** line text cache */
+  protected _cacheValid = false;
+  protected _cache: string = '';
+  protected _cacheTrimmed = false;
+
  constructor(
-    protected readonly _stringCache: IBufferLineStringCache,
    cols: number,
    fillCellData?: ICellData,
    public isWrapped: boolean = false
@@ -118,7 +116,7 @@ export class BufferLine implements IBufferLine {
   * @deprecated
   */
  public set(index: number, value: CharData): void {
-    this._invalidateStringCache();
+    this._cacheValid = false;
    this._data[index * Constants.CELL_INDICIES + Cell.FG] = value[CHAR_DATA_ATTR_INDEX];
    if (value[CHAR_DATA_CHAR_INDEX].length > 1) {
      this._combined[index] = value[1];
@@ -210,21 +208,30 @@ export class BufferLine implements IBufferLine {
    } else {
      cell.combinedData = '';
    }
-    if (cell.bg & BgFlags.HAS_EXTENDED) {
-      cell.extended = this._extendedAttrs[index]!;
-    } else {
-      // Do not mutate cell.extended in place: it may still reference this line's map entry from a
-      // prior loadCell into a reused CellData (e.g. $workCell during insert/delete).
-      cell.extended = DEFAULT_ATTR_DATA.extended.clone();
-    }
+    cell.extended = this.getExtended(index);
    return cell;
  }

+  public getExtended(index: number): IExtendedAttrs {
+    $startIndex = index * Constants.CELL_INDICIES;
+    if (this._data[$startIndex + Cell.BG] & BgFlags.HAS_EXTENDED) {
+      return this._extendedAttrs[index]!;
+    }
+    // Do not mutate cell.extended in place: it may still reference this line's map entry from a
+    // prior loadCell into a reused CellData (e.g. $workCell during insert/delete).
+    // We use $extended as blueprint and reset the internals
+    // mimicking the ctor to avoid a new allocation.
+    $extended._ext = 0;
+    $extended._urlId = 0;
+    $extended.payload = undefined;
+    return $extended;
+  }
+
  /**
   * Set data at `index` to `cell`.
   */
  public setCell(index: number, cell: ICellData): void {
-    this._invalidateStringCache();
+    this._cacheValid = false;
    if (cell.content & Content.IS_COMBINED_MASK) {
      this._combined[index] = cell.combinedData;
    }
@@ -242,13 +249,14 @@ export class BufferLine implements IBufferLine {
   * it gets an optimized access method.
   */
  public setCellFromCodepoint(index: number, codePoint: number, width: number, attrs: IAttributeData): void {
-    this._invalidateStringCache();
+    this._cacheValid = false;
    if (attrs.bg & BgFlags.HAS_EXTENDED) {
      this._extendedAttrs[index] = attrs.extended;
    }
-    this._data[index * Constants.CELL_INDICIES + Cell.CONTENT] = codePoint | (width << Content.WIDTH_SHIFT);
-    this._data[index * Constants.CELL_INDICIES + Cell.FG] = attrs.fg;
-    this._data[index * Constants.CELL_INDICIES + Cell.BG] = attrs.bg;
+    const $idx = index * Constants.CELL_INDICIES;
+    this._data[$idx + Cell.CONTENT] = codePoint | (width << Content.WIDTH_SHIFT);
+    this._data[$idx + Cell.FG] = attrs.fg;
+    this._data[$idx + Cell.BG] = attrs.bg;
  }

  /**
@@ -258,7 +266,7 @@ export class BufferLine implements IBufferLine {
   * by the previous `setDataFromCodePoint` call, we can omit it here.
   */
  public addCodepointToCell(index: number, codePoint: number, width: number): void {
-    this._invalidateStringCache();
+    this._cacheValid = false;
    let content = this._data[index * Constants.CELL_INDICIES + Cell.CONTENT];
    if (content & Content.IS_COMBINED_MASK) {
      // we already have a combined string, simply add
@@ -285,7 +293,7 @@ export class BufferLine implements IBufferLine {
  }

  public insertCells(pos: number, n: number, fillCellData: ICellData): void {
-    this._invalidateStringCache();
+    this._cacheValid = false;
    pos %= this.length;

    // handle fullwidth at pos: reset cell one to the left if pos is second cell of a wide char
@@ -313,7 +321,7 @@ export class BufferLine implements IBufferLine {
  }

  public deleteCells(pos: number, n: number, fillCellData: ICellData): void {
-    this._invalidateStringCache();
+    this._cacheValid = false;
    pos %= this.length;
    if (n < this.length - pos) {
      for (let i = 0; i < this.length - pos - n; ++i) {
@@ -340,7 +348,7 @@ export class BufferLine implements IBufferLine {
  }

  public replaceCells(start: number, end: number, fillCellData: ICellData, respectProtect: boolean = false): void {
-    this._invalidateStringCache();
+    this._cacheValid = false;
    // full branching on respectProtect==true, hopefully getting fast JIT for standard case
    if (respectProtect) {
      if (start && this.getWidth(start - 1) === 2 && !this.isProtected(start - 1)) {
@@ -380,7 +388,7 @@ export class BufferLine implements IBufferLine {
   * excess memory (true after shrinking > Constants.CLEANUP_THRESHOLD).
   */
  public resize(cols: number, fillCellData: ICellData): boolean {
-    this._invalidateStringCache();
+    this._cacheValid = false;
    if (cols === this.length) {
      return this._data.length * 4 * Constants.CLEANUP_THRESHOLD < this._data.buffer.byteLength;
    }
@@ -440,7 +448,7 @@ export class BufferLine implements IBufferLine {

  /** fill a line with fillCharData */
  public fill(fillCellData: ICellData, respectProtect: boolean = false): void {
-    this._invalidateStringCache();
+    this._cacheValid = false;
    // full branching on respectProtect==true, hopefully getting fast JIT for standard case
    if (respectProtect) {
      for (let i = 0; i < this.length; ++i) {
@@ -458,8 +466,7 @@ export class BufferLine implements IBufferLine {
  }

  /** alter to a full copy of line  */
-  public copyFrom(line: BufferLine): void {
-    this._invalidateStringCache();
+  public copyFrom(line: BufferLine, blank?: boolean): void {
    if (this.length !== line.length) {
      this._data = new Uint32Array(line._data);
    } else {
@@ -467,16 +474,29 @@ export class BufferLine implements IBufferLine {
      this._data.set(line._data);
    }
    this.length = line.length;
-    this._copySparseMapsFrom(line);
+    if (blank) {
+      // a blank line may never hold combined or extended attrs,
+      // thus we can skip handling them
+      this._combined = {};
+      this._extendedAttrs = {};
+    } else {
+      this._copySparseMapsFrom(line);
+    }
+    this._cache = '';
+    this._cacheValid = false;
    this.isWrapped = line.isWrapped;
  }

  /** create a new clone */
-  public clone(): IBufferLine {
-    const newLine = new BufferLine(this._stringCache, 0, undefined, false);
+  public clone(blank?: boolean): IBufferLine {
+    const newLine = new BufferLine(0, undefined, false);
    newLine._data = new Uint32Array(this._data);
    newLine.length = this.length;
-    newLine._copySparseMapsFrom(this);
+    if (!blank) {
+      // a blank line may never hold combined or extended attrs,
+      // thus we can skip handling them
+      newLine._copySparseMapsFrom(this);
+    }
    newLine.isWrapped = this.isWrapped;
    return newLine;
  }
@@ -500,7 +520,7 @@ export class BufferLine implements IBufferLine {
  }

  public copyCellsFrom(src: BufferLine, srcCol: number, destCol: number, length: number, applyInReverse: boolean): void {
-    this._invalidateStringCache();
+    this._cacheValid = false;
    const srcData = src._data;
    if (applyInReverse) {
      for (let cell = length - 1; cell >= 0; cell--) {
@@ -534,17 +554,13 @@ export class BufferLine implements IBufferLine {
   * returned string, the corresponding entries in `outColumns` will have the same column number.
   */
  public translateToString(trimRight?: boolean, startCol?: number, endCol?: number, outColumns?: number[]): string {
-    const isCanonicalRequest = (startCol === undefined || startCol === 0) && endCol === undefined && outColumns === undefined;
-    if (isCanonicalRequest) {
-      this._stringCache.touch?.();
-    }
-    const stringCacheEntry = isCanonicalRequest ? this._getStringCacheEntry(false) : undefined;
-    if (isCanonicalRequest && stringCacheEntry?.value !== undefined) {
+    const isCanonical = (startCol === undefined || startCol === 0) && endCol === undefined && outColumns === undefined;
+    if (isCanonical && this._cacheValid) {
      if (trimRight) {
-        return stringCacheEntry.isTrimmed ? stringCacheEntry.value : stringCacheEntry.value.trimEnd();
+        return this._cacheTrimmed ? this._cache : this._cache.trimEnd();
      }
-      if (!stringCacheEntry.isTrimmed) {
-        return stringCacheEntry.value;
+      if (!this._cacheTrimmed) {
+        return this._cache;
      }
    }
    startCol = startCol ?? 0;
@@ -555,12 +571,12 @@ export class BufferLine implements IBufferLine {
    if (outColumns) {
      outColumns.length = 0;
    }
-    $translateToStringBuilder.reset();
+    const cellContents: string[] = [];
    while (startCol < endCol) {
      const content = this._data[startCol * Constants.CELL_INDICIES + Cell.CONTENT];
      const cp = content & Content.CODEPOINT_MASK;
      const chars = (content & Content.IS_COMBINED_MASK) ? this._combined[startCol] : (cp) ? stringFromCodePoint(cp) : WHITESPACE_CELL_CHAR;
-      $translateToStringBuilder.append(chars);
+      cellContents.push(chars);
      if (outColumns) {
        for (let i = 0; i < chars.length; ++i) {
          outColumns.push(startCol);
@@ -571,39 +587,15 @@ export class BufferLine implements IBufferLine {
    if (outColumns) {
      outColumns.push(startCol);
    }
-    const result = $translateToStringBuilder.toString();
-    $translateToStringBuilder.reset();
-    if (isCanonicalRequest) {
-      const cacheEntry = this._getStringCacheEntry(true)!;
-      cacheEntry.value = result;
-      cacheEntry.isTrimmed = !!trimRight;
+    const result = cellContents.join('');
+    if (isCanonical) {
+      this._cache = result;
+      this._cacheValid = true;
+      this._cacheTrimmed = !!trimRight;
    }
    return result;
  }

-  protected _getStringCacheEntry(createIfNeeded: boolean): IBufferLineStringCacheEntry | undefined {
-    const cachedEntry = this._stringCacheEntryRef?.deref();
-    if (cachedEntry) {
-      if (cachedEntry.generation === this._stringCache.generation) {
-        return cachedEntry;
-      }
-    }
-    if (!createIfNeeded) {
-      return undefined;
-    }
-    const cacheEntry = this._stringCache.allocateEntry();
-    this._stringCacheEntryRef = new WeakRef(cacheEntry);
-    return cacheEntry;
-  }
-
-  private _invalidateStringCache(): void {
-    const cacheEntry = this._getStringCacheEntry(false);
-    if (cacheEntry) {
-      cacheEntry.value = undefined;
-      cacheEntry.isTrimmed = false;
-    }
-  }
-
  /** Copy sparse map entries for a single cell when `_data` flags require them. */
  private _copyCellMapsFrom(src: BufferLine, srcCol: number, destCol: number): void {
    const srcStart = srcCol * Constants.CELL_INDICIES;
@@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * Copyright (c) 2026 The xterm.js authors. All rights reserved.
- * @license MIT
- */
-
-import type { IBufferLineStringCache, IBufferLineStringCacheEntry } from './BufferLine';
-import { disposableTimeout } from '../Async';
-import { Disposable, MutableDisposable, toDisposable, type IDisposable } from '../Lifecycle';
-
-const enum Constants {
-  CACHE_TTL_MS = 15000
-}
-
-export class BufferLineStringCache extends Disposable implements IBufferLineStringCache {
-  public generation: number = 0;
-  public readonly entries: Set<IBufferLineStringCacheEntry> = new Set();
-  private readonly _clearTimeout = this._register(new MutableDisposable<IDisposable>());
-  private _lastAccessTimestamp: number = 0;
-
-  constructor() {
-    super();
-    this._register(toDisposable(() => this.entries.clear()));
-  }
-
-  public touch(): void {
-    this._scheduleClear();
-  }
-
-  public allocateEntry(): IBufferLineStringCacheEntry {
-    const entry: IBufferLineStringCacheEntry = {
-      value: undefined,
-      isTrimmed: false,
-      generation: this.generation
-    };
-    this.entries.add(entry);
-    this._scheduleClear();
-    return entry;
-  }
-
-  public clear(): void {
-    this._clearTimeout.clear();
-    this._lastAccessTimestamp = 0;
-    this.generation++;
-    for (const entry of this.entries) {
-      entry.value = undefined;
-      entry.isTrimmed = false;
-    }
-    this.entries.clear();
-  }
-
-  private _scheduleClear(): void {
-    this._lastAccessTimestamp = Date.now();
-    if (this._clearTimeout.value) {
-      return;
-    }
-    this._scheduleClearTimeout(Constants.CACHE_TTL_MS);
-  }
-
-  private _scheduleClearTimeout(timeoutMs: number): void {
-    this._clearTimeout.value = disposableTimeout(() => {
-      const elapsed = Date.now() - this._lastAccessTimestamp;
-      if (elapsed >= Constants.CACHE_TTL_MS) {
-        this.clear();
-        return;
-      }
-      this._scheduleClearTimeout(Constants.CACHE_TTL_MS - elapsed);
-    }, timeoutMs);
-  }
-}
@@ -5,18 +5,16 @@
 import { assert } from 'chai';
 import { CircularList } from '../CircularList';
 import { BufferLine } from './BufferLine';
-import { BufferLineStringCache } from './BufferLineStringCache';
 import { CellData } from './CellData';
 import { NULL_CELL_CHAR, NULL_CELL_WIDTH, NULL_CELL_CODE } from './Constants';
 import { reflowLargerGetLinesToRemove, reflowSmallerGetNewLineLengths } from './BufferReflow';
 import { IBufferLine } from './Types';

-const TEST_STRING_CACHE = new BufferLineStringCache();

 describe('BufferReflow', () => {
  describe('reflowSmallerGetNewLineLengths', () => {
    it('should return correct line lengths for a small line with wide characters', () => {
-      const line = new BufferLine(TEST_STRING_CACHE, 4);
+      const line = new BufferLine(4);
      line.set(0, [0, '汉', 2, '汉'.charCodeAt(0)]);
      line.set(1, [0, '', 0, 0]);
      line.set(2, [0, '语', 2, '语'.charCodeAt(0)]);
@@ -26,7 +24,7 @@ describe('BufferReflow', () => {
      assert.deepEqual(reflowSmallerGetNewLineLengths([line], 4, 2), [2, 2], 'line: 汉, 语');
    });
    it('should return correct line lengths for a large line with wide characters', () => {
-      const line = new BufferLine(TEST_STRING_CACHE, 12);
+      const line = new BufferLine(12);
      for (let i = 0; i < 12; i += 4) {
        line.set(i, [0, '汉', 2, '汉'.charCodeAt(0)]);
        line.set(i + 2, [0, '语', 2, '语'.charCodeAt(0)]);
@@ -48,7 +46,7 @@ describe('BufferReflow', () => {
      assert.deepEqual(reflowSmallerGetNewLineLengths([line], 12, 2), [2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2], 'line: 汉, 语, 汉, 语, 汉, 语');
    });
    it('should return correct line lengths for a string with wide and single characters', () => {
-      const line = new BufferLine(TEST_STRING_CACHE, 6);
+      const line = new BufferLine(6);
      line.set(0, [0, 'a', 1, 'a'.charCodeAt(0)]);
      line.set(1, [0, '汉', 2, '汉'.charCodeAt(0)]);
      line.set(2, [0, '', 0, 0]);
@@ -62,14 +60,14 @@ describe('BufferReflow', () => {
      assert.deepEqual(reflowSmallerGetNewLineLengths([line], 6, 2), [1, 2, 2, 1], 'line: a, 汉, 语, b');
    });
    it('should return correct line lengths for a wrapped line with wide and single characters', () => {
-      const line1 = new BufferLine(TEST_STRING_CACHE, 6);
+      const line1 = new BufferLine(6);
      line1.set(0, [0, 'a', 1, 'a'.charCodeAt(0)]);
      line1.set(1, [0, '汉', 2, '汉'.charCodeAt(0)]);
      line1.set(2, [0, '', 0, 0]);
      line1.set(3, [0, '语', 2, '语'.charCodeAt(0)]);
      line1.set(4, [0, '', 0, 0]);
      line1.set(5, [0, 'b', 1, 'b'.charCodeAt(0)]);
-      const line2 = new BufferLine(TEST_STRING_CACHE, 6, undefined, true);
+      const line2 = new BufferLine(6, undefined, true);
      line2.set(0, [0, 'a', 1, 'a'.charCodeAt(0)]);
      line2.set(1, [0, '汉', 2, '汉'.charCodeAt(0)]);
      line2.set(2, [0, '', 0, 0]);
@@ -84,7 +82,7 @@ describe('BufferReflow', () => {
      assert.deepEqual(reflowSmallerGetNewLineLengths([line1, line2], 6, 2), [1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1], 'lines: a, 汉, 语, ba, 汉, 语, b');
    });
    it('should work on lines ending in null space', () => {
-      const line = new BufferLine(TEST_STRING_CACHE, 5);
+      const line = new BufferLine(5);
      line.set(0, [0, '汉', 2, '汉'.charCodeAt(0)]);
      line.set(1, [0, '', 0, 0]);
      line.set(2, [0, '语', 2, '语'.charCodeAt(0)]);
@@ -102,7 +100,7 @@ describe('BufferReflow', () => {
    function createWrappedLines(chars: string): CircularList<IBufferLine> {
      const lines = new CircularList<IBufferLine>(chars.length);
      for (let i = 0; i < chars.length; i++) {
-        const line = new BufferLine(TEST_STRING_CACHE, 1);
+        const line = new BufferLine(1);
        line.set(0, [0, chars[i], 1, chars.charCodeAt(i)]);
        line.isWrapped = i > 0;
        lines.push(line);
@@ -82,45 +82,4 @@ describe('BufferSet', () => {
      assert.equal(bufferSet.alt.markers.length, 0);
    });
  });
-
-  describe('lifecycle', () => {
-    it('should dispose previous buffers on reset', () => {
-      const oldNormal = bufferSet.normal as any;
-      oldNormal.lines.get(0)!.setCell(0, createCellData(0, 'a', 1));
-      oldNormal.translateBufferLineToString(0, false);
-
-      const oldCache = oldNormal._stringCache;
-      assert.equal(oldCache.entries.size, 1);
-      assert.notEqual(oldCache._clearTimeout.value, undefined);
-
-      bufferSet.reset();
-
-      assert.notEqual(bufferSet.normal, oldNormal);
-      assert.equal(oldCache.entries.size, 0);
-      assert.equal(oldCache._clearTimeout.value, undefined);
-    });
-
-    it('should dispose both buffers when disposed', () => {
-      const normal = bufferSet.normal as any;
-      normal.lines.get(0)!.setCell(0, createCellData(0, 'a', 1));
-      normal.translateBufferLineToString(0, false);
-
-      bufferSet.activateAltBuffer();
-      const alt = bufferSet.alt as any;
-      alt.lines.get(0)!.setCell(0, createCellData(0, 'b', 1));
-      alt.translateBufferLineToString(0, false);
-
-      const normalCache = normal._stringCache;
-      const altCache = alt._stringCache;
-      assert.notEqual(normalCache._clearTimeout.value, undefined);
-      assert.notEqual(altCache._clearTimeout.value, undefined);
-
-      bufferSet.dispose();
-
-      assert.equal(normalCache.entries.size, 0);
-      assert.equal(altCache.entries.size, 0);
-      assert.equal(normalCache._clearTimeout.value, undefined);
-      assert.equal(altCache._clearTimeout.value, undefined);
-    });
-  });
 });
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ export interface IExtendedAttrs {
  underlineColor: number;
  underlineVariantOffset: number;
  urlId: number;
+  payload: Object | undefined;
  clone(): IExtendedAttrs;
  isEmpty(): boolean;
 }
@@ -131,8 +132,8 @@ export interface IBufferLine {
  resize(cols: number, fill: ICellData): boolean;
  cleanupMemory(): number;
  fill(fillCellData: ICellData, respectProtect?: boolean): void;
-  copyFrom(line: IBufferLine): void;
-  clone(): IBufferLine;
+  copyFrom(line: IBufferLine, blank?: boolean): void;
+  clone(blank?: boolean): IBufferLine;
  getTrimmedLength(): number;
  getNoBgTrimmedLength(): number;
  translateToString(trimRight?: boolean, startCol?: number, endCol?: number, outColumns?: number[]): string;
@@ -146,6 +147,7 @@ export interface IBufferLine {
  getCodePoint(index: number): number;
  isCombined(index: number): number;
  getString(index: number): string;
+  getExtended(index: number): IExtendedAttrs;
 }

 export interface IMarker extends IDisposable {
@@ -86,12 +86,12 @@ export class BufferService extends Disposable implements IBufferService {
      // Insert the line using the fastest method
      if (bottomRow === buffer.lines.length - 1) {
        if (willBufferBeTrimmed) {
-          buffer.lines.recycle().copyFrom(newLine);
+          buffer.lines.recycle().copyFrom(newLine, true);
        } else {
-          buffer.lines.push(newLine.clone());
+          buffer.lines.push(newLine.clone(true));
        }
      } else {
-        buffer.lines.splice(bottomRow + 1, 0, newLine.clone());
+        buffer.lines.splice(bottomRow + 1, 0, newLine.clone(true));
      }

      // Only adjust ybase and ydisp when the buffer is not trimmed
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ export class BufferService extends Disposable implements IBufferService {
      // scrollback, instead we can just shift them in-place.
      const scrollRegionHeight = bottomRow - topRow + 1 /* as it's zero-based */;
      buffer.lines.shiftElements(topRow + 1, scrollRegionHeight - 1, -1);
-      buffer.lines.set(bottomRow, newLine.clone());
+      buffer.lines.set(bottomRow, newLine.clone(true));
    }

    // Move the viewport to the bottom of the buffer unless the user is
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ export class DecorationLineCache extends Disposable {
  }

  private _handleBufferLinesTrim(amount: number): void {
-    if (amount <= 0) {
+    if (amount <= 0 || !this._decorationsByLine.size) {
      return;
    }
    const newMap = new Map<number, IInternalDecoration[]>();
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
jerch	c58ea3637f	Merge pull request #5879 from PerBothner/image-ext Change image storage to use new ExtendedAttrs payload field	2026-08-30 22:11:27 +02:00
Per Bothner	3eaea160f4	Fix bad ExtendedAttrs sharing in ImageStore	2026-08-30 12:40:59 -07:00
Per Bothner	c9b14056c5	Merge remote-tracking branch 'upstream/master' into image-ext Also make faster by removing much loadCell calls.	2026-08-30 08:52:48 -07:00
jerch	d3e32b344d	Merge pull request #6125 from xtermjs/webp_avif_support webp and avif support for IIP	2026-08-24 13:33:17 +02:00
jerch	0659493637	Merge branch 'master' into webp_avif_support	2026-08-24 13:27:57 +02:00
Anthony Kim	08ad9a4de9	Merge pull request #6131 from anthonykim1/anthonykim1/fix-image-text-overwrite Restore text overwrite of image tiles	2026-08-23 19:58:25 -10:00
Anthony Kim	fbaf28af5c	restore text overwrite of image tiles	2026-08-23 22:48:22 -07:00
Anthony Kim	8938fe3785	Merge pull request #6128 from anthonykim1/anthonykim1/fix-pattern-glyph-owner-document Fix pattern custom glyph rendering across documents	2026-08-23 17:35:52 -10:00
Anthony Kim	163104e14f	Fix pattern custom glyph rendering across documents	2026-08-23 20:12:13 -07:00
Jörg Breitbart	9db3a4beeb	update addon docs	2026-08-22 11:27:37 +02:00
Jörg Breitbart	3558626911	add demo images	2026-08-22 11:15:32 +02:00
Jörg Breitbart	a783fc1817	test images for WEBP and AVIF	2026-08-22 10:52:45 +02:00
Jörg Breitbart	90fad0f277	make linter happy	2026-08-21 02:08:45 +02:00
Jörg Breitbart	4e41215a87	webp and avif support	2026-08-21 02:02:24 +02:00
jerch	6a49e1aa61	Merge pull request #6122 from xtermjs/fix_handleBufferLinesTrim perf: optimize DecorationService._handleBufferLinesTrim	2026-08-20 18:13:02 +02:00
jerch	f039ba3fba	Merge branch 'master' into fix_handleBufferLinesTrim	2026-08-20 18:01:07 +02:00
jerch	116a09617e	Merge pull request #6114 from xtermjs/fix_bufferline bufferline perf fixes	2026-08-20 18:00:12 +02:00
Jörg Breitbart	bc62843844	optimize Event.fire	2026-08-20 16:32:41 +02:00
Jörg Breitbart	aca98b8a5e	silence noisy code for most trim events	2026-08-20 16:32:14 +02:00
Jörg Breitbart	409c931093	remove any type	2026-08-20 12:50:14 +02:00
Jörg Breitbart	4c8963a487	remove cache invalidation from clone	2026-08-19 13:55:26 +02:00
Jörg Breitbart	c480898d0d	fix naming typo	2026-08-19 01:11:53 +02:00
Jörg Breitbart	c44a913c2d	faster extended resetting in loadCell	2026-08-18 23:50:15 +02:00
Jörg Breitbart	4708890a27	simpler string cache on bufferline	2026-08-18 22:34:57 +02:00
Jörg Breitbart	fa3821adb9	optimize copyFrom and clone for blank lines	2026-08-18 16:36:57 +02:00
Per Bothner	e69a8b6240	Merge from upstream.	2026-08-14 10:37:20 -07:00
Per Bothner	9f64663bd0	Merge branch 'master' into image-ext	2026-08-14 07:48:16 -07:00
Ankur Ankur Jangid Daniel Imms	29a7384233	ci: scope GitHub Actions permissions to least privilege (#6028 ) Co-authored-by: Ankur Jangid <ankurjangid@Ankurs-MacBook-Air.local> Co-authored-by: Daniel Imms <2193314+Tyriar@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-08-10 11:39:43 +00:00
Taran	d6cfe3db5d	Fix viewport staying pinned to the top after ESC[3J clears the scrollback (#6081 )	2026-08-10 11:38:58 +00:00
Daniel Imms Cursor Agent Daniel Imms	8c9b9fdb9b	ci: restrict release workflow permissions (#6095 ) Co-authored-by: Cursor Agent <cursoragent@cursor.com> Co-authored-by: Daniel Imms <Tyriar@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-08-10 04:34:45 -07:00
dependabot[bot]andPretaSOFT	6ccafd9779	build(deps): Bump ws (#6094 ) Bumps [ws](https://github.com/websockets/ws) to 7.5.13 and updates ancestor dependency . These dependencies need to be updated together. Updates `ws` from 7.5.10 to 7.5.13 - [Release notes](https://github.com/websockets/ws/releases) - [Commits](https://github.com/websockets/ws/compare/7.5.10...7.5.13) Updates `ws` from 8.20.1 to 8.21.3 - [Release notes](https://github.com/websockets/ws/releases) - [Commits](https://github.com/websockets/ws/compare/7.5.10...7.5.13) --- updated-dependencies: - dependency-name: ws dependency-version: 7.5.13 dependency-type: indirect - dependency-name: ws dependency-version: 8.21.3 dependency-type: direct:development ... Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com> Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-08-09 06:16:25 -07:00
dependabot[bot]andPretaSOFT	b5222f8010	build(deps): Bump brace-expansion (#6093 ) Bumps and [brace-expansion](https://github.com/juliangruber/brace-expansion). These dependencies needed to be updated together. Updates `brace-expansion` from 5.0.6 to 5.0.9 - [Release notes](https://github.com/juliangruber/brace-expansion/releases) - [Commits](https://github.com/juliangruber/brace-expansion/compare/v5.0.6...v5.0.9) Updates `brace-expansion` from 2.1.0 to 2.1.4 - [Release notes](https://github.com/juliangruber/brace-expansion/releases) - [Commits](https://github.com/juliangruber/brace-expansion/compare/v5.0.6...v5.0.9) --- updated-dependencies: - dependency-name: brace-expansion dependency-version: 5.0.9 dependency-type: indirect - dependency-name: brace-expansion dependency-version: 2.1.4 dependency-type: indirect ... Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com> Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-08-09 06:02:19 -07:00
Simon Lamon	e2ff222c4f	Apply autofixes from Zizmor (#6021 )	2026-08-09 06:01:58 -07:00
dependabot[bot]andPretaSOFT	1b822cb814	build(deps): Bump shell-quote and concurrently (#6076 ) Bumps [shell-quote](https://github.com/ljharb/shell-quote) to 1.9.0 and updates ancestor dependency [concurrently](https://github.com/open-cli-tools/concurrently). These dependencies need to be updated together. Updates `shell-quote` from 1.8.3 to 1.9.0 - [Changelog](https://github.com/ljharb/shell-quote/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md) - [Commits](https://github.com/ljharb/shell-quote/compare/v1.8.3...v1.9.0) Updates `concurrently` from 9.2.1 to 9.2.4 - [Release notes](https://github.com/open-cli-tools/concurrently/releases) - [Commits](https://github.com/open-cli-tools/concurrently/compare/v9.2.1...v9.2.4) --- updated-dependencies: - dependency-name: shell-quote dependency-version: 1.9.0 dependency-type: indirect - dependency-name: concurrently dependency-version: 9.2.4 dependency-type: direct:development ... Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com> Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-08-09 06:01:11 -07:00
rufatkulandClaude Fable 5	8961a72d2d	Set autocomplete="off" on the helper textarea (#6057 ) Without an autocomplete hint, focusing a terminal on iOS/iPadOS Safari pops the AutoFill accessory (passwords / credit cards / contacts) for the hidden textarea. The sibling hints (autocorrect, autocapitalize, spellcheck) are already set; this adds the missing one. Co-authored-by: Claude Fable 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>	2026-08-09 05:56:52 -07:00
Graciliano Monteiro PassosandDaniel Imms	576181d93d	Add OmnyShell PWA to the list of tools (#6034 ) Co-authored-by: Daniel Imms <2193314+Tyriar@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-08-09 05:54:39 -07:00
kkd927andDaniel Imms	eef62138a4	Add kmux to real-world uses (#6031 ) Co-authored-by: Daniel Imms <2193314+Tyriar@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-08-09 05:54:04 -07:00
dependabot[bot]andPretaSOFT	c793c317fd	build(deps-dev): Bump fast-uri from 3.1.2 to 3.1.5 (#6091 ) Bumps [fast-uri](https://github.com/fastify/fast-uri) from 3.1.2 to 3.1.5. - [Release notes](https://github.com/fastify/fast-uri/releases) - [Commits](https://github.com/fastify/fast-uri/compare/v3.1.2...v3.1.5) --- updated-dependencies: - dependency-name: fast-uri dependency-version: 3.1.5 dependency-type: indirect ... Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com> Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-08-09 05:52:59 -07:00
dependabot[bot]andPretaSOFT	a4e4e28f97	build(deps-dev): Bump undici from 7.25.0 to 7.29.0 (#6088 ) Bumps [undici](https://github.com/nodejs/undici) from 7.25.0 to 7.29.0. - [Release notes](https://github.com/nodejs/undici/releases) - [Commits](https://github.com/nodejs/undici/compare/v7.25.0...v7.29.0) --- updated-dependencies: - dependency-name: undici dependency-version: 7.29.0 dependency-type: indirect ... Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com> Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-08-09 05:52:51 -07:00
Bob LeeandDaniel Imms	4452773563	Add BitFun to real-world uses (#6092 ) Co-authored-by: Daniel Imms <2193314+Tyriar@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-08-09 05:52:24 -07:00
Gevik BabakhaniandDaniel Imms	7aea5197d8	Add JSVision to real-world uses (#6085 ) Co-authored-by: Daniel Imms <2193314+Tyriar@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-08-09 05:50:48 -07:00
Ark0NandDaniel Imms	9f39dc2bf9	Add Codeman to real-world uses (#6082 ) Co-authored-by: Daniel Imms <2193314+Tyriar@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-08-09 05:50:08 -07:00
KindaBrazy	330eaaf205	add "LynxHub" to Real-world uses. (#6077 )	2026-08-09 05:49:33 -07:00
Anthony Kim	904ae93526	Merge pull request #6055 from heudev/fix-shared-atlas-clear-invalidation Fix stale rendering after a shared texture atlas is cleared	2026-07-26 21:24:07 -07:00
Anthony Kim	699f5537b0	Merge pull request #6056 from anthonykim1/anthonykim1/webgl-atlas-tui-stress-dual-coverage Add WebGL atlas alternate-buffer stress test and refine the manual rendering demo	2026-07-19 16:26:06 -07:00
Anthony Kim	abce6f1c62	call scroll output	2026-07-17 11:36:15 -07:00
Anthony Kim	4d93815c36	Improve types in webglatlasstress.test.ts	2026-07-17 11:31:12 -07:00
Anthony Kim	5b00193876	adjust button style	2026-07-17 11:17:30 -07:00
Enes Uysal	0b1c0b5c5a	Fix stale rendering after a shared texture atlas is cleared TextureAtlas.clearTexture() wipes every page and both cache maps but never bumped _pageLayoutVersion, so it silently broke the invalidation contract that #6042 introduced for shared atlases. The atlas is shared by every terminal with an equal config (CharAtlasCache), but WebglRenderer.clearTextureAtlas() only clears the calling renderer's model. Every other owner keeps vertex data pointing into the rows that were just wiped, and GlyphRenderer.beginFrame() has no way to notice, so those terminals keep drawing from stale texture coords until something else happens to invalidate them. Once the clearing terminal rasterizes new glyphs into the freed rows, the siblings render whatever landed there instead of their own text. Embedders hit this whenever they force a redraw on one terminal while others are alive; VS Code calls Terminal.clearTextureAtlas() on OS resume, which is why a stale terminal there stays garbled even after opening a new one (the new terminal re-acquires the same cached atlas) and only recovers once the whole panel is closed and the last owner drops the atlas. Bump _pageLayoutVersion on clear so sibling renderers rebuild their models on their next frame, matching what page merges and evictions already do. The added test fails on master (terminal B's row renders terminal A's flood glyphs) and passes with the fix.	2026-07-16 18:38:24 +03:00
Anthony Kim	ce21694856	Merge pull request #6043 from anthonykim1/anthonykim1/webgl-atlas-page-cap-eviction Prevent WebGL atlas pages from exceeding texture capacity	2026-07-15 09:34:06 -07:00
Anthony Kim	2ea67f9ea8	Clean up WebGL atlas overflow coverage	2026-07-13 11:49:25 -07:00
Anthony Kim	2ae6e3a603	Useful comments.	2026-07-13 11:23:39 -07:00
Anthony Kim	06ce754fcc	Don't mess with formatting	2026-07-13 11:10:08 -07:00
Anthony Kim	6791a0abea	Log to measure eviction time	2026-07-13 10:58:05 -07:00
Anthony Kim	5501e931f7	Merge branch 'master' into anthonykim1/webgl-atlas-page-cap-eviction	2026-07-13 10:20:44 -07:00
Anthony Kim	b1aee19ac6	Merge pull request #6042 from anthonykim1/anthonykim1/webgl-shared-atlas-pages-version Fix stale rendering after shared texture atlas page merges	2026-07-13 10:16:29 -07:00
Anthony Kim	2b982bc39c	Prevent WebGL atlas page overflow	2026-07-09 15:54:33 -07:00
Anthony Kim	8237004d5c	Add WebGL atlas page overflow repros	2026-07-09 15:51:27 -07:00
Anthony Kim	9559005bbc	wroding	2026-07-09 11:39:38 -07:00
Anthony Kim	46556eb6cf	Rename to pageLayoutVersion	2026-07-09 11:32:23 -07:00
Anthony Kim	64ecce4f25	Do a better job with types in testing	2026-07-09 11:18:29 -07:00
Anthony Kim	77bf56066c	wordings	2026-07-09 11:00:31 -07:00
Anthony Kim	6fe6fe1af3	Fix shared atlas page invalidation per renderer	2026-07-04 14:44:23 -07:00
Anthony Kim	780cbef3cf	Add shared atlas page merge garble repro	2026-07-04 14:43:52 -07:00
Anthony Kim	8aab310366	Merge pull request #6019 from anthonykim1/anthonykim1/fix-terminal-window-mouse-listeners Use current document for mouse listeners	2026-06-28 13:56:22 -07:00
Anthony Kim	9f232d981b	destructure doc from target like the old days	2026-06-16 19:53:03 -07:00
Anthony Kim	1efd80cd17	Dont forget target.document	2026-06-16 19:44:27 -07:00
Anthony Kim	1701dcef90	use disposables for transient mouse listeners	2026-06-16 19:35:29 -07:00
Anthony Kim	55dbe3b65e	use current document for mouse listeners	2026-06-16 19:21:19 -07:00
Per Bothner	fed1138b85	Merge branch 'master' into image-ext	2026-06-13 06:24:20 -07:00
Paul Horn	53a98a720a	Add Cate to real-world uses (#6013 )	2026-06-13 03:12:27 -07:00
dependabot[bot]andPretaSOFT	b69ae4b3c9	build(deps-dev): Bump esbuild from 0.28.0 to 0.28.1 (#6016 ) Bumps [esbuild](https://github.com/evanw/esbuild) from 0.28.0 to 0.28.1. - [Release notes](https://github.com/evanw/esbuild/releases) - [Changelog](https://github.com/evanw/esbuild/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md) - [Commits](https://github.com/evanw/esbuild/compare/v0.28.0...v0.28.1) --- updated-dependencies: - dependency-name: esbuild dependency-version: 0.28.1 dependency-type: direct:development ... Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com> Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-06-13 03:09:12 -07:00
Per Bothner	092b07da86	Merge remote-tracking branch 'upstream' into image-ext	2026-06-07 13:47:27 -07:00
Per Bothner	7b66cd026a	Add 'type' to another import in ImageStorage.ts.	2026-05-23 16:42:09 -07:00
Per Bothner	235457ccdd	Merge remote-tracking branch 'upstream/master' into image-ext	2026-05-23 16:39:23 -07:00
Per BothnerandDaniel Imms	eaa3a63ddf	Use 'import type' in addons/addon-image/src/ImageStorage.ts Co-authored-by: Daniel Imms <2193314+Tyriar@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-05-21 08:55:49 -07:00
Per Bothner	8883dc17a7	Change image storage to use new ExtendedAttrs payload field.	2026-05-13 11:29:00 -07:00