go.mod: update golang.org/x dependencies

Update golang.org/x dependencies to their latest tagged versions.
Once this CL is submitted, and post-submit testing succeeds on all
first-class ports across all supported Go versions, this repository
will be tagged with its next minor version.

Change-Id: Ic0f0e8147eae1918612c3d1a1c1de14af0a43294
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/crypto/+/473439
Reviewed-by: Dmitri Shuralyov <dmitshur@golang.org>
Auto-Submit: Gopher Robot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Heschi Kreinick <heschi@google.com>
Run-TryBot: Gopher Robot <gobot@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gopher Robot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Dmitri Shuralyov <dmitshur@google.com>

.gitignore

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-# Add no patterns to .hgignore except for files generated by the build.
+# Add no patterns to .gitignore except for files generated by the build.
 last-change

AUTHORS

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-# This source code refers to The Go Authors for copyright purposes.
-# The master list of authors is in the main Go distribution,
-# visible at https://tip.golang.org/AUTHORS.

CONTRIBUTORS

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-# This source code was written by the Go contributors.
-# The master list of contributors is in the main Go distribution,
-# visible at https://tip.golang.org/CONTRIBUTORS.

README.md

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 # Go Cryptography
 
+[![Go Reference](https://pkg.go.dev/badge/golang.org/x/crypto.svg)](https://pkg.go.dev/golang.org/x/crypto)
+
 This repository holds supplementary Go cryptography libraries.
 
 ## Download/Install

acme/acme.go

@@ -3,17 +3,20 @@
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
 // Package acme provides an implementation of the
-// Automatic Certificate Management Environment (ACME) spec.
-// The intial implementation was based on ACME draft-02 and
-// is now being extended to comply with RFC 8555.
-// See https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-acme-acme-02
-// and https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8555 for details.
+// Automatic Certificate Management Environment (ACME) spec,
+// most famously used by Let's Encrypt.
+//
+// The initial implementation of this package was based on an early version
+// of the spec. The current implementation supports only the modern
+// RFC 8555 but some of the old API surface remains for compatibility.
+// While code using the old API will still compile, it will return an error.
+// Note the deprecation comments to update your code.
+//
+// See https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8555 for the spec.
 //
 // Most common scenarios will want to use autocert subdirectory instead,
 // which provides automatic access to certificates from Let's Encrypt
 // and any other ACME-based CA.
-//
-// This package is a work in progress and makes no API stability promises.
 package acme
 
 import (
@@ -33,8 +36,6 @@ import (
 	"encoding/pem"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"io"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"math/big"
 	"net/http"
 	"strings"
@@ -55,8 +56,9 @@ const (
 	ALPNProto = "acme-tls/1"
 )
 
-// idPeACMEIdentifierV1 is the OID for the ACME extension for the TLS-ALPN challenge.
-var idPeACMEIdentifierV1 = asn1.ObjectIdentifier{1, 3, 6, 1, 5, 5, 7, 1, 30, 1}
+// idPeACMEIdentifier is the OID for the ACME extension for the TLS-ALPN challenge.
+// https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-acme-tls-alpn-05#section-5.1
+var idPeACMEIdentifier = asn1.ObjectIdentifier{1, 3, 6, 1, 5, 5, 7, 1, 31}
 
 const (
 	maxChainLen = 5       // max depth and breadth of a certificate chain
@@ -71,22 +73,22 @@ const (
 )
 
 // Client is an ACME client.
+//
 // The only required field is Key. An example of creating a client with a new key
 // is as follows:
 //
-// 	key, err := rsa.GenerateKey(rand.Reader, 2048)
-// 	if err != nil {
-// 		log.Fatal(err)
-// 	}
-// 	client := &Client{Key: key}
-//
+//	key, err := rsa.GenerateKey(rand.Reader, 2048)
+//	if err != nil {
+//		log.Fatal(err)
+//	}
+//	client := &Client{Key: key}
 type Client struct {
 	// Key is the account key used to register with a CA and sign requests.
 	// Key.Public() must return a *rsa.PublicKey or *ecdsa.PublicKey.
 	//
 	// The following algorithms are supported:
 	// RS256, ES256, ES384 and ES512.
-	// See RFC7518 for more details about the algorithms.
+	// See RFC 7518 for more details about the algorithms.
 	Key crypto.Signer
 
 	// HTTPClient optionally specifies an HTTP client to use
@@ -124,7 +126,9 @@ type Client struct {
 
 	cacheMu sync.Mutex
 	dir     *Directory // cached result of Client's Discover method
-	kid     keyID      // cached Account.URI obtained from registerRFC or getAccountRFC
+	// KID is the key identifier provided by the CA. If not provided it will be
+	// retrieved from the CA by making a call to the registration endpoint.
+	KID KeyID
 
 	noncesMu sync.Mutex
 	nonces   map[string]struct{} // nonces collected from previous responses
@@ -139,23 +143,22 @@ type Client struct {
 //
 // When in pre-RFC mode or when c.getRegRFC responds with an error, accountKID
 // returns noKeyID.
-func (c *Client) accountKID(ctx context.Context) keyID {
+func (c *Client) accountKID(ctx context.Context) KeyID {
 	c.cacheMu.Lock()
 	defer c.cacheMu.Unlock()
-	if !c.dir.rfcCompliant() {
-		return noKeyID
-	}
-	if c.kid != noKeyID {
-		return c.kid
+	if c.KID != noKeyID {
+		return c.KID
 	}
 	a, err := c.getRegRFC(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return noKeyID
 	}
-	c.kid = keyID(a.URI)
-	return c.kid
+	c.KID = KeyID(a.URI)
+	return c.KID
 }
 
+var errPreRFC = errors.New("acme: server does not support the RFC 8555 version of ACME")
+
 // Discover performs ACME server discovery using c.DirectoryURL.
 //
 // It caches successful result. So, subsequent calls will not result in
@@ -176,53 +179,36 @@ func (c *Client) Discover(ctx context.Context) (Directory, error) {
 	c.addNonce(res.Header)
 
 	var v struct {
-		Reg          string `json:"new-reg"`
-		RegRFC       string `json:"newAccount"`
-		Authz        string `json:"new-authz"`
-		AuthzRFC     string `json:"newAuthz"`
-		OrderRFC     string `json:"newOrder"`
-		Cert         string `json:"new-cert"`
-		Revoke       string `json:"revoke-cert"`
-		RevokeRFC    string `json:"revokeCert"`
-		NonceRFC     string `json:"newNonce"`
-		KeyChangeRFC string `json:"keyChange"`
-		Meta         struct {
-			Terms           string   `json:"terms-of-service"`
-			TermsRFC        string   `json:"termsOfService"`
-			WebsiteRFC      string   `json:"website"`
-			CAA             []string `json:"caa-identities"`
-			CAARFC          []string `json:"caaIdentities"`
-			ExternalAcctRFC bool     `json:"externalAccountRequired"`
+		Reg       string `json:"newAccount"`
+		Authz     string `json:"newAuthz"`
+		Order     string `json:"newOrder"`
+		Revoke    string `json:"revokeCert"`
+		Nonce     string `json:"newNonce"`
+		KeyChange string `json:"keyChange"`
+		Meta      struct {
+			Terms        string   `json:"termsOfService"`
+			Website      string   `json:"website"`
+			CAA          []string `json:"caaIdentities"`
+			ExternalAcct bool     `json:"externalAccountRequired"`
 		}
 	}
 	if err := json.NewDecoder(res.Body).Decode(&v); err != nil {
 		return Directory{}, err
 	}
-	if v.OrderRFC == "" {
-		// Non-RFC compliant ACME CA.
-		c.dir = &Directory{
-			RegURL:    v.Reg,
-			AuthzURL:  v.Authz,
-			CertURL:   v.Cert,
-			RevokeURL: v.Revoke,
-			Terms:     v.Meta.Terms,
-			Website:   v.Meta.WebsiteRFC,
-			CAA:       v.Meta.CAA,
-		}
-		return *c.dir, nil
+	if v.Order == "" {
+		return Directory{}, errPreRFC
 	}
-	// RFC compliant ACME CA.
 	c.dir = &Directory{
-		RegURL:                  v.RegRFC,
-		AuthzURL:                v.AuthzRFC,
-		OrderURL:                v.OrderRFC,
-		RevokeURL:               v.RevokeRFC,
-		NonceURL:                v.NonceRFC,
-		KeyChangeURL:            v.KeyChangeRFC,
-		Terms:                   v.Meta.TermsRFC,
-		Website:                 v.Meta.WebsiteRFC,
-		CAA:                     v.Meta.CAARFC,
-		ExternalAccountRequired: v.Meta.ExternalAcctRFC,
+		RegURL:                  v.Reg,
+		AuthzURL:                v.Authz,
+		OrderURL:                v.Order,
+		RevokeURL:               v.Revoke,
+		NonceURL:                v.Nonce,
+		KeyChangeURL:            v.KeyChange,
+		Terms:                   v.Meta.Terms,
+		Website:                 v.Meta.Website,
+		CAA:                     v.Meta.CAA,
+		ExternalAccountRequired: v.Meta.ExternalAcct,
 	}
 	return *c.dir, nil
 }
@@ -234,55 +220,11 @@ func (c *Client) directoryURL() string {
 	return LetsEncryptURL
 }
 
-// CreateCert requests a new certificate using the Certificate Signing Request csr encoded in DER format.
-// It is incompatible with RFC 8555. Callers should use CreateOrderCert when interfacing
-// with an RFC-compliant CA.
+// CreateCert was part of the old version of ACME. It is incompatible with RFC 8555.
 //
-// The exp argument indicates the desired certificate validity duration. CA may issue a certificate
-// with a different duration.
-// If the bundle argument is true, the returned value will also contain the CA (issuer) certificate chain.
-//
-// In the case where CA server does not provide the issued certificate in the response,
-// CreateCert will poll certURL using c.FetchCert, which will result in additional round-trips.
-// In such a scenario, the caller can cancel the polling with ctx.
-//
-// CreateCert returns an error if the CA's response or chain was unreasonably large.
-// Callers are encouraged to parse the returned value to ensure the certificate is valid and has the expected features.
+// Deprecated: this was for the pre-RFC 8555 version of ACME. Callers should use CreateOrderCert.
 func (c *Client) CreateCert(ctx context.Context, csr []byte, exp time.Duration, bundle bool) (der [][]byte, certURL string, err error) {
-	if _, err := c.Discover(ctx); err != nil {
-		return nil, "", err
-	}
-
-	req := struct {
-		Resource  string `json:"resource"`
-		CSR       string `json:"csr"`
-		NotBefore string `json:"notBefore,omitempty"`
-		NotAfter  string `json:"notAfter,omitempty"`
-	}{
-		Resource: "new-cert",
-		CSR:      base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(csr),
-	}
-	now := timeNow()
-	req.NotBefore = now.Format(time.RFC3339)
-	if exp > 0 {
-		req.NotAfter = now.Add(exp).Format(time.RFC3339)
-	}
-
-	res, err := c.post(ctx, nil, c.dir.CertURL, req, wantStatus(http.StatusCreated))
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, "", err
-	}
-	defer res.Body.Close()
-
-	curl := res.Header.Get("Location") // cert permanent URL
-	if res.ContentLength == 0 {
-		// no cert in the body; poll until we get it
-		cert, err := c.FetchCert(ctx, curl, bundle)
-		return cert, curl, err
-	}
-	// slurp issued cert and CA chain, if requested
-	cert, err := c.responseCert(ctx, res, bundle)
-	return cert, curl, err
+	return nil, "", errPreRFC
 }
 
 // FetchCert retrieves already issued certificate from the given url, in DER format.
@@ -296,20 +238,10 @@ func (c *Client) CreateCert(ctx context.Context, csr []byte, exp time.Duration,
 // Callers are encouraged to parse the returned value to ensure the certificate is valid
 // and has expected features.
 func (c *Client) FetchCert(ctx context.Context, url string, bundle bool) ([][]byte, error) {
-	dir, err := c.Discover(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
+	if _, err := c.Discover(ctx); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	if dir.rfcCompliant() {
-		return c.fetchCertRFC(ctx, url, bundle)
-	}
-
-	// Legacy non-authenticated GET request.
-	res, err := c.get(ctx, url, wantStatus(http.StatusOK))
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return c.responseCert(ctx, res, bundle)
+	return c.fetchCertRFC(ctx, url, bundle)
 }
 
 // RevokeCert revokes a previously issued certificate cert, provided in DER format.
@@ -319,30 +251,10 @@ func (c *Client) FetchCert(ctx context.Context, url string, bundle bool) ([][]by
 // For instance, the key pair of the certificate may be authorized.
 // If the key is nil, c.Key is used instead.
 func (c *Client) RevokeCert(ctx context.Context, key crypto.Signer, cert []byte, reason CRLReasonCode) error {
-	dir, err := c.Discover(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
+	if _, err := c.Discover(ctx); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if dir.rfcCompliant() {
-		return c.revokeCertRFC(ctx, key, cert, reason)
-	}
-
-	// Legacy CA.
-	body := &struct {
-		Resource string `json:"resource"`
-		Cert     string `json:"certificate"`
-		Reason   int    `json:"reason"`
-	}{
-		Resource: "revoke-cert",
-		Cert:     base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(cert),
-		Reason:   int(reason),
-	}
-	res, err := c.post(ctx, key, dir.RevokeURL, body, wantStatus(http.StatusOK))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	defer res.Body.Close()
-	return nil
+	return c.revokeCertRFC(ctx, key, cert, reason)
 }
 
 // AcceptTOS always returns true to indicate the acceptance of a CA's Terms of Service
@@ -362,74 +274,50 @@ func AcceptTOS(tosURL string) bool { return true }
 // Also see Error's Instance field for when a CA requires already registered accounts to agree
 // to an updated Terms of Service.
 func (c *Client) Register(ctx context.Context, acct *Account, prompt func(tosURL string) bool) (*Account, error) {
-	dir, err := c.Discover(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
+	if c.Key == nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("acme: client.Key must be set to Register")
+	}
+	if _, err := c.Discover(ctx); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	if dir.rfcCompliant() {
-		return c.registerRFC(ctx, acct, prompt)
-	}
-
-	// Legacy ACME draft registration flow.
-	a, err := c.doReg(ctx, dir.RegURL, "new-reg", acct)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	var accept bool
-	if a.CurrentTerms != "" && a.CurrentTerms != a.AgreedTerms {
-		accept = prompt(a.CurrentTerms)
-	}
-	if accept {
-		a.AgreedTerms = a.CurrentTerms
-		a, err = c.UpdateReg(ctx, a)
-	}
-	return a, err
+	return c.registerRFC(ctx, acct, prompt)
 }
 
 // GetReg retrieves an existing account associated with c.Key.
 //
-// The url argument is an Account URI used with pre-RFC 8555 CAs.
-// It is ignored when interfacing with an RFC-compliant CA.
+// The url argument is a legacy artifact of the pre-RFC 8555 API
+// and is ignored.
 func (c *Client) GetReg(ctx context.Context, url string) (*Account, error) {
-	dir, err := c.Discover(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
+	if _, err := c.Discover(ctx); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	if dir.rfcCompliant() {
-		return c.getRegRFC(ctx)
-	}
-
-	// Legacy CA.
-	a, err := c.doReg(ctx, url, "reg", nil)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	a.URI = url
-	return a, nil
+	return c.getRegRFC(ctx)
 }
 
 // UpdateReg updates an existing registration.
 // It returns an updated account copy. The provided account is not modified.
 //
-// When interfacing with RFC-compliant CAs, a.URI is ignored and the account URL
-// associated with c.Key is used instead.
+// The account's URI is ignored and the account URL associated with
+// c.Key is used instead.
 func (c *Client) UpdateReg(ctx context.Context, acct *Account) (*Account, error) {
-	dir, err := c.Discover(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
+	if _, err := c.Discover(ctx); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	if dir.rfcCompliant() {
-		return c.updateRegRFC(ctx, acct)
-	}
+	return c.updateRegRFC(ctx, acct)
+}
 
-	// Legacy CA.
-	uri := acct.URI
-	a, err := c.doReg(ctx, uri, "reg", acct)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	a.URI = uri
-	return a, nil
+// AccountKeyRollover attempts to transition a client's account key to a new key.
+// On success client's Key is updated which is not concurrency safe.
+// On failure an error will be returned.
+// The new key is already registered with the ACME provider if the following is true:
+//   - error is of type acme.Error
+//   - StatusCode should be 409 (Conflict)
+//   - Location header will have the KID of the associated account
+//
+// More about account key rollover can be found at
+// https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8555#section-7.3.5.
+func (c *Client) AccountKeyRollover(ctx context.Context, newKey crypto.Signer) error {
+	return c.accountKeyRollover(ctx, newKey)
 }
 
 // Authorize performs the initial step in the pre-authorization flow,
@@ -498,17 +386,11 @@ func (c *Client) authorize(ctx context.Context, typ, val string) (*Authorization
 // If a caller needs to poll an authorization until its status is final,
 // see the WaitAuthorization method.
 func (c *Client) GetAuthorization(ctx context.Context, url string) (*Authorization, error) {
-	dir, err := c.Discover(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
+	if _, err := c.Discover(ctx); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	var res *http.Response
-	if dir.rfcCompliant() {
-		res, err = c.postAsGet(ctx, url, wantStatus(http.StatusOK))
-	} else {
-		res, err = c.get(ctx, url, wantStatus(http.StatusOK, http.StatusAccepted))
-	}
+	res, err := c.postAsGet(ctx, url, wantStatus(http.StatusOK))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -530,7 +412,6 @@ func (c *Client) GetAuthorization(ctx context.Context, url string) (*Authorizati
 //
 // It does not revoke existing certificates.
 func (c *Client) RevokeAuthorization(ctx context.Context, url string) error {
-	// Required for c.accountKID() when in RFC mode.
 	if _, err := c.Discover(ctx); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -560,18 +441,11 @@ func (c *Client) RevokeAuthorization(ctx context.Context, url string) error {
 // In all other cases WaitAuthorization returns an error.
 // If the Status is StatusInvalid, the returned error is of type *AuthorizationError.
 func (c *Client) WaitAuthorization(ctx context.Context, url string) (*Authorization, error) {
-	// Required for c.accountKID() when in RFC mode.
-	dir, err := c.Discover(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
+	if _, err := c.Discover(ctx); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	getfn := c.postAsGet
-	if !dir.rfcCompliant() {
-		getfn = c.get
-	}
-
 	for {
-		res, err := getfn(ctx, url, wantStatus(http.StatusOK, http.StatusAccepted))
+		res, err := c.postAsGet(ctx, url, wantStatus(http.StatusOK, http.StatusAccepted))
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
@@ -614,17 +488,11 @@ func (c *Client) WaitAuthorization(ctx context.Context, url string) (*Authorizat
 //
 // A client typically polls a challenge status using this method.
 func (c *Client) GetChallenge(ctx context.Context, url string) (*Challenge, error) {
-	// Required for c.accountKID() when in RFC mode.
-	dir, err := c.Discover(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
+	if _, err := c.Discover(ctx); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	getfn := c.postAsGet
-	if !dir.rfcCompliant() {
-		getfn = c.get
-	}
-	res, err := getfn(ctx, url, wantStatus(http.StatusOK, http.StatusAccepted))
+	res, err := c.postAsGet(ctx, url, wantStatus(http.StatusOK, http.StatusAccepted))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -642,29 +510,11 @@ func (c *Client) GetChallenge(ctx context.Context, url string) (*Challenge, erro
 //
 // The server will then perform the validation asynchronously.
 func (c *Client) Accept(ctx context.Context, chal *Challenge) (*Challenge, error) {
-	// Required for c.accountKID() when in RFC mode.
-	dir, err := c.Discover(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
+	if _, err := c.Discover(ctx); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	var req interface{} = json.RawMessage("{}") // RFC-compliant CA
-	if !dir.rfcCompliant() {
-		auth, err := keyAuth(c.Key.Public(), chal.Token)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		req = struct {
-			Resource string `json:"resource"`
-			Type     string `json:"type"`
-			Auth     string `json:"keyAuthorization"`
-		}{
-			Resource: "challenge",
-			Type:     chal.Type,
-			Auth:     auth,
-		}
-	}
-	res, err := c.post(ctx, nil, chal.URI, req, wantStatus(
+	res, err := c.post(ctx, nil, chal.URI, json.RawMessage("{}"), wantStatus(
 		http.StatusOK,       // according to the spec
 		http.StatusAccepted, // Let's Encrypt: see https://goo.gl/WsJ7VT (acme-divergences.md)
 	))
@@ -715,7 +565,7 @@ func (c *Client) HTTP01ChallengePath(token string) string {
 
 // TLSSNI01ChallengeCert creates a certificate for TLS-SNI-01 challenge response.
 //
-// Deprecated: This challenge type is unused in both draft-02 and RFC versions of ACME spec.
+// Deprecated: This challenge type is unused in both draft-02 and RFC versions of the ACME spec.
 func (c *Client) TLSSNI01ChallengeCert(token string, opt ...CertOption) (cert tls.Certificate, name string, err error) {
 	ka, err := keyAuth(c.Key.Public(), token)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -733,7 +583,7 @@ func (c *Client) TLSSNI01ChallengeCert(token string, opt ...CertOption) (cert tl
 
 // TLSSNI02ChallengeCert creates a certificate for TLS-SNI-02 challenge response.
 //
-// Deprecated: This challenge type is unused in both draft-02 and RFC versions of ACME spec.
+// Deprecated: This challenge type is unused in both draft-02 and RFC versions of the ACME spec.
 func (c *Client) TLSSNI02ChallengeCert(token string, opt ...CertOption) (cert tls.Certificate, name string, err error) {
 	b := sha256.Sum256([]byte(token))
 	h := hex.EncodeToString(b[:])
@@ -778,7 +628,7 @@ func (c *Client) TLSALPN01ChallengeCert(token, domain string, opt ...CertOption)
 		return tls.Certificate{}, err
 	}
 	acmeExtension := pkix.Extension{
-		Id:       idPeACMEIdentifierV1,
+		Id:       idPeACMEIdentifier,
 		Critical: true,
 		Value:    extValue,
 	}
@@ -800,63 +650,6 @@ func (c *Client) TLSALPN01ChallengeCert(token, domain string, opt ...CertOption)
 	return tlsChallengeCert([]string{domain}, newOpt)
 }
 
-// doReg sends all types of registration requests the old way (pre-RFC world).
-// The type of request is identified by typ argument, which is a "resource"
-// in the ACME spec terms.
-//
-// A non-nil acct argument indicates whether the intention is to mutate data
-// of the Account. Only Contact and Agreement of its fields are used
-// in such cases.
-func (c *Client) doReg(ctx context.Context, url string, typ string, acct *Account) (*Account, error) {
-	req := struct {
-		Resource  string   `json:"resource"`
-		Contact   []string `json:"contact,omitempty"`
-		Agreement string   `json:"agreement,omitempty"`
-	}{
-		Resource: typ,
-	}
-	if acct != nil {
-		req.Contact = acct.Contact
-		req.Agreement = acct.AgreedTerms
-	}
-	res, err := c.post(ctx, nil, url, req, wantStatus(
-		http.StatusOK,       // updates and deletes
-		http.StatusCreated,  // new account creation
-		http.StatusAccepted, // Let's Encrypt divergent implementation
-	))
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	defer res.Body.Close()
-
-	var v struct {
-		Contact        []string
-		Agreement      string
-		Authorizations string
-		Certificates   string
-	}
-	if err := json.NewDecoder(res.Body).Decode(&v); err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("acme: invalid response: %v", err)
-	}
-	var tos string
-	if v := linkHeader(res.Header, "terms-of-service"); len(v) > 0 {
-		tos = v[0]
-	}
-	var authz string
-	if v := linkHeader(res.Header, "next"); len(v) > 0 {
-		authz = v[0]
-	}
-	return &Account{
-		URI:            res.Header.Get("Location"),
-		Contact:        v.Contact,
-		AgreedTerms:    v.Agreement,
-		CurrentTerms:   tos,
-		Authz:          authz,
-		Authorizations: v.Authorizations,
-		Certificates:   v.Certificates,
-	}, nil
-}
-
 // popNonce returns a nonce value previously stored with c.addNonce
 // or fetches a fresh one from c.dir.NonceURL.
 // If NonceURL is empty, it first tries c.directoryURL() and, failing that,
@@ -931,78 +724,6 @@ func nonceFromHeader(h http.Header) string {
 	return h.Get("Replay-Nonce")
 }
 
-func (c *Client) responseCert(ctx context.Context, res *http.Response, bundle bool) ([][]byte, error) {
-	b, err := ioutil.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(res.Body, maxCertSize+1))
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("acme: response stream: %v", err)
-	}
-	if len(b) > maxCertSize {
-		return nil, errors.New("acme: certificate is too big")
-	}
-	cert := [][]byte{b}
-	if !bundle {
-		return cert, nil
-	}
-
-	// Append CA chain cert(s).
-	// At least one is required according to the spec:
-	// https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-acme-acme-03#section-6.3.1
-	up := linkHeader(res.Header, "up")
-	if len(up) == 0 {
-		return nil, errors.New("acme: rel=up link not found")
-	}
-	if len(up) > maxChainLen {
-		return nil, errors.New("acme: rel=up link is too large")
-	}
-	for _, url := range up {
-		cc, err := c.chainCert(ctx, url, 0)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		cert = append(cert, cc...)
-	}
-	return cert, nil
-}
-
-// chainCert fetches CA certificate chain recursively by following "up" links.
-// Each recursive call increments the depth by 1, resulting in an error
-// if the recursion level reaches maxChainLen.
-//
-// First chainCert call starts with depth of 0.
-func (c *Client) chainCert(ctx context.Context, url string, depth int) ([][]byte, error) {
-	if depth >= maxChainLen {
-		return nil, errors.New("acme: certificate chain is too deep")
-	}
-
-	res, err := c.get(ctx, url, wantStatus(http.StatusOK))
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	defer res.Body.Close()
-	b, err := ioutil.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(res.Body, maxCertSize+1))
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if len(b) > maxCertSize {
-		return nil, errors.New("acme: certificate is too big")
-	}
-	chain := [][]byte{b}
-
-	uplink := linkHeader(res.Header, "up")
-	if len(uplink) > maxChainLen {
-		return nil, errors.New("acme: certificate chain is too large")
-	}
-	for _, up := range uplink {
-		cc, err := c.chainCert(ctx, up, depth+1)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		chain = append(chain, cc...)
-	}
-
-	return chain, nil
-}
-
 // linkHeader returns URI-Reference values of all Link headers
 // with relation-type rel.
 // See https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5988#section-5 for details.
@@ -1093,5 +814,5 @@ func encodePEM(typ string, b []byte) []byte {
 	return pem.EncodeToMemory(pb)
 }
 
-// timeNow is useful for testing for fixed current time.
+// timeNow is time.Now, except in tests which can mess with it.
 var timeNow = time.Now

acme/acme_test.go

@@ -79,240 +79,28 @@ func decodeJWSHead(r io.Reader) (*jwsHead, error) {
 	return &head, nil
 }
 
-func TestDiscover(t *testing.T) {
-	const (
-		reg    = "https://example.com/acme/new-reg"
-		authz  = "https://example.com/acme/new-authz"
-		cert   = "https://example.com/acme/new-cert"
-		revoke = "https://example.com/acme/revoke-cert"
-	)
-	ts := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-		w.Header().Set("Replay-Nonce", "testnonce")
-		fmt.Fprintf(w, `{
-			"new-reg": %q,
-			"new-authz": %q,
-			"new-cert": %q,
-			"revoke-cert": %q
-		}`, reg, authz, cert, revoke)
-	}))
-	defer ts.Close()
-	c := Client{DirectoryURL: ts.URL}
-	dir, err := c.Discover(context.Background())
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	if dir.RegURL != reg {
-		t.Errorf("dir.RegURL = %q; want %q", dir.RegURL, reg)
-	}
-	if dir.AuthzURL != authz {
-		t.Errorf("dir.AuthzURL = %q; want %q", dir.AuthzURL, authz)
-	}
-	if dir.CertURL != cert {
-		t.Errorf("dir.CertURL = %q; want %q", dir.CertURL, cert)
-	}
-	if dir.RevokeURL != revoke {
-		t.Errorf("dir.RevokeURL = %q; want %q", dir.RevokeURL, revoke)
-	}
-	if _, exist := c.nonces["testnonce"]; !exist {
-		t.Errorf("c.nonces = %q; want 'testnonce' in the map", c.nonces)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestRegister(t *testing.T) {
-	contacts := []string{"mailto:admin@example.com"}
-
+func TestRegisterWithoutKey(t *testing.T) {
 	ts := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		if r.Method == "HEAD" {
 			w.Header().Set("Replay-Nonce", "test-nonce")
 			return
 		}
-		if r.Method != "POST" {
-			t.Errorf("r.Method = %q; want POST", r.Method)
-		}
-
-		var j struct {
-			Resource  string
-			Contact   []string
-			Agreement string
-		}
-		decodeJWSRequest(t, &j, r.Body)
-
-		// Test request
-		if j.Resource != "new-reg" {
-			t.Errorf("j.Resource = %q; want new-reg", j.Resource)
-		}
-		if !reflect.DeepEqual(j.Contact, contacts) {
-			t.Errorf("j.Contact = %v; want %v", j.Contact, contacts)
-		}
-
-		w.Header().Set("Location", "https://ca.tld/acme/reg/1")
-		w.Header().Set("Link", `<https://ca.tld/acme/new-authz>;rel="next"`)
-		w.Header().Add("Link", `<https://ca.tld/acme/recover-reg>;rel="recover"`)
-		w.Header().Add("Link", `<https://ca.tld/acme/terms>;rel="terms-of-service"`)
 		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusCreated)
-		b, _ := json.Marshal(contacts)
-		fmt.Fprintf(w, `{"contact": %s}`, b)
+		fmt.Fprint(w, `{}`)
 	}))
 	defer ts.Close()
-
-	prompt := func(url string) bool {
-		const terms = "https://ca.tld/acme/terms"
-		if url != terms {
-			t.Errorf("prompt url = %q; want %q", url, terms)
-		}
-		return false
-	}
-
+	// First verify that using a complete client results in success.
 	c := Client{
 		Key:          testKeyEC,
 		DirectoryURL: ts.URL,
 		dir:          &Directory{RegURL: ts.URL},
 	}
-	a := &Account{Contact: contacts}
-	var err error
-	if a, err = c.Register(context.Background(), a, prompt); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
+	if _, err := c.Register(context.Background(), &Account{}, AcceptTOS); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("c.Register() = %v; want success with a complete test client", err)
 	}
-	if a.URI != "https://ca.tld/acme/reg/1" {
-		t.Errorf("a.URI = %q; want https://ca.tld/acme/reg/1", a.URI)
-	}
-	if a.Authz != "https://ca.tld/acme/new-authz" {
-		t.Errorf("a.Authz = %q; want https://ca.tld/acme/new-authz", a.Authz)
-	}
-	if a.CurrentTerms != "https://ca.tld/acme/terms" {
-		t.Errorf("a.CurrentTerms = %q; want https://ca.tld/acme/terms", a.CurrentTerms)
-	}
-	if !reflect.DeepEqual(a.Contact, contacts) {
-		t.Errorf("a.Contact = %v; want %v", a.Contact, contacts)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestUpdateReg(t *testing.T) {
-	const terms = "https://ca.tld/acme/terms"
-	contacts := []string{"mailto:admin@example.com"}
-
-	ts := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-		if r.Method == "HEAD" {
-			w.Header().Set("Replay-Nonce", "test-nonce")
-			return
-		}
-		if r.Method != "POST" {
-			t.Errorf("r.Method = %q; want POST", r.Method)
-		}
-
-		var j struct {
-			Resource  string
-			Contact   []string
-			Agreement string
-		}
-		decodeJWSRequest(t, &j, r.Body)
-
-		// Test request
-		if j.Resource != "reg" {
-			t.Errorf("j.Resource = %q; want reg", j.Resource)
-		}
-		if j.Agreement != terms {
-			t.Errorf("j.Agreement = %q; want %q", j.Agreement, terms)
-		}
-		if !reflect.DeepEqual(j.Contact, contacts) {
-			t.Errorf("j.Contact = %v; want %v", j.Contact, contacts)
-		}
-
-		w.Header().Set("Link", `<https://ca.tld/acme/new-authz>;rel="next"`)
-		w.Header().Add("Link", `<https://ca.tld/acme/recover-reg>;rel="recover"`)
-		w.Header().Add("Link", fmt.Sprintf(`<%s>;rel="terms-of-service"`, terms))
-		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
-		b, _ := json.Marshal(contacts)
-		fmt.Fprintf(w, `{"contact":%s, "agreement":%q}`, b, terms)
-	}))
-	defer ts.Close()
-
-	c := Client{
-		Key:          testKeyEC,
-		DirectoryURL: ts.URL,       // don't dial outside of localhost
-		dir:          &Directory{}, // don't do discovery
-	}
-	a := &Account{URI: ts.URL, Contact: contacts, AgreedTerms: terms}
-	var err error
-	if a, err = c.UpdateReg(context.Background(), a); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	if a.Authz != "https://ca.tld/acme/new-authz" {
-		t.Errorf("a.Authz = %q; want https://ca.tld/acme/new-authz", a.Authz)
-	}
-	if a.AgreedTerms != terms {
-		t.Errorf("a.AgreedTerms = %q; want %q", a.AgreedTerms, terms)
-	}
-	if a.CurrentTerms != terms {
-		t.Errorf("a.CurrentTerms = %q; want %q", a.CurrentTerms, terms)
-	}
-	if a.URI != ts.URL {
-		t.Errorf("a.URI = %q; want %q", a.URI, ts.URL)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestGetReg(t *testing.T) {
-	const terms = "https://ca.tld/acme/terms"
-	const newTerms = "https://ca.tld/acme/new-terms"
-	contacts := []string{"mailto:admin@example.com"}
-
-	ts := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-		if r.Method == "HEAD" {
-			w.Header().Set("Replay-Nonce", "test-nonce")
-			return
-		}
-		if r.Method != "POST" {
-			t.Errorf("r.Method = %q; want POST", r.Method)
-		}
-
-		var j struct {
-			Resource  string
-			Contact   []string
-			Agreement string
-		}
-		decodeJWSRequest(t, &j, r.Body)
-
-		// Test request
-		if j.Resource != "reg" {
-			t.Errorf("j.Resource = %q; want reg", j.Resource)
-		}
-		if len(j.Contact) != 0 {
-			t.Errorf("j.Contact = %v", j.Contact)
-		}
-		if j.Agreement != "" {
-			t.Errorf("j.Agreement = %q", j.Agreement)
-		}
-
-		w.Header().Set("Link", `<https://ca.tld/acme/new-authz>;rel="next"`)
-		w.Header().Add("Link", `<https://ca.tld/acme/recover-reg>;rel="recover"`)
-		w.Header().Add("Link", fmt.Sprintf(`<%s>;rel="terms-of-service"`, newTerms))
-		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
-		b, _ := json.Marshal(contacts)
-		fmt.Fprintf(w, `{"contact":%s, "agreement":%q}`, b, terms)
-	}))
-	defer ts.Close()
-
-	c := Client{
-		Key:          testKeyEC,
-		DirectoryURL: ts.URL,       // don't dial outside of localhost
-		dir:          &Directory{}, // don't do discovery
-	}
-	a, err := c.GetReg(context.Background(), ts.URL)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	if a.Authz != "https://ca.tld/acme/new-authz" {
-		t.Errorf("a.AuthzURL = %q; want https://ca.tld/acme/new-authz", a.Authz)
-	}
-	if a.AgreedTerms != terms {
-		t.Errorf("a.AgreedTerms = %q; want %q", a.AgreedTerms, terms)
-	}
-	if a.CurrentTerms != newTerms {
-		t.Errorf("a.CurrentTerms = %q; want %q", a.CurrentTerms, newTerms)
-	}
-	if a.URI != ts.URL {
-		t.Errorf("a.URI = %q; want %q", a.URI, ts.URL)
+	c.Key = nil
+	if _, err := c.Register(context.Background(), &Account{}, AcceptTOS); err == nil {
+		t.Error("c.Register() from client without key succeeded, wanted error")
 	}
 }
 
@@ -466,82 +254,6 @@ func TestAuthorizeValid(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestGetAuthorization(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-		if r.Method != "GET" {
-			t.Errorf("r.Method = %q; want GET", r.Method)
-		}
-
-		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
-		fmt.Fprintf(w, `{
-			"identifier": {"type":"dns","value":"example.com"},
-			"status":"pending",
-			"challenges":[
-				{
-					"type":"http-01",
-					"status":"pending",
-					"uri":"https://ca.tld/acme/challenge/publickey/id1",
-					"token":"token1"
-				},
-				{
-					"type":"tls-sni-01",
-					"status":"pending",
-					"uri":"https://ca.tld/acme/challenge/publickey/id2",
-					"token":"token2"
-				}
-			],
-			"combinations":[[0],[1]]}`)
-	}))
-	defer ts.Close()
-
-	cl := Client{Key: testKeyEC, DirectoryURL: ts.URL}
-	auth, err := cl.GetAuthorization(context.Background(), ts.URL)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	if auth.Status != "pending" {
-		t.Errorf("Status = %q; want pending", auth.Status)
-	}
-	if auth.Identifier.Type != "dns" {
-		t.Errorf("Identifier.Type = %q; want dns", auth.Identifier.Type)
-	}
-	if auth.Identifier.Value != "example.com" {
-		t.Errorf("Identifier.Value = %q; want example.com", auth.Identifier.Value)
-	}
-
-	if n := len(auth.Challenges); n != 2 {
-		t.Fatalf("len(set.Challenges) = %d; want 2", n)
-	}
-
-	c := auth.Challenges[0]
-	if c.Type != "http-01" {
-		t.Errorf("c.Type = %q; want http-01", c.Type)
-	}
-	if c.URI != "https://ca.tld/acme/challenge/publickey/id1" {
-		t.Errorf("c.URI = %q; want https://ca.tld/acme/challenge/publickey/id1", c.URI)
-	}
-	if c.Token != "token1" {
-		t.Errorf("c.Token = %q; want token1", c.Token)
-	}
-
-	c = auth.Challenges[1]
-	if c.Type != "tls-sni-01" {
-		t.Errorf("c.Type = %q; want tls-sni-01", c.Type)
-	}
-	if c.URI != "https://ca.tld/acme/challenge/publickey/id2" {
-		t.Errorf("c.URI = %q; want https://ca.tld/acme/challenge/publickey/id2", c.URI)
-	}
-	if c.Token != "token2" {
-		t.Errorf("c.Token = %q; want token2", c.Token)
-	}
-
-	combs := [][]int{{0}, {1}}
-	if !reflect.DeepEqual(auth.Combinations, combs) {
-		t.Errorf("auth.Combinations: %+v\nwant: %+v\n", auth.Combinations, combs)
-	}
-}
-
 func TestWaitAuthorization(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("wait loop", func(t *testing.T) {
 		var count int
@@ -569,6 +281,45 @@ func TestWaitAuthorization(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Errorf("err is %v (%T); want non-nil *AuthorizationError", err, err)
 		}
 	})
+	t.Run("invalid status with error returns the authorization error", func(t *testing.T) {
+		_, err := runWaitAuthorization(context.Background(), t, func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+			fmt.Fprintf(w, `{
+				"type": "dns-01",
+				"status": "invalid",
+				"error": {
+				  "type": "urn:ietf:params:acme:error:caa",
+				  "detail": "CAA record for <domain> prevents issuance",
+				  "status": 403
+				},
+				"url": "https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/acme/chall-v3/xxx/xxx",
+				"token": "xxx",
+				"validationRecord": [
+				  {
+					"hostname": "<domain>"
+				  }
+				]
+			  }`)
+		})
+
+		want := &AuthorizationError{
+			Errors: []error{
+				(&wireError{
+					Status: 403,
+					Type:   "urn:ietf:params:acme:error:caa",
+					Detail: "CAA record for <domain> prevents issuance",
+				}).error(nil),
+			},
+		}
+
+		_, ok := err.(*AuthorizationError)
+		if !ok {
+			t.Errorf("err is %T; want non-nil *AuthorizationError", err)
+		}
+
+		if err.Error() != want.Error() {
+			t.Errorf("err is %v; want %v", err, want)
+		}
+	})
 	t.Run("non-retriable error", func(t *testing.T) {
 		const code = http.StatusBadRequest
 		_, err := runWaitAuthorization(context.Background(), t, func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
@@ -603,38 +354,34 @@ func TestWaitAuthorization(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 	t.Run("context cancel", func(t *testing.T) {
-		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 200*time.Millisecond)
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
 		defer cancel()
 		_, err := runWaitAuthorization(ctx, t, func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 			w.Header().Set("Retry-After", "60")
 			fmt.Fprintf(w, `{"status":"pending"}`)
+			time.AfterFunc(1*time.Millisecond, cancel)
 		})
 		if err == nil {
 			t.Error("err is nil")
 		}
 	})
 }
+
 func runWaitAuthorization(ctx context.Context, t *testing.T, h http.HandlerFunc) (*Authorization, error) {
 	t.Helper()
-	ts := httptest.NewServer(h)
+	ts := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		w.Header().Set("Replay-Nonce", fmt.Sprintf("bad-test-nonce-%v", time.Now().UnixNano()))
+		h(w, r)
+	}))
 	defer ts.Close()
-	type res struct {
-		authz *Authorization
-		err   error
+
+	client := &Client{
+		Key:          testKey,
+		DirectoryURL: ts.URL,
+		dir:          &Directory{},
+		KID:          "some-key-id", // set to avoid lookup attempt
 	}
-	ch := make(chan res, 1)
-	go func() {
-		var client = Client{DirectoryURL: ts.URL}
-		a, err := client.WaitAuthorization(ctx, ts.URL)
-		ch <- res{a, err}
-	}()
-	select {
-	case <-time.After(3 * time.Second):
-		t.Fatal("WaitAuthorization took too long to return")
-	case v := <-ch:
-		return v.authz, v.err
-	}
-	panic("runWaitAuthorization: out of select")
+	return client.WaitAuthorization(ctx, ts.URL)
 }
 
 func TestRevokeAuthorization(t *testing.T) {
@@ -679,238 +426,9 @@ func TestRevokeAuthorization(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestPollChallenge(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-		if r.Method != "GET" {
-			t.Errorf("r.Method = %q; want GET", r.Method)
-		}
-
-		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
-		fmt.Fprintf(w, `{
-			"type":"http-01",
-			"status":"pending",
-			"uri":"https://ca.tld/acme/challenge/publickey/id1",
-			"token":"token1"}`)
-	}))
-	defer ts.Close()
-
-	cl := Client{Key: testKeyEC, DirectoryURL: ts.URL}
-	chall, err := cl.GetChallenge(context.Background(), ts.URL)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	if chall.Status != "pending" {
-		t.Errorf("Status = %q; want pending", chall.Status)
-	}
-	if chall.Type != "http-01" {
-		t.Errorf("c.Type = %q; want http-01", chall.Type)
-	}
-	if chall.URI != "https://ca.tld/acme/challenge/publickey/id1" {
-		t.Errorf("c.URI = %q; want https://ca.tld/acme/challenge/publickey/id1", chall.URI)
-	}
-	if chall.Token != "token1" {
-		t.Errorf("c.Token = %q; want token1", chall.Token)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestAcceptChallenge(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-		if r.Method == "HEAD" {
-			w.Header().Set("Replay-Nonce", "test-nonce")
-			return
-		}
-		if r.Method != "POST" {
-			t.Errorf("r.Method = %q; want POST", r.Method)
-		}
-
-		var j struct {
-			Resource string
-			Type     string
-			Auth     string `json:"keyAuthorization"`
-		}
-		decodeJWSRequest(t, &j, r.Body)
-
-		// Test request
-		if j.Resource != "challenge" {
-			t.Errorf(`resource = %q; want "challenge"`, j.Resource)
-		}
-		if j.Type != "http-01" {
-			t.Errorf(`type = %q; want "http-01"`, j.Type)
-		}
-		keyAuth := "token1." + testKeyECThumbprint
-		if j.Auth != keyAuth {
-			t.Errorf(`keyAuthorization = %q; want %q`, j.Auth, keyAuth)
-		}
-
-		// Respond to request
-		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusAccepted)
-		fmt.Fprintf(w, `{
-			"type":"http-01",
-			"status":"pending",
-			"uri":"https://ca.tld/acme/challenge/publickey/id1",
-			"token":"token1",
-			"keyAuthorization":%q
-		}`, keyAuth)
-	}))
-	defer ts.Close()
-
-	cl := Client{
-		Key:          testKeyEC,
-		DirectoryURL: ts.URL,       // don't dial outside of localhost
-		dir:          &Directory{}, // don't do discovery
-	}
-	c, err := cl.Accept(context.Background(), &Challenge{
-		URI:   ts.URL,
-		Token: "token1",
-		Type:  "http-01",
-	})
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	if c.Type != "http-01" {
-		t.Errorf("c.Type = %q; want http-01", c.Type)
-	}
-	if c.URI != "https://ca.tld/acme/challenge/publickey/id1" {
-		t.Errorf("c.URI = %q; want https://ca.tld/acme/challenge/publickey/id1", c.URI)
-	}
-	if c.Token != "token1" {
-		t.Errorf("c.Token = %q; want token1", c.Token)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestNewCert(t *testing.T) {
-	notBefore := time.Now()
-	notAfter := notBefore.AddDate(0, 2, 0)
-	timeNow = func() time.Time { return notBefore }
-
-	ts := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-		if r.Method == "HEAD" {
-			w.Header().Set("Replay-Nonce", "test-nonce")
-			return
-		}
-		if r.Method != "POST" {
-			t.Errorf("r.Method = %q; want POST", r.Method)
-		}
-
-		var j struct {
-			Resource  string `json:"resource"`
-			CSR       string `json:"csr"`
-			NotBefore string `json:"notBefore,omitempty"`
-			NotAfter  string `json:"notAfter,omitempty"`
-		}
-		decodeJWSRequest(t, &j, r.Body)
-
-		// Test request
-		if j.Resource != "new-cert" {
-			t.Errorf(`resource = %q; want "new-cert"`, j.Resource)
-		}
-		if j.NotBefore != notBefore.Format(time.RFC3339) {
-			t.Errorf(`notBefore = %q; wanted %q`, j.NotBefore, notBefore.Format(time.RFC3339))
-		}
-		if j.NotAfter != notAfter.Format(time.RFC3339) {
-			t.Errorf(`notAfter = %q; wanted %q`, j.NotAfter, notAfter.Format(time.RFC3339))
-		}
-
-		// Respond to request
-		template := x509.Certificate{
-			SerialNumber: big.NewInt(int64(1)),
-			Subject: pkix.Name{
-				Organization: []string{"goacme"},
-			},
-			NotBefore: notBefore,
-			NotAfter:  notAfter,
-
-			KeyUsage:              x509.KeyUsageKeyEncipherment | x509.KeyUsageDigitalSignature,
-			ExtKeyUsage:           []x509.ExtKeyUsage{x509.ExtKeyUsageServerAuth},
-			BasicConstraintsValid: true,
-		}
-
-		sampleCert, err := x509.CreateCertificate(rand.Reader, &template, &template, &testKeyEC.PublicKey, testKeyEC)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("Error creating certificate: %v", err)
-		}
-
-		w.Header().Set("Location", "https://ca.tld/acme/cert/1")
-		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusCreated)
-		w.Write(sampleCert)
-	}))
-	defer ts.Close()
-
-	csr := x509.CertificateRequest{
-		Version: 0,
-		Subject: pkix.Name{
-			CommonName:   "example.com",
-			Organization: []string{"goacme"},
-		},
-	}
-	csrb, err := x509.CreateCertificateRequest(rand.Reader, &csr, testKeyEC)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	c := Client{Key: testKeyEC, dir: &Directory{CertURL: ts.URL}}
-	cert, certURL, err := c.CreateCert(context.Background(), csrb, notAfter.Sub(notBefore), false)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	if cert == nil {
-		t.Errorf("cert is nil")
-	}
-	if certURL != "https://ca.tld/acme/cert/1" {
-		t.Errorf("certURL = %q; want https://ca.tld/acme/cert/1", certURL)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestFetchCert(t *testing.T) {
-	var count byte
-	var ts *httptest.Server
-	ts = httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-		count++
-		if count < 3 {
-			up := fmt.Sprintf("<%s>;rel=up", ts.URL)
-			w.Header().Set("Link", up)
-		}
-		w.Write([]byte{count})
-	}))
-	defer ts.Close()
-	cl := newTestClient()
-	res, err := cl.FetchCert(context.Background(), ts.URL, true)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("FetchCert: %v", err)
-	}
-	cert := [][]byte{{1}, {2}, {3}}
-	if !reflect.DeepEqual(res, cert) {
-		t.Errorf("res = %v; want %v", res, cert)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestFetchCertRetry(t *testing.T) {
-	var count int
-	ts := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-		if count < 1 {
-			w.Header().Set("Retry-After", "0")
-			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusTooManyRequests)
-			count++
-			return
-		}
-		w.Write([]byte{1})
-	}))
-	defer ts.Close()
-	cl := newTestClient()
-	res, err := cl.FetchCert(context.Background(), ts.URL, false)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("FetchCert: %v", err)
-	}
-	cert := [][]byte{{1}}
-	if !reflect.DeepEqual(res, cert) {
-		t.Errorf("res = %v; want %v", res, cert)
-	}
-}
-
 func TestFetchCertCancel(t *testing.T) {
 	ts := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		<-r.Context().Done()
 		w.Header().Set("Retry-After", "0")
 		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest)
 	}))
@@ -979,42 +497,6 @@ func TestFetchCertSize(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestRevokeCert(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-		if r.Method == "HEAD" {
-			w.Header().Set("Replay-Nonce", "nonce")
-			return
-		}
-
-		var req struct {
-			Resource    string
-			Certificate string
-			Reason      int
-		}
-		decodeJWSRequest(t, &req, r.Body)
-		if req.Resource != "revoke-cert" {
-			t.Errorf("req.Resource = %q; want revoke-cert", req.Resource)
-		}
-		if req.Reason != 1 {
-			t.Errorf("req.Reason = %d; want 1", req.Reason)
-		}
-		// echo -n cert | base64 | tr -d '=' | tr '/+' '_-'
-		cert := "Y2VydA"
-		if req.Certificate != cert {
-			t.Errorf("req.Certificate = %q; want %q", req.Certificate, cert)
-		}
-	}))
-	defer ts.Close()
-	client := &Client{
-		Key: testKeyEC,
-		dir: &Directory{RevokeURL: ts.URL},
-	}
-	ctx := context.Background()
-	if err := client.RevokeCert(ctx, nil, []byte("cert"), CRLReasonKeyCompromise); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-}
-
 func TestNonce_add(t *testing.T) {
 	var c Client
 	c.addNonce(http.Header{"Replay-Nonce": {"nonce"}})
@@ -1135,65 +617,6 @@ func TestNonce_popWhenEmpty(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestNonce_postJWS(t *testing.T) {
-	var count int
-	seen := make(map[string]bool)
-	ts := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-		count++
-		w.Header().Set("Replay-Nonce", fmt.Sprintf("nonce%d", count))
-		if r.Method == "HEAD" {
-			// We expect the client do a HEAD request
-			// but only to fetch the first nonce.
-			return
-		}
-		// Make client.Authorize happy; we're not testing its result.
-		defer func() {
-			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusCreated)
-			w.Write([]byte(`{"status":"valid"}`))
-		}()
-
-		head, err := decodeJWSHead(r.Body)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Errorf("decodeJWSHead: %v", err)
-			return
-		}
-		if head.Nonce == "" {
-			t.Error("head.Nonce is empty")
-			return
-		}
-		if seen[head.Nonce] {
-			t.Errorf("nonce is already used: %q", head.Nonce)
-		}
-		seen[head.Nonce] = true
-	}))
-	defer ts.Close()
-
-	client := Client{
-		Key:          testKey,
-		DirectoryURL: ts.URL, // nonces are fetched from here first
-		dir:          &Directory{AuthzURL: ts.URL},
-	}
-	if _, err := client.Authorize(context.Background(), "example.com"); err != nil {
-		t.Errorf("client.Authorize 1: %v", err)
-	}
-	// The second call should not generate another extra HEAD request.
-	if _, err := client.Authorize(context.Background(), "example.com"); err != nil {
-		t.Errorf("client.Authorize 2: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	if count != 3 {
-		t.Errorf("total requests count: %d; want 3", count)
-	}
-	if n := len(client.nonces); n != 1 {
-		t.Errorf("len(client.nonces) = %d; want 1", n)
-	}
-	for k := range seen {
-		if _, exist := client.nonces[k]; exist {
-			t.Errorf("used nonce %q in client.nonces", k)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
 func TestLinkHeader(t *testing.T) {
 	h := http.Header{"Link": {
 		`<https://example.com/acme/new-authz>;rel="next"`,
@@ -1317,7 +740,7 @@ func TestTLSALPN01ChallengeCert(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	acmeExts := []pkix.Extension{}
 	for _, ext := range cert.Extensions {
-		if idPeACMEIdentifierV1.Equal(ext.Id) {
+		if idPeACMEIdentifier.Equal(ext.Id) {
 			acmeExts = append(acmeExts, ext)
 		}
 	}

acme/autocert/autocert.go

@@ -47,6 +47,8 @@ var createCertRetryAfter = time.Minute
 // pseudoRand is safe for concurrent use.
 var pseudoRand *lockedMathRand
 
+var errPreRFC = errors.New("autocert: ACME server doesn't support RFC 8555")
+
 func init() {
 	src := mathrand.NewSource(time.Now().UnixNano())
 	pseudoRand = &lockedMathRand{rnd: mathrand.New(src)}
@@ -168,6 +170,11 @@ type Manager struct {
 	// in the template's ExtraExtensions field as is.
 	ExtraExtensions []pkix.Extension
 
+	// ExternalAccountBinding optionally represents an arbitrary binding to an
+	// account of the CA to which the ACME server is tied.
+	// See RFC 8555, Section 7.3.4 for more details.
+	ExternalAccountBinding *acme.ExternalAccountBinding
+
 	clientMu sync.Mutex
 	client   *acme.Client // initialized by acmeClient method
 
@@ -456,7 +463,7 @@ func (m *Manager) cert(ctx context.Context, ck certKey) (*tls.Certificate, error
 		leaf: cert.Leaf,
 	}
 	m.state[ck] = s
-	go m.renew(ck, s.key, s.leaf.NotAfter)
+	m.startRenew(ck, s.key, s.leaf.NotAfter)
 	return cert, nil
 }
 
@@ -582,8 +589,9 @@ func (m *Manager) createCert(ctx context.Context, ck certKey) (*tls.Certificate,
 	if err != nil {
 		// Remove the failed state after some time,
 		// making the manager call createCert again on the following TLS hello.
+		didRemove := testDidRemoveState // The lifetime of this timer is untracked, so copy mutable local state to avoid races.
 		time.AfterFunc(createCertRetryAfter, func() {
-			defer testDidRemoveState(ck)
+			defer didRemove(ck)
 			m.stateMu.Lock()
 			defer m.stateMu.Unlock()
 			// Verify the state hasn't changed and it's still invalid
@@ -601,7 +609,7 @@ func (m *Manager) createCert(ctx context.Context, ck certKey) (*tls.Certificate,
 	}
 	state.cert = der
 	state.leaf = leaf
-	go m.renew(ck, state.key, state.leaf.NotAfter)
+	m.startRenew(ck, state.key, state.leaf.NotAfter)
 	return state.tlscert()
 }
 
@@ -658,31 +666,19 @@ func (m *Manager) authorizedCert(ctx context.Context, key crypto.Signer, ck cert
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, err
 	}
-
-	var chain [][]byte
-	switch {
-	// Pre-RFC legacy CA.
-	case dir.OrderURL == "":
-		if err := m.verify(ctx, client, ck.domain); err != nil {
-			return nil, nil, err
-		}
-		der, _, err := client.CreateCert(ctx, csr, 0, true)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, nil, err
-		}
-		chain = der
-	// RFC 8555 compliant CA.
-	default:
-		o, err := m.verifyRFC(ctx, client, ck.domain)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, nil, err
-		}
-		der, _, err := client.CreateOrderCert(ctx, o.FinalizeURL, csr, true)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, nil, err
-		}
-		chain = der
+	if dir.OrderURL == "" {
+		return nil, nil, errPreRFC
 	}
+
+	o, err := m.verifyRFC(ctx, client, ck.domain)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	chain, _, err := client.CreateOrderCert(ctx, o.FinalizeURL, csr, true)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+
 	leaf, err = validCert(ck, chain, key, m.now())
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, err
@@ -690,69 +686,6 @@ func (m *Manager) authorizedCert(ctx context.Context, key crypto.Signer, ck cert
 	return chain, leaf, nil
 }
 
-// verify runs the identifier (domain) pre-authorization flow for legacy CAs
-// using each applicable ACME challenge type.
-func (m *Manager) verify(ctx context.Context, client *acme.Client, domain string) error {
-	// Remove all hanging authorizations to reduce rate limit quotas
-	// after we're done.
-	var authzURLs []string
-	defer func() {
-		go m.deactivatePendingAuthz(authzURLs)
-	}()
-
-	// errs accumulates challenge failure errors, printed if all fail
-	errs := make(map[*acme.Challenge]error)
-	challengeTypes := m.supportedChallengeTypes()
-	var nextTyp int // challengeType index of the next challenge type to try
-	for {
-		// Start domain authorization and get the challenge.
-		authz, err := client.Authorize(ctx, domain)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		authzURLs = append(authzURLs, authz.URI)
-		// No point in accepting challenges if the authorization status
-		// is in a final state.
-		switch authz.Status {
-		case acme.StatusValid:
-			return nil // already authorized
-		case acme.StatusInvalid:
-			return fmt.Errorf("acme/autocert: invalid authorization %q", authz.URI)
-		}
-
-		// Pick the next preferred challenge.
-		var chal *acme.Challenge
-		for chal == nil && nextTyp < len(challengeTypes) {
-			chal = pickChallenge(challengeTypes[nextTyp], authz.Challenges)
-			nextTyp++
-		}
-		if chal == nil {
-			errorMsg := fmt.Sprintf("acme/autocert: unable to authorize %q", domain)
-			for chal, err := range errs {
-				errorMsg += fmt.Sprintf("; challenge %q failed with error: %v", chal.Type, err)
-			}
-			return errors.New(errorMsg)
-		}
-		cleanup, err := m.fulfill(ctx, client, chal, domain)
-		if err != nil {
-			errs[chal] = err
-			continue
-		}
-		defer cleanup()
-		if _, err := client.Accept(ctx, chal); err != nil {
-			errs[chal] = err
-			continue
-		}
-
-		// A challenge is fulfilled and accepted: wait for the CA to validate.
-		if _, err := client.WaitAuthorization(ctx, authz.URI); err != nil {
-			errs[chal] = err
-			continue
-		}
-		return nil
-	}
-}
-
 // verifyRFC runs the identifier (domain) order-based authorization flow for RFC compliant CAs
 // using each applicable ACME challenge type.
 func (m *Manager) verifyRFC(ctx context.Context, client *acme.Client, domain string) (*acme.Order, error) {
@@ -966,7 +899,7 @@ func httpTokenCacheKey(tokenPath string) string {
 	return path.Base(tokenPath) + "+http-01"
 }
 
-// renew starts a cert renewal timer loop, one per domain.
+// startRenew starts a cert renewal timer loop, one per domain.
 //
 // The loop is scheduled in two cases:
 // - a cert was fetched from cache for the first time (wasn't in m.state)
@@ -974,7 +907,7 @@ func httpTokenCacheKey(tokenPath string) string {
 //
 // The key argument is a certificate private key.
 // The exp argument is the cert expiration time (NotAfter).
-func (m *Manager) renew(ck certKey, key crypto.Signer, exp time.Time) {
+func (m *Manager) startRenew(ck certKey, key crypto.Signer, exp time.Time) {
 	m.renewalMu.Lock()
 	defer m.renewalMu.Unlock()
 	if m.renewal[ck] != nil {
@@ -1068,7 +1001,7 @@ func (m *Manager) acmeClient(ctx context.Context) (*acme.Client, error) {
 	if m.Email != "" {
 		contact = []string{"mailto:" + m.Email}
 	}
-	a := &acme.Account{Contact: contact}
+	a := &acme.Account{Contact: contact, ExternalAccountBinding: m.ExternalAccountBinding}
 	_, err := client.Register(ctx, a, m.Prompt)
 	if err == nil || isAccountAlreadyExist(err) {
 		m.client = client
@@ -1133,11 +1066,11 @@ func (s *certState) tlscert() (*tls.Certificate, error) {
 	}, nil
 }
 
-// certRequest generates a CSR for the given common name cn and optional SANs.
-func certRequest(key crypto.Signer, cn string, ext []pkix.Extension, san ...string) ([]byte, error) {
+// certRequest generates a CSR for the given common name.
+func certRequest(key crypto.Signer, name string, ext []pkix.Extension) ([]byte, error) {
 	req := &x509.CertificateRequest{
-		Subject:         pkix.Name{CommonName: cn},
-		DNSNames:        san,
+		Subject:         pkix.Name{CommonName: name},
+		DNSNames:        []string{name},
 		ExtraExtensions: ext,
 	}
 	return x509.CreateCertificateRequest(rand.Reader, req, key)
@@ -1200,6 +1133,10 @@ func validCert(ck certKey, der [][]byte, key crypto.Signer, now time.Time) (leaf
 	if err := leaf.VerifyHostname(ck.domain); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	// renew certificates revoked by Let's Encrypt in January 2022
+	if isRevokedLetsEncrypt(leaf) {
+		return nil, errors.New("acme/autocert: certificate was probably revoked by Let's Encrypt")
+	}
 	// ensure the leaf corresponds to the private key and matches the certKey type
 	switch pub := leaf.PublicKey.(type) {
 	case *rsa.PublicKey:
@@ -1230,6 +1167,18 @@ func validCert(ck certKey, der [][]byte, key crypto.Signer, now time.Time) (leaf
 	return leaf, nil
 }
 
+// https://community.letsencrypt.org/t/2022-01-25-issue-with-tls-alpn-01-validation-method/170450
+var letsEncryptFixDeployTime = time.Date(2022, time.January, 26, 00, 48, 0, 0, time.UTC)
+
+// isRevokedLetsEncrypt returns whether the certificate is likely to be part of
+// a batch of certificates revoked by Let's Encrypt in January 2022. This check
+// can be safely removed from May 2022.
+func isRevokedLetsEncrypt(cert *x509.Certificate) bool {
+	O := cert.Issuer.Organization
+	return len(O) == 1 && O[0] == "Let's Encrypt" &&
+		cert.NotBefore.Before(letsEncryptFixDeployTime)
+}
+
 type lockedMathRand struct {
 	sync.Mutex
 	rnd *mathrand.Rand

acme/autocert/cache.go

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ package autocert
 import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 )
@@ -41,14 +40,14 @@ type DirCache string
 
 // Get reads a certificate data from the specified file name.
 func (d DirCache) Get(ctx context.Context, name string) ([]byte, error) {
-	name = filepath.Join(string(d), name)
+	name = filepath.Join(string(d), filepath.Clean("/"+name))
 	var (
 		data []byte
 		err  error
 		done = make(chan struct{})
 	)
 	go func() {
-		data, err = ioutil.ReadFile(name)
+		data, err = os.ReadFile(name)
 		close(done)
 	}()
 	select {
@@ -82,7 +81,7 @@ func (d DirCache) Put(ctx context.Context, name string, data []byte) error {
 		case <-ctx.Done():
 			// Don't overwrite the file if the context was canceled.
 		default:
-			newName := filepath.Join(string(d), name)
+			newName := filepath.Join(string(d), filepath.Clean("/"+name))
 			err = os.Rename(tmp, newName)
 		}
 	}()
@@ -96,7 +95,7 @@ func (d DirCache) Put(ctx context.Context, name string, data []byte) error {
 
 // Delete removes the specified file name.
 func (d DirCache) Delete(ctx context.Context, name string) error {
-	name = filepath.Join(string(d), name)
+	name = filepath.Join(string(d), filepath.Clean("/"+name))
 	var (
 		err  error
 		done = make(chan struct{})
@@ -119,7 +118,7 @@ func (d DirCache) Delete(ctx context.Context, name string) error {
 // writeTempFile writes b to a temporary file, closes the file and returns its path.
 func (d DirCache) writeTempFile(prefix string, b []byte) (name string, reterr error) {
 	// TempFile uses 0600 permissions
-	f, err := ioutil.TempFile(string(d), prefix)
+	f, err := os.CreateTemp(string(d), prefix)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}

acme/autocert/cache_test.go

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ package autocert
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"reflect"
@@ -17,7 +16,7 @@ import (
 var _ Cache = DirCache("/")
 
 func TestDirCache(t *testing.T) {
-	dir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "autocert")
+	dir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", "autocert")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}

acme/autocert/example_test.go

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ func ExampleManager() {
 	m := &autocert.Manager{
 		Cache:      autocert.DirCache("secret-dir"),
 		Prompt:     autocert.AcceptTOS,
+		Email:      "example@example.org",
 		HostPolicy: autocert.HostWhitelist("example.org", "www.example.org"),
 	}
 	s := &http.Server{

acme/autocert/internal/acmetest/ca.go

@@ -8,27 +8,30 @@
 package acmetest
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"crypto"
 	"crypto/ecdsa"
 	"crypto/elliptic"
 	"crypto/rand"
+	"crypto/rsa"
 	"crypto/tls"
 	"crypto/x509"
 	"crypto/x509/pkix"
+	"encoding/asn1"
 	"encoding/base64"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"encoding/pem"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"log"
 	"math/big"
+	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"path"
-	"sort"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
+	"testing"
 	"time"
 
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/acme"
@@ -36,56 +39,65 @@ import (
 
 // CAServer is a simple test server which implements ACME spec bits needed for testing.
 type CAServer struct {
-	URL   string         // server URL after it has been started
-	Roots *x509.CertPool // CA root certificates; initialized in NewCAServer
-
 	rootKey      crypto.Signer
 	rootCert     []byte // DER encoding
 	rootTemplate *x509.Certificate
 
-	server           *httptest.Server
-	challengeTypes   []string // supported challenge types
-	domainsWhitelist []string // only these domains are valid for issuing, unless empty
+	t              *testing.T
+	server         *httptest.Server
+	issuer         pkix.Name
+	challengeTypes []string
+	url            string
+	roots          *x509.CertPool
+	eabRequired    bool
 
 	mu             sync.Mutex
-	certCount      int                       // number of issued certs
-	domainAddr     map[string]string         // domain name to addr:port resolution
-	authorizations map[string]*authorization // keyed by domain name
-	orders         []*order                  // index is used as order ID
-	errors         []error                   // encountered client errors
+	certCount      int                           // number of issued certs
+	acctRegistered bool                          // set once an account has been registered
+	domainAddr     map[string]string             // domain name to addr:port resolution
+	domainGetCert  map[string]getCertificateFunc // domain name to GetCertificate function
+	domainHandler  map[string]http.Handler       // domain name to Handle function
+	validAuthz     map[string]*authorization     // valid authz, keyed by domain name
+	authorizations []*authorization              // all authz, index is used as ID
+	orders         []*order                      // index is used as order ID
+	errors         []error                       // encountered client errors
 }
 
-// NewCAServer creates a new ACME test server and starts serving requests.
-// The returned CAServer issues certs signed with the CA roots
-// available in the Roots field.
-//
-// The challengeTypes argument defines the supported ACME challenge types
-// sent to a client in a response for a domain authorization.
-// If domainsWhitelist is non-empty, the certs will be issued only for the specified
-// list of domains. Otherwise, any domain name is allowed.
-func NewCAServer(challengeTypes []string, domainsWhitelist []string) *CAServer {
-	var whitelist []string
-	for _, name := range domainsWhitelist {
-		whitelist = append(whitelist, name)
-	}
-	sort.Strings(whitelist)
-	ca := &CAServer{
-		challengeTypes:   challengeTypes,
-		domainsWhitelist: whitelist,
-		domainAddr:       make(map[string]string),
-		authorizations:   make(map[string]*authorization),
+type getCertificateFunc func(hello *tls.ClientHelloInfo) (*tls.Certificate, error)
+
+// NewCAServer creates a new ACME test server. The returned CAServer issues
+// certs signed with the CA roots available in the Roots field.
+func NewCAServer(t *testing.T) *CAServer {
+	ca := &CAServer{t: t,
+		challengeTypes: []string{"fake-01", "tls-alpn-01", "http-01"},
+		domainAddr:     make(map[string]string),
+		domainGetCert:  make(map[string]getCertificateFunc),
+		domainHandler:  make(map[string]http.Handler),
+		validAuthz:     make(map[string]*authorization),
 	}
 
+	ca.server = httptest.NewUnstartedServer(http.HandlerFunc(ca.handle))
+
+	r, err := rand.Int(rand.Reader, big.NewInt(1000000))
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("rand.Int: %v", err))
+	}
+	ca.issuer = pkix.Name{
+		Organization: []string{"Test Acme Co"},
+		CommonName:   "Root CA " + r.String(),
+	}
+
+	return ca
+}
+
+func (ca *CAServer) generateRoot() {
 	key, err := ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader)
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("ecdsa.GenerateKey: %v", err))
 	}
 	tmpl := &x509.Certificate{
-		SerialNumber: big.NewInt(1),
-		Subject: pkix.Name{
-			Organization: []string{"Test Acme Co"},
-			CommonName:   "Root CA",
-		},
+		SerialNumber:          big.NewInt(1),
+		Subject:               ca.issuer,
 		NotBefore:             time.Now(),
 		NotAfter:              time.Now().Add(365 * 24 * time.Hour),
 		KeyUsage:              x509.KeyUsageCertSign,
@@ -100,40 +112,96 @@ func NewCAServer(challengeTypes []string, domainsWhitelist []string) *CAServer {
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("x509.ParseCertificate: %v", err))
 	}
-	ca.Roots = x509.NewCertPool()
-	ca.Roots.AddCert(cert)
+	ca.roots = x509.NewCertPool()
+	ca.roots.AddCert(cert)
 	ca.rootKey = key
 	ca.rootCert = der
 	ca.rootTemplate = tmpl
+}
 
-	ca.server = httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(ca.handle))
-	ca.URL = ca.server.URL
+// IssuerName sets the name of the issuing CA.
+func (ca *CAServer) IssuerName(name pkix.Name) *CAServer {
+	if ca.url != "" {
+		panic("IssuerName must be called before Start")
+	}
+	ca.issuer = name
 	return ca
 }
 
-// Close shuts down the server and blocks until all outstanding
-// requests on this server have completed.
-func (ca *CAServer) Close() {
-	ca.server.Close()
+// ChallengeTypes sets the supported challenge types.
+func (ca *CAServer) ChallengeTypes(types ...string) *CAServer {
+	if ca.url != "" {
+		panic("ChallengeTypes must be called before Start")
+	}
+	ca.challengeTypes = types
+	return ca
+}
+
+// URL returns the server address, after Start has been called.
+func (ca *CAServer) URL() string {
+	if ca.url == "" {
+		panic("URL called before Start")
+	}
+	return ca.url
+}
+
+// Roots returns a pool cointaining the CA root.
+func (ca *CAServer) Roots() *x509.CertPool {
+	if ca.url == "" {
+		panic("Roots called before Start")
+	}
+	return ca.roots
+}
+
+// ExternalAccountRequired makes an EAB JWS required for account registration.
+func (ca *CAServer) ExternalAccountRequired() *CAServer {
+	if ca.url != "" {
+		panic("ExternalAccountRequired must be called before Start")
+	}
+	ca.eabRequired = true
+	return ca
+}
+
+// Start starts serving requests. The server address becomes available in the
+// URL field.
+func (ca *CAServer) Start() *CAServer {
+	if ca.url == "" {
+		ca.generateRoot()
+		ca.server.Start()
+		ca.t.Cleanup(ca.server.Close)
+		ca.url = ca.server.URL
+	}
+	return ca
 }
 
 func (ca *CAServer) serverURL(format string, arg ...interface{}) string {
 	return ca.server.URL + fmt.Sprintf(format, arg...)
 }
 
-func (ca *CAServer) addr(domain string) (string, error) {
+func (ca *CAServer) addr(domain string) (string, bool) {
 	ca.mu.Lock()
 	defer ca.mu.Unlock()
 	addr, ok := ca.domainAddr[domain]
-	if !ok {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("CAServer: no addr resolution for %q", domain)
-	}
-	return addr, nil
+	return addr, ok
+}
+
+func (ca *CAServer) getCert(domain string) (getCertificateFunc, bool) {
+	ca.mu.Lock()
+	defer ca.mu.Unlock()
+	f, ok := ca.domainGetCert[domain]
+	return f, ok
+}
+
+func (ca *CAServer) getHandler(domain string) (http.Handler, bool) {
+	ca.mu.Lock()
+	defer ca.mu.Unlock()
+	h, ok := ca.domainHandler[domain]
+	return h, ok
 }
 
 func (ca *CAServer) httpErrorf(w http.ResponseWriter, code int, format string, a ...interface{}) {
 	s := fmt.Sprintf(format, a...)
-	log.Println(s)
+	ca.t.Errorf(format, a...)
 	http.Error(w, s, code)
 }
 
@@ -145,11 +213,33 @@ func (ca *CAServer) Resolve(domain, addr string) {
 	ca.domainAddr[domain] = addr
 }
 
+// ResolveGetCertificate redirects TLS connections for domain to f when
+// validating challenges for the domain authorization.
+func (ca *CAServer) ResolveGetCertificate(domain string, f getCertificateFunc) {
+	ca.mu.Lock()
+	defer ca.mu.Unlock()
+	ca.domainGetCert[domain] = f
+}
+
+// ResolveHandler redirects HTTP requests for domain to f when
+// validating challenges for the domain authorization.
+func (ca *CAServer) ResolveHandler(domain string, h http.Handler) {
+	ca.mu.Lock()
+	defer ca.mu.Unlock()
+	ca.domainHandler[domain] = h
+}
+
 type discovery struct {
-	NewNonce string `json:"newNonce"`
-	NewReg   string `json:"newAccount"`
-	NewOrder string `json:"newOrder"`
-	NewAuthz string `json:"newAuthz"`
+	NewNonce   string `json:"newNonce"`
+	NewAccount string `json:"newAccount"`
+	NewOrder   string `json:"newOrder"`
+	NewAuthz   string `json:"newAuthz"`
+
+	Meta discoveryMeta `json:"meta,omitempty"`
+}
+
+type discoveryMeta struct {
+	ExternalAccountRequired bool `json:"externalAccountRequired,omitempty"`
 }
 
 type challenge struct {
@@ -163,6 +253,7 @@ type authorization struct {
 	Challenges []challenge `json:"challenges"`
 
 	domain string
+	id     int
 }
 
 type order struct {
@@ -175,7 +266,7 @@ type order struct {
 }
 
 func (ca *CAServer) handle(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-	log.Printf("%s %s", r.Method, r.URL)
+	ca.t.Logf("%s %s", r.Method, r.URL)
 	w.Header().Set("Replay-Nonce", "nonce")
 	// TODO: Verify nonce header for all POST requests.
 
@@ -186,10 +277,12 @@ func (ca *CAServer) handle(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	// Discovery request.
 	case r.URL.Path == "/":
 		resp := &discovery{
-			NewNonce: ca.serverURL("/new-nonce"),
-			NewReg:   ca.serverURL("/new-reg"),
-			NewOrder: ca.serverURL("/new-order"),
-			NewAuthz: ca.serverURL("/new-authz"),
+			NewNonce:   ca.serverURL("/new-nonce"),
+			NewAccount: ca.serverURL("/new-account"),
+			NewOrder:   ca.serverURL("/new-order"),
+			Meta: discoveryMeta{
+				ExternalAccountRequired: ca.eabRequired,
+			},
 		}
 		if err := json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(resp); err != nil {
 			panic(fmt.Sprintf("discovery response: %v", err))
@@ -201,7 +294,29 @@ func (ca *CAServer) handle(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		return
 
 	// Client key registration request.
-	case r.URL.Path == "/new-reg":
+	case r.URL.Path == "/new-account":
+		ca.mu.Lock()
+		defer ca.mu.Unlock()
+		if ca.acctRegistered {
+			ca.httpErrorf(w, http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "multiple accounts are not implemented")
+			return
+		}
+		ca.acctRegistered = true
+
+		var req struct {
+			ExternalAccountBinding json.RawMessage
+		}
+
+		if err := decodePayload(&req, r.Body); err != nil {
+			ca.httpErrorf(w, http.StatusBadRequest, err.Error())
+			return
+		}
+
+		if ca.eabRequired && len(req.ExternalAccountBinding) == 0 {
+			ca.httpErrorf(w, http.StatusBadRequest, "registration failed: no JWS for EAB")
+			return
+		}
+
 		// TODO: Check the user account key against a ca.accountKeys?
 		w.Header().Set("Location", ca.serverURL("/accounts/1"))
 		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusCreated)
@@ -221,7 +336,7 @@ func (ca *CAServer) handle(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		o := &order{Status: acme.StatusPending}
 		for _, id := range req.Identifiers {
 			z := ca.authz(id.Value)
-			o.AuthzURLs = append(o.AuthzURLs, ca.serverURL("/authz/%s", z.domain))
+			o.AuthzURLs = append(o.AuthzURLs, ca.serverURL("/authz/%d", z.id))
 		}
 		orderID := len(ca.orders)
 		ca.orders = append(ca.orders, o)
@@ -244,49 +359,50 @@ func (ca *CAServer) handle(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 			panic(err)
 		}
 
-	// Identifier authorization request.
-	case r.URL.Path == "/new-authz":
-		var req struct {
-			Identifier struct{ Value string }
-		}
-		if err := decodePayload(&req, r.Body); err != nil {
-			ca.httpErrorf(w, http.StatusBadRequest, err.Error())
-			return
-		}
+	// Accept challenge requests.
+	case strings.HasPrefix(r.URL.Path, "/challenge/"):
+		parts := strings.Split(r.URL.Path, "/")
+		typ, id := parts[len(parts)-2], parts[len(parts)-1]
 		ca.mu.Lock()
-		defer ca.mu.Unlock()
-		z := ca.authz(req.Identifier.Value)
-		w.Header().Set("Location", ca.serverURL("/authz/%s", z.domain))
-		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusCreated)
-		if err := json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(z); err != nil {
-			panic(fmt.Sprintf("new authz response: %v", err))
+		supported := false
+		for _, suppTyp := range ca.challengeTypes {
+			if suppTyp == typ {
+				supported = true
+			}
 		}
-
-	// Accept tls-alpn-01 challenge type requests.
-	case strings.HasPrefix(r.URL.Path, "/challenge/tls-alpn-01/"):
-		domain := strings.TrimPrefix(r.URL.Path, "/challenge/tls-alpn-01/")
-		ca.mu.Lock()
-		_, exist := ca.authorizations[domain]
+		a, err := ca.storedAuthz(id)
 		ca.mu.Unlock()
-		if !exist {
-			ca.httpErrorf(w, http.StatusBadRequest, "challenge accept: no authz for %q", domain)
+		if !supported {
+			ca.httpErrorf(w, http.StatusBadRequest, "unsupported challenge: %v", typ)
 			return
 		}
-		go ca.validateChallenge("tls-alpn-01", domain)
+		if err != nil {
+			ca.httpErrorf(w, http.StatusBadRequest, "challenge accept: %v", err)
+			return
+		}
+		ca.validateChallenge(a, typ)
 		w.Write([]byte("{}"))
 
 	// Get authorization status requests.
 	case strings.HasPrefix(r.URL.Path, "/authz/"):
-		domain := strings.TrimPrefix(r.URL.Path, "/authz/")
+		var req struct{ Status string }
+		decodePayload(&req, r.Body)
+		deactivate := req.Status == "deactivated"
 		ca.mu.Lock()
 		defer ca.mu.Unlock()
-		authz, ok := ca.authorizations[domain]
-		if !ok {
-			ca.httpErrorf(w, http.StatusNotFound, "no authz for %q", domain)
+		authz, err := ca.storedAuthz(strings.TrimPrefix(r.URL.Path, "/authz/"))
+		if err != nil {
+			ca.httpErrorf(w, http.StatusNotFound, "%v", err)
 			return
 		}
+		if deactivate {
+			// Note we don't invalidate authorized orders as we should.
+			authz.Status = "deactivated"
+			ca.t.Logf("authz %d is now %s", authz.id, authz.Status)
+			ca.updatePendingOrders()
+		}
 		if err := json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(authz); err != nil {
-			panic(fmt.Sprintf("get authz for %q response: %v", domain, err))
+			panic(fmt.Sprintf("encoding authz %d: %v", authz.id, err))
 		}
 
 	// Certificate issuance request.
@@ -314,15 +430,6 @@ func (ca *CAServer) handle(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 			ca.httpErrorf(w, http.StatusBadRequest, err.Error())
 			return
 		}
-		names := unique(append(csr.DNSNames, csr.Subject.CommonName))
-		if err := ca.matchWhitelist(names); err != nil {
-			ca.httpErrorf(w, http.StatusUnauthorized, err.Error())
-			return
-		}
-		if err := ca.authorized(names); err != nil {
-			ca.httpErrorf(w, http.StatusUnauthorized, err.Error())
-			return
-		}
 		// Issue the certificate.
 		der, err := ca.leafCert(csr)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -355,25 +462,6 @@ func (ca *CAServer) handle(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	}
 }
 
-// matchWhitelist reports whether all dnsNames are whitelisted.
-// The whitelist is provided in NewCAServer.
-func (ca *CAServer) matchWhitelist(dnsNames []string) error {
-	if len(ca.domainsWhitelist) == 0 {
-		return nil
-	}
-	var nomatch []string
-	for _, name := range dnsNames {
-		i := sort.SearchStrings(ca.domainsWhitelist, name)
-		if i == len(ca.domainsWhitelist) || ca.domainsWhitelist[i] != name {
-			nomatch = append(nomatch, name)
-		}
-	}
-	if len(nomatch) > 0 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("matchWhitelist: some domains don't match: %q", nomatch)
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
 // storedOrder retrieves a previously created order at index i.
 // It requires ca.mu to be locked.
 func (ca *CAServer) storedOrder(i string) (*order, error) {
@@ -387,46 +475,50 @@ func (ca *CAServer) storedOrder(i string) (*order, error) {
 	if idx > len(ca.orders)-1 {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("storedOrder: no such order %d", idx)
 	}
+
+	ca.updatePendingOrders()
 	return ca.orders[idx], nil
 }
 
-// authz returns an existing authorization for the identifier or creates a new one.
+// storedAuthz retrieves a previously created authz at index i.
 // It requires ca.mu to be locked.
+func (ca *CAServer) storedAuthz(i string) (*authorization, error) {
+	idx, err := strconv.Atoi(i)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("storedAuthz: %v", err)
+	}
+	if idx < 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("storedAuthz: invalid authz index %d", idx)
+	}
+	if idx > len(ca.authorizations)-1 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("storedAuthz: no such authz %d", idx)
+	}
+	return ca.authorizations[idx], nil
+}
+
+// authz returns an existing valid authorization for the identifier or creates a
+// new one. It requires ca.mu to be locked.
 func (ca *CAServer) authz(identifier string) *authorization {
-	authz, ok := ca.authorizations[identifier]
+	authz, ok := ca.validAuthz[identifier]
 	if !ok {
+		authzId := len(ca.authorizations)
 		authz = &authorization{
+			id:     authzId,
 			domain: identifier,
 			Status: acme.StatusPending,
 		}
 		for _, typ := range ca.challengeTypes {
 			authz.Challenges = append(authz.Challenges, challenge{
 				Type:  typ,
-				URI:   ca.serverURL("/challenge/%s/%s", typ, authz.domain),
-				Token: challengeToken(authz.domain, typ),
+				URI:   ca.serverURL("/challenge/%s/%d", typ, authzId),
+				Token: challengeToken(authz.domain, typ, authzId),
 			})
 		}
-		ca.authorizations[authz.domain] = authz
+		ca.authorizations = append(ca.authorizations, authz)
 	}
 	return authz
 }
 
-// authorized reports whether all authorizations for dnsNames have been satisfied.
-// It requires ca.mu to be locked.
-func (ca *CAServer) authorized(dnsNames []string) error {
-	var noauthz []string
-	for _, name := range dnsNames {
-		authz, ok := ca.authorizations[name]
-		if !ok || authz.Status != acme.StatusValid {
-			noauthz = append(noauthz, name)
-		}
-	}
-	if len(noauthz) > 0 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("CAServer: no authz for %q", noauthz)
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
 // leafCert issues a new certificate.
 // It requires ca.mu to be locked.
 func (ca *CAServer) leafCert(csr *x509.CertificateRequest) (der []byte, err error) {
@@ -447,79 +539,231 @@ func (ca *CAServer) leafCert(csr *x509.CertificateRequest) (der []byte, err erro
 	return x509.CreateCertificate(rand.Reader, leaf, ca.rootTemplate, csr.PublicKey, ca.rootKey)
 }
 
-// TODO: Only tls-alpn-01 is currently supported: implement http-01 and dns-01.
-func (ca *CAServer) validateChallenge(typ, identifier string) {
+// LeafCert issues a leaf certificate.
+func (ca *CAServer) LeafCert(name, keyType string, notBefore, notAfter time.Time) *tls.Certificate {
+	if ca.url == "" {
+		panic("LeafCert called before Start")
+	}
+
+	ca.mu.Lock()
+	defer ca.mu.Unlock()
+	var pk crypto.Signer
+	switch keyType {
+	case "RSA":
+		var err error
+		pk, err = rsa.GenerateKey(rand.Reader, 1024)
+		if err != nil {
+			ca.t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	case "ECDSA":
+		var err error
+		pk, err = ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader)
+		if err != nil {
+			ca.t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	default:
+		panic("LeafCert: unknown key type")
+	}
+	ca.certCount++ // next leaf cert serial number
+	leaf := &x509.Certificate{
+		SerialNumber:          big.NewInt(int64(ca.certCount)),
+		Subject:               pkix.Name{Organization: []string{"Test Acme Co"}},
+		NotBefore:             notBefore,
+		NotAfter:              notAfter,
+		KeyUsage:              x509.KeyUsageDigitalSignature | x509.KeyUsageKeyEncipherment,
+		ExtKeyUsage:           []x509.ExtKeyUsage{x509.ExtKeyUsageServerAuth},
+		DNSNames:              []string{name},
+		BasicConstraintsValid: true,
+	}
+	der, err := x509.CreateCertificate(rand.Reader, leaf, ca.rootTemplate, pk.Public(), ca.rootKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		ca.t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	return &tls.Certificate{
+		Certificate: [][]byte{der},
+		PrivateKey:  pk,
+	}
+}
+
+func (ca *CAServer) validateChallenge(authz *authorization, typ string) {
 	var err error
 	switch typ {
 	case "tls-alpn-01":
-		err = ca.verifyALPNChallenge(identifier)
+		err = ca.verifyALPNChallenge(authz)
+	case "http-01":
+		err = ca.verifyHTTPChallenge(authz)
 	default:
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("validation of %q is not implemented", typ))
 	}
 	ca.mu.Lock()
 	defer ca.mu.Unlock()
-	authz := ca.authorizations[identifier]
 	if err != nil {
 		authz.Status = "invalid"
 	} else {
 		authz.Status = "valid"
+		ca.validAuthz[authz.domain] = authz
 	}
-	log.Printf("validated %q for %q; authz status is now: %s", typ, identifier, authz.Status)
+	ca.t.Logf("validated %q for %q, err: %v", typ, authz.domain, err)
+	ca.t.Logf("authz %d is now %s", authz.id, authz.Status)
+
+	ca.updatePendingOrders()
+}
+
+func (ca *CAServer) updatePendingOrders() {
 	// Update all pending orders.
 	// An order becomes "ready" if all authorizations are "valid".
 	// An order becomes "invalid" if any authorization is "invalid".
 	// Status changes: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8555#section-7.1.6
-OrdersLoop:
 	for i, o := range ca.orders {
 		if o.Status != acme.StatusPending {
 			continue
 		}
-		var countValid int
-		for _, zurl := range o.AuthzURLs {
-			z, ok := ca.authorizations[path.Base(zurl)]
-			if !ok {
-				log.Printf("no authz %q for order %d", zurl, i)
-				continue OrdersLoop
-			}
-			if z.Status == acme.StatusInvalid {
-				o.Status = acme.StatusInvalid
-				log.Printf("order %d is now invalid", i)
-				continue OrdersLoop
-			}
-			if z.Status == acme.StatusValid {
-				countValid++
-			}
+
+		countValid, countInvalid := ca.validateAuthzURLs(o.AuthzURLs, i)
+		if countInvalid > 0 {
+			o.Status = acme.StatusInvalid
+			ca.t.Logf("order %d is now invalid", i)
+			continue
 		}
 		if countValid == len(o.AuthzURLs) {
 			o.Status = acme.StatusReady
 			o.FinalizeURL = ca.serverURL("/new-cert/%d", i)
-			log.Printf("order %d is now ready", i)
+			ca.t.Logf("order %d is now ready", i)
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-func (ca *CAServer) verifyALPNChallenge(domain string) error {
+func (ca *CAServer) validateAuthzURLs(urls []string, orderNum int) (countValid, countInvalid int) {
+	for _, zurl := range urls {
+		z, err := ca.storedAuthz(path.Base(zurl))
+		if err != nil {
+			ca.t.Logf("no authz %q for order %d", zurl, orderNum)
+			continue
+		}
+		if z.Status == acme.StatusInvalid {
+			countInvalid++
+		}
+		if z.Status == acme.StatusValid {
+			countValid++
+		}
+	}
+	return countValid, countInvalid
+}
+
+func (ca *CAServer) verifyALPNChallenge(a *authorization) error {
 	const acmeALPNProto = "acme-tls/1"
 
-	addr, err := ca.addr(domain)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
+	addr, haveAddr := ca.addr(a.domain)
+	getCert, haveGetCert := ca.getCert(a.domain)
+	if !haveAddr && !haveGetCert {
+		return fmt.Errorf("no resolution information for %q", a.domain)
 	}
-	conn, err := tls.Dial("tcp", addr, &tls.Config{
-		ServerName:         domain,
-		InsecureSkipVerify: true,
-		NextProtos:         []string{acmeALPNProto},
-	})
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
+	if haveAddr && haveGetCert {
+		return fmt.Errorf("overlapping resolution information for %q", a.domain)
 	}
-	if v := conn.ConnectionState().NegotiatedProtocol; v != acmeALPNProto {
-		return fmt.Errorf("CAServer: verifyALPNChallenge: negotiated proto is %q; want %q", v, acmeALPNProto)
+
+	var crt *x509.Certificate
+	switch {
+	case haveAddr:
+		conn, err := tls.Dial("tcp", addr, &tls.Config{
+			ServerName:         a.domain,
+			InsecureSkipVerify: true,
+			NextProtos:         []string{acmeALPNProto},
+			MinVersion:         tls.VersionTLS12,
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if v := conn.ConnectionState().NegotiatedProtocol; v != acmeALPNProto {
+			return fmt.Errorf("CAServer: verifyALPNChallenge: negotiated proto is %q; want %q", v, acmeALPNProto)
+		}
+		if n := len(conn.ConnectionState().PeerCertificates); n != 1 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("len(PeerCertificates) = %d; want 1", n)
+		}
+		crt = conn.ConnectionState().PeerCertificates[0]
+	case haveGetCert:
+		hello := &tls.ClientHelloInfo{
+			ServerName: a.domain,
+			// TODO: support selecting ECDSA.
+			CipherSuites:      []uint16{tls.TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305},
+			SupportedProtos:   []string{acme.ALPNProto},
+			SupportedVersions: []uint16{tls.VersionTLS12},
+		}
+		c, err := getCert(hello)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		crt, err = x509.ParseCertificate(c.Certificate[0])
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 	}
-	if n := len(conn.ConnectionState().PeerCertificates); n != 1 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("len(PeerCertificates) = %d; want 1", n)
+
+	if err := crt.VerifyHostname(a.domain); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("verifyALPNChallenge: VerifyHostname: %v", err)
+	}
+	// See RFC 8737, Section 6.1.
+	oid := asn1.ObjectIdentifier{1, 3, 6, 1, 5, 5, 7, 1, 31}
+	for _, x := range crt.Extensions {
+		if x.Id.Equal(oid) {
+			// TODO: check the token.
+			return nil
+		}
+	}
+	return fmt.Errorf("verifyTokenCert: no id-pe-acmeIdentifier extension found")
+}
+
+func (ca *CAServer) verifyHTTPChallenge(a *authorization) error {
+	addr, haveAddr := ca.addr(a.domain)
+	handler, haveHandler := ca.getHandler(a.domain)
+	if !haveAddr && !haveHandler {
+		return fmt.Errorf("no resolution information for %q", a.domain)
+	}
+	if haveAddr && haveHandler {
+		return fmt.Errorf("overlapping resolution information for %q", a.domain)
+	}
+
+	token := challengeToken(a.domain, "http-01", a.id)
+	path := "/.well-known/acme-challenge/" + token
+
+	var body string
+	switch {
+	case haveAddr:
+		t := &http.Transport{
+			DialContext: func(ctx context.Context, network, _ string) (net.Conn, error) {
+				return (&net.Dialer{}).DialContext(ctx, network, addr)
+			},
+		}
+		req, err := http.NewRequest("GET", "http://"+a.domain+path, nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		res, err := t.RoundTrip(req)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if res.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+			return fmt.Errorf("http token: w.Code = %d; want %d", res.StatusCode, http.StatusOK)
+		}
+		b, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		body = string(b)
+	case haveHandler:
+		r := httptest.NewRequest("GET", path, nil)
+		r.Host = a.domain
+		w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+		handler.ServeHTTP(w, r)
+		if w.Code != http.StatusOK {
+			return fmt.Errorf("http token: w.Code = %d; want %d", w.Code, http.StatusOK)
+		}
+		body = w.Body.String()
+	}
+
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(body, token) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("http token value = %q; want 'token-http-01.' prefix", body)
 	}
-	// TODO: verify conn.ConnectionState().PeerCertificates[0]
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -535,8 +779,8 @@ func decodePayload(v interface{}, r io.Reader) error {
 	return json.Unmarshal(payload, v)
 }
 
-func challengeToken(domain, challType string) string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("token-%s-%s", domain, challType)
+func challengeToken(domain, challType string, authzID int) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("token-%s-%s-%d", domain, challType, authzID)
 }
 
 func unique(a []string) []string {

acme/autocert/listener.go

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ import (
 //
 // It enables one-line HTTPS servers:
 //
-//     log.Fatal(http.Serve(autocert.NewListener("example.com"), handler))
+//	log.Fatal(http.Serve(autocert.NewListener("example.com"), handler))
 //
 // NewListener is a convenience function for a common configuration.
 // More complex or custom configurations can use the autocert.Manager
@@ -72,7 +72,6 @@ func NewListener(domains ...string) net.Listener {
 // the Manager m's Prompt, Cache, HostPolicy, and other desired options.
 func (m *Manager) Listener() net.Listener {
 	ln := &listener{
-		m:    m,
 		conf: m.TLSConfig(),
 	}
 	ln.tcpListener, ln.tcpListenErr = net.Listen("tcp", ":443")
@@ -80,7 +79,6 @@ func (m *Manager) Listener() net.Listener {
 }
 
 type listener struct {
-	m    *Manager
 	conf *tls.Config
 
 	tcpListener  net.Listener

acme/autocert/renewal.go

@@ -21,8 +21,9 @@ type domainRenewal struct {
 	ck  certKey
 	key crypto.Signer
 
-	timerMu sync.Mutex
-	timer   *time.Timer
+	timerMu    sync.Mutex
+	timer      *time.Timer
+	timerClose chan struct{} // if non-nil, renew closes this channel (and nils out the timer fields) instead of running
 }
 
 // start starts a cert renewal timer at the time
@@ -38,16 +39,28 @@ func (dr *domainRenewal) start(exp time.Time) {
 	dr.timer = time.AfterFunc(dr.next(exp), dr.renew)
 }
 
-// stop stops the cert renewal timer.
-// If the timer is already stopped, calling stop is a noop.
+// stop stops the cert renewal timer and waits for any in-flight calls to renew
+// to complete. If the timer is already stopped, calling stop is a noop.
 func (dr *domainRenewal) stop() {
 	dr.timerMu.Lock()
 	defer dr.timerMu.Unlock()
-	if dr.timer == nil {
-		return
+	for {
+		if dr.timer == nil {
+			return
+		}
+		if dr.timer.Stop() {
+			dr.timer = nil
+			return
+		} else {
+			// dr.timer fired, and we acquired dr.timerMu before the renew callback did.
+			// (We know this because otherwise the renew callback would have reset dr.timer!)
+			timerClose := make(chan struct{})
+			dr.timerClose = timerClose
+			dr.timerMu.Unlock()
+			<-timerClose
+			dr.timerMu.Lock()
+		}
 	}
-	dr.timer.Stop()
-	dr.timer = nil
 }
 
 // renew is called periodically by a timer.
@@ -55,7 +68,9 @@ func (dr *domainRenewal) stop() {
 func (dr *domainRenewal) renew() {
 	dr.timerMu.Lock()
 	defer dr.timerMu.Unlock()
-	if dr.timer == nil {
+	if dr.timerClose != nil {
+		close(dr.timerClose)
+		dr.timer, dr.timerClose = nil, nil
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -67,8 +82,8 @@ func (dr *domainRenewal) renew() {
 		next = renewJitter / 2
 		next += time.Duration(pseudoRand.int63n(int64(next)))
 	}
-	dr.timer = time.AfterFunc(next, dr.renew)
 	testDidRenewLoop(next, err)
+	dr.timer = time.AfterFunc(next, dr.renew)
 }
 
 // updateState locks and replaces the relevant Manager.state item with the given

acme/autocert/renewal_test.go

@@ -6,19 +6,13 @@ package autocert
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"crypto"
 	"crypto/ecdsa"
-	"crypto/elliptic"
-	"crypto/rand"
-	"crypto/tls"
-	"crypto/x509"
-	"encoding/base64"
-	"fmt"
-	"net/http"
-	"net/http/httptest"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/acme"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/acme/autocert/internal/acmetest"
 )
 
 func TestRenewalNext(t *testing.T) {
@@ -48,101 +42,47 @@ func TestRenewalNext(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestRenewFromCache(t *testing.T) {
-	// ACME CA server stub
-	var ca *httptest.Server
-	ca = httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-		w.Header().Set("Replay-Nonce", "nonce")
-		if r.Method == "HEAD" {
-			// a nonce request
-			return
-		}
+	man := testManager(t)
+	man.RenewBefore = 24 * time.Hour
 
-		switch r.URL.Path {
-		// discovery
-		case "/":
-			if err := discoTmpl.Execute(w, ca.URL); err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("discoTmpl: %v", err)
-			}
-		// client key registration
-		case "/new-reg":
-			w.Write([]byte("{}"))
-		// domain authorization
-		case "/new-authz":
-			w.Header().Set("Location", ca.URL+"/authz/1")
-			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusCreated)
-			w.Write([]byte(`{"status": "valid"}`))
-		// authorization status request done by Manager's revokePendingAuthz.
-		case "/authz/1":
-			w.Write([]byte(`{"status": "valid"}`))
-		// cert request
-		case "/new-cert":
-			var req struct {
-				CSR string `json:"csr"`
-			}
-			decodePayload(&req, r.Body)
-			b, _ := base64.RawURLEncoding.DecodeString(req.CSR)
-			csr, err := x509.ParseCertificateRequest(b)
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("new-cert: CSR: %v", err)
-			}
-			der, err := dummyCert(csr.PublicKey, exampleDomain)
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("new-cert: dummyCert: %v", err)
-			}
-			chainUp := fmt.Sprintf("<%s/ca-cert>; rel=up", ca.URL)
-			w.Header().Set("Link", chainUp)
-			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusCreated)
-			w.Write(der)
-		// CA chain cert
-		case "/ca-cert":
-			der, err := dummyCert(nil, "ca")
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("ca-cert: dummyCert: %v", err)
-			}
-			w.Write(der)
-		default:
-			t.Errorf("unrecognized r.URL.Path: %s", r.URL.Path)
-		}
-	}))
-	defer ca.Close()
+	ca := acmetest.NewCAServer(t).Start()
+	ca.ResolveGetCertificate(exampleDomain, man.GetCertificate)
 
-	man := &Manager{
-		Prompt:      AcceptTOS,
-		Cache:       newMemCache(t),
-		RenewBefore: 24 * time.Hour,
-		Client: &acme.Client{
-			DirectoryURL: ca.URL,
-		},
+	man.Client = &acme.Client{
+		DirectoryURL: ca.URL(),
 	}
-	defer man.stopRenew()
 
 	// cache an almost expired cert
-	key, err := ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
 	now := time.Now()
-	cert, err := dateDummyCert(key.Public(), now.Add(-2*time.Hour), now.Add(time.Minute), exampleDomain)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	tlscert := &tls.Certificate{PrivateKey: key, Certificate: [][]byte{cert}}
-	if err := man.cachePut(context.Background(), exampleCertKey, tlscert); err != nil {
+	c := ca.LeafCert(exampleDomain, "ECDSA", now.Add(-2*time.Hour), now.Add(time.Minute))
+	if err := man.cachePut(context.Background(), exampleCertKey, c); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
-	// veriy the renewal happened
+	// verify the renewal happened
 	defer func() {
+		// Stop the timers that read and execute testDidRenewLoop before restoring it.
+		// Otherwise the timer callback may race with the deferred write.
+		man.stopRenew()
 		testDidRenewLoop = func(next time.Duration, err error) {}
 	}()
-	done := make(chan struct{})
+	renewed := make(chan bool, 1)
 	testDidRenewLoop = func(next time.Duration, err error) {
-		defer close(done)
+		defer func() {
+			select {
+			case renewed <- true:
+			default:
+				// The renewal timer uses a random backoff. If the first renewal fails for
+				// some reason, we could end up with multiple calls here before the test
+				// stops the timer.
+			}
+		}()
+
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Errorf("testDidRenewLoop: %v", err)
 		}
 		// Next should be about 90 days:
-		// dummyCert creates 90days expiry + account for man.RenewBefore.
+		// CaServer creates 90days expiry + account for man.RenewBefore.
 		// Previous expiration was within 1 min.
 		future := 88 * 24 * time.Hour
 		if next < future {
@@ -153,7 +93,8 @@ func TestRenewFromCache(t *testing.T) {
 		after := time.Now().Add(future)
 		tlscert, err := man.cacheGet(context.Background(), exampleCertKey)
 		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("man.cacheGet: %v", err)
+			t.Errorf("man.cacheGet: %v", err)
+			return
 		}
 		if !tlscert.Leaf.NotAfter.After(after) {
 			t.Errorf("cache leaf.NotAfter = %v; want > %v", tlscert.Leaf.NotAfter, after)
@@ -164,11 +105,13 @@ func TestRenewFromCache(t *testing.T) {
 		defer man.stateMu.Unlock()
 		s := man.state[exampleCertKey]
 		if s == nil {
-			t.Fatalf("m.state[%q] is nil", exampleCertKey)
+			t.Errorf("m.state[%q] is nil", exampleCertKey)
+			return
 		}
 		tlscert, err = s.tlscert()
 		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("s.tlscert: %v", err)
+			t.Errorf("s.tlscert: %v", err)
+			return
 		}
 		if !tlscert.Leaf.NotAfter.After(after) {
 			t.Errorf("state leaf.NotAfter = %v; want > %v", tlscert.Leaf.NotAfter, after)
@@ -180,55 +123,34 @@ func TestRenewFromCache(t *testing.T) {
 	if _, err := man.GetCertificate(hello); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-
-	// wait for renew loop
-	select {
-	case <-time.After(10 * time.Second):
-		t.Fatal("renew took too long to occur")
-	case <-done:
-	}
+	<-renewed
 }
 
 func TestRenewFromCacheAlreadyRenewed(t *testing.T) {
-	man := &Manager{
-		Prompt:      AcceptTOS,
-		Cache:       newMemCache(t),
-		RenewBefore: 24 * time.Hour,
-		Client: &acme.Client{
-			DirectoryURL: "invalid",
-		},
+	ca := acmetest.NewCAServer(t).Start()
+	man := testManager(t)
+	man.RenewBefore = 24 * time.Hour
+	man.Client = &acme.Client{
+		DirectoryURL: "invalid",
 	}
-	defer man.stopRenew()
 
 	// cache a recently renewed cert with a different private key
-	newKey, err := ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
 	now := time.Now()
-	newCert, err := dateDummyCert(newKey.Public(), now.Add(-2*time.Hour), now.Add(time.Hour*24*90), exampleDomain)
-	if err != nil {
+	newCert := ca.LeafCert(exampleDomain, "ECDSA", now.Add(-2*time.Hour), now.Add(time.Hour*24*90))
+	if err := man.cachePut(context.Background(), exampleCertKey, newCert); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	newLeaf, err := validCert(exampleCertKey, [][]byte{newCert}, newKey, now)
+	newLeaf, err := validCert(exampleCertKey, newCert.Certificate, newCert.PrivateKey.(crypto.Signer), now)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	newTLSCert := &tls.Certificate{PrivateKey: newKey, Certificate: [][]byte{newCert}, Leaf: newLeaf}
-	if err := man.cachePut(context.Background(), exampleCertKey, newTLSCert); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
 
 	// set internal state to an almost expired cert
-	key, err := ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader)
+	oldCert := ca.LeafCert(exampleDomain, "ECDSA", now.Add(-2*time.Hour), now.Add(time.Minute))
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	oldCert, err := dateDummyCert(key.Public(), now.Add(-2*time.Hour), now.Add(time.Minute), exampleDomain)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	oldLeaf, err := validCert(exampleCertKey, [][]byte{oldCert}, key, now)
+	oldLeaf, err := validCert(exampleCertKey, oldCert.Certificate, oldCert.PrivateKey.(crypto.Signer), now)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -237,20 +159,32 @@ func TestRenewFromCacheAlreadyRenewed(t *testing.T) {
 		man.state = make(map[certKey]*certState)
 	}
 	s := &certState{
-		key:  key,
-		cert: [][]byte{oldCert},
+		key:  oldCert.PrivateKey.(crypto.Signer),
+		cert: oldCert.Certificate,
 		leaf: oldLeaf,
 	}
 	man.state[exampleCertKey] = s
 	man.stateMu.Unlock()
 
-	// veriy the renewal accepted the newer cached cert
+	// verify the renewal accepted the newer cached cert
 	defer func() {
+		// Stop the timers that read and execute testDidRenewLoop before restoring it.
+		// Otherwise the timer callback may race with the deferred write.
+		man.stopRenew()
 		testDidRenewLoop = func(next time.Duration, err error) {}
 	}()
-	done := make(chan struct{})
+	renewed := make(chan bool, 1)
 	testDidRenewLoop = func(next time.Duration, err error) {
-		defer close(done)
+		defer func() {
+			select {
+			case renewed <- true:
+			default:
+				// The renewal timer uses a random backoff. If the first renewal fails for
+				// some reason, we could end up with multiple calls here before the test
+				// stops the timer.
+			}
+		}()
+
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Errorf("testDidRenewLoop: %v", err)
 		}
@@ -264,7 +198,8 @@ func TestRenewFromCacheAlreadyRenewed(t *testing.T) {
 		// ensure the cached cert was not modified
 		tlscert, err := man.cacheGet(context.Background(), exampleCertKey)
 		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("man.cacheGet: %v", err)
+			t.Errorf("man.cacheGet: %v", err)
+			return
 		}
 		if !tlscert.Leaf.NotAfter.Equal(newLeaf.NotAfter) {
 			t.Errorf("cache leaf.NotAfter = %v; want == %v", tlscert.Leaf.NotAfter, newLeaf.NotAfter)
@@ -275,30 +210,22 @@ func TestRenewFromCacheAlreadyRenewed(t *testing.T) {
 		defer man.stateMu.Unlock()
 		s := man.state[exampleCertKey]
 		if s == nil {
-			t.Fatalf("m.state[%q] is nil", exampleCertKey)
+			t.Errorf("m.state[%q] is nil", exampleCertKey)
+			return
 		}
 		stateKey := s.key.Public().(*ecdsa.PublicKey)
-		if stateKey.X.Cmp(newKey.X) != 0 || stateKey.Y.Cmp(newKey.Y) != 0 {
-			t.Fatalf("state key was not updated from cache x: %v y: %v; want x: %v y: %v", stateKey.X, stateKey.Y, newKey.X, newKey.Y)
+		if !stateKey.Equal(newLeaf.PublicKey) {
+			t.Error("state key was not updated from cache")
+			return
 		}
 		tlscert, err = s.tlscert()
 		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("s.tlscert: %v", err)
+			t.Errorf("s.tlscert: %v", err)
+			return
 		}
 		if !tlscert.Leaf.NotAfter.Equal(newLeaf.NotAfter) {
 			t.Errorf("state leaf.NotAfter = %v; want == %v", tlscert.Leaf.NotAfter, newLeaf.NotAfter)
 		}
-
-		// verify the private key is replaced in the renewal state
-		r := man.renewal[exampleCertKey]
-		if r == nil {
-			t.Fatalf("m.renewal[%q] is nil", exampleCertKey)
-		}
-		renewalKey := r.key.Public().(*ecdsa.PublicKey)
-		if renewalKey.X.Cmp(newKey.X) != 0 || renewalKey.Y.Cmp(newKey.Y) != 0 {
-			t.Fatalf("renewal private key was not updated from cache x: %v y: %v; want x: %v y: %v", renewalKey.X, renewalKey.Y, newKey.X, newKey.Y)
-		}
-
 	}
 
 	// assert the expiring cert is returned from state
@@ -312,21 +239,31 @@ func TestRenewFromCacheAlreadyRenewed(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// trigger renew
-	go man.renew(exampleCertKey, s.key, s.leaf.NotAfter)
+	man.startRenew(exampleCertKey, s.key, s.leaf.NotAfter)
+	<-renewed
+	func() {
+		man.renewalMu.Lock()
+		defer man.renewalMu.Unlock()
 
-	// wait for renew loop
-	select {
-	case <-time.After(10 * time.Second):
-		t.Fatal("renew took too long to occur")
-	case <-done:
-		// assert the new cert is returned from state after renew
-		hello := clientHelloInfo(exampleDomain, algECDSA)
-		tlscert, err := man.GetCertificate(hello)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatal(err)
+		// verify the private key is replaced in the renewal state
+		r := man.renewal[exampleCertKey]
+		if r == nil {
+			t.Errorf("m.renewal[%q] is nil", exampleCertKey)
+			return
 		}
-		if !newTLSCert.Leaf.NotAfter.Equal(tlscert.Leaf.NotAfter) {
-			t.Errorf("state leaf.NotAfter = %v; want == %v", tlscert.Leaf.NotAfter, newTLSCert.Leaf.NotAfter)
+		renewalKey := r.key.Public().(*ecdsa.PublicKey)
+		if !renewalKey.Equal(newLeaf.PublicKey) {
+			t.Error("renewal private key was not updated from cache")
 		}
+	}()
+
+	// assert the new cert is returned from state after renew
+	hello = clientHelloInfo(exampleDomain, algECDSA)
+	tlscert, err = man.GetCertificate(hello)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if !newLeaf.NotAfter.Equal(tlscert.Leaf.NotAfter) {
+		t.Errorf("state leaf.NotAfter = %v; want == %v", tlscert.Leaf.NotAfter, newLeaf.NotAfter)
 	}
 }

acme/http.go

@@ -10,8 +10,9 @@ import (
 	"crypto"
 	"crypto/rand"
 	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"io"
 	"math/big"
 	"net/http"
 	"strconv"
@@ -155,7 +156,7 @@ func (c *Client) get(ctx context.Context, url string, ok resOkay) (*http.Respons
 	}
 }
 
-// postAsGet is POST-as-GET, a replacement for GET in RFC8555
+// postAsGet is POST-as-GET, a replacement for GET in RFC 8555
 // as described in https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8555#section-6.3.
 // It makes a POST request in KID form with zero JWS payload.
 // See nopayload doc comments in jws.go.
@@ -215,6 +216,9 @@ func (c *Client) post(ctx context.Context, key crypto.Signer, url string, body i
 func (c *Client) postNoRetry(ctx context.Context, key crypto.Signer, url string, body interface{}) (*http.Response, *http.Request, error) {
 	kid := noKeyID
 	if key == nil {
+		if c.Key == nil {
+			return nil, nil, errors.New("acme: Client.Key must be populated to make POST requests")
+		}
 		key = c.Key
 		kid = c.accountKID(ctx)
 	}
@@ -306,7 +310,7 @@ func isRetriable(code int) bool {
 func responseError(resp *http.Response) error {
 	// don't care if ReadAll returns an error:
 	// json.Unmarshal will fail in that case anyway
-	b, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	b, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
 	e := &wireError{Status: resp.StatusCode}
 	if err := json.Unmarshal(b, e); err != nil {
 		// this is not a regular error response:

acme/http_test.go

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ package acme
 import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"io"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"reflect"
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ func TestErrorResponse(t *testing.T) {
 	res := &http.Response{
 		StatusCode: 400,
 		Status:     "400 Bad Request",
-		Body:       ioutil.NopCloser(strings.NewReader(s)),
+		Body:       io.NopCloser(strings.NewReader(s)),
 		Header:     http.Header{"X-Foo": {"bar"}},
 	}
 	err := responseError(res)
@@ -115,8 +115,8 @@ func TestPostWithRetries(t *testing.T) {
 	if _, err := client.Authorize(context.Background(), "example.com"); err != nil {
 		t.Errorf("client.Authorize 1: %v", err)
 	}
-	if count != 4 {
-		t.Errorf("total requests count: %d; want 4", count)
+	if count != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("total requests count: %d; want 3", count)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ func TestUserAgent(t *testing.T) {
 			}
 
 			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
-			w.Write([]byte(`{}`))
+			w.Write([]byte(`{"newOrder": "sure"}`))
 		}))
 		defer ts.Close()
 
@@ -238,3 +238,18 @@ func TestUserAgent(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestAccountKidLoop(t *testing.T) {
+	// if Client.postNoRetry is called with a nil key argument
+	// then Client.Key must be set, otherwise we fall into an
+	// infinite loop (which also causes a deadlock).
+	client := &Client{dir: &Directory{OrderURL: ":)"}}
+	_, _, err := client.postNoRetry(context.Background(), nil, "", nil)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Client.postNoRetry didn't fail with a nil key")
+	}
+	expected := "acme: Client.Key must be populated to make POST requests"
+	if err.Error() != expected {
+		t.Fatalf("Unexpected error returned: wanted %q, got %q", expected, err.Error())
+	}
+}

acme/internal/acmeprobe/prober.go

@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@
 //
 // A usage example:
 //
-//     go run prober.go \
-//       -d https://acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory \
-//       -f order \
-//       -t http-01 \
-//       -a :8080 \
-//       -domain some.example.org
+//	go run prober.go \
+//	  -d https://acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory \
+//	  -f order \
+//	  -t http-01 \
+//	  -a :8080 \
+//	  -domain some.example.org
 //
 // The above assumes a TCP tunnel from some.example.org:80 to 0.0.0.0:8080
 // in order for the test to be able to fulfill http-01 challenge.
@@ -50,14 +50,13 @@ import (
 
 var (
 	// ACME CA directory URL.
-	// Let's Encrypt v1 prod: https://acme-v01.api.letsencrypt.org/directory
 	// Let's Encrypt v2 prod: https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory
 	// Let's Encrypt v2 staging: https://acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory
 	// See the following for more CAs implementing ACME protocol:
 	// https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_Certificate_Management_Environment#CAs_&_PKIs_that_offer_ACME_certificates
 	directory = flag.String("d", "", "ACME directory URL.")
 	reginfo   = flag.String("r", "", "ACME account registration info.")
-	flow      = flag.String("f", "", "Flow to run: order, preauthz (RFC8555) or preauthz02 (draft-02).")
+	flow      = flag.String("f", "", `Flow to run: "order" or "preauthz" (RFC8555).`)
 	chaltyp   = flag.String("t", "", "Challenge type: tls-alpn-01, http-01 or dns-01.")
 	addr      = flag.String("a", "", "Local server address for tls-alpn-01 and http-01.")
 	dnsscript = flag.String("s", "", "Script to run for provisioning dns-01 challenges.")
@@ -127,8 +126,6 @@ When running with dns-01 challenge type, use -s argument instead of -a.
 		p.runOrder(ctx, identifiers)
 	case "preauthz":
 		p.runPreauthz(ctx, identifiers)
-	case "preauthz02":
-		p.runPreauthzLegacy(ctx, identifiers)
 	default:
 		log.Fatalf("unknown flow: %q", *flow)
 	}
@@ -276,50 +273,6 @@ func (p *prober) runPreauthz(ctx context.Context, identifiers []acme.AuthzID) {
 	}
 }
 
-func (p *prober) runPreauthzLegacy(ctx context.Context, identifiers []acme.AuthzID) {
-	var zurls []string
-	for _, id := range identifiers {
-		z, err := authorize(ctx, p.client, id)
-		if err != nil {
-			log.Fatalf("AuthorizeID(%+v): %v", id, err)
-		}
-		if z.Status == acme.StatusValid {
-			log.Printf("authz %s is valid; skipping", z.URI)
-			continue
-		}
-		if err := p.fulfill(ctx, z); err != nil {
-			log.Fatalf("fulfill(%s): %v", z.URI, err)
-		}
-		zurls = append(zurls, z.URI)
-		log.Printf("authorized for %+v", id)
-	}
-
-	// We should be all set now.
-	log.Print("all authorizations are done")
-	csr, certkey := newCSR(identifiers)
-	der, curl, err := p.client.CreateCert(ctx, csr, 48*time.Hour, true)
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("CreateCert: %v", err)
-	}
-	log.Printf("cert URL: %s", curl)
-	if err := checkCert(der, identifiers); err != nil {
-		p.errorf("invalid cert: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	// Deactivate all authorizations we satisfied earlier.
-	for _, v := range zurls {
-		if err := p.client.RevokeAuthorization(ctx, v); err != nil {
-			p.errorf("RevokAuthorization(%q): %v", v, err)
-			continue
-		}
-	}
-	// Try revoking the issued cert using its private key.
-	if err := p.client.RevokeCert(ctx, certkey, der[0], acme.CRLReasonCessationOfOperation); err != nil {
-		p.errorf("RevokeCert: %v", err)
-	}
-
-}
-
 func (p *prober) fulfill(ctx context.Context, z *acme.Authorization) error {
 	var chal *acme.Challenge
 	for i, c := range z.Challenges {

acme/jws.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ package acme
 import (
 	"crypto"
 	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"crypto/hmac"
 	"crypto/rand"
 	"crypto/rsa"
 	"crypto/sha256"
@@ -14,16 +15,17 @@ import (
 	"encoding/asn1"
 	"encoding/base64"
 	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"math/big"
 )
 
-// keyID is the account identity provided by a CA during registration.
-type keyID string
+// KeyID is the account key identity provided by a CA during registration.
+type KeyID string
 
 // noKeyID indicates that jwsEncodeJSON should compute and use JWK instead of a KID.
 // See jwsEncodeJSON for details.
-const noKeyID = keyID("")
+const noKeyID = KeyID("")
 
 // noPayload indicates jwsEncodeJSON will encode zero-length octet string
 // in a JWS request. This is called POST-as-GET in RFC 8555 and is used to make
@@ -31,34 +33,70 @@ const noKeyID = keyID("")
 // See https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8555#section-6.3 for more details.
 const noPayload = ""
 
+// noNonce indicates that the nonce should be omitted from the protected header.
+// See jwsEncodeJSON for details.
+const noNonce = ""
+
+// jsonWebSignature can be easily serialized into a JWS following
+// https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7515#section-3.2.
+type jsonWebSignature struct {
+	Protected string `json:"protected"`
+	Payload   string `json:"payload"`
+	Sig       string `json:"signature"`
+}
+
 // jwsEncodeJSON signs claimset using provided key and a nonce.
 // The result is serialized in JSON format containing either kid or jwk
-// fields based on the provided keyID value.
+// fields based on the provided KeyID value.
 //
-// If kid is non-empty, its quoted value is inserted in the protected head
+// The claimset is marshalled using json.Marshal unless it is a string.
+// In which case it is inserted directly into the message.
+//
+// If kid is non-empty, its quoted value is inserted in the protected header
 // as "kid" field value. Otherwise, JWK is computed using jwkEncode and inserted
 // as "jwk" field value. The "jwk" and "kid" fields are mutually exclusive.
 //
+// If nonce is non-empty, its quoted value is inserted in the protected header.
+//
 // See https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7515#section-7.
-func jwsEncodeJSON(claimset interface{}, key crypto.Signer, kid keyID, nonce, url string) ([]byte, error) {
+func jwsEncodeJSON(claimset interface{}, key crypto.Signer, kid KeyID, nonce, url string) ([]byte, error) {
+	if key == nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("nil key")
+	}
 	alg, sha := jwsHasher(key.Public())
 	if alg == "" || !sha.Available() {
 		return nil, ErrUnsupportedKey
 	}
-	var phead string
+	headers := struct {
+		Alg   string          `json:"alg"`
+		KID   string          `json:"kid,omitempty"`
+		JWK   json.RawMessage `json:"jwk,omitempty"`
+		Nonce string          `json:"nonce,omitempty"`
+		URL   string          `json:"url"`
+	}{
+		Alg:   alg,
+		Nonce: nonce,
+		URL:   url,
+	}
 	switch kid {
 	case noKeyID:
 		jwk, err := jwkEncode(key.Public())
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		phead = fmt.Sprintf(`{"alg":%q,"jwk":%s,"nonce":%q,"url":%q}`, alg, jwk, nonce, url)
+		headers.JWK = json.RawMessage(jwk)
 	default:
-		phead = fmt.Sprintf(`{"alg":%q,"kid":%q,"nonce":%q,"url":%q}`, alg, kid, nonce, url)
+		headers.KID = string(kid)
 	}
-	phead = base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte(phead))
+	phJSON, err := json.Marshal(headers)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	phead := base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte(phJSON))
 	var payload string
-	if claimset != noPayload {
+	if val, ok := claimset.(string); ok {
+		payload = val
+	} else {
 		cs, err := json.Marshal(claimset)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
@@ -71,12 +109,7 @@ func jwsEncodeJSON(claimset interface{}, key crypto.Signer, kid keyID, nonce, ur
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-
-	enc := struct {
-		Protected string `json:"protected"`
-		Payload   string `json:"payload"`
-		Sig       string `json:"signature"`
-	}{
+	enc := jsonWebSignature{
 		Protected: phead,
 		Payload:   payload,
 		Sig:       base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(sig),
@@ -84,6 +117,43 @@ func jwsEncodeJSON(claimset interface{}, key crypto.Signer, kid keyID, nonce, ur
 	return json.Marshal(&enc)
 }
 
+// jwsWithMAC creates and signs a JWS using the given key and the HS256
+// algorithm. kid and url are included in the protected header. rawPayload
+// should not be base64-URL-encoded.
+func jwsWithMAC(key []byte, kid, url string, rawPayload []byte) (*jsonWebSignature, error) {
+	if len(key) == 0 {
+		return nil, errors.New("acme: cannot sign JWS with an empty MAC key")
+	}
+	header := struct {
+		Algorithm string `json:"alg"`
+		KID       string `json:"kid"`
+		URL       string `json:"url,omitempty"`
+	}{
+		// Only HMAC-SHA256 is supported.
+		Algorithm: "HS256",
+		KID:       kid,
+		URL:       url,
+	}
+	rawProtected, err := json.Marshal(header)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	protected := base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(rawProtected)
+	payload := base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(rawPayload)
+
+	h := hmac.New(sha256.New, key)
+	if _, err := h.Write([]byte(protected + "." + payload)); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	mac := h.Sum(nil)
+
+	return &jsonWebSignature{
+		Protected: protected,
+		Payload:   payload,
+		Sig:       base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(mac),
+	}, nil
+}
+
 // jwkEncode encodes public part of an RSA or ECDSA key into a JWK.
 // The result is also suitable for creating a JWK thumbprint.
 // https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7517

acme/jws_test.go

@@ -195,8 +195,46 @@ func TestJWSEncodeJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestJWSEncodeNoNonce(t *testing.T) {
+	kid := KeyID("https://example.org/account/1")
+	claims := "RawString"
+	const (
+		// {"alg":"ES256","kid":"https://example.org/account/1","nonce":"nonce","url":"url"}
+		protected = "eyJhbGciOiJFUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6Imh0dHBzOi8vZXhhbXBsZS5vcmcvYWNjb3VudC8xIiwidXJsIjoidXJsIn0"
+		// "Raw String"
+		payload = "RawString"
+	)
+
+	b, err := jwsEncodeJSON(claims, testKeyEC, kid, "", "url")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	var jws struct{ Protected, Payload, Signature string }
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(b, &jws); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if jws.Protected != protected {
+		t.Errorf("protected:\n%s\nwant:\n%s", jws.Protected, protected)
+	}
+	if jws.Payload != payload {
+		t.Errorf("payload:\n%s\nwant:\n%s", jws.Payload, payload)
+	}
+
+	sig, err := base64.RawURLEncoding.DecodeString(jws.Signature)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("jws.Signature: %v", err)
+	}
+	r, s := big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0)
+	r.SetBytes(sig[:len(sig)/2])
+	s.SetBytes(sig[len(sig)/2:])
+	h := sha256.Sum256([]byte(protected + "." + payload))
+	if !ecdsa.Verify(testKeyEC.Public().(*ecdsa.PublicKey), h[:], r, s) {
+		t.Error("invalid signature")
+	}
+}
+
 func TestJWSEncodeKID(t *testing.T) {
-	kid := keyID("https://example.org/account/1")
+	kid := KeyID("https://example.org/account/1")
 	claims := struct{ Msg string }{"Hello JWS"}
 	// JWS signed with testKeyEC
 	const (
@@ -376,7 +414,7 @@ func TestJWSEncodeJSONCustom(t *testing.T) {
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Fatal(err)
 			}
-			var j struct{ Protected, Payload, Signature string }
+			var j jsonWebSignature
 			if err := json.Unmarshal(b, &j); err != nil {
 				t.Fatal(err)
 			}
@@ -386,13 +424,56 @@ func TestJWSEncodeJSONCustom(t *testing.T) {
 			if j.Payload != payload {
 				t.Errorf("j.Payload = %q\nwant %q", j.Payload, payload)
 			}
-			if j.Signature != tc.jwsig {
-				t.Errorf("j.Signature = %q\nwant %q", j.Signature, tc.jwsig)
+			if j.Sig != tc.jwsig {
+				t.Errorf("j.Sig = %q\nwant %q", j.Sig, tc.jwsig)
 			}
 		})
 	}
 }
 
+func TestJWSWithMAC(t *testing.T) {
+	// Example from RFC 7520 Section 4.4.3.
+	// https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7520#section-4.4.3
+	b64Key := "hJtXIZ2uSN5kbQfbtTNWbpdmhkV8FJG-Onbc6mxCcYg"
+	rawPayload := []byte("It\xe2\x80\x99s a dangerous business, Frodo, going out your " +
+		"door. You step onto the road, and if you don't keep your feet, " +
+		"there\xe2\x80\x99s no knowing where you might be swept off " +
+		"to.")
+	protected := "eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjAxOGMwYWU1LTRkOWItNDcxYi1iZmQ2LW" +
+		"VlZjMxNGJjNzAzNyJ9"
+	payload := "SXTigJlzIGEgZGFuZ2Vyb3VzIGJ1c2luZXNzLCBGcm9kbywg" +
+		"Z29pbmcgb3V0IHlvdXIgZG9vci4gWW91IHN0ZXAgb250byB0aGUgcm9h" +
+		"ZCwgYW5kIGlmIHlvdSBkb24ndCBrZWVwIHlvdXIgZmVldCwgdGhlcmXi" +
+		"gJlzIG5vIGtub3dpbmcgd2hlcmUgeW91IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHN3ZXB0IG9m" +
+		"ZiB0by4"
+	sig := "s0h6KThzkfBBBkLspW1h84VsJZFTsPPqMDA7g1Md7p0"
+
+	key, err := base64.RawURLEncoding.DecodeString(b64Key)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unable to decode key: %q", b64Key)
+	}
+	got, err := jwsWithMAC(key, "018c0ae5-4d9b-471b-bfd6-eef314bc7037", "", rawPayload)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("jwsWithMAC() = %q", err)
+	}
+	if got.Protected != protected {
+		t.Errorf("got.Protected = %q\nwant %q", got.Protected, protected)
+	}
+	if got.Payload != payload {
+		t.Errorf("got.Payload = %q\nwant %q", got.Payload, payload)
+	}
+	if got.Sig != sig {
+		t.Errorf("got.Signature = %q\nwant %q", got.Sig, sig)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestJWSWithMACError(t *testing.T) {
+	p := "{}"
+	if _, err := jwsWithMAC(nil, "", "", []byte(p)); err == nil {
+		t.Errorf("jwsWithMAC(nil, ...) = success; want err")
+	}
+}
+
 func TestJWKThumbprintRSA(t *testing.T) {
 	// Key example from RFC 7638
 	const base64N = "0vx7agoebGcQSuuPiLJXZptN9nndrQmbXEps2aiAFbWhM78LhWx4cbbfAAt" +

acme/rfc8555.go

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"net/http"
 	"time"
 )
@@ -24,6 +23,9 @@ import (
 //
 // It only works with CAs implementing RFC 8555.
 func (c *Client) DeactivateReg(ctx context.Context) error {
+	if _, err := c.Discover(ctx); err != nil { // required by c.accountKID
+		return err
+	}
 	url := string(c.accountKID(ctx))
 	if url == "" {
 		return ErrNoAccount
@@ -37,22 +39,32 @@ func (c *Client) DeactivateReg(ctx context.Context) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// registerRFC is quivalent to c.Register but for CAs implementing RFC 8555.
+// registerRFC is equivalent to c.Register but for CAs implementing RFC 8555.
 // It expects c.Discover to have already been called.
-// TODO: Implement externalAccountBinding.
 func (c *Client) registerRFC(ctx context.Context, acct *Account, prompt func(tosURL string) bool) (*Account, error) {
 	c.cacheMu.Lock() // guard c.kid access
 	defer c.cacheMu.Unlock()
 
 	req := struct {
-		TermsAgreed bool     `json:"termsOfServiceAgreed,omitempty"`
-		Contact     []string `json:"contact,omitempty"`
+		TermsAgreed            bool              `json:"termsOfServiceAgreed,omitempty"`
+		Contact                []string          `json:"contact,omitempty"`
+		ExternalAccountBinding *jsonWebSignature `json:"externalAccountBinding,omitempty"`
 	}{
 		Contact: acct.Contact,
 	}
 	if c.dir.Terms != "" {
 		req.TermsAgreed = prompt(c.dir.Terms)
 	}
+
+	// set 'externalAccountBinding' field if requested
+	if acct.ExternalAccountBinding != nil {
+		eabJWS, err := c.encodeExternalAccountBinding(acct.ExternalAccountBinding)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("acme: failed to encode external account binding: %v", err)
+		}
+		req.ExternalAccountBinding = eabJWS
+	}
+
 	res, err := c.post(ctx, c.Key, c.dir.RegURL, req, wantStatus(
 		http.StatusOK,      // account with this key already registered
 		http.StatusCreated, // new account created
@@ -68,14 +80,24 @@ func (c *Client) registerRFC(ctx context.Context, acct *Account, prompt func(tos
 	}
 	// Cache Account URL even if we return an error to the caller.
 	// It is by all means a valid and usable "kid" value for future requests.
-	c.kid = keyID(a.URI)
+	c.KID = KeyID(a.URI)
 	if res.StatusCode == http.StatusOK {
 		return nil, ErrAccountAlreadyExists
 	}
 	return a, nil
 }
 
-// updateGegRFC is equivalent to c.UpdateReg but for CAs implementing RFC 8555.
+// encodeExternalAccountBinding will encode an external account binding stanza
+// as described in https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8555#section-7.3.4.
+func (c *Client) encodeExternalAccountBinding(eab *ExternalAccountBinding) (*jsonWebSignature, error) {
+	jwk, err := jwkEncode(c.Key.Public())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return jwsWithMAC(eab.Key, eab.KID, c.dir.RegURL, []byte(jwk))
+}
+
+// updateRegRFC is equivalent to c.UpdateReg but for CAs implementing RFC 8555.
 // It expects c.Discover to have already been called.
 func (c *Client) updateRegRFC(ctx context.Context, a *Account) (*Account, error) {
 	url := string(c.accountKID(ctx))
@@ -95,7 +117,7 @@ func (c *Client) updateRegRFC(ctx context.Context, a *Account) (*Account, error)
 	return responseAccount(res)
 }
 
-// getGegRFC is equivalent to c.GetReg but for CAs implementing RFC 8555.
+// getRegRFC is equivalent to c.GetReg but for CAs implementing RFC 8555.
 // It expects c.Discover to have already been called.
 func (c *Client) getRegRFC(ctx context.Context) (*Account, error) {
 	req := json.RawMessage(`{"onlyReturnExisting": true}`)
@@ -128,6 +150,42 @@ func responseAccount(res *http.Response) (*Account, error) {
 	}, nil
 }
 
+// accountKeyRollover attempts to perform account key rollover.
+// On success it will change client.Key to the new key.
+func (c *Client) accountKeyRollover(ctx context.Context, newKey crypto.Signer) error {
+	dir, err := c.Discover(ctx) // Also required by c.accountKID
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	kid := c.accountKID(ctx)
+	if kid == noKeyID {
+		return ErrNoAccount
+	}
+	oldKey, err := jwkEncode(c.Key.Public())
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	payload := struct {
+		Account string          `json:"account"`
+		OldKey  json.RawMessage `json:"oldKey"`
+	}{
+		Account: string(kid),
+		OldKey:  json.RawMessage(oldKey),
+	}
+	inner, err := jwsEncodeJSON(payload, newKey, noKeyID, noNonce, dir.KeyChangeURL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	res, err := c.post(ctx, nil, dir.KeyChangeURL, base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(inner), wantStatus(http.StatusOK))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer res.Body.Close()
+	c.Key = newKey
+	return nil
+}
+
 // AuthorizeOrder initiates the order-based application for certificate issuance,
 // as opposed to pre-authorization in Authorize.
 // It is only supported by CAs implementing RFC 8555.
@@ -331,7 +389,7 @@ func (c *Client) fetchCertRFC(ctx context.Context, url string, bundle bool) ([][
 	// Get all the bytes up to a sane maximum.
 	// Account very roughly for base64 overhead.
 	const max = maxCertChainSize + maxCertChainSize/33
-	b, err := ioutil.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(res.Body, max+1))
+	b, err := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(res.Body, max+1))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("acme: fetch cert response stream: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -390,3 +448,29 @@ func isAlreadyRevoked(err error) bool {
 	e, ok := err.(*Error)
 	return ok && e.ProblemType == "urn:ietf:params:acme:error:alreadyRevoked"
 }
+
+// ListCertAlternates retrieves any alternate certificate chain URLs for the
+// given certificate chain URL. These alternate URLs can be passed to FetchCert
+// in order to retrieve the alternate certificate chains.
+//
+// If there are no alternate issuer certificate chains, a nil slice will be
+// returned.
+func (c *Client) ListCertAlternates(ctx context.Context, url string) ([]string, error) {
+	if _, err := c.Discover(ctx); err != nil { // required by c.accountKID
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	res, err := c.postAsGet(ctx, url, wantStatus(http.StatusOK))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer res.Body.Close()
+
+	// We don't need the body but we need to discard it so we don't end up
+	// preventing keep-alive
+	if _, err := io.Copy(io.Discard, res.Body); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("acme: cert alternates response stream: %v", err)
+	}
+	alts := linkHeader(res.Header, "alternate")
+	return alts, nil
+}

acme/rfc8555_test.go

@@ -7,17 +7,22 @@ package acme
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
+	"crypto/hmac"
 	"crypto/rand"
+	"crypto/sha256"
 	"crypto/x509"
 	"crypto/x509/pkix"
+	"encoding/base64"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"encoding/pem"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"io"
 	"math/big"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"reflect"
+	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
@@ -59,7 +64,7 @@ func TestRFC_Discover(t *testing.T) {
 		}`, nonce, reg, order, authz, revoke, keychange, metaTerms, metaWebsite, metaCAA)
 	}))
 	defer ts.Close()
-	c := Client{DirectoryURL: ts.URL}
+	c := &Client{DirectoryURL: ts.URL}
 	dir, err := c.Discover(context.Background())
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -143,7 +148,7 @@ func TestRFC_postKID(t *testing.T) {
 			w.Header().Set("Location", "/account-1")
 			w.Write([]byte(`{"status":"valid"}`))
 		case "/post":
-			b, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(r.Body) // check err later in decodeJWSxxx
+			b, _ := io.ReadAll(r.Body) // check err later in decodeJWSxxx
 			head, err := decodeJWSHead(bytes.NewReader(b))
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Errorf("decodeJWSHead: %v", err)
@@ -172,8 +177,7 @@ func TestRFC_postKID(t *testing.T) {
 	}))
 	defer ts.Close()
 
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
-	defer cancel()
+	ctx := context.Background()
 	cl := &Client{
 		Key:          testKey,
 		DirectoryURL: ts.URL,
@@ -189,13 +193,13 @@ func TestRFC_postKID(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 	defer res.Body.Close()
-	b, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body) // don't care about err - just checking b
+	b, _ := io.ReadAll(res.Body) // don't care about err - just checking b
 	if string(b) != "pong" {
 		t.Errorf("res.Body = %q; want pong", b)
 	}
 }
 
-// acmeServer simulates a subset of RFC8555 compliant CA.
+// acmeServer simulates a subset of RFC 8555 compliant CA.
 //
 // TODO: We also have x/crypto/acme/autocert/acmetest and startACMEServerStub in autocert_test.go.
 // It feels like this acmeServer is a sweet spot between usefulness and added complexity.
@@ -229,6 +233,7 @@ func (s *acmeServer) start() {
 				"newOrder": %q,
 				"newAuthz": %q,
 				"revokeCert": %q,
+				"keyChange": %q,
 				"meta": {"termsOfService": %q}
 				}`,
 				s.url("/acme/new-nonce"),
@@ -236,6 +241,7 @@ func (s *acmeServer) start() {
 				s.url("/acme/new-order"),
 				s.url("/acme/new-authz"),
 				s.url("/acme/revoke-cert"),
+				s.url("/acme/key-change"),
 				s.url("/terms"),
 			)
 			return
@@ -290,7 +296,7 @@ func TestRFC_Register(t *testing.T) {
 			"orders": %q
 		}`, email, s.url("/accounts/1/orders"))
 
-		b, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(r.Body) // check err later in decodeJWSxxx
+		b, _ := io.ReadAll(r.Body) // check err later in decodeJWSxxx
 		head, err := decodeJWSHead(bytes.NewReader(b))
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Errorf("decodeJWSHead: %v", err)
@@ -309,8 +315,7 @@ func TestRFC_Register(t *testing.T) {
 	s.start()
 	defer s.close()
 
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
-	defer cancel()
+	ctx := context.Background()
 	cl := &Client{
 		Key:          testKeyEC,
 		DirectoryURL: s.url("/"),
@@ -341,7 +346,144 @@ func TestRFC_Register(t *testing.T) {
 	if !didPrompt {
 		t.Error("tos prompt wasn't called")
 	}
-	if v := cl.accountKID(ctx); v != keyID(okAccount.URI) {
+	if v := cl.accountKID(ctx); v != KeyID(okAccount.URI) {
+		t.Errorf("account kid = %q; want %q", v, okAccount.URI)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRFC_RegisterExternalAccountBinding(t *testing.T) {
+	eab := &ExternalAccountBinding{
+		KID: "kid-1",
+		Key: []byte("secret"),
+	}
+
+	type protected struct {
+		Algorithm string `json:"alg"`
+		KID       string `json:"kid"`
+		URL       string `json:"url"`
+	}
+	const email = "mailto:user@example.org"
+
+	s := newACMEServer()
+	s.handle("/acme/new-account", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		w.Header().Set("Location", s.url("/accounts/1"))
+		if r.Method != "POST" {
+			t.Errorf("r.Method = %q; want POST", r.Method)
+		}
+
+		var j struct {
+			Protected              string
+			Contact                []string
+			TermsOfServiceAgreed   bool
+			ExternalaccountBinding struct {
+				Protected string
+				Payload   string
+				Signature string
+			}
+		}
+		decodeJWSRequest(t, &j, r.Body)
+		protData, err := base64.RawURLEncoding.DecodeString(j.ExternalaccountBinding.Protected)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		var prot protected
+		err = json.Unmarshal(protData, &prot)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(j.Contact, []string{email}) {
+			t.Errorf("j.Contact = %v; want %v", j.Contact, []string{email})
+		}
+		if !j.TermsOfServiceAgreed {
+			t.Error("j.TermsOfServiceAgreed = false; want true")
+		}
+
+		// Ensure same KID.
+		if prot.KID != eab.KID {
+			t.Errorf("j.ExternalAccountBinding.KID = %s; want %s", prot.KID, eab.KID)
+		}
+		// Ensure expected Algorithm.
+		if prot.Algorithm != "HS256" {
+			t.Errorf("j.ExternalAccountBinding.Alg = %s; want %s",
+				prot.Algorithm, "HS256")
+		}
+
+		// Ensure same URL as outer JWS.
+		url := fmt.Sprintf("http://%s/acme/new-account", r.Host)
+		if prot.URL != url {
+			t.Errorf("j.ExternalAccountBinding.URL = %s; want %s",
+				prot.URL, url)
+		}
+
+		// Ensure payload is base64URL encoded string of JWK in outer JWS
+		jwk, err := jwkEncode(testKeyEC.Public())
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		decodedPayload, err := base64.RawURLEncoding.DecodeString(j.ExternalaccountBinding.Payload)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if jwk != string(decodedPayload) {
+			t.Errorf("j.ExternalAccountBinding.Payload = %s; want %s", decodedPayload, jwk)
+		}
+
+		// Check signature on inner external account binding JWS
+		hmac := hmac.New(sha256.New, []byte("secret"))
+		_, err = hmac.Write([]byte(j.ExternalaccountBinding.Protected + "." + j.ExternalaccountBinding.Payload))
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		mac := hmac.Sum(nil)
+		encodedMAC := base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(mac)
+
+		if !bytes.Equal([]byte(encodedMAC), []byte(j.ExternalaccountBinding.Signature)) {
+			t.Errorf("j.ExternalAccountBinding.Signature = %v; want %v",
+				[]byte(j.ExternalaccountBinding.Signature), encodedMAC)
+		}
+
+		w.Header().Set("Location", s.url("/accounts/1"))
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusCreated)
+		b, _ := json.Marshal([]string{email})
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, `{"status":"valid","orders":"%s","contact":%s}`, s.url("/accounts/1/orders"), b)
+	})
+	s.start()
+	defer s.close()
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	cl := &Client{
+		Key:          testKeyEC,
+		DirectoryURL: s.url("/"),
+	}
+
+	var didPrompt bool
+	a := &Account{Contact: []string{email}, ExternalAccountBinding: eab}
+	acct, err := cl.Register(ctx, a, func(tos string) bool {
+		didPrompt = true
+		terms := s.url("/terms")
+		if tos != terms {
+			t.Errorf("tos = %q; want %q", tos, terms)
+		}
+		return true
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	okAccount := &Account{
+		URI:       s.url("/accounts/1"),
+		Status:    StatusValid,
+		Contact:   []string{email},
+		OrdersURL: s.url("/accounts/1/orders"),
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(acct, okAccount) {
+		t.Errorf("acct = %+v; want %+v", acct, okAccount)
+	}
+	if !didPrompt {
+		t.Error("tos prompt wasn't called")
+	}
+	if v := cl.accountKID(ctx); v != KeyID(okAccount.URI) {
 		t.Errorf("account kid = %q; want %q", v, okAccount.URI)
 	}
 }
@@ -361,7 +503,7 @@ func TestRFC_RegisterExisting(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != ErrAccountAlreadyExists {
 		t.Errorf("err = %v; want %v", err, ErrAccountAlreadyExists)
 	}
-	kid := keyID(s.url("/accounts/1"))
+	kid := KeyID(s.url("/accounts/1"))
 	if v := cl.accountKID(context.Background()); v != kid {
 		t.Errorf("account kid = %q; want %q", v, kid)
 	}
@@ -383,7 +525,7 @@ func TestRFC_UpdateReg(t *testing.T) {
 		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
 		w.Write([]byte(`{"status": "valid"}`))
 
-		b, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(r.Body) // check err later in decodeJWSxxx
+		b, _ := io.ReadAll(r.Body) // check err later in decodeJWSxxx
 		head, err := decodeJWSHead(bytes.NewReader(b))
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Errorf("decodeJWSHead: %v", err)
@@ -480,6 +622,128 @@ func TestRFC_GetRegOtherError(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestRFC_AccountKeyRollover(t *testing.T) {
+	s := newACMEServer()
+	s.handle("/acme/new-account", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		w.Header().Set("Location", s.url("/accounts/1"))
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
+		w.Write([]byte(`{"status": "valid"}`))
+	})
+	s.handle("/acme/key-change", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
+	})
+	s.start()
+	defer s.close()
+
+	cl := &Client{Key: testKeyEC, DirectoryURL: s.url("/")}
+	if err := cl.AccountKeyRollover(context.Background(), testKeyEC384); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("AccountKeyRollover: %v, wanted no error", err)
+	} else if cl.Key != testKeyEC384 {
+		t.Error("AccountKeyRollover did not rotate the client key")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRFC_DeactivateReg(t *testing.T) {
+	const email = "mailto:user@example.org"
+	curStatus := StatusValid
+
+	type account struct {
+		Status    string   `json:"status"`
+		Contact   []string `json:"contact"`
+		AcceptTOS bool     `json:"termsOfServiceAgreed"`
+		Orders    string   `json:"orders"`
+	}
+
+	s := newACMEServer()
+	s.handle("/acme/new-account", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		w.Header().Set("Location", s.url("/accounts/1"))
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK) // 200 means existing account
+		json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(account{
+			Status:    curStatus,
+			Contact:   []string{email},
+			AcceptTOS: true,
+			Orders:    s.url("/accounts/1/orders"),
+		})
+
+		b, _ := io.ReadAll(r.Body) // check err later in decodeJWSxxx
+		head, err := decodeJWSHead(bytes.NewReader(b))
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("decodeJWSHead: %v", err)
+			return
+		}
+		if len(head.JWK) == 0 {
+			t.Error("head.JWK is empty")
+		}
+
+		var req struct {
+			Status       string   `json:"status"`
+			Contact      []string `json:"contact"`
+			AcceptTOS    bool     `json:"termsOfServiceAgreed"`
+			OnlyExisting bool     `json:"onlyReturnExisting"`
+		}
+		decodeJWSRequest(t, &req, bytes.NewReader(b))
+		if !req.OnlyExisting {
+			t.Errorf("req.OnlyReturnExisting = %t; want = %t", req.OnlyExisting, true)
+		}
+	})
+	s.handle("/accounts/1", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		if curStatus == StatusValid {
+			curStatus = StatusDeactivated
+			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
+		} else {
+			s.error(w, &wireError{
+				Status: http.StatusUnauthorized,
+				Type:   "urn:ietf:params:acme:error:unauthorized",
+			})
+		}
+		var req account
+		b, _ := io.ReadAll(r.Body) // check err later in decodeJWSxxx
+		head, err := decodeJWSHead(bytes.NewReader(b))
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("decodeJWSHead: %v", err)
+			return
+		}
+		if len(head.JWK) != 0 {
+			t.Error("head.JWK is not empty")
+		}
+		if !strings.HasSuffix(head.KID, "/accounts/1") {
+			t.Errorf("head.KID = %q; want suffix /accounts/1", head.KID)
+		}
+
+		decodeJWSRequest(t, &req, bytes.NewReader(b))
+		if req.Status != StatusDeactivated {
+			t.Errorf("req.Status = %q; want = %q", req.Status, StatusDeactivated)
+		}
+	})
+	s.start()
+	defer s.close()
+
+	cl := &Client{Key: testKeyEC, DirectoryURL: s.url("/")}
+	if err := cl.DeactivateReg(context.Background()); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("DeactivateReg: %v, wanted no error", err)
+	}
+	if err := cl.DeactivateReg(context.Background()); err == nil {
+		t.Errorf("DeactivateReg: %v, wanted error for unauthorized", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRF_DeactivateRegNoAccount(t *testing.T) {
+	s := newACMEServer()
+	s.handle("/acme/new-account", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		s.error(w, &wireError{
+			Status: http.StatusBadRequest,
+			Type:   "urn:ietf:params:acme:error:accountDoesNotExist",
+		})
+	})
+	s.start()
+	defer s.close()
+
+	cl := &Client{Key: testKeyEC, DirectoryURL: s.url("/")}
+	if err := cl.DeactivateReg(context.Background()); !errors.Is(err, ErrNoAccount) {
+		t.Errorf("DeactivateReg: %v, wanted ErrNoAccount", err)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestRFC_AuthorizeOrder(t *testing.T) {
 	s := newACMEServer()
 	s.handle("/acme/new-account", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
@@ -600,24 +864,13 @@ func testWaitOrderStatus(t *testing.T, okStatus string) {
 	s.start()
 	defer s.close()
 
-	var order *Order
-	var err error
-	done := make(chan struct{})
-	go func() {
-		cl := &Client{Key: testKeyEC, DirectoryURL: s.url("/")}
-		order, err = cl.WaitOrder(context.Background(), s.url("/orders/1"))
-		close(done)
-	}()
-	select {
-	case <-time.After(3 * time.Second):
-		t.Fatal("WaitOrder took too long to return")
-	case <-done:
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("WaitOrder: %v", err)
-		}
-		if order.Status != okStatus {
-			t.Errorf("order.Status = %q; want %q", order.Status, okStatus)
-		}
+	cl := &Client{Key: testKeyEC, DirectoryURL: s.url("/")}
+	order, err := cl.WaitOrder(context.Background(), s.url("/orders/1"))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("WaitOrder: %v", err)
+	}
+	if order.Status != okStatus {
+		t.Errorf("order.Status = %q; want %q", order.Status, okStatus)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -642,30 +895,20 @@ func TestRFC_WaitOrderError(t *testing.T) {
 	s.start()
 	defer s.close()
 
-	var err error
-	done := make(chan struct{})
-	go func() {
-		cl := &Client{Key: testKeyEC, DirectoryURL: s.url("/")}
-		_, err = cl.WaitOrder(context.Background(), s.url("/orders/1"))
-		close(done)
-	}()
-	select {
-	case <-time.After(3 * time.Second):
-		t.Fatal("WaitOrder took too long to return")
-	case <-done:
-		if err == nil {
-			t.Fatal("WaitOrder returned nil error")
-		}
-		e, ok := err.(*OrderError)
-		if !ok {
-			t.Fatalf("err = %v (%T); want OrderError", err, err)
-		}
-		if e.OrderURL != s.url("/orders/1") {
-			t.Errorf("e.OrderURL = %q; want %q", e.OrderURL, s.url("/orders/1"))
-		}
-		if e.Status != StatusInvalid {
-			t.Errorf("e.Status = %q; want %q", e.Status, StatusInvalid)
-		}
+	cl := &Client{Key: testKeyEC, DirectoryURL: s.url("/")}
+	_, err := cl.WaitOrder(context.Background(), s.url("/orders/1"))
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("WaitOrder returned nil error")
+	}
+	e, ok := err.(*OrderError)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("err = %v (%T); want OrderError", err, err)
+	}
+	if e.OrderURL != s.url("/orders/1") {
+		t.Errorf("e.OrderURL = %q; want %q", e.OrderURL, s.url("/orders/1"))
+	}
+	if e.Status != StatusInvalid {
+		t.Errorf("e.Status = %q; want %q", e.Status, StatusInvalid)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -705,8 +948,7 @@ func TestRFC_CreateOrderCert(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 	s.start()
 	defer s.close()
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 3*time.Second)
-	defer cancel()
+	ctx := context.Background()
 
 	cl := &Client{Key: testKeyEC, DirectoryURL: s.url("/")}
 	cert, curl, err := cl.CreateOrderCert(ctx, s.url("/pleaseissue"), csr, true)
@@ -741,3 +983,35 @@ func TestRFC_AlreadyRevokedCert(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("RevokeCert: %v", err)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestRFC_ListCertAlternates(t *testing.T) {
+	s := newACMEServer()
+	s.handle("/crt", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/pem-certificate-chain")
+		w.Header().Add("Link", `<https://example.com/crt/2>;rel="alternate"`)
+		w.Header().Add("Link", `<https://example.com/crt/3>; rel="alternate"`)
+		w.Header().Add("Link", `<https://example.com/acme>; rel="index"`)
+	})
+	s.handle("/crt2", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/pem-certificate-chain")
+	})
+	s.start()
+	defer s.close()
+
+	cl := &Client{Key: testKeyEC, DirectoryURL: s.url("/")}
+	crts, err := cl.ListCertAlternates(context.Background(), s.url("/crt"))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ListCertAlternates: %v", err)
+	}
+	want := []string{"https://example.com/crt/2", "https://example.com/crt/3"}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(crts, want) {
+		t.Errorf("ListCertAlternates(/crt): %v; want %v", crts, want)
+	}
+	crts, err = cl.ListCertAlternates(context.Background(), s.url("/crt2"))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ListCertAlternates: %v", err)
+	}
+	if crts != nil {
+		t.Errorf("ListCertAlternates(/crt2): %v; want nil", crts)
+	}
+}

acme/types.go

@@ -57,6 +57,32 @@ var (
 	ErrNoAccount = errors.New("acme: account does not exist")
 )
 
+// A Subproblem describes an ACME subproblem as reported in an Error.
+type Subproblem struct {
+	// Type is a URI reference that identifies the problem type,
+	// typically in a "urn:acme:error:xxx" form.
+	Type string
+	// Detail is a human-readable explanation specific to this occurrence of the problem.
+	Detail string
+	// Instance indicates a URL that the client should direct a human user to visit
+	// in order for instructions on how to agree to the updated Terms of Service.
+	// In such an event CA sets StatusCode to 403, Type to
+	// "urn:ietf:params:acme:error:userActionRequired", and adds a Link header with relation
+	// "terms-of-service" containing the latest TOS URL.
+	Instance string
+	// Identifier may contain the ACME identifier that the error is for.
+	Identifier *AuthzID
+}
+
+func (sp Subproblem) String() string {
+	str := fmt.Sprintf("%s: ", sp.Type)
+	if sp.Identifier != nil {
+		str += fmt.Sprintf("[%s: %s] ", sp.Identifier.Type, sp.Identifier.Value)
+	}
+	str += sp.Detail
+	return str
+}
+
 // Error is an ACME error, defined in Problem Details for HTTP APIs doc
 // http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-appsawg-http-problem.
 type Error struct {
@@ -76,10 +102,21 @@ type Error struct {
 	// Header is the original server error response headers.
 	// It may be nil.
 	Header http.Header
+	// Subproblems may contain more detailed information about the individual problems
+	// that caused the error. This field is only sent by RFC 8555 compatible ACME
+	// servers. Defined in RFC 8555 Section 6.7.1.
+	Subproblems []Subproblem
 }
 
 func (e *Error) Error() string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%d %s: %s", e.StatusCode, e.ProblemType, e.Detail)
+	str := fmt.Sprintf("%d %s: %s", e.StatusCode, e.ProblemType, e.Detail)
+	if len(e.Subproblems) > 0 {
+		str += fmt.Sprintf("; subproblems:")
+		for _, sp := range e.Subproblems {
+			str += fmt.Sprintf("\n\t%s", sp)
+		}
+	}
+	return str
 }
 
 // AuthorizationError indicates that an authorization for an identifier
@@ -102,7 +139,12 @@ func (a *AuthorizationError) Error() string {
 	for i, err := range a.Errors {
 		e[i] = err.Error()
 	}
-	return fmt.Sprintf("acme: authorization error for %s: %s", a.Identifier, strings.Join(e, "; "))
+
+	if a.Identifier != "" {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("acme: authorization error for %s: %s", a.Identifier, strings.Join(e, "; "))
+	}
+
+	return fmt.Sprintf("acme: authorization error: %s", strings.Join(e, "; "))
 }
 
 // OrderError is returned from Client's order related methods.
@@ -194,6 +236,28 @@ type Account struct {
 	//
 	// It is non-RFC 8555 compliant and is obsoleted by OrdersURL.
 	Certificates string
+
+	// ExternalAccountBinding represents an arbitrary binding to an account of
+	// the CA which the ACME server is tied to.
+	// See https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8555#section-7.3.4 for more details.
+	ExternalAccountBinding *ExternalAccountBinding
+}
+
+// ExternalAccountBinding contains the data needed to form a request with
+// an external account binding.
+// See https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8555#section-7.3.4 for more details.
+type ExternalAccountBinding struct {
+	// KID is the Key ID of the symmetric MAC key that the CA provides to
+	// identify an external account from ACME.
+	KID string
+
+	// Key is the bytes of the symmetric key that the CA provides to identify
+	// the account. Key must correspond to the KID.
+	Key []byte
+}
+
+func (e *ExternalAccountBinding) String() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("&{KID: %q, Key: redacted}", e.KID)
 }
 
 // Directory is ACME server discovery data.
@@ -233,7 +297,7 @@ type Directory struct {
 
 	// CAA consists of lowercase hostname elements, which the ACME server
 	// recognises as referring to itself for the purposes of CAA record validation
-	// as defined in RFC6844.
+	// as defined in RFC 6844.
 	CAA []string
 
 	// ExternalAccountRequired indicates that the CA requires for all account-related
@@ -241,14 +305,6 @@ type Directory struct {
 	ExternalAccountRequired bool
 }
 
-// rfcCompliant reports whether the ACME server implements RFC 8555.
-// Note that some servers may have incomplete RFC implementation
-// even if the returned value is true.
-// If rfcCompliant reports false, the server most likely implements draft-02.
-func (d *Directory) rfcCompliant() bool {
-	return d.OrderURL != ""
-}
-
 // Order represents a client's request for a certificate.
 // It tracks the request flow progress through to issuance.
 type Order struct {
@@ -384,7 +440,7 @@ func DomainIDs(names ...string) []AuthzID {
 
 // IPIDs creates a slice of AuthzID with "ip" identifier type.
 // Each element of addr is textual form of an address as defined
-// in RFC1123 Section 2.1 for IPv4 and in RFC5952 Section 4 for IPv6.
+// in RFC 1123 Section 2.1 for IPv4 and in RFC 5952 Section 4 for IPv6.
 func IPIDs(addr ...string) []AuthzID {
 	a := make([]AuthzID, len(addr))
 	for i, v := range addr {
@@ -407,6 +463,7 @@ type wireAuthz struct {
 	Wildcard     bool
 	Challenges   []wireChallenge
 	Combinations [][]int
+	Error        *wireError
 }
 
 func (z *wireAuthz) authorization(uri string) *Authorization {
@@ -430,11 +487,17 @@ func (z *wireAuthz) error(uri string) *AuthorizationError {
 		URI:        uri,
 		Identifier: z.Identifier.Value,
 	}
+
+	if z.Error != nil {
+		err.Errors = append(err.Errors, z.Error.error(nil))
+	}
+
 	for _, raw := range z.Challenges {
 		if raw.Error != nil {
 			err.Errors = append(err.Errors, raw.Error.error(nil))
 		}
 	}
+
 	return err
 }
 
@@ -499,20 +562,23 @@ func (c *wireChallenge) challenge() *Challenge {
 // wireError is a subset of fields of the Problem Details object
 // as described in https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7807#section-3.1.
 type wireError struct {
-	Status   int
-	Type     string
-	Detail   string
-	Instance string
+	Status      int
+	Type        string
+	Detail      string
+	Instance    string
+	Subproblems []Subproblem
 }
 
 func (e *wireError) error(h http.Header) *Error {
-	return &Error{
+	err := &Error{
 		StatusCode:  e.Status,
 		ProblemType: e.Type,
 		Detail:      e.Detail,
 		Instance:    e.Instance,
 		Header:      h,
+		Subproblems: e.Subproblems,
 	}
+	return err
 }
 
 // CertOption is an optional argument type for the TLS ChallengeCert methods for

acme/types_test.go

@@ -7,10 +7,23 @@ package acme
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"net/http"
+	"reflect"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 )
 
+func TestExternalAccountBindingString(t *testing.T) {
+	eab := ExternalAccountBinding{
+		KID: "kid",
+		Key: []byte("key"),
+	}
+	got := eab.String()
+	want := `&{KID: "kid", Key: redacted}`
+	if got != want {
+		t.Errorf("eab.String() = %q, want: %q", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestRateLimit(t *testing.T) {
 	now := time.Date(2017, 04, 27, 10, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)
 	f := timeNow
@@ -61,3 +74,146 @@ func TestRateLimit(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestAuthorizationError(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		desc string
+		err  *AuthorizationError
+		msg  string
+	}{
+		{
+			desc: "when auth error identifier is set",
+			err: &AuthorizationError{
+				Identifier: "domain.com",
+				Errors: []error{
+					(&wireError{
+						Status: 403,
+						Type:   "urn:ietf:params:acme:error:caa",
+						Detail: "CAA record for domain.com prevents issuance",
+					}).error(nil),
+				},
+			},
+			msg: "acme: authorization error for domain.com: 403 urn:ietf:params:acme:error:caa: CAA record for domain.com prevents issuance",
+		},
+
+		{
+			desc: "when auth error identifier is unset",
+			err: &AuthorizationError{
+				Errors: []error{
+					(&wireError{
+						Status: 403,
+						Type:   "urn:ietf:params:acme:error:caa",
+						Detail: "CAA record for domain.com prevents issuance",
+					}).error(nil),
+				},
+			},
+			msg: "acme: authorization error: 403 urn:ietf:params:acme:error:caa: CAA record for domain.com prevents issuance",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		if tt.err.Error() != tt.msg {
+			t.Errorf("got: %s\nwant: %s", tt.err, tt.msg)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSubproblems(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		wire        wireError
+		expectedOut Error
+	}{
+		{
+			wire: wireError{
+				Status: 1,
+				Type:   "urn:error",
+				Detail: "it's an error",
+			},
+			expectedOut: Error{
+				StatusCode:  1,
+				ProblemType: "urn:error",
+				Detail:      "it's an error",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			wire: wireError{
+				Status: 1,
+				Type:   "urn:error",
+				Detail: "it's an error",
+				Subproblems: []Subproblem{
+					{
+						Type:   "urn:error:sub",
+						Detail: "it's a subproblem",
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			expectedOut: Error{
+				StatusCode:  1,
+				ProblemType: "urn:error",
+				Detail:      "it's an error",
+				Subproblems: []Subproblem{
+					{
+						Type:   "urn:error:sub",
+						Detail: "it's a subproblem",
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			wire: wireError{
+				Status: 1,
+				Type:   "urn:error",
+				Detail: "it's an error",
+				Subproblems: []Subproblem{
+					{
+						Type:       "urn:error:sub",
+						Detail:     "it's a subproblem",
+						Identifier: &AuthzID{Type: "dns", Value: "example"},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			expectedOut: Error{
+				StatusCode:  1,
+				ProblemType: "urn:error",
+				Detail:      "it's an error",
+				Subproblems: []Subproblem{
+					{
+						Type:       "urn:error:sub",
+						Detail:     "it's a subproblem",
+						Identifier: &AuthzID{Type: "dns", Value: "example"},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		out := tc.wire.error(nil)
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(*out, tc.expectedOut) {
+			t.Errorf("Unexpected error: wanted %v, got %v", tc.expectedOut, *out)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestErrorStringerWithSubproblems(t *testing.T) {
+	err := Error{
+		StatusCode:  1,
+		ProblemType: "urn:error",
+		Detail:      "it's an error",
+		Subproblems: []Subproblem{
+			{
+				Type:   "urn:error:sub",
+				Detail: "it's a subproblem",
+			},
+			{
+				Type:       "urn:error:sub",
+				Detail:     "it's a subproblem",
+				Identifier: &AuthzID{Type: "dns", Value: "example"},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	expectedStr := "1 urn:error: it's an error; subproblems:\n\turn:error:sub: it's a subproblem\n\turn:error:sub: [dns: example] it's a subproblem"
+	if err.Error() != expectedStr {
+		t.Errorf("Unexpected error string: wanted %q, got %q", expectedStr, err.Error())
+	}
+}

acme/version_go112.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
+//go:build go1.12
 // +build go1.12
 
 package acme

argon2/argon2.go

@@ -11,8 +11,7 @@
 // If you aren't sure which function you need, use Argon2id (IDKey) and
 // the parameter recommendations for your scenario.
 //
-//
-// Argon2i
+// # Argon2i
 //
 // Argon2i (implemented by Key) is the side-channel resistant version of Argon2.
 // It uses data-independent memory access, which is preferred for password
@@ -21,8 +20,7 @@
 // parameters (taken from [2]) for non-interactive operations are time=3 and to
 // use the maximum available memory.
 //
-//
-// Argon2id
+// # Argon2id
 //
 // Argon2id (implemented by IDKey) is a hybrid version of Argon2 combining
 // Argon2i and Argon2d. It uses data-independent memory access for the first
@@ -59,7 +57,7 @@ const (
 // For example, you can get a derived key for e.g. AES-256 (which needs a
 // 32-byte key) by doing:
 //
-//      key := argon2.Key([]byte("some password"), salt, 3, 32*1024, 4, 32)
+//	key := argon2.Key([]byte("some password"), salt, 3, 32*1024, 4, 32)
 //
 // The draft RFC recommends[2] time=3, and memory=32*1024 is a sensible number.
 // If using that amount of memory (32 MB) is not possible in some contexts then
@@ -83,7 +81,7 @@ func Key(password, salt []byte, time, memory uint32, threads uint8, keyLen uint3
 // For example, you can get a derived key for e.g. AES-256 (which needs a
 // 32-byte key) by doing:
 //
-//      key := argon2.IDKey([]byte("some password"), salt, 1, 64*1024, 4, 32)
+//	key := argon2.IDKey([]byte("some password"), salt, 1, 64*1024, 4, 32)
 //
 // The draft RFC recommends[2] time=1, and memory=64*1024 is a sensible number.
 // If using that amount of memory (64 MB) is not possible in some contexts then

argon2/blamka_amd64.go

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
-// +build amd64,!gccgo,!appengine
+//go:build amd64 && gc && !purego
+// +build amd64,gc,!purego
 
 package argon2
 

argon2/blamka_amd64.s

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
-// +build amd64,!gccgo,!appengine
+//go:build amd64 && gc && !purego
+// +build amd64,gc,!purego
 
 #include "textflag.h"
 

argon2/blamka_ref.go

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
-// +build !amd64 appengine gccgo
+//go:build !amd64 || purego || !gc
+// +build !amd64 purego !gc
 
 package argon2
 

bcrypt/bcrypt.go

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ func (ih InvalidHashPrefixError) Error() string {
 type InvalidCostError int
 
 func (ic InvalidCostError) Error() string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("crypto/bcrypt: cost %d is outside allowed range (%d,%d)", int(ic), int(MinCost), int(MaxCost))
+	return fmt.Sprintf("crypto/bcrypt: cost %d is outside allowed range (%d,%d)", int(ic), MinCost, MaxCost)
 }
 
 const (
@@ -82,11 +82,20 @@ type hashed struct {
 	minor byte
 }
 
+// ErrPasswordTooLong is returned when the password passed to
+// GenerateFromPassword is too long (i.e. > 72 bytes).
+var ErrPasswordTooLong = errors.New("bcrypt: password length exceeds 72 bytes")
+
 // GenerateFromPassword returns the bcrypt hash of the password at the given
 // cost. If the cost given is less than MinCost, the cost will be set to
 // DefaultCost, instead. Use CompareHashAndPassword, as defined in this package,
 // to compare the returned hashed password with its cleartext version.
+// GenerateFromPassword does not accept passwords longer than 72 bytes, which
+// is the longest password bcrypt will operate on.
 func GenerateFromPassword(password []byte, cost int) ([]byte, error) {
+	if len(password) > 72 {
+		return nil, ErrPasswordTooLong
+	}
 	p, err := newFromPassword(password, cost)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err

bcrypt/bcrypt_test.go

@@ -241,3 +241,10 @@ func TestNoSideEffectsFromCompare(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("got=%q want=%q", got, want)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestPasswordTooLong(t *testing.T) {
+	_, err := GenerateFromPassword(make([]byte, 73), 1)
+	if err != ErrPasswordTooLong {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected error: got %q, want %q", err, ErrPasswordTooLong)
+	}
+}

blake2b/blake2b.go

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 // Package blake2b implements the BLAKE2b hash algorithm defined by RFC 7693
 // and the extendable output function (XOF) BLAKE2Xb.
 //
+// BLAKE2b is optimized for 64-bit platforms—including NEON-enabled ARMs—and
+// produces digests of any size between 1 and 64 bytes.
 // For a detailed specification of BLAKE2b see https://blake2.net/blake2.pdf
 // and for BLAKE2Xb see https://blake2.net/blake2x.pdf
 //

blake2b/blake2bAVX2_amd64.go

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
-// +build go1.7,amd64,!gccgo,!appengine
+//go:build go1.7 && amd64 && gc && !purego
+// +build go1.7,amd64,gc,!purego
 
 package blake2b
 

blake2b/blake2bAVX2_amd64.s

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
-// +build go1.7,amd64,!gccgo,!appengine
+//go:build go1.7 && amd64 && gc && !purego
+// +build go1.7,amd64,gc,!purego
 
 #include "textflag.h"
 
@@ -282,14 +283,12 @@ TEXT ·hashBlocksAVX2(SB), 4, $320-48 // frame size = 288 + 32 byte alignment
 	MOVQ blocks_len+32(FP), DI
 
 	MOVQ SP, DX
-	MOVQ SP, R9
-	ADDQ $31, R9
-	ANDQ $~31, R9
-	MOVQ R9, SP
+	ADDQ $31, DX
+	ANDQ $~31, DX
 
-	MOVQ CX, 16(SP)
+	MOVQ CX, 16(DX)
 	XORQ CX, CX
-	MOVQ CX, 24(SP)
+	MOVQ CX, 24(DX)
 
 	VMOVDQU ·AVX2_c40<>(SB), Y4
 	VMOVDQU ·AVX2_c48<>(SB), Y5
@@ -301,33 +300,33 @@ TEXT ·hashBlocksAVX2(SB), 4, $320-48 // frame size = 288 + 32 byte alignment
 
 	MOVQ 0(BX), R8
 	MOVQ 8(BX), R9
-	MOVQ R9, 8(SP)
+	MOVQ R9, 8(DX)
 
 loop:
 	ADDQ $128, R8
-	MOVQ R8, 0(SP)
+	MOVQ R8, 0(DX)
 	CMPQ R8, $128
 	JGE  noinc
 	INCQ R9
-	MOVQ R9, 8(SP)
+	MOVQ R9, 8(DX)
 
 noinc:
 	VMOVDQA Y8, Y0
 	VMOVDQA Y9, Y1
 	VMOVDQA Y6, Y2
-	VPXOR   0(SP), Y7, Y3
+	VPXOR   0(DX), Y7, Y3
 
 	LOAD_MSG_AVX2_0_2_4_6_1_3_5_7_8_10_12_14_9_11_13_15()
-	VMOVDQA Y12, 32(SP)
-	VMOVDQA Y13, 64(SP)
-	VMOVDQA Y14, 96(SP)
-	VMOVDQA Y15, 128(SP)
+	VMOVDQA Y12, 32(DX)
+	VMOVDQA Y13, 64(DX)
+	VMOVDQA Y14, 96(DX)
+	VMOVDQA Y15, 128(DX)
 	ROUND_AVX2(Y12, Y13, Y14, Y15, Y10, Y4, Y5)
 	LOAD_MSG_AVX2_14_4_9_13_10_8_15_6_1_0_11_5_12_2_7_3()
-	VMOVDQA Y12, 160(SP)
-	VMOVDQA Y13, 192(SP)
-	VMOVDQA Y14, 224(SP)
-	VMOVDQA Y15, 256(SP)
+	VMOVDQA Y12, 160(DX)
+	VMOVDQA Y13, 192(DX)
+	VMOVDQA Y14, 224(DX)
+	VMOVDQA Y15, 256(DX)
 
 	ROUND_AVX2(Y12, Y13, Y14, Y15, Y10, Y4, Y5)
 	LOAD_MSG_AVX2_11_12_5_15_8_0_2_13_10_3_7_9_14_6_1_4()
@@ -347,8 +346,8 @@ noinc:
 	LOAD_MSG_AVX2_10_8_7_1_2_4_6_5_15_9_3_13_11_14_12_0()
 	ROUND_AVX2(Y12, Y13, Y14, Y15, Y10, Y4, Y5)
 
-	ROUND_AVX2(32(SP), 64(SP), 96(SP), 128(SP), Y10, Y4, Y5)
-	ROUND_AVX2(160(SP), 192(SP), 224(SP), 256(SP), Y10, Y4, Y5)
+	ROUND_AVX2(32(DX), 64(DX), 96(DX), 128(DX), Y10, Y4, Y5)
+	ROUND_AVX2(160(DX), 192(DX), 224(DX), 256(DX), Y10, Y4, Y5)
 
 	VPXOR Y0, Y8, Y8
 	VPXOR Y1, Y9, Y9
@@ -366,7 +365,6 @@ noinc:
 	VMOVDQU Y9, 32(AX)
 	VZEROUPPER
 
-	MOVQ DX, SP
 	RET
 
 #define VPUNPCKLQDQ_X2_X2_X15 BYTE $0xC5; BYTE $0x69; BYTE $0x6C; BYTE $0xFA
@@ -584,11 +582,9 @@ TEXT ·hashBlocksAVX(SB), 4, $288-48 // frame size = 272 + 16 byte alignment
 	MOVQ blocks_base+24(FP), SI
 	MOVQ blocks_len+32(FP), DI
 
-	MOVQ SP, BP
-	MOVQ SP, R9
-	ADDQ $15, R9
-	ANDQ $~15, R9
-	MOVQ R9, SP
+	MOVQ SP, R10
+	ADDQ $15, R10
+	ANDQ $~15, R10
 
 	VMOVDQU ·AVX_c40<>(SB), X0
 	VMOVDQU ·AVX_c48<>(SB), X1
@@ -596,8 +592,8 @@ TEXT ·hashBlocksAVX(SB), 4, $288-48 // frame size = 272 + 16 byte alignment
 	VMOVDQA X1, X9
 
 	VMOVDQU ·AVX_iv3<>(SB), X0
-	VMOVDQA X0, 0(SP)
-	XORQ    CX, 0(SP)          // 0(SP) = ·AVX_iv3 ^ (CX || 0)
+	VMOVDQA X0, 0(R10)
+	XORQ    CX, 0(R10)          // 0(R10) = ·AVX_iv3 ^ (CX || 0)
 
 	VMOVDQU 0(AX), X10
 	VMOVDQU 16(AX), X11
@@ -624,35 +620,35 @@ noinc:
 	VMOVDQU ·AVX_iv2<>(SB), X6
 
 	VPXOR   X15, X6, X6
-	VMOVDQA 0(SP), X7
+	VMOVDQA 0(R10), X7
 
 	LOAD_MSG_AVX_0_2_4_6_1_3_5_7()
-	VMOVDQA X12, 16(SP)
-	VMOVDQA X13, 32(SP)
-	VMOVDQA X14, 48(SP)
-	VMOVDQA X15, 64(SP)
+	VMOVDQA X12, 16(R10)
+	VMOVDQA X13, 32(R10)
+	VMOVDQA X14, 48(R10)
+	VMOVDQA X15, 64(R10)
 	HALF_ROUND_AVX(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X12, X13, X14, X15, X15, X8, X9)
 	SHUFFLE_AVX()
 	LOAD_MSG_AVX(8, 10, 12, 14, 9, 11, 13, 15)
-	VMOVDQA X12, 80(SP)
-	VMOVDQA X13, 96(SP)
-	VMOVDQA X14, 112(SP)
-	VMOVDQA X15, 128(SP)
+	VMOVDQA X12, 80(R10)
+	VMOVDQA X13, 96(R10)
+	VMOVDQA X14, 112(R10)
+	VMOVDQA X15, 128(R10)
 	HALF_ROUND_AVX(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X12, X13, X14, X15, X15, X8, X9)
 	SHUFFLE_AVX_INV()
 
 	LOAD_MSG_AVX(14, 4, 9, 13, 10, 8, 15, 6)
-	VMOVDQA X12, 144(SP)
-	VMOVDQA X13, 160(SP)
-	VMOVDQA X14, 176(SP)
-	VMOVDQA X15, 192(SP)
+	VMOVDQA X12, 144(R10)
+	VMOVDQA X13, 160(R10)
+	VMOVDQA X14, 176(R10)
+	VMOVDQA X15, 192(R10)
 	HALF_ROUND_AVX(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X12, X13, X14, X15, X15, X8, X9)
 	SHUFFLE_AVX()
 	LOAD_MSG_AVX_1_0_11_5_12_2_7_3()
-	VMOVDQA X12, 208(SP)
-	VMOVDQA X13, 224(SP)
-	VMOVDQA X14, 240(SP)
-	VMOVDQA X15, 256(SP)
+	VMOVDQA X12, 208(R10)
+	VMOVDQA X13, 224(R10)
+	VMOVDQA X14, 240(R10)
+	VMOVDQA X15, 256(R10)
 	HALF_ROUND_AVX(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X12, X13, X14, X15, X15, X8, X9)
 	SHUFFLE_AVX_INV()
 
@@ -712,14 +708,14 @@ noinc:
 	HALF_ROUND_AVX(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X12, X13, X14, X15, X15, X8, X9)
 	SHUFFLE_AVX_INV()
 
-	HALF_ROUND_AVX(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, 16(SP), 32(SP), 48(SP), 64(SP), X15, X8, X9)
+	HALF_ROUND_AVX(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, 16(R10), 32(R10), 48(R10), 64(R10), X15, X8, X9)
 	SHUFFLE_AVX()
-	HALF_ROUND_AVX(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, 80(SP), 96(SP), 112(SP), 128(SP), X15, X8, X9)
+	HALF_ROUND_AVX(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, 80(R10), 96(R10), 112(R10), 128(R10), X15, X8, X9)
 	SHUFFLE_AVX_INV()
 
-	HALF_ROUND_AVX(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, 144(SP), 160(SP), 176(SP), 192(SP), X15, X8, X9)
+	HALF_ROUND_AVX(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, 144(R10), 160(R10), 176(R10), 192(R10), X15, X8, X9)
 	SHUFFLE_AVX()
-	HALF_ROUND_AVX(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, 208(SP), 224(SP), 240(SP), 256(SP), X15, X8, X9)
+	HALF_ROUND_AVX(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, 208(R10), 224(R10), 240(R10), 256(R10), X15, X8, X9)
 	SHUFFLE_AVX_INV()
 
 	VMOVDQU 32(AX), X14
@@ -746,5 +742,4 @@ noinc:
 	MOVQ R9, 8(BX)
 	VZEROUPPER
 
-	MOVQ BP, SP
 	RET

blake2b/blake2b_amd64.go

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
-// +build !go1.7,amd64,!gccgo,!appengine
+//go:build !go1.7 && amd64 && gc && !purego
+// +build !go1.7,amd64,gc,!purego
 
 package blake2b
 

blake2b/blake2b_amd64.s

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
-// +build amd64,!gccgo,!appengine
+//go:build amd64 && gc && !purego
+// +build amd64,gc,!purego
 
 #include "textflag.h"
 
@@ -118,15 +119,13 @@ TEXT ·hashBlocksSSE4(SB), 4, $288-48 // frame size = 272 + 16 byte alignment
 	MOVQ blocks_base+24(FP), SI
 	MOVQ blocks_len+32(FP), DI
 
-	MOVQ SP, BP
-	MOVQ SP, R9
-	ADDQ $15, R9
-	ANDQ $~15, R9
-	MOVQ R9, SP
+	MOVQ SP, R10
+	ADDQ $15, R10
+	ANDQ $~15, R10
 
 	MOVOU ·iv3<>(SB), X0
-	MOVO  X0, 0(SP)
-	XORQ  CX, 0(SP)     // 0(SP) = ·iv3 ^ (CX || 0)
+	MOVO  X0, 0(R10)
+	XORQ  CX, 0(R10)     // 0(R10) = ·iv3 ^ (CX || 0)
 
 	MOVOU ·c40<>(SB), X13
 	MOVOU ·c48<>(SB), X14
@@ -156,35 +155,35 @@ noinc:
 	MOVOU ·iv2<>(SB), X6
 
 	PXOR X8, X6
-	MOVO 0(SP), X7
+	MOVO 0(R10), X7
 
 	LOAD_MSG(X8, X9, X10, X11, SI, 0, 2, 4, 6, 1, 3, 5, 7)
-	MOVO X8, 16(SP)
-	MOVO X9, 32(SP)
-	MOVO X10, 48(SP)
-	MOVO X11, 64(SP)
+	MOVO X8, 16(R10)
+	MOVO X9, 32(R10)
+	MOVO X10, 48(R10)
+	MOVO X11, 64(R10)
 	HALF_ROUND(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9, X10, X11, X11, X13, X14)
 	SHUFFLE(X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9)
 	LOAD_MSG(X8, X9, X10, X11, SI, 8, 10, 12, 14, 9, 11, 13, 15)
-	MOVO X8, 80(SP)
-	MOVO X9, 96(SP)
-	MOVO X10, 112(SP)
-	MOVO X11, 128(SP)
+	MOVO X8, 80(R10)
+	MOVO X9, 96(R10)
+	MOVO X10, 112(R10)
+	MOVO X11, 128(R10)
 	HALF_ROUND(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9, X10, X11, X11, X13, X14)
 	SHUFFLE_INV(X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9)
 
 	LOAD_MSG(X8, X9, X10, X11, SI, 14, 4, 9, 13, 10, 8, 15, 6)
-	MOVO X8, 144(SP)
-	MOVO X9, 160(SP)
-	MOVO X10, 176(SP)
-	MOVO X11, 192(SP)
+	MOVO X8, 144(R10)
+	MOVO X9, 160(R10)
+	MOVO X10, 176(R10)
+	MOVO X11, 192(R10)
 	HALF_ROUND(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9, X10, X11, X11, X13, X14)
 	SHUFFLE(X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9)
 	LOAD_MSG(X8, X9, X10, X11, SI, 1, 0, 11, 5, 12, 2, 7, 3)
-	MOVO X8, 208(SP)
-	MOVO X9, 224(SP)
-	MOVO X10, 240(SP)
-	MOVO X11, 256(SP)
+	MOVO X8, 208(R10)
+	MOVO X9, 224(R10)
+	MOVO X10, 240(R10)
+	MOVO X11, 256(R10)
 	HALF_ROUND(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9, X10, X11, X11, X13, X14)
 	SHUFFLE_INV(X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9)
 
@@ -244,14 +243,14 @@ noinc:
 	HALF_ROUND(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9, X10, X11, X11, X13, X14)
 	SHUFFLE_INV(X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9)
 
-	HALF_ROUND(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, 16(SP), 32(SP), 48(SP), 64(SP), X11, X13, X14)
+	HALF_ROUND(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, 16(R10), 32(R10), 48(R10), 64(R10), X11, X13, X14)
 	SHUFFLE(X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9)
-	HALF_ROUND(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, 80(SP), 96(SP), 112(SP), 128(SP), X11, X13, X14)
+	HALF_ROUND(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, 80(R10), 96(R10), 112(R10), 128(R10), X11, X13, X14)
 	SHUFFLE_INV(X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9)
 
-	HALF_ROUND(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, 144(SP), 160(SP), 176(SP), 192(SP), X11, X13, X14)
+	HALF_ROUND(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, 144(R10), 160(R10), 176(R10), 192(R10), X11, X13, X14)
 	SHUFFLE(X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9)
-	HALF_ROUND(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, 208(SP), 224(SP), 240(SP), 256(SP), X11, X13, X14)
+	HALF_ROUND(X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, 208(R10), 224(R10), 240(R10), 256(R10), X11, X13, X14)
 	SHUFFLE_INV(X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9)
 
 	MOVOU 32(AX), X10
@@ -277,5 +276,4 @@ noinc:
 	MOVQ R8, 0(BX)
 	MOVQ R9, 8(BX)
 
-	MOVQ BP, SP
 	RET

blake2b/blake2b_ref.go

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
-// +build !amd64 appengine gccgo
+//go:build !amd64 || purego || !gc
+// +build !amd64 purego !gc
 
 package blake2b
 

blake2b/register.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
+//go:build go1.9
 // +build go1.9
 
 package blake2b

blake2s/blake2s.go

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 // Package blake2s implements the BLAKE2s hash algorithm defined by RFC 7693
 // and the extendable output function (XOF) BLAKE2Xs.
 //
+// BLAKE2s is optimized for 8- to 32-bit platforms and produces digests of any
+// size between 1 and 32 bytes.
 // For a detailed specification of BLAKE2s see https://blake2.net/blake2.pdf
 // and for BLAKE2Xs see https://blake2.net/blake2x.pdf
 //

blake2s/blake2s_386.go

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
-// +build 386,!gccgo,!appengine
+//go:build 386 && gc && !purego
+// +build 386,gc,!purego
 
 package blake2s
 

blake2s/blake2s_386.s

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
-// +build 386,!gccgo,!appengine
+//go:build 386 && gc && !purego
+// +build 386,gc,!purego
 
 #include "textflag.h"
 
@@ -297,19 +298,17 @@ TEXT ·hashBlocksSSE2(SB), 0, $672-24 // frame = 656 + 16 byte alignment
 	MOVL blocks_base+12(FP), SI
 	MOVL blocks_len+16(FP), DX
 
-	MOVL SP, BP
 	MOVL SP, DI
 	ADDL $15, DI
 	ANDL $~15, DI
-	MOVL DI, SP
 
-	MOVL CX, 8(SP)
+	MOVL CX, 8(DI)
 	MOVL 0(BX), CX
-	MOVL CX, 0(SP)
+	MOVL CX, 0(DI)
 	MOVL 4(BX), CX
-	MOVL CX, 4(SP)
+	MOVL CX, 4(DI)
 	XORL CX, CX
-	MOVL CX, 12(SP)
+	MOVL CX, 12(DI)
 
 	MOVOU 0(AX), X0
 	MOVOU 16(AX), X1
@@ -321,22 +320,22 @@ loop:
 	MOVOU iv0<>(SB), X6
 	MOVOU iv1<>(SB), X7
 
-	MOVO  0(SP), X3
+	MOVO  0(DI), X3
 	PADDQ X2, X3
 	PXOR  X3, X7
-	MOVO  X3, 0(SP)
+	MOVO  X3, 0(DI)
 
-	PRECOMPUTE(SP, 16, SI, CX)
-	ROUND_SSE2(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16(SP), 32(SP), 48(SP), 64(SP), X3)
-	ROUND_SSE2(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+64(SP), 32+64(SP), 48+64(SP), 64+64(SP), X3)
-	ROUND_SSE2(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+128(SP), 32+128(SP), 48+128(SP), 64+128(SP), X3)
-	ROUND_SSE2(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+192(SP), 32+192(SP), 48+192(SP), 64+192(SP), X3)
-	ROUND_SSE2(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+256(SP), 32+256(SP), 48+256(SP), 64+256(SP), X3)
-	ROUND_SSE2(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+320(SP), 32+320(SP), 48+320(SP), 64+320(SP), X3)
-	ROUND_SSE2(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+384(SP), 32+384(SP), 48+384(SP), 64+384(SP), X3)
-	ROUND_SSE2(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+448(SP), 32+448(SP), 48+448(SP), 64+448(SP), X3)
-	ROUND_SSE2(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+512(SP), 32+512(SP), 48+512(SP), 64+512(SP), X3)
-	ROUND_SSE2(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+576(SP), 32+576(SP), 48+576(SP), 64+576(SP), X3)
+	PRECOMPUTE(DI, 16, SI, CX)
+	ROUND_SSE2(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16(DI), 32(DI), 48(DI), 64(DI), X3)
+	ROUND_SSE2(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+64(DI), 32+64(DI), 48+64(DI), 64+64(DI), X3)
+	ROUND_SSE2(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+128(DI), 32+128(DI), 48+128(DI), 64+128(DI), X3)
+	ROUND_SSE2(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+192(DI), 32+192(DI), 48+192(DI), 64+192(DI), X3)
+	ROUND_SSE2(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+256(DI), 32+256(DI), 48+256(DI), 64+256(DI), X3)
+	ROUND_SSE2(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+320(DI), 32+320(DI), 48+320(DI), 64+320(DI), X3)
+	ROUND_SSE2(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+384(DI), 32+384(DI), 48+384(DI), 64+384(DI), X3)
+	ROUND_SSE2(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+448(DI), 32+448(DI), 48+448(DI), 64+448(DI), X3)
+	ROUND_SSE2(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+512(DI), 32+512(DI), 48+512(DI), 64+512(DI), X3)
+	ROUND_SSE2(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+576(DI), 32+576(DI), 48+576(DI), 64+576(DI), X3)
 
 	PXOR X4, X0
 	PXOR X5, X1
@@ -347,15 +346,14 @@ loop:
 	SUBL $64, DX
 	JNE  loop
 
-	MOVL 0(SP), CX
+	MOVL 0(DI), CX
 	MOVL CX, 0(BX)
-	MOVL 4(SP), CX
+	MOVL 4(DI), CX
 	MOVL CX, 4(BX)
 
 	MOVOU X0, 0(AX)
 	MOVOU X1, 16(AX)
 
-	MOVL BP, SP
 	RET
 
 // func hashBlocksSSSE3(h *[8]uint32, c *[2]uint32, flag uint32, blocks []byte)
@@ -366,54 +364,52 @@ TEXT ·hashBlocksSSSE3(SB), 0, $704-24 // frame = 688 + 16 byte alignment
 	MOVL blocks_base+12(FP), SI
 	MOVL blocks_len+16(FP), DX
 
-	MOVL SP, BP
 	MOVL SP, DI
 	ADDL $15, DI
 	ANDL $~15, DI
-	MOVL DI, SP
 
-	MOVL CX, 8(SP)
+	MOVL CX, 8(DI)
 	MOVL 0(BX), CX
-	MOVL CX, 0(SP)
+	MOVL CX, 0(DI)
 	MOVL 4(BX), CX
-	MOVL CX, 4(SP)
+	MOVL CX, 4(DI)
 	XORL CX, CX
-	MOVL CX, 12(SP)
+	MOVL CX, 12(DI)
 
 	MOVOU 0(AX), X0
 	MOVOU 16(AX), X1
 	MOVOU counter<>(SB), X2
 
 loop:
-	MOVO  X0, 656(SP)
-	MOVO  X1, 672(SP)
+	MOVO  X0, 656(DI)
+	MOVO  X1, 672(DI)
 	MOVO  X0, X4
 	MOVO  X1, X5
 	MOVOU iv0<>(SB), X6
 	MOVOU iv1<>(SB), X7
 
-	MOVO  0(SP), X3
+	MOVO  0(DI), X3
 	PADDQ X2, X3
 	PXOR  X3, X7
-	MOVO  X3, 0(SP)
+	MOVO  X3, 0(DI)
 
 	MOVOU rol16<>(SB), X0
 	MOVOU rol8<>(SB), X1
 
-	PRECOMPUTE(SP, 16, SI, CX)
-	ROUND_SSSE3(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16(SP), 32(SP), 48(SP), 64(SP), X3, X0, X1)
-	ROUND_SSSE3(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+64(SP), 32+64(SP), 48+64(SP), 64+64(SP), X3, X0, X1)
-	ROUND_SSSE3(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+128(SP), 32+128(SP), 48+128(SP), 64+128(SP), X3, X0, X1)
-	ROUND_SSSE3(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+192(SP), 32+192(SP), 48+192(SP), 64+192(SP), X3, X0, X1)
-	ROUND_SSSE3(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+256(SP), 32+256(SP), 48+256(SP), 64+256(SP), X3, X0, X1)
-	ROUND_SSSE3(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+320(SP), 32+320(SP), 48+320(SP), 64+320(SP), X3, X0, X1)
-	ROUND_SSSE3(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+384(SP), 32+384(SP), 48+384(SP), 64+384(SP), X3, X0, X1)
-	ROUND_SSSE3(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+448(SP), 32+448(SP), 48+448(SP), 64+448(SP), X3, X0, X1)
-	ROUND_SSSE3(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+512(SP), 32+512(SP), 48+512(SP), 64+512(SP), X3, X0, X1)
-	ROUND_SSSE3(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+576(SP), 32+576(SP), 48+576(SP), 64+576(SP), X3, X0, X1)
+	PRECOMPUTE(DI, 16, SI, CX)
+	ROUND_SSSE3(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16(DI), 32(DI), 48(DI), 64(DI), X3, X0, X1)
+	ROUND_SSSE3(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+64(DI), 32+64(DI), 48+64(DI), 64+64(DI), X3, X0, X1)
+	ROUND_SSSE3(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+128(DI), 32+128(DI), 48+128(DI), 64+128(DI), X3, X0, X1)
+	ROUND_SSSE3(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+192(DI), 32+192(DI), 48+192(DI), 64+192(DI), X3, X0, X1)
+	ROUND_SSSE3(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+256(DI), 32+256(DI), 48+256(DI), 64+256(DI), X3, X0, X1)
+	ROUND_SSSE3(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+320(DI), 32+320(DI), 48+320(DI), 64+320(DI), X3, X0, X1)
+	ROUND_SSSE3(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+384(DI), 32+384(DI), 48+384(DI), 64+384(DI), X3, X0, X1)
+	ROUND_SSSE3(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+448(DI), 32+448(DI), 48+448(DI), 64+448(DI), X3, X0, X1)
+	ROUND_SSSE3(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+512(DI), 32+512(DI), 48+512(DI), 64+512(DI), X3, X0, X1)
+	ROUND_SSSE3(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+576(DI), 32+576(DI), 48+576(DI), 64+576(DI), X3, X0, X1)
 
-	MOVO 656(SP), X0
-	MOVO 672(SP), X1
+	MOVO 656(DI), X0
+	MOVO 672(DI), X1
 	PXOR X4, X0
 	PXOR X5, X1
 	PXOR X6, X0
@@ -423,13 +419,12 @@ loop:
 	SUBL $64, DX
 	JNE  loop
 
-	MOVL 0(SP), CX
+	MOVL 0(DI), CX
 	MOVL CX, 0(BX)
-	MOVL 4(SP), CX
+	MOVL 4(DI), CX
 	MOVL CX, 4(BX)
 
 	MOVOU X0, 0(AX)
 	MOVOU X1, 16(AX)
 
-	MOVL BP, SP
 	RET

blake2s/blake2s_amd64.go

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
-// +build amd64,!gccgo,!appengine
+//go:build amd64 && gc && !purego
+// +build amd64,gc,!purego
 
 package blake2s
 

blake2s/blake2s_amd64.s

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
-// +build amd64,!gccgo,!appengine
+//go:build amd64 && gc && !purego
+// +build amd64,gc,!purego
 
 #include "textflag.h"
 
@@ -317,30 +318,30 @@ GLOBL counter<>(SB), (NOPTR+RODATA), $16
 	MOVL R15, 8*4+off+576(dst)
 
 #define BLAKE2s_SSE2() \
-	PRECOMPUTE_MSG(SP, 16, SI, R8, R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15);               \
-	ROUND_SSE2(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16(SP), 32(SP), 48(SP), 64(SP), X8);                 \
-	ROUND_SSE2(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+64(SP), 32+64(SP), 48+64(SP), 64+64(SP), X8);     \
-	ROUND_SSE2(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+128(SP), 32+128(SP), 48+128(SP), 64+128(SP), X8); \
-	ROUND_SSE2(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+192(SP), 32+192(SP), 48+192(SP), 64+192(SP), X8); \
-	ROUND_SSE2(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+256(SP), 32+256(SP), 48+256(SP), 64+256(SP), X8); \
-	ROUND_SSE2(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+320(SP), 32+320(SP), 48+320(SP), 64+320(SP), X8); \
-	ROUND_SSE2(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+384(SP), 32+384(SP), 48+384(SP), 64+384(SP), X8); \
-	ROUND_SSE2(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+448(SP), 32+448(SP), 48+448(SP), 64+448(SP), X8); \
-	ROUND_SSE2(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+512(SP), 32+512(SP), 48+512(SP), 64+512(SP), X8); \
-	ROUND_SSE2(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+576(SP), 32+576(SP), 48+576(SP), 64+576(SP), X8)
+	PRECOMPUTE_MSG(BP, 16, SI, R8, R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15);               \
+	ROUND_SSE2(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16(BP), 32(BP), 48(BP), 64(BP), X8);                 \
+	ROUND_SSE2(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+64(BP), 32+64(BP), 48+64(BP), 64+64(BP), X8);     \
+	ROUND_SSE2(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+128(BP), 32+128(BP), 48+128(BP), 64+128(BP), X8); \
+	ROUND_SSE2(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+192(BP), 32+192(BP), 48+192(BP), 64+192(BP), X8); \
+	ROUND_SSE2(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+256(BP), 32+256(BP), 48+256(BP), 64+256(BP), X8); \
+	ROUND_SSE2(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+320(BP), 32+320(BP), 48+320(BP), 64+320(BP), X8); \
+	ROUND_SSE2(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+384(BP), 32+384(BP), 48+384(BP), 64+384(BP), X8); \
+	ROUND_SSE2(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+448(BP), 32+448(BP), 48+448(BP), 64+448(BP), X8); \
+	ROUND_SSE2(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+512(BP), 32+512(BP), 48+512(BP), 64+512(BP), X8); \
+	ROUND_SSE2(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+576(BP), 32+576(BP), 48+576(BP), 64+576(BP), X8)
 
 #define BLAKE2s_SSSE3() \
-	PRECOMPUTE_MSG(SP, 16, SI, R8, R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15);                          \
-	ROUND_SSSE3(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16(SP), 32(SP), 48(SP), 64(SP), X8, X13, X14);                 \
-	ROUND_SSSE3(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+64(SP), 32+64(SP), 48+64(SP), 64+64(SP), X8, X13, X14);     \
-	ROUND_SSSE3(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+128(SP), 32+128(SP), 48+128(SP), 64+128(SP), X8, X13, X14); \
-	ROUND_SSSE3(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+192(SP), 32+192(SP), 48+192(SP), 64+192(SP), X8, X13, X14); \
-	ROUND_SSSE3(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+256(SP), 32+256(SP), 48+256(SP), 64+256(SP), X8, X13, X14); \
-	ROUND_SSSE3(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+320(SP), 32+320(SP), 48+320(SP), 64+320(SP), X8, X13, X14); \
-	ROUND_SSSE3(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+384(SP), 32+384(SP), 48+384(SP), 64+384(SP), X8, X13, X14); \
-	ROUND_SSSE3(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+448(SP), 32+448(SP), 48+448(SP), 64+448(SP), X8, X13, X14); \
-	ROUND_SSSE3(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+512(SP), 32+512(SP), 48+512(SP), 64+512(SP), X8, X13, X14); \
-	ROUND_SSSE3(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+576(SP), 32+576(SP), 48+576(SP), 64+576(SP), X8, X13, X14)
+	PRECOMPUTE_MSG(BP, 16, SI, R8, R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15);                          \
+	ROUND_SSSE3(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16(BP), 32(BP), 48(BP), 64(BP), X8, X13, X14);                 \
+	ROUND_SSSE3(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+64(BP), 32+64(BP), 48+64(BP), 64+64(BP), X8, X13, X14);     \
+	ROUND_SSSE3(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+128(BP), 32+128(BP), 48+128(BP), 64+128(BP), X8, X13, X14); \
+	ROUND_SSSE3(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+192(BP), 32+192(BP), 48+192(BP), 64+192(BP), X8, X13, X14); \
+	ROUND_SSSE3(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+256(BP), 32+256(BP), 48+256(BP), 64+256(BP), X8, X13, X14); \
+	ROUND_SSSE3(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+320(BP), 32+320(BP), 48+320(BP), 64+320(BP), X8, X13, X14); \
+	ROUND_SSSE3(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+384(BP), 32+384(BP), 48+384(BP), 64+384(BP), X8, X13, X14); \
+	ROUND_SSSE3(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+448(BP), 32+448(BP), 48+448(BP), 64+448(BP), X8, X13, X14); \
+	ROUND_SSSE3(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+512(BP), 32+512(BP), 48+512(BP), 64+512(BP), X8, X13, X14); \
+	ROUND_SSSE3(X4, X5, X6, X7, 16+576(BP), 32+576(BP), 48+576(BP), 64+576(BP), X8, X13, X14)
 
 #define BLAKE2s_SSE4() \
 	LOAD_MSG_SSE4(X8, X9, X10, X11, SI, 0, 2, 4, 6, 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 9, 11, 13, 15); \
@@ -372,16 +373,12 @@ GLOBL counter<>(SB), (NOPTR+RODATA), $16
 	MOVQ  blocks_len, DX;          \
 	                               \
 	MOVQ  SP, BP;                  \
-	MOVQ  SP, R9;                  \
-	ADDQ  $15, R9;                 \
-	ANDQ  $~15, R9;                \
-	MOVQ  R9, SP;                  \
+	ADDQ  $15, BP;                 \
+	ANDQ  $~15, BP;                \
 	                               \
 	MOVQ  0(BX), R9;               \
-	MOVQ  R9, 0(SP);               \
-	XORQ  R9, R9;                  \
-	MOVQ  R9, 8(SP);               \
-	MOVL  CX, 8(SP);               \
+	MOVQ  R9, 0(BP);               \
+	MOVQ  CX, 8(BP);               \
 	                               \
 	MOVOU 0(AX), X0;               \
 	MOVOU 16(AX), X1;              \
@@ -391,7 +388,7 @@ GLOBL counter<>(SB), (NOPTR+RODATA), $16
 	MOVOU counter<>(SB), X12;      \
 	MOVOU rol16<>(SB), X13;        \
 	MOVOU rol8<>(SB), X14;         \
-	MOVO  0(SP), X15;              \
+	MOVO  0(BP), X15;              \
 	                               \
 	loop:                          \
 	MOVO  X0, X4;                  \
@@ -413,14 +410,12 @@ GLOBL counter<>(SB), (NOPTR+RODATA), $16
 	SUBQ  $64, DX;                 \
 	JNE   loop;                    \
 	                               \
-	MOVO  X15, 0(SP);              \
-	MOVQ  0(SP), R9;               \
+	MOVO  X15, 0(BP);              \
+	MOVQ  0(BP), R9;               \
 	MOVQ  R9, 0(BX);               \
 	                               \
 	MOVOU X0, 0(AX);               \
-	MOVOU X1, 16(AX);              \
-	                               \
-	MOVQ  BP, SP
+	MOVOU X1, 16(AX)
 
 // func hashBlocksSSE2(h *[8]uint32, c *[2]uint32, flag uint32, blocks []byte)
 TEXT ·hashBlocksSSE2(SB), 0, $672-48 // frame = 656 + 16 byte alignment

blake2s/blake2s_ref.go

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
-// +build !amd64,!386 gccgo appengine
+//go:build (!amd64 && !386) || !gc || purego
+// +build !amd64,!386 !gc purego
 
 package blake2s
 

blake2s/register.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
+//go:build go1.9
 // +build go1.9
 
 package blake2s

bn256/bn256.go

@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ type G2 struct {
 	p *twistPoint
 }
 
-// RandomG1 returns x and g₂ˣ where x is a random, non-zero number read from r.
+// RandomG2 returns x and g₂ˣ where x is a random, non-zero number read from r.
 func RandomG2(r io.Reader) (*big.Int, *G2, error) {
 	var k *big.Int
 	var err error

cast5/cast5.go

@@ -13,7 +13,10 @@
 // golang.org/x/crypto/chacha20poly1305).
 package cast5 // import "golang.org/x/crypto/cast5"
 
-import "errors"
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"math/bits"
+)
 
 const BlockSize = 8
 const KeySize = 16
@@ -241,19 +244,19 @@ func (c *Cipher) keySchedule(in []byte) {
 // These are the three 'f' functions. See RFC 2144, section 2.2.
 func f1(d, m uint32, r uint8) uint32 {
 	t := m + d
-	I := (t << r) | (t >> (32 - r))
+	I := bits.RotateLeft32(t, int(r))
 	return ((sBox[0][I>>24] ^ sBox[1][(I>>16)&0xff]) - sBox[2][(I>>8)&0xff]) + sBox[3][I&0xff]
 }
 
 func f2(d, m uint32, r uint8) uint32 {
 	t := m ^ d
-	I := (t << r) | (t >> (32 - r))
+	I := bits.RotateLeft32(t, int(r))
 	return ((sBox[0][I>>24] - sBox[1][(I>>16)&0xff]) + sBox[2][(I>>8)&0xff]) ^ sBox[3][I&0xff]
 }
 
 func f3(d, m uint32, r uint8) uint32 {
 	t := m - d
-	I := (t << r) | (t >> (32 - r))
+	I := bits.RotateLeft32(t, int(r))
 	return ((sBox[0][I>>24] + sBox[1][(I>>16)&0xff]) ^ sBox[2][(I>>8)&0xff]) - sBox[3][I&0xff]
 }
 

chacha20/chacha_arm64.go

@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
-// +build go1.11
-// +build !gccgo,!appengine
+//go:build go1.11 && gc && !purego
+// +build go1.11,gc,!purego
 
 package chacha20
 

chacha20/chacha_arm64.s

@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
-// +build go1.11
-// +build !gccgo,!appengine
+//go:build go1.11 && gc && !purego
+// +build go1.11,gc,!purego
 
 #include "textflag.h"
 

chacha20/chacha_generic.go

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"math/bits"
 
-	"golang.org/x/crypto/internal/subtle"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/internal/alias"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -42,10 +42,14 @@ type Cipher struct {
 
 	// The last len bytes of buf are leftover key stream bytes from the previous
 	// XORKeyStream invocation. The size of buf depends on how many blocks are
-	// computed at a time.
+	// computed at a time by xorKeyStreamBlocks.
 	buf [bufSize]byte
 	len int
 
+	// overflow is set when the counter overflowed, no more blocks can be
+	// generated, and the next XORKeyStream call should panic.
+	overflow bool
+
 	// The counter-independent results of the first round are cached after they
 	// are computed the first time.
 	precompDone      bool
@@ -89,6 +93,7 @@ func newUnauthenticatedCipher(c *Cipher, key, nonce []byte) (*Cipher, error) {
 		return nil, errors.New("chacha20: wrong nonce size")
 	}
 
+	key, nonce = key[:KeySize], nonce[:NonceSize] // bounds check elimination hint
 	c.key = [8]uint32{
 		binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(key[0:4]),
 		binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(key[4:8]),
@@ -136,6 +141,36 @@ func quarterRound(a, b, c, d uint32) (uint32, uint32, uint32, uint32) {
 	return a, b, c, d
 }
 
+// SetCounter sets the Cipher counter. The next invocation of XORKeyStream will
+// behave as if (64 * counter) bytes had been encrypted so far.
+//
+// To prevent accidental counter reuse, SetCounter panics if counter is less
+// than the current value.
+//
+// Note that the execution time of XORKeyStream is not independent of the
+// counter value.
+func (s *Cipher) SetCounter(counter uint32) {
+	// Internally, s may buffer multiple blocks, which complicates this
+	// implementation slightly. When checking whether the counter has rolled
+	// back, we must use both s.counter and s.len to determine how many blocks
+	// we have already output.
+	outputCounter := s.counter - uint32(s.len)/blockSize
+	if s.overflow || counter < outputCounter {
+		panic("chacha20: SetCounter attempted to rollback counter")
+	}
+
+	// In the general case, we set the new counter value and reset s.len to 0,
+	// causing the next call to XORKeyStream to refill the buffer. However, if
+	// we're advancing within the existing buffer, we can save work by simply
+	// setting s.len.
+	if counter < s.counter {
+		s.len = int(s.counter-counter) * blockSize
+	} else {
+		s.counter = counter
+		s.len = 0
+	}
+}
+
 // XORKeyStream XORs each byte in the given slice with a byte from the
 // cipher's key stream. Dst and src must overlap entirely or not at all.
 //
@@ -154,7 +189,7 @@ func (s *Cipher) XORKeyStream(dst, src []byte) {
 		panic("chacha20: output smaller than input")
 	}
 	dst = dst[:len(src)]
-	if subtle.InexactOverlap(dst, src) {
+	if alias.InexactOverlap(dst, src) {
 		panic("chacha20: invalid buffer overlap")
 	}
 
@@ -169,34 +204,52 @@ func (s *Cipher) XORKeyStream(dst, src []byte) {
 			dst[i] = src[i] ^ b
 		}
 		s.len -= len(keyStream)
-		src = src[len(keyStream):]
-		dst = dst[len(keyStream):]
+		dst, src = dst[len(keyStream):], src[len(keyStream):]
+	}
+	if len(src) == 0 {
+		return
 	}
 
-	const blocksPerBuf = bufSize / blockSize
-	numBufs := (uint64(len(src)) + bufSize - 1) / bufSize
-	if uint64(s.counter)+numBufs*blocksPerBuf >= 1<<32 {
+	// If we'd need to let the counter overflow and keep generating output,
+	// panic immediately. If instead we'd only reach the last block, remember
+	// not to generate any more output after the buffer is drained.
+	numBlocks := (uint64(len(src)) + blockSize - 1) / blockSize
+	if s.overflow || uint64(s.counter)+numBlocks > 1<<32 {
 		panic("chacha20: counter overflow")
+	} else if uint64(s.counter)+numBlocks == 1<<32 {
+		s.overflow = true
 	}
 
 	// xorKeyStreamBlocks implementations expect input lengths that are a
 	// multiple of bufSize. Platform-specific ones process multiple blocks at a
 	// time, so have bufSizes that are a multiple of blockSize.
 
-	rem := len(src) % bufSize
-	full := len(src) - rem
-
+	full := len(src) - len(src)%bufSize
 	if full > 0 {
 		s.xorKeyStreamBlocks(dst[:full], src[:full])
 	}
+	dst, src = dst[full:], src[full:]
+
+	// If using a multi-block xorKeyStreamBlocks would overflow, use the generic
+	// one that does one block at a time.
+	const blocksPerBuf = bufSize / blockSize
+	if uint64(s.counter)+blocksPerBuf > 1<<32 {
+		s.buf = [bufSize]byte{}
+		numBlocks := (len(src) + blockSize - 1) / blockSize
+		buf := s.buf[bufSize-numBlocks*blockSize:]
+		copy(buf, src)
+		s.xorKeyStreamBlocksGeneric(buf, buf)
+		s.len = len(buf) - copy(dst, buf)
+		return
+	}
 
 	// If we have a partial (multi-)block, pad it for xorKeyStreamBlocks, and
 	// keep the leftover keystream for the next XORKeyStream invocation.
-	if rem > 0 {
+	if len(src) > 0 {
 		s.buf = [bufSize]byte{}
-		copy(s.buf[:], src[full:])
+		copy(s.buf[:], src)
 		s.xorKeyStreamBlocks(s.buf[:], s.buf[:])
-		s.len = bufSize - copy(dst[full:], s.buf[:])
+		s.len = bufSize - copy(dst, s.buf[:])
 	}
 }
 
@@ -233,7 +286,9 @@ func (s *Cipher) xorKeyStreamBlocksGeneric(dst, src []byte) {
 		s.precompDone = true
 	}
 
-	for i := 0; i < len(src); i += blockSize {
+	// A condition of len(src) > 0 would be sufficient, but this also
+	// acts as a bounds check elimination hint.
+	for len(src) >= 64 && len(dst) >= 64 {
 		// The remainder of the first column round.
 		fcr0, fcr4, fcr8, fcr12 := quarterRound(c0, c4, c8, s.counter)
 
@@ -258,49 +313,28 @@ func (s *Cipher) xorKeyStreamBlocksGeneric(dst, src []byte) {
 			x3, x4, x9, x14 = quarterRound(x3, x4, x9, x14)
 		}
 
-		// Finally, add back the initial state to generate the key stream.
-		x0 += c0
-		x1 += c1
-		x2 += c2
-		x3 += c3
-		x4 += c4
-		x5 += c5
-		x6 += c6
-		x7 += c7
-		x8 += c8
-		x9 += c9
-		x10 += c10
-		x11 += c11
-		x12 += s.counter
-		x13 += c13
-		x14 += c14
-		x15 += c15
+		// Add back the initial state to generate the key stream, then
+		// XOR the key stream with the source and write out the result.
+		addXor(dst[0:4], src[0:4], x0, c0)
+		addXor(dst[4:8], src[4:8], x1, c1)
+		addXor(dst[8:12], src[8:12], x2, c2)
+		addXor(dst[12:16], src[12:16], x3, c3)
+		addXor(dst[16:20], src[16:20], x4, c4)
+		addXor(dst[20:24], src[20:24], x5, c5)
+		addXor(dst[24:28], src[24:28], x6, c6)
+		addXor(dst[28:32], src[28:32], x7, c7)
+		addXor(dst[32:36], src[32:36], x8, c8)
+		addXor(dst[36:40], src[36:40], x9, c9)
+		addXor(dst[40:44], src[40:44], x10, c10)
+		addXor(dst[44:48], src[44:48], x11, c11)
+		addXor(dst[48:52], src[48:52], x12, s.counter)
+		addXor(dst[52:56], src[52:56], x13, c13)
+		addXor(dst[56:60], src[56:60], x14, c14)
+		addXor(dst[60:64], src[60:64], x15, c15)
 
 		s.counter += 1
-		if s.counter == 0 {
-			panic("chacha20: internal error: counter overflow")
-		}
 
-		in, out := src[i:], dst[i:]
-		in, out = in[:blockSize], out[:blockSize] // bounds check elimination hint
-
-		// XOR the key stream with the source and write out the result.
-		xor(out[0:], in[0:], x0)
-		xor(out[4:], in[4:], x1)
-		xor(out[8:], in[8:], x2)
-		xor(out[12:], in[12:], x3)
-		xor(out[16:], in[16:], x4)
-		xor(out[20:], in[20:], x5)
-		xor(out[24:], in[24:], x6)
-		xor(out[28:], in[28:], x7)
-		xor(out[32:], in[32:], x8)
-		xor(out[36:], in[36:], x9)
-		xor(out[40:], in[40:], x10)
-		xor(out[44:], in[44:], x11)
-		xor(out[48:], in[48:], x12)
-		xor(out[52:], in[52:], x13)
-		xor(out[56:], in[56:], x14)
-		xor(out[60:], in[60:], x15)
+		src, dst = src[blockSize:], dst[blockSize:]
 	}
 }
 

chacha20/chacha_noasm.go

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
-// +build !arm64,!s390x,!ppc64le arm64,!go1.11 gccgo appengine
+//go:build (!arm64 && !s390x && !ppc64le) || (arm64 && !go1.11) || !gc || purego
+// +build !arm64,!s390x,!ppc64le arm64,!go1.11 !gc purego
 
 package chacha20
 

chacha20/chacha_ppc64le.go

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
-// +build !gccgo,!appengine
+//go:build gc && !purego
+// +build gc,!purego
 
 package chacha20
 

chacha20/chacha_ppc64le.s

@@ -19,7 +19,8 @@
 // The differences in this and the original implementation are
 // due to the calling conventions and initialization of constants.
 
-// +build !gccgo,!appengine
+//go:build gc && !purego
+// +build gc,!purego
 
 #include "textflag.h"
 

chacha20/chacha_s390x.go

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
-// +build !gccgo,!appengine
+//go:build gc && !purego
+// +build gc,!purego
 
 package chacha20
 
@@ -14,6 +15,7 @@ const bufSize = 256
 
 // xorKeyStreamVX is an assembly implementation of XORKeyStream. It must only
 // be called when the vector facility is available. Implementation in asm_s390x.s.
+//
 //go:noescape
 func xorKeyStreamVX(dst, src []byte, key *[8]uint32, nonce *[3]uint32, counter *uint32)
 

chacha20/chacha_s390x.s

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
-// +build !gccgo,!appengine
+//go:build gc && !purego
+// +build gc,!purego
 
 #include "go_asm.h"
 #include "textflag.h"

chacha20/chacha_test.go

@@ -110,6 +110,107 @@ func TestStep(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestSetCounter(t *testing.T) {
+	newCipher := func() *Cipher {
+		s, _ := NewUnauthenticatedCipher(make([]byte, KeySize), make([]byte, NonceSize))
+		return s
+	}
+	s := newCipher()
+	src := bytes.Repeat([]byte("test"), 32) // two 64-byte blocks
+	dst1 := make([]byte, len(src))
+	s.XORKeyStream(dst1, src)
+	// advance counter to 1 and xor second block
+	s = newCipher()
+	s.SetCounter(1)
+	dst2 := make([]byte, len(src))
+	s.XORKeyStream(dst2[64:], src[64:])
+	if !bytes.Equal(dst1[64:], dst2[64:]) {
+		t.Error("failed to produce identical output using SetCounter")
+	}
+
+	// test again with unaligned blocks; SetCounter should reset the buffer
+	s = newCipher()
+	s.XORKeyStream(dst1[:70], src[:70])
+	s = newCipher()
+	s.XORKeyStream([]byte{0}, []byte{0})
+	s.SetCounter(1)
+	s.XORKeyStream(dst2[64:70], src[64:70])
+	if !bytes.Equal(dst1[64:70], dst2[64:70]) {
+		t.Error("SetCounter did not reset buffer")
+	}
+
+	// advancing to a lower counter value should cause a panic
+	panics := func(fn func()) (p bool) {
+		defer func() { p = recover() != nil }()
+		fn()
+		return
+	}
+	if !panics(func() { s.SetCounter(0) }) {
+		t.Error("counter decreasing should trigger a panic")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLastBlock(t *testing.T) {
+	panics := func(fn func()) (p bool) {
+		defer func() { p = recover() != nil }()
+		fn()
+		return
+	}
+
+	checkLastBlock := func(b []byte) {
+		t.Helper()
+		// Hardcoded result to check all implementations generate the same output.
+		lastBlock := "ace4cd09e294d1912d4ad205d06f95d9c2f2bfcf453e8753f128765b62215f4d" +
+			"92c74f2f626c6a640c0b1284d839ec81f1696281dafc3e684593937023b58b1d"
+		if got := hex.EncodeToString(b); got != lastBlock {
+			t.Errorf("wrong output for the last block, got %q, want %q", got, lastBlock)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// setting the counter to 0xffffffff and crypting multiple blocks should
+	// trigger a panic
+	s, _ := NewUnauthenticatedCipher(make([]byte, KeySize), make([]byte, NonceSize))
+	s.SetCounter(0xffffffff)
+	blocks := make([]byte, blockSize*2)
+	if !panics(func() { s.XORKeyStream(blocks, blocks) }) {
+		t.Error("crypting multiple blocks should trigger a panic")
+	}
+
+	// setting the counter to 0xffffffff - 1 and crypting two blocks should not
+	// trigger a panic
+	s, _ = NewUnauthenticatedCipher(make([]byte, KeySize), make([]byte, NonceSize))
+	s.SetCounter(0xffffffff - 1)
+	if panics(func() { s.XORKeyStream(blocks, blocks) }) {
+		t.Error("crypting the last blocks should not trigger a panic")
+	}
+	checkLastBlock(blocks[blockSize:])
+	// once all the keystream is spent, setting the counter should panic
+	if !panics(func() { s.SetCounter(0xffffffff) }) {
+		t.Error("setting the counter after overflow should trigger a panic")
+	}
+	// crypting a subsequent block *should* panic
+	block := make([]byte, blockSize)
+	if !panics(func() { s.XORKeyStream(block, block) }) {
+		t.Error("crypting after overflow should trigger a panic")
+	}
+
+	// if we crypt less than a full block, we should be able to crypt the rest
+	// in a subsequent call without panicking
+	s, _ = NewUnauthenticatedCipher(make([]byte, KeySize), make([]byte, NonceSize))
+	s.SetCounter(0xffffffff)
+	if panics(func() { s.XORKeyStream(block[:7], block[:7]) }) {
+		t.Error("crypting part of the last block should not trigger a panic")
+	}
+	if panics(func() { s.XORKeyStream(block[7:], block[7:]) }) {
+		t.Error("crypting part of the last block should not trigger a panic")
+	}
+	checkLastBlock(block)
+	// as before, a third call should trigger a panic because all keystream is spent
+	if !panics(func() { s.XORKeyStream(block[:1], block[:1]) }) {
+		t.Error("crypting after overflow should trigger a panic")
+	}
+}
+
 func benchmarkChaCha20(b *testing.B, step, count int) {
 	tot := step * count
 	src := make([]byte, tot)
@@ -137,7 +238,7 @@ func BenchmarkChaCha20(b *testing.B) {
 		benchmarkChaCha20(b, 10, 25)
 	})
 	b.Run("4096", func(b *testing.B) {
-		benchmarkChaCha20(b, 256, 1)
+		benchmarkChaCha20(b, 4096, 1)
 	})
 	b.Run("100x40", func(b *testing.B) {
 		benchmarkChaCha20(b, 100, 40)

chacha20/xor.go

@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@ const unaligned = runtime.GOARCH == "386" ||
 	runtime.GOARCH == "ppc64le" ||
 	runtime.GOARCH == "s390x"
 
-// xor reads a little endian uint32 from src, XORs it with u and
+// addXor reads a little endian uint32 from src, XORs it with (a + b) and
 // places the result in little endian byte order in dst.
-func xor(dst, src []byte, u uint32) {
-	_, _ = src[3], dst[3] // eliminate bounds checks
+func addXor(dst, src []byte, a, b uint32) {
+	_, _ = src[3], dst[3] // bounds check elimination hint
 	if unaligned {
 		// The compiler should optimize this code into
 		// 32-bit unaligned little endian loads and stores.
@@ -27,15 +27,16 @@ func xor(dst, src []byte, u uint32) {
 		v |= uint32(src[1]) << 8
 		v |= uint32(src[2]) << 16
 		v |= uint32(src[3]) << 24
-		v ^= u
+		v ^= a + b
 		dst[0] = byte(v)
 		dst[1] = byte(v >> 8)
 		dst[2] = byte(v >> 16)
 		dst[3] = byte(v >> 24)
 	} else {
-		dst[0] = src[0] ^ byte(u)
-		dst[1] = src[1] ^ byte(u>>8)
-		dst[2] = src[2] ^ byte(u>>16)
-		dst[3] = src[3] ^ byte(u>>24)
+		a += b
+		dst[0] = src[0] ^ byte(a)
+		dst[1] = src[1] ^ byte(a>>8)
+		dst[2] = src[2] ^ byte(a>>16)
+		dst[3] = src[3] ^ byte(a>>24)
 	}
 }

chacha20poly1305/chacha20poly1305.go

@@ -26,6 +26,10 @@ const (
 	// NonceSizeX is the size of the nonce used with the XChaCha20-Poly1305
 	// variant of this AEAD, in bytes.
 	NonceSizeX = 24
+
+	// Overhead is the size of the Poly1305 authentication tag, and the
+	// difference between a ciphertext length and its plaintext.
+	Overhead = 16
 )
 
 type chacha20poly1305 struct {
@@ -47,7 +51,7 @@ func (c *chacha20poly1305) NonceSize() int {
 }
 
 func (c *chacha20poly1305) Overhead() int {
-	return 16
+	return Overhead
 }
 
 func (c *chacha20poly1305) Seal(dst, nonce, plaintext, additionalData []byte) []byte {

chacha20poly1305/chacha20poly1305_amd64.go

@@ -2,14 +2,15 @@
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
-// +build go1.7,amd64,!gccgo,!appengine
+//go:build gc && !purego
+// +build gc,!purego
 
 package chacha20poly1305
 
 import (
 	"encoding/binary"
 
-	"golang.org/x/crypto/internal/subtle"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/internal/alias"
 	"golang.org/x/sys/cpu"
 )
 
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ func (c *chacha20poly1305) seal(dst, nonce, plaintext, additionalData []byte) []
 	setupState(&state, &c.key, nonce)
 
 	ret, out := sliceForAppend(dst, len(plaintext)+16)
-	if subtle.InexactOverlap(out, plaintext) {
+	if alias.InexactOverlap(out, plaintext) {
 		panic("chacha20poly1305: invalid buffer overlap")
 	}
 	chacha20Poly1305Seal(out[:], state[:], plaintext, additionalData)
@@ -72,7 +73,7 @@ func (c *chacha20poly1305) open(dst, nonce, ciphertext, additionalData []byte) (
 
 	ciphertext = ciphertext[:len(ciphertext)-16]
 	ret, out := sliceForAppend(dst, len(ciphertext))
-	if subtle.InexactOverlap(out, ciphertext) {
+	if alias.InexactOverlap(out, ciphertext) {
 		panic("chacha20poly1305: invalid buffer overlap")
 	}
 	if !chacha20Poly1305Open(out, state[:], ciphertext, additionalData) {

chacha20poly1305/chacha20poly1305_amd64.s

@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@
 
 // This file was originally from https://golang.org/cl/24717 by Vlad Krasnov of CloudFlare.
 
-// +build go1.7,amd64,!gccgo,!appengine
+//go:build gc && !purego
+// +build gc,!purego
 
 #include "textflag.h"
 // General register allocation

chacha20poly1305/chacha20poly1305_generic.go

@@ -8,60 +8,68 @@ import (
 	"encoding/binary"
 
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/chacha20"
-	"golang.org/x/crypto/internal/subtle"
-	"golang.org/x/crypto/poly1305"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/internal/alias"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/internal/poly1305"
 )
 
-func roundTo16(n int) int {
-	return 16 * ((n + 15) / 16)
+func writeWithPadding(p *poly1305.MAC, b []byte) {
+	p.Write(b)
+	if rem := len(b) % 16; rem != 0 {
+		var buf [16]byte
+		padLen := 16 - rem
+		p.Write(buf[:padLen])
+	}
+}
+
+func writeUint64(p *poly1305.MAC, n int) {
+	var buf [8]byte
+	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(buf[:], uint64(n))
+	p.Write(buf[:])
 }
 
 func (c *chacha20poly1305) sealGeneric(dst, nonce, plaintext, additionalData []byte) []byte {
 	ret, out := sliceForAppend(dst, len(plaintext)+poly1305.TagSize)
-	if subtle.InexactOverlap(out, plaintext) {
+	ciphertext, tag := out[:len(plaintext)], out[len(plaintext):]
+	if alias.InexactOverlap(out, plaintext) {
 		panic("chacha20poly1305: invalid buffer overlap")
 	}
 
-	var polyKey, discardBuf [32]byte
+	var polyKey [32]byte
 	s, _ := chacha20.NewUnauthenticatedCipher(c.key[:], nonce)
 	s.XORKeyStream(polyKey[:], polyKey[:])
-	s.XORKeyStream(discardBuf[:], discardBuf[:]) // skip the next 32 bytes
-	s.XORKeyStream(out, plaintext)
+	s.SetCounter(1) // set the counter to 1, skipping 32 bytes
+	s.XORKeyStream(ciphertext, plaintext)
 
-	polyInput := make([]byte, roundTo16(len(additionalData))+roundTo16(len(plaintext))+8+8)
-	copy(polyInput, additionalData)
-	copy(polyInput[roundTo16(len(additionalData)):], out[:len(plaintext)])
-	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(polyInput[len(polyInput)-16:], uint64(len(additionalData)))
-	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(polyInput[len(polyInput)-8:], uint64(len(plaintext)))
-
-	var tag [poly1305.TagSize]byte
-	poly1305.Sum(&tag, polyInput, &polyKey)
-	copy(out[len(plaintext):], tag[:])
+	p := poly1305.New(&polyKey)
+	writeWithPadding(p, additionalData)
+	writeWithPadding(p, ciphertext)
+	writeUint64(p, len(additionalData))
+	writeUint64(p, len(plaintext))
+	p.Sum(tag[:0])
 
 	return ret
 }
 
 func (c *chacha20poly1305) openGeneric(dst, nonce, ciphertext, additionalData []byte) ([]byte, error) {
-	var tag [poly1305.TagSize]byte
-	copy(tag[:], ciphertext[len(ciphertext)-16:])
+	tag := ciphertext[len(ciphertext)-16:]
 	ciphertext = ciphertext[:len(ciphertext)-16]
 
-	var polyKey, discardBuf [32]byte
+	var polyKey [32]byte
 	s, _ := chacha20.NewUnauthenticatedCipher(c.key[:], nonce)
 	s.XORKeyStream(polyKey[:], polyKey[:])
-	s.XORKeyStream(discardBuf[:], discardBuf[:]) // skip the next 32 bytes
+	s.SetCounter(1) // set the counter to 1, skipping 32 bytes
 
-	polyInput := make([]byte, roundTo16(len(additionalData))+roundTo16(len(ciphertext))+8+8)
-	copy(polyInput, additionalData)
-	copy(polyInput[roundTo16(len(additionalData)):], ciphertext)
-	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(polyInput[len(polyInput)-16:], uint64(len(additionalData)))
-	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(polyInput[len(polyInput)-8:], uint64(len(ciphertext)))
+	p := poly1305.New(&polyKey)
+	writeWithPadding(p, additionalData)
+	writeWithPadding(p, ciphertext)
+	writeUint64(p, len(additionalData))
+	writeUint64(p, len(ciphertext))
 
 	ret, out := sliceForAppend(dst, len(ciphertext))
-	if subtle.InexactOverlap(out, ciphertext) {
+	if alias.InexactOverlap(out, ciphertext) {
 		panic("chacha20poly1305: invalid buffer overlap")
 	}
-	if !poly1305.Verify(&tag, polyInput, &polyKey) {
+	if !p.Verify(tag) {
 		for i := range out {
 			out[i] = 0
 		}

chacha20poly1305/chacha20poly1305_noasm.go

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
-// +build !amd64 !go1.7 gccgo appengine
+//go:build !amd64 || !gc || purego
+// +build !amd64 !gc purego
 
 package chacha20poly1305
 

chacha20poly1305/chacha20poly1305_test.go

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import (
 	cryptorand "crypto/rand"
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"fmt"
-	"log"
 	mathrand "math/rand"
 	"strconv"
 	"testing"
@@ -220,36 +219,50 @@ func BenchmarkChacha20Poly1305(b *testing.B) {
 	}
 }
 
-var key = make([]byte, KeySize)
-
 func ExampleNewX() {
-	aead, err := NewX(key)
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalln("Failed to instantiate XChaCha20-Poly1305:", err)
+	// key should be randomly generated or derived from a function like Argon2.
+	key := make([]byte, KeySize)
+	if _, err := cryptorand.Read(key); err != nil {
+		panic(err)
 	}
 
-	for _, msg := range []string{
-		"Attack at dawn.",
-		"The eagle has landed.",
-		"Gophers, gophers, gophers everywhere!",
-	} {
-		// Encryption.
-		nonce := make([]byte, NonceSizeX)
+	aead, err := NewX(key)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	// Encryption.
+	var encryptedMsg []byte
+	{
+		msg := []byte("Gophers, gophers, gophers everywhere!")
+
+		// Select a random nonce, and leave capacity for the ciphertext.
+		nonce := make([]byte, aead.NonceSize(), aead.NonceSize()+len(msg)+aead.Overhead())
 		if _, err := cryptorand.Read(nonce); err != nil {
 			panic(err)
 		}
-		ciphertext := aead.Seal(nil, nonce, []byte(msg), nil)
 
-		// Decryption.
+		// Encrypt the message and append the ciphertext to the nonce.
+		encryptedMsg = aead.Seal(nonce, nonce, msg, nil)
+	}
+
+	// Decryption.
+	{
+		if len(encryptedMsg) < aead.NonceSize() {
+			panic("ciphertext too short")
+		}
+
+		// Split nonce and ciphertext.
+		nonce, ciphertext := encryptedMsg[:aead.NonceSize()], encryptedMsg[aead.NonceSize():]
+
+		// Decrypt the message and check it wasn't tampered with.
 		plaintext, err := aead.Open(nil, nonce, ciphertext, nil)
 		if err != nil {
-			log.Fatalln("Failed to decrypt or authenticate message:", err)
+			panic(err)
 		}
 
 		fmt.Printf("%s\n", plaintext)
 	}
 
-	// Output: Attack at dawn.
-	// The eagle has landed.
-	// Gophers, gophers, gophers everywhere!
+	// Output: Gophers, gophers, gophers everywhere!
 }

chacha20poly1305/xchacha20poly1305.go

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ func (*xchacha20poly1305) NonceSize() int {
 }
 
 func (*xchacha20poly1305) Overhead() int {
-	return 16
+	return Overhead
 }
 
 func (x *xchacha20poly1305) Seal(dst, nonce, plaintext, additionalData []byte) []byte {

cryptobyte/asn1.go

@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ func (b *Builder) AddASN1BigInt(n *big.Int) {
 			for i := range bytes {
 				bytes[i] ^= 0xff
 			}
-			if bytes[0]&0x80 == 0 {
+			if len(bytes) == 0 || bytes[0]&0x80 == 0 {
 				c.add(0xff)
 			}
 			c.add(bytes...)
@@ -117,6 +117,19 @@ func (b *Builder) AddASN1GeneralizedTime(t time.Time) {
 	})
 }
 
+// AddASN1UTCTime appends a DER-encoded ASN.1 UTCTime.
+func (b *Builder) AddASN1UTCTime(t time.Time) {
+	b.AddASN1(asn1.UTCTime, func(c *Builder) {
+		// As utilized by the X.509 profile, UTCTime can only
+		// represent the years 1950 through 2049.
+		if t.Year() < 1950 || t.Year() >= 2050 {
+			b.err = fmt.Errorf("cryptobyte: cannot represent %v as a UTCTime", t)
+			return
+		}
+		c.AddBytes([]byte(t.Format(defaultUTCTimeFormatStr)))
+	})
+}
+
 // AddASN1BitString appends a DER-encoded ASN.1 BIT STRING. This does not
 // support BIT STRINGs that are not a whole number of bytes.
 func (b *Builder) AddASN1BitString(data []byte) {
@@ -230,12 +243,12 @@ func (b *Builder) AddASN1(tag asn1.Tag, f BuilderContinuation) {
 
 // String
 
-// ReadASN1Boolean decodes an ASN.1 INTEGER and converts it to a boolean
+// ReadASN1Boolean decodes an ASN.1 BOOLEAN and converts it to a boolean
 // representation into out and advances. It reports whether the read
 // was successful.
 func (s *String) ReadASN1Boolean(out *bool) bool {
 	var bytes String
-	if !s.ReadASN1(&bytes, asn1.INTEGER) || len(bytes) != 1 {
+	if !s.ReadASN1(&bytes, asn1.BOOLEAN) || len(bytes) != 1 {
 		return false
 	}
 
@@ -251,36 +264,35 @@ func (s *String) ReadASN1Boolean(out *bool) bool {
 	return true
 }
 
-var bigIntType = reflect.TypeOf((*big.Int)(nil)).Elem()
-
 // ReadASN1Integer decodes an ASN.1 INTEGER into out and advances. If out does
-// not point to an integer or to a big.Int, it panics. It reports whether the
-// read was successful.
+// not point to an integer, to a big.Int, or to a []byte it panics. Only
+// positive and zero values can be decoded into []byte, and they are returned as
+// big-endian binary values that share memory with s. Positive values will have
+// no leading zeroes, and zero will be returned as a single zero byte.
+// ReadASN1Integer reports whether the read was successful.
 func (s *String) ReadASN1Integer(out interface{}) bool {
-	if reflect.TypeOf(out).Kind() != reflect.Ptr {
-		panic("out is not a pointer")
-	}
-	switch reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem().Kind() {
-	case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64:
+	switch out := out.(type) {
+	case *int, *int8, *int16, *int32, *int64:
 		var i int64
 		if !s.readASN1Int64(&i) || reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem().OverflowInt(i) {
 			return false
 		}
 		reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem().SetInt(i)
 		return true
-	case reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64:
+	case *uint, *uint8, *uint16, *uint32, *uint64:
 		var u uint64
 		if !s.readASN1Uint64(&u) || reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem().OverflowUint(u) {
 			return false
 		}
 		reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem().SetUint(u)
 		return true
-	case reflect.Struct:
-		if reflect.TypeOf(out).Elem() == bigIntType {
-			return s.readASN1BigInt(out.(*big.Int))
-		}
+	case *big.Int:
+		return s.readASN1BigInt(out)
+	case *[]byte:
+		return s.readASN1Bytes(out)
+	default:
+		panic("out does not point to an integer type")
 	}
-	panic("out does not point to an integer type")
 }
 
 func checkASN1Integer(bytes []byte) bool {
@@ -320,6 +332,21 @@ func (s *String) readASN1BigInt(out *big.Int) bool {
 	return true
 }
 
+func (s *String) readASN1Bytes(out *[]byte) bool {
+	var bytes String
+	if !s.ReadASN1(&bytes, asn1.INTEGER) || !checkASN1Integer(bytes) {
+		return false
+	}
+	if bytes[0]&0x80 == 0x80 {
+		return false
+	}
+	for len(bytes) > 1 && bytes[0] == 0 {
+		bytes = bytes[1:]
+	}
+	*out = bytes
+	return true
+}
+
 func (s *String) readASN1Int64(out *int64) bool {
 	var bytes String
 	if !s.ReadASN1(&bytes, asn1.INTEGER) || !checkASN1Integer(bytes) || !asn1Signed(out, bytes) {
@@ -394,7 +421,12 @@ func (s *String) ReadASN1Enum(out *int) bool {
 func (s *String) readBase128Int(out *int) bool {
 	ret := 0
 	for i := 0; len(*s) > 0; i++ {
-		if i == 4 {
+		if i == 5 {
+			return false
+		}
+		// Avoid overflowing int on a 32-bit platform.
+		// We don't want different behavior based on the architecture.
+		if ret >= 1<<(31-7) {
 			return false
 		}
 		ret <<= 7
@@ -466,6 +498,45 @@ func (s *String) ReadASN1GeneralizedTime(out *time.Time) bool {
 	return true
 }
 
+const defaultUTCTimeFormatStr = "060102150405Z0700"
+
+// ReadASN1UTCTime decodes an ASN.1 UTCTime into out and advances.
+// It reports whether the read was successful.
+func (s *String) ReadASN1UTCTime(out *time.Time) bool {
+	var bytes String
+	if !s.ReadASN1(&bytes, asn1.UTCTime) {
+		return false
+	}
+	t := string(bytes)
+
+	formatStr := defaultUTCTimeFormatStr
+	var err error
+	res, err := time.Parse(formatStr, t)
+	if err != nil {
+		// Fallback to minute precision if we can't parse second
+		// precision. If we are following X.509 or X.690 we shouldn't
+		// support this, but we do.
+		formatStr = "0601021504Z0700"
+		res, err = time.Parse(formatStr, t)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	if serialized := res.Format(formatStr); serialized != t {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	if res.Year() >= 2050 {
+		// UTCTime interprets the low order digits 50-99 as 1950-99.
+		// This only applies to its use in the X.509 profile.
+		// See https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5280#section-4.1.2.5.1
+		res = res.AddDate(-100, 0, 0)
+	}
+	*out = res
+	return true
+}
+
 // ReadASN1BitString decodes an ASN.1 BIT STRING into out and advances.
 // It reports whether the read was successful.
 func (s *String) ReadASN1BitString(out *encoding_asn1.BitString) bool {
@@ -475,7 +546,7 @@ func (s *String) ReadASN1BitString(out *encoding_asn1.BitString) bool {
 		return false
 	}
 
-	paddingBits := uint8(bytes[0])
+	paddingBits := bytes[0]
 	bytes = bytes[1:]
 	if paddingBits > 7 ||
 		len(bytes) == 0 && paddingBits != 0 ||
@@ -488,7 +559,7 @@ func (s *String) ReadASN1BitString(out *encoding_asn1.BitString) bool {
 	return true
 }
 
-// ReadASN1BitString decodes an ASN.1 BIT STRING into out and advances. It is
+// ReadASN1BitStringAsBytes decodes an ASN.1 BIT STRING into out and advances. It is
 // an error if the BIT STRING is not a whole number of bytes. It reports
 // whether the read was successful.
 func (s *String) ReadASN1BitStringAsBytes(out *[]byte) bool {
@@ -497,7 +568,7 @@ func (s *String) ReadASN1BitStringAsBytes(out *[]byte) bool {
 		return false
 	}
 
-	paddingBits := uint8(bytes[0])
+	paddingBits := bytes[0]
 	if paddingBits != 0 {
 		return false
 	}
@@ -597,34 +668,27 @@ func (s *String) SkipOptionalASN1(tag asn1.Tag) bool {
 	return s.ReadASN1(&unused, tag)
 }
 
-// ReadOptionalASN1Integer attempts to read an optional ASN.1 INTEGER
-// explicitly tagged with tag into out and advances. If no element with a
-// matching tag is present, it writes defaultValue into out instead. If out
-// does not point to an integer or to a big.Int, it panics. It reports
-// whether the read was successful.
+// ReadOptionalASN1Integer attempts to read an optional ASN.1 INTEGER explicitly
+// tagged with tag into out and advances. If no element with a matching tag is
+// present, it writes defaultValue into out instead. Otherwise, it behaves like
+// ReadASN1Integer.
 func (s *String) ReadOptionalASN1Integer(out interface{}, tag asn1.Tag, defaultValue interface{}) bool {
-	if reflect.TypeOf(out).Kind() != reflect.Ptr {
-		panic("out is not a pointer")
-	}
 	var present bool
 	var i String
 	if !s.ReadOptionalASN1(&i, &present, tag) {
 		return false
 	}
 	if !present {
-		switch reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem().Kind() {
-		case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64,
-			reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64:
+		switch out.(type) {
+		case *int, *int8, *int16, *int32, *int64,
+			*uint, *uint8, *uint16, *uint32, *uint64, *[]byte:
 			reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem().Set(reflect.ValueOf(defaultValue))
-		case reflect.Struct:
-			if reflect.TypeOf(out).Elem() != bigIntType {
-				panic("invalid integer type")
-			}
-			if reflect.TypeOf(defaultValue).Kind() != reflect.Ptr ||
-				reflect.TypeOf(defaultValue).Elem() != bigIntType {
+		case *big.Int:
+			if defaultValue, ok := defaultValue.(*big.Int); ok {
+				out.(*big.Int).Set(defaultValue)
+			} else {
 				panic("out points to big.Int, but defaultValue does not")
 			}
-			out.(*big.Int).Set(defaultValue.(*big.Int))
 		default:
 			panic("invalid integer type")
 		}

cryptobyte/asn1_test.go

@@ -154,6 +154,32 @@ func TestReadASN1IntegerSigned(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	})
 
+	// Repeat the same cases, reading into a []byte.
+	t.Run("bytes", func(t *testing.T) {
+		for i, test := range testData64 {
+			in := String(test.in)
+			var out []byte
+			ok := in.ReadASN1Integer(&out)
+			if test.out < 0 {
+				if ok {
+					t.Errorf("#%d: in.ReadASN1Integer(%d) = %v, want false", i, test.out, ok)
+				}
+				continue
+			}
+			if !ok {
+				t.Errorf("#%d: in.ReadASN1Integer() = %v, want true", i, ok)
+				continue
+			}
+			n := new(big.Int).SetBytes(out).Int64()
+			if n != test.out {
+				t.Errorf("#%d: in.ReadASN1Integer() = %v, want true; out = %x, want %d", i, ok, out, test.out)
+			}
+			if out[0] == 0 && len(out) > 1 {
+				t.Errorf("#%d: in.ReadASN1Integer() = %v; out = %x, has leading zeroes", i, ok, out)
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
 	// Repeat with the implicit-tagging functions
 	t.Run("WithTag", func(t *testing.T) {
 		for i, test := range testData64 {
@@ -247,6 +273,9 @@ func TestASN1ObjectIdentifier(t *testing.T) {
 		{[]byte{6, 4, 85, 0x02, 0xc0, 0x00}, true, []int{2, 5, 2, 0x2000}},
 		{[]byte{6, 3, 0x81, 0x34, 0x03}, true, []int{2, 100, 3}},
 		{[]byte{6, 7, 85, 0x02, 0xc0, 0x80, 0x80, 0x80, 0x80}, false, []int{}},
+		{[]byte{6, 7, 85, 0x02, 0x85, 0xc7, 0xcc, 0xfb, 0x01}, true, []int{2, 5, 2, 1492336001}},
+		{[]byte{6, 7, 0x55, 0x02, 0x87, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x7f}, true, []int{2, 5, 2, 2147483647}}, // 2**31-1
+		{[]byte{6, 7, 0x55, 0x02, 0x88, 0x80, 0x80, 0x80, 0x00}, false, []int{}},                   // 2**31
 	}
 
 	for i, test := range testData {
@@ -311,6 +340,37 @@ func TestReadASN1GeneralizedTime(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestReadASN1UTCTime(t *testing.T) {
+	testData := []struct {
+		in  string
+		ok  bool
+		out time.Time
+	}{
+		{"000102030405Z", true, time.Date(2000, 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 0, time.UTC)},
+		{"500102030405Z", true, time.Date(1950, 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 0, time.UTC)},
+		{"490102030405Z", true, time.Date(2049, 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 0, time.UTC)},
+		{"990102030405Z", true, time.Date(1999, 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 0, time.UTC)},
+		{"250102030405Z", true, time.Date(2025, 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 0, time.UTC)},
+		{"750102030405Z", true, time.Date(1975, 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 0, time.UTC)},
+		{"000102030405+0905", true, time.Date(2000, 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 0, time.FixedZone("", 9*60*60+5*60))},
+		{"000102030405-0905", true, time.Date(2000, 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 0, time.FixedZone("", -9*60*60-5*60))},
+		{"0001020304Z", true, time.Date(2000, 01, 02, 03, 04, 0, 0, time.UTC)},
+		{"5001020304Z", true, time.Date(1950, 01, 02, 03, 04, 00, 0, time.UTC)},
+		{"0001020304+0905", true, time.Date(2000, 01, 02, 03, 04, 0, 0, time.FixedZone("", 9*60*60+5*60))},
+		{"0001020304-0905", true, time.Date(2000, 01, 02, 03, 04, 0, 0, time.FixedZone("", -9*60*60-5*60))},
+		{"000102030405Z0700", false, time.Time{}},
+		{"000102030405", false, time.Time{}},
+	}
+	for i, test := range testData {
+		in := String(append([]byte{byte(asn1.UTCTime), byte(len(test.in))}, test.in...))
+		var out time.Time
+		ok := in.ReadASN1UTCTime(&out)
+		if ok != test.ok || ok && !reflect.DeepEqual(out, test.out) {
+			t.Errorf("#%d: in.ReadASN1UTCTime() = %v, want %v; out = %q, want %q", i, ok, test.ok, out, test.out)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func TestReadASN1BitString(t *testing.T) {
 	testData := []struct {
 		in  []byte
@@ -335,3 +395,40 @@ func TestReadASN1BitString(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestAddASN1BigInt(t *testing.T) {
+	x := big.NewInt(-1)
+	var b Builder
+	b.AddASN1BigInt(x)
+	got, err := b.Bytes()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error adding -1: %v", err)
+	}
+	s := String(got)
+	var y big.Int
+	ok := s.ReadASN1Integer(&y)
+	if !ok || x.Cmp(&y) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected bytes %v, want %v", &y, x)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestReadASN1Boolean(t *testing.T) {
+	testData := []struct {
+		in  []byte
+		ok  bool
+		out bool
+	}{
+		{[]byte{}, false, false},
+		{[]byte{0x01, 0x01, 0x00}, true, false},
+		{[]byte{0x01, 0x01, 0xff}, true, true},
+		{[]byte{0x01, 0x01, 0x01}, false, false},
+	}
+	for i, test := range testData {
+		in := String(test.in)
+		var out bool
+		ok := in.ReadASN1Boolean(&out)
+		if ok != test.ok || ok && (out != test.out) {
+			t.Errorf("#%d: in.ReadASN1Boolean() = %v, want %v; out = %v, want %v", i, ok, test.ok, out, test.out)
+		}
+	}
+}

cryptobyte/builder.go

@@ -95,6 +95,11 @@ func (b *Builder) AddUint32(v uint32) {
 	b.add(byte(v>>24), byte(v>>16), byte(v>>8), byte(v))
 }
 
+// AddUint64 appends a big-endian, 64-bit value to the byte string.
+func (b *Builder) AddUint64(v uint64) {
+	b.add(byte(v>>56), byte(v>>48), byte(v>>40), byte(v>>32), byte(v>>24), byte(v>>16), byte(v>>8), byte(v))
+}
+
 // AddBytes appends a sequence of bytes to the byte string.
 func (b *Builder) AddBytes(v []byte) {
 	b.add(v...)
@@ -106,13 +111,13 @@ func (b *Builder) AddBytes(v []byte) {
 // supplied to them. The child builder passed to the continuation can be used
 // to build the content of the length-prefixed sequence. For example:
 //
-//   parent := cryptobyte.NewBuilder()
-//   parent.AddUint8LengthPrefixed(func (child *Builder) {
-//     child.AddUint8(42)
-//     child.AddUint8LengthPrefixed(func (grandchild *Builder) {
-//       grandchild.AddUint8(5)
-//     })
-//   })
+//	parent := cryptobyte.NewBuilder()
+//	parent.AddUint8LengthPrefixed(func (child *Builder) {
+//	  child.AddUint8(42)
+//	  child.AddUint8LengthPrefixed(func (grandchild *Builder) {
+//	    grandchild.AddUint8(5)
+//	  })
+//	})
 //
 // It is an error to write more bytes to the child than allowed by the reserved
 // length prefix. After the continuation returns, the child must be considered
@@ -298,9 +303,9 @@ func (b *Builder) add(bytes ...byte) {
 	b.result = append(b.result, bytes...)
 }
 
-// Unwrite rolls back n bytes written directly to the Builder. An attempt by a
-// child builder passed to a continuation to unwrite bytes from its parent will
-// panic.
+// Unwrite rolls back non-negative n bytes written directly to the Builder.
+// An attempt by a child builder passed to a continuation to unwrite bytes
+// from its parent will panic.
 func (b *Builder) Unwrite(n int) {
 	if b.err != nil {
 		return
@@ -312,6 +317,9 @@ func (b *Builder) Unwrite(n int) {
 	if length < 0 {
 		panic("cryptobyte: internal error")
 	}
+	if n < 0 {
+		panic("cryptobyte: attempted to unwrite negative number of bytes")
+	}
 	if n > length {
 		panic("cryptobyte: attempted to unwrite more than was written")
 	}

cryptobyte/cryptobyte_test.go

@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ func TestUint24(t *testing.T) {
 	var s String = b.BytesOrPanic()
 	var v uint32
 	if !s.ReadUint24(&v) {
-		t.Error("ReadUint8() = false, want true")
+		t.Error("ReadUint24() = false, want true")
 	}
 	if v != 0xfffefd {
 		t.Errorf("v = %d, want fffefd", v)
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ func TestUint32(t *testing.T) {
 	var s String = b.BytesOrPanic()
 	var v uint32
 	if !s.ReadUint32(&v) {
-		t.Error("ReadUint8() = false, want true")
+		t.Error("ReadUint32() = false, want true")
 	}
 	if v != 0xfffefdfc {
 		t.Errorf("v = %x, want fffefdfc", v)
@@ -179,6 +179,26 @@ func TestUint32(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestUint64(t *testing.T) {
+	var b Builder
+	b.AddUint64(0xf2fefefcff3cfdfc)
+	if err := builderBytesEq(&b, 242, 254, 254, 252, 255, 60, 253, 252); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+
+	var s String = b.BytesOrPanic()
+	var v uint64
+	if !s.ReadUint64(&v) {
+		t.Error("ReadUint64() = false, want true")
+	}
+	if v != 0xf2fefefcff3cfdfc {
+		t.Errorf("v = %x, want f2fefefcff3cfdfc", v)
+	}
+	if len(s) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("len(s) = %d, want 0", len(s))
+	}
+}
+
 func TestUMultiple(t *testing.T) {
 	var b Builder
 	b.AddUint8(23)

cryptobyte/string.go

@@ -81,6 +81,17 @@ func (s *String) ReadUint32(out *uint32) bool {
 	return true
 }
 
+// ReadUint64 decodes a big-endian, 64-bit value into out and advances over it.
+// It reports whether the read was successful.
+func (s *String) ReadUint64(out *uint64) bool {
+	v := s.read(8)
+	if v == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	*out = uint64(v[0])<<56 | uint64(v[1])<<48 | uint64(v[2])<<40 | uint64(v[3])<<32 | uint64(v[4])<<24 | uint64(v[5])<<16 | uint64(v[6])<<8 | uint64(v[7])
+	return true
+}
+
 func (s *String) readUnsigned(out *uint32, length int) bool {
 	v := s.read(length)
 	if v == nil {

curve25519/curve25519.go

@@ -9,7 +9,10 @@ package curve25519 // import "golang.org/x/crypto/curve25519"
 
 import (
 	"crypto/subtle"
-	"fmt"
+	"errors"
+	"strconv"
+
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/curve25519/internal/field"
 )
 
 // ScalarMult sets dst to the product scalar * point.
@@ -18,7 +21,55 @@ import (
 // zeroes, irrespective of the scalar. Instead, use the X25519 function, which
 // will return an error.
 func ScalarMult(dst, scalar, point *[32]byte) {
-	scalarMult(dst, scalar, point)
+	var e [32]byte
+
+	copy(e[:], scalar[:])
+	e[0] &= 248
+	e[31] &= 127
+	e[31] |= 64
+
+	var x1, x2, z2, x3, z3, tmp0, tmp1 field.Element
+	x1.SetBytes(point[:])
+	x2.One()
+	x3.Set(&x1)
+	z3.One()
+
+	swap := 0
+	for pos := 254; pos >= 0; pos-- {
+		b := e[pos/8] >> uint(pos&7)
+		b &= 1
+		swap ^= int(b)
+		x2.Swap(&x3, swap)
+		z2.Swap(&z3, swap)
+		swap = int(b)
+
+		tmp0.Subtract(&x3, &z3)
+		tmp1.Subtract(&x2, &z2)
+		x2.Add(&x2, &z2)
+		z2.Add(&x3, &z3)
+		z3.Multiply(&tmp0, &x2)
+		z2.Multiply(&z2, &tmp1)
+		tmp0.Square(&tmp1)
+		tmp1.Square(&x2)
+		x3.Add(&z3, &z2)
+		z2.Subtract(&z3, &z2)
+		x2.Multiply(&tmp1, &tmp0)
+		tmp1.Subtract(&tmp1, &tmp0)
+		z2.Square(&z2)
+
+		z3.Mult32(&tmp1, 121666)
+		x3.Square(&x3)
+		tmp0.Add(&tmp0, &z3)
+		z3.Multiply(&x1, &z2)
+		z2.Multiply(&tmp1, &tmp0)
+	}
+
+	x2.Swap(&x3, swap)
+	z2.Swap(&z3, swap)
+
+	z2.Invert(&z2)
+	x2.Multiply(&x2, &z2)
+	copy(dst[:], x2.Bytes())
 }
 
 // ScalarBaseMult sets dst to the product scalar * base where base is the
@@ -74,10 +125,10 @@ func X25519(scalar, point []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 func x25519(dst *[32]byte, scalar, point []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 	var in [32]byte
 	if l := len(scalar); l != 32 {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("bad scalar length: %d, expected %d", l, 32)
+		return nil, errors.New("bad scalar length: " + strconv.Itoa(l) + ", expected 32")
 	}
 	if l := len(point); l != 32 {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("bad point length: %d, expected %d", l, 32)
+		return nil, errors.New("bad point length: " + strconv.Itoa(l) + ", expected 32")
 	}
 	copy(in[:], scalar)
 	if &point[0] == &Basepoint[0] {
@@ -88,7 +139,7 @@ func x25519(dst *[32]byte, scalar, point []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 		copy(base[:], point)
 		ScalarMult(dst, &in, &base)
 		if subtle.ConstantTimeCompare(dst[:], zero[:]) == 1 {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("bad input point: low order point")
+			return nil, errors.New("bad input point: low order point")
 		}
 	}
 	return dst[:], nil

curve25519/curve25519_amd64.go

@@ -1,240 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-// +build amd64,!gccgo,!appengine,!purego
-
-package curve25519
-
-// These functions are implemented in the .s files. The names of the functions
-// in the rest of the file are also taken from the SUPERCOP sources to help
-// people following along.
-
-//go:noescape
-
-func cswap(inout *[5]uint64, v uint64)
-
-//go:noescape
-
-func ladderstep(inout *[5][5]uint64)
-
-//go:noescape
-
-func freeze(inout *[5]uint64)
-
-//go:noescape
-
-func mul(dest, a, b *[5]uint64)
-
-//go:noescape
-
-func square(out, in *[5]uint64)
-
-// mladder uses a Montgomery ladder to calculate (xr/zr) *= s.
-func mladder(xr, zr *[5]uint64, s *[32]byte) {
-	var work [5][5]uint64
-
-	work[0] = *xr
-	setint(&work[1], 1)
-	setint(&work[2], 0)
-	work[3] = *xr
-	setint(&work[4], 1)
-
-	j := uint(6)
-	var prevbit byte
-
-	for i := 31; i >= 0; i-- {
-		for j < 8 {
-			bit := ((*s)[i] >> j) & 1
-			swap := bit ^ prevbit
-			prevbit = bit
-			cswap(&work[1], uint64(swap))
-			ladderstep(&work)
-			j--
-		}
-		j = 7
-	}
-
-	*xr = work[1]
-	*zr = work[2]
-}
-
-func scalarMult(out, in, base *[32]byte) {
-	var e [32]byte
-	copy(e[:], (*in)[:])
-	e[0] &= 248
-	e[31] &= 127
-	e[31] |= 64
-
-	var t, z [5]uint64
-	unpack(&t, base)
-	mladder(&t, &z, &e)
-	invert(&z, &z)
-	mul(&t, &t, &z)
-	pack(out, &t)
-}
-
-func setint(r *[5]uint64, v uint64) {
-	r[0] = v
-	r[1] = 0
-	r[2] = 0
-	r[3] = 0
-	r[4] = 0
-}
-
-// unpack sets r = x where r consists of 5, 51-bit limbs in little-endian
-// order.
-func unpack(r *[5]uint64, x *[32]byte) {
-	r[0] = uint64(x[0]) |
-		uint64(x[1])<<8 |
-		uint64(x[2])<<16 |
-		uint64(x[3])<<24 |
-		uint64(x[4])<<32 |
-		uint64(x[5])<<40 |
-		uint64(x[6]&7)<<48
-
-	r[1] = uint64(x[6])>>3 |
-		uint64(x[7])<<5 |
-		uint64(x[8])<<13 |
-		uint64(x[9])<<21 |
-		uint64(x[10])<<29 |
-		uint64(x[11])<<37 |
-		uint64(x[12]&63)<<45
-
-	r[2] = uint64(x[12])>>6 |
-		uint64(x[13])<<2 |
-		uint64(x[14])<<10 |
-		uint64(x[15])<<18 |
-		uint64(x[16])<<26 |
-		uint64(x[17])<<34 |
-		uint64(x[18])<<42 |
-		uint64(x[19]&1)<<50
-
-	r[3] = uint64(x[19])>>1 |
-		uint64(x[20])<<7 |
-		uint64(x[21])<<15 |
-		uint64(x[22])<<23 |
-		uint64(x[23])<<31 |
-		uint64(x[24])<<39 |
-		uint64(x[25]&15)<<47
-
-	r[4] = uint64(x[25])>>4 |
-		uint64(x[26])<<4 |
-		uint64(x[27])<<12 |
-		uint64(x[28])<<20 |
-		uint64(x[29])<<28 |
-		uint64(x[30])<<36 |
-		uint64(x[31]&127)<<44
-}
-
-// pack sets out = x where out is the usual, little-endian form of the 5,
-// 51-bit limbs in x.
-func pack(out *[32]byte, x *[5]uint64) {
-	t := *x
-	freeze(&t)
-
-	out[0] = byte(t[0])
-	out[1] = byte(t[0] >> 8)
-	out[2] = byte(t[0] >> 16)
-	out[3] = byte(t[0] >> 24)
-	out[4] = byte(t[0] >> 32)
-	out[5] = byte(t[0] >> 40)
-	out[6] = byte(t[0] >> 48)
-
-	out[6] ^= byte(t[1]<<3) & 0xf8
-	out[7] = byte(t[1] >> 5)
-	out[8] = byte(t[1] >> 13)
-	out[9] = byte(t[1] >> 21)
-	out[10] = byte(t[1] >> 29)
-	out[11] = byte(t[1] >> 37)
-	out[12] = byte(t[1] >> 45)
-
-	out[12] ^= byte(t[2]<<6) & 0xc0
-	out[13] = byte(t[2] >> 2)
-	out[14] = byte(t[2] >> 10)
-	out[15] = byte(t[2] >> 18)
-	out[16] = byte(t[2] >> 26)
-	out[17] = byte(t[2] >> 34)
-	out[18] = byte(t[2] >> 42)
-	out[19] = byte(t[2] >> 50)
-
-	out[19] ^= byte(t[3]<<1) & 0xfe
-	out[20] = byte(t[3] >> 7)
-	out[21] = byte(t[3] >> 15)
-	out[22] = byte(t[3] >> 23)
-	out[23] = byte(t[3] >> 31)
-	out[24] = byte(t[3] >> 39)
-	out[25] = byte(t[3] >> 47)
-
-	out[25] ^= byte(t[4]<<4) & 0xf0
-	out[26] = byte(t[4] >> 4)
-	out[27] = byte(t[4] >> 12)
-	out[28] = byte(t[4] >> 20)
-	out[29] = byte(t[4] >> 28)
-	out[30] = byte(t[4] >> 36)
-	out[31] = byte(t[4] >> 44)
-}
-
-// invert calculates r = x^-1 mod p using Fermat's little theorem.
-func invert(r *[5]uint64, x *[5]uint64) {
-	var z2, z9, z11, z2_5_0, z2_10_0, z2_20_0, z2_50_0, z2_100_0, t [5]uint64
-
-	square(&z2, x)        /* 2 */
-	square(&t, &z2)       /* 4 */
-	square(&t, &t)        /* 8 */
-	mul(&z9, &t, x)       /* 9 */
-	mul(&z11, &z9, &z2)   /* 11 */
-	square(&t, &z11)      /* 22 */
-	mul(&z2_5_0, &t, &z9) /* 2^5 - 2^0 = 31 */
-
-	square(&t, &z2_5_0)      /* 2^6 - 2^1 */
-	for i := 1; i < 5; i++ { /* 2^20 - 2^10 */
-		square(&t, &t)
-	}
-	mul(&z2_10_0, &t, &z2_5_0) /* 2^10 - 2^0 */
-
-	square(&t, &z2_10_0)      /* 2^11 - 2^1 */
-	for i := 1; i < 10; i++ { /* 2^20 - 2^10 */
-		square(&t, &t)
-	}
-	mul(&z2_20_0, &t, &z2_10_0) /* 2^20 - 2^0 */
-
-	square(&t, &z2_20_0)      /* 2^21 - 2^1 */
-	for i := 1; i < 20; i++ { /* 2^40 - 2^20 */
-		square(&t, &t)
-	}
-	mul(&t, &t, &z2_20_0) /* 2^40 - 2^0 */
-
-	square(&t, &t)            /* 2^41 - 2^1 */
-	for i := 1; i < 10; i++ { /* 2^50 - 2^10 */
-		square(&t, &t)
-	}
-	mul(&z2_50_0, &t, &z2_10_0) /* 2^50 - 2^0 */
-
-	square(&t, &z2_50_0)      /* 2^51 - 2^1 */
-	for i := 1; i < 50; i++ { /* 2^100 - 2^50 */
-		square(&t, &t)
-	}
-	mul(&z2_100_0, &t, &z2_50_0) /* 2^100 - 2^0 */
-
-	square(&t, &z2_100_0)      /* 2^101 - 2^1 */
-	for i := 1; i < 100; i++ { /* 2^200 - 2^100 */
-		square(&t, &t)
-	}
-	mul(&t, &t, &z2_100_0) /* 2^200 - 2^0 */
-
-	square(&t, &t)            /* 2^201 - 2^1 */
-	for i := 1; i < 50; i++ { /* 2^250 - 2^50 */
-		square(&t, &t)
-	}
-	mul(&t, &t, &z2_50_0) /* 2^250 - 2^0 */
-
-	square(&t, &t) /* 2^251 - 2^1 */
-	square(&t, &t) /* 2^252 - 2^2 */
-	square(&t, &t) /* 2^253 - 2^3 */
-
-	square(&t, &t) /* 2^254 - 2^4 */
-
-	square(&t, &t)   /* 2^255 - 2^5 */
-	mul(r, &t, &z11) /* 2^255 - 21 */
-}

curve25519/curve25519_generic.go

@@ -1,828 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2013 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package curve25519
-
-import "encoding/binary"
-
-// This code is a port of the public domain, "ref10" implementation of
-// curve25519 from SUPERCOP 20130419 by D. J. Bernstein.
-
-// fieldElement represents an element of the field GF(2^255 - 19). An element
-// t, entries t[0]...t[9], represents the integer t[0]+2^26 t[1]+2^51 t[2]+2^77
-// t[3]+2^102 t[4]+...+2^230 t[9]. Bounds on each t[i] vary depending on
-// context.
-type fieldElement [10]int32
-
-func feZero(fe *fieldElement) {
-	for i := range fe {
-		fe[i] = 0
-	}
-}
-
-func feOne(fe *fieldElement) {
-	feZero(fe)
-	fe[0] = 1
-}
-
-func feAdd(dst, a, b *fieldElement) {
-	for i := range dst {
-		dst[i] = a[i] + b[i]
-	}
-}
-
-func feSub(dst, a, b *fieldElement) {
-	for i := range dst {
-		dst[i] = a[i] - b[i]
-	}
-}
-
-func feCopy(dst, src *fieldElement) {
-	for i := range dst {
-		dst[i] = src[i]
-	}
-}
-
-// feCSwap replaces (f,g) with (g,f) if b == 1; replaces (f,g) with (f,g) if b == 0.
-//
-// Preconditions: b in {0,1}.
-func feCSwap(f, g *fieldElement, b int32) {
-	b = -b
-	for i := range f {
-		t := b & (f[i] ^ g[i])
-		f[i] ^= t
-		g[i] ^= t
-	}
-}
-
-// load3 reads a 24-bit, little-endian value from in.
-func load3(in []byte) int64 {
-	var r int64
-	r = int64(in[0])
-	r |= int64(in[1]) << 8
-	r |= int64(in[2]) << 16
-	return r
-}
-
-// load4 reads a 32-bit, little-endian value from in.
-func load4(in []byte) int64 {
-	return int64(binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(in))
-}
-
-func feFromBytes(dst *fieldElement, src *[32]byte) {
-	h0 := load4(src[:])
-	h1 := load3(src[4:]) << 6
-	h2 := load3(src[7:]) << 5
-	h3 := load3(src[10:]) << 3
-	h4 := load3(src[13:]) << 2
-	h5 := load4(src[16:])
-	h6 := load3(src[20:]) << 7
-	h7 := load3(src[23:]) << 5
-	h8 := load3(src[26:]) << 4
-	h9 := (load3(src[29:]) & 0x7fffff) << 2
-
-	var carry [10]int64
-	carry[9] = (h9 + 1<<24) >> 25
-	h0 += carry[9] * 19
-	h9 -= carry[9] << 25
-	carry[1] = (h1 + 1<<24) >> 25
-	h2 += carry[1]
-	h1 -= carry[1] << 25
-	carry[3] = (h3 + 1<<24) >> 25
-	h4 += carry[3]
-	h3 -= carry[3] << 25
-	carry[5] = (h5 + 1<<24) >> 25
-	h6 += carry[5]
-	h5 -= carry[5] << 25
-	carry[7] = (h7 + 1<<24) >> 25
-	h8 += carry[7]
-	h7 -= carry[7] << 25
-
-	carry[0] = (h0 + 1<<25) >> 26
-	h1 += carry[0]
-	h0 -= carry[0] << 26
-	carry[2] = (h2 + 1<<25) >> 26
-	h3 += carry[2]
-	h2 -= carry[2] << 26
-	carry[4] = (h4 + 1<<25) >> 26
-	h5 += carry[4]
-	h4 -= carry[4] << 26
-	carry[6] = (h6 + 1<<25) >> 26
-	h7 += carry[6]
-	h6 -= carry[6] << 26
-	carry[8] = (h8 + 1<<25) >> 26
-	h9 += carry[8]
-	h8 -= carry[8] << 26
-
-	dst[0] = int32(h0)
-	dst[1] = int32(h1)
-	dst[2] = int32(h2)
-	dst[3] = int32(h3)
-	dst[4] = int32(h4)
-	dst[5] = int32(h5)
-	dst[6] = int32(h6)
-	dst[7] = int32(h7)
-	dst[8] = int32(h8)
-	dst[9] = int32(h9)
-}
-
-// feToBytes marshals h to s.
-// Preconditions:
-//   |h| bounded by 1.1*2^25,1.1*2^24,1.1*2^25,1.1*2^24,etc.
-//
-// Write p=2^255-19; q=floor(h/p).
-// Basic claim: q = floor(2^(-255)(h + 19 2^(-25)h9 + 2^(-1))).
-//
-// Proof:
-//   Have |h|<=p so |q|<=1 so |19^2 2^(-255) q|<1/4.
-//   Also have |h-2^230 h9|<2^230 so |19 2^(-255)(h-2^230 h9)|<1/4.
-//
-//   Write y=2^(-1)-19^2 2^(-255)q-19 2^(-255)(h-2^230 h9).
-//   Then 0<y<1.
-//
-//   Write r=h-pq.
-//   Have 0<=r<=p-1=2^255-20.
-//   Thus 0<=r+19(2^-255)r<r+19(2^-255)2^255<=2^255-1.
-//
-//   Write x=r+19(2^-255)r+y.
-//   Then 0<x<2^255 so floor(2^(-255)x) = 0 so floor(q+2^(-255)x) = q.
-//
-//   Have q+2^(-255)x = 2^(-255)(h + 19 2^(-25) h9 + 2^(-1))
-//   so floor(2^(-255)(h + 19 2^(-25) h9 + 2^(-1))) = q.
-func feToBytes(s *[32]byte, h *fieldElement) {
-	var carry [10]int32
-
-	q := (19*h[9] + (1 << 24)) >> 25
-	q = (h[0] + q) >> 26
-	q = (h[1] + q) >> 25
-	q = (h[2] + q) >> 26
-	q = (h[3] + q) >> 25
-	q = (h[4] + q) >> 26
-	q = (h[5] + q) >> 25
-	q = (h[6] + q) >> 26
-	q = (h[7] + q) >> 25
-	q = (h[8] + q) >> 26
-	q = (h[9] + q) >> 25
-
-	// Goal: Output h-(2^255-19)q, which is between 0 and 2^255-20.
-	h[0] += 19 * q
-	// Goal: Output h-2^255 q, which is between 0 and 2^255-20.
-
-	carry[0] = h[0] >> 26
-	h[1] += carry[0]
-	h[0] -= carry[0] << 26
-	carry[1] = h[1] >> 25
-	h[2] += carry[1]
-	h[1] -= carry[1] << 25
-	carry[2] = h[2] >> 26
-	h[3] += carry[2]
-	h[2] -= carry[2] << 26
-	carry[3] = h[3] >> 25
-	h[4] += carry[3]
-	h[3] -= carry[3] << 25
-	carry[4] = h[4] >> 26
-	h[5] += carry[4]
-	h[4] -= carry[4] << 26
-	carry[5] = h[5] >> 25
-	h[6] += carry[5]
-	h[5] -= carry[5] << 25
-	carry[6] = h[6] >> 26
-	h[7] += carry[6]
-	h[6] -= carry[6] << 26
-	carry[7] = h[7] >> 25
-	h[8] += carry[7]
-	h[7] -= carry[7] << 25
-	carry[8] = h[8] >> 26
-	h[9] += carry[8]
-	h[8] -= carry[8] << 26
-	carry[9] = h[9] >> 25
-	h[9] -= carry[9] << 25
-	// h10 = carry9
-
-	// Goal: Output h[0]+...+2^255 h10-2^255 q, which is between 0 and 2^255-20.
-	// Have h[0]+...+2^230 h[9] between 0 and 2^255-1;
-	// evidently 2^255 h10-2^255 q = 0.
-	// Goal: Output h[0]+...+2^230 h[9].
-
-	s[0] = byte(h[0] >> 0)
-	s[1] = byte(h[0] >> 8)
-	s[2] = byte(h[0] >> 16)
-	s[3] = byte((h[0] >> 24) | (h[1] << 2))
-	s[4] = byte(h[1] >> 6)
-	s[5] = byte(h[1] >> 14)
-	s[6] = byte((h[1] >> 22) | (h[2] << 3))
-	s[7] = byte(h[2] >> 5)
-	s[8] = byte(h[2] >> 13)
-	s[9] = byte((h[2] >> 21) | (h[3] << 5))
-	s[10] = byte(h[3] >> 3)
-	s[11] = byte(h[3] >> 11)
-	s[12] = byte((h[3] >> 19) | (h[4] << 6))
-	s[13] = byte(h[4] >> 2)
-	s[14] = byte(h[4] >> 10)
-	s[15] = byte(h[4] >> 18)
-	s[16] = byte(h[5] >> 0)
-	s[17] = byte(h[5] >> 8)
-	s[18] = byte(h[5] >> 16)
-	s[19] = byte((h[5] >> 24) | (h[6] << 1))
-	s[20] = byte(h[6] >> 7)
-	s[21] = byte(h[6] >> 15)
-	s[22] = byte((h[6] >> 23) | (h[7] << 3))
-	s[23] = byte(h[7] >> 5)
-	s[24] = byte(h[7] >> 13)
-	s[25] = byte((h[7] >> 21) | (h[8] << 4))
-	s[26] = byte(h[8] >> 4)
-	s[27] = byte(h[8] >> 12)
-	s[28] = byte((h[8] >> 20) | (h[9] << 6))
-	s[29] = byte(h[9] >> 2)
-	s[30] = byte(h[9] >> 10)
-	s[31] = byte(h[9] >> 18)
-}
-
-// feMul calculates h = f * g
-// Can overlap h with f or g.
-//
-// Preconditions:
-//    |f| bounded by 1.1*2^26,1.1*2^25,1.1*2^26,1.1*2^25,etc.
-//    |g| bounded by 1.1*2^26,1.1*2^25,1.1*2^26,1.1*2^25,etc.
-//
-// Postconditions:
-//    |h| bounded by 1.1*2^25,1.1*2^24,1.1*2^25,1.1*2^24,etc.
-//
-// Notes on implementation strategy:
-//
-// Using schoolbook multiplication.
-// Karatsuba would save a little in some cost models.
-//
-// Most multiplications by 2 and 19 are 32-bit precomputations;
-// cheaper than 64-bit postcomputations.
-//
-// There is one remaining multiplication by 19 in the carry chain;
-// one *19 precomputation can be merged into this,
-// but the resulting data flow is considerably less clean.
-//
-// There are 12 carries below.
-// 10 of them are 2-way parallelizable and vectorizable.
-// Can get away with 11 carries, but then data flow is much deeper.
-//
-// With tighter constraints on inputs can squeeze carries into int32.
-func feMul(h, f, g *fieldElement) {
-	f0 := f[0]
-	f1 := f[1]
-	f2 := f[2]
-	f3 := f[3]
-	f4 := f[4]
-	f5 := f[5]
-	f6 := f[6]
-	f7 := f[7]
-	f8 := f[8]
-	f9 := f[9]
-	g0 := g[0]
-	g1 := g[1]
-	g2 := g[2]
-	g3 := g[3]
-	g4 := g[4]
-	g5 := g[5]
-	g6 := g[6]
-	g7 := g[7]
-	g8 := g[8]
-	g9 := g[9]
-	g1_19 := 19 * g1 // 1.4*2^29
-	g2_19 := 19 * g2 // 1.4*2^30; still ok
-	g3_19 := 19 * g3
-	g4_19 := 19 * g4
-	g5_19 := 19 * g5
-	g6_19 := 19 * g6
-	g7_19 := 19 * g7
-	g8_19 := 19 * g8
-	g9_19 := 19 * g9
-	f1_2 := 2 * f1
-	f3_2 := 2 * f3
-	f5_2 := 2 * f5
-	f7_2 := 2 * f7
-	f9_2 := 2 * f9
-	f0g0 := int64(f0) * int64(g0)
-	f0g1 := int64(f0) * int64(g1)
-	f0g2 := int64(f0) * int64(g2)
-	f0g3 := int64(f0) * int64(g3)
-	f0g4 := int64(f0) * int64(g4)
-	f0g5 := int64(f0) * int64(g5)
-	f0g6 := int64(f0) * int64(g6)
-	f0g7 := int64(f0) * int64(g7)
-	f0g8 := int64(f0) * int64(g8)
-	f0g9 := int64(f0) * int64(g9)
-	f1g0 := int64(f1) * int64(g0)
-	f1g1_2 := int64(f1_2) * int64(g1)
-	f1g2 := int64(f1) * int64(g2)
-	f1g3_2 := int64(f1_2) * int64(g3)
-	f1g4 := int64(f1) * int64(g4)
-	f1g5_2 := int64(f1_2) * int64(g5)
-	f1g6 := int64(f1) * int64(g6)
-	f1g7_2 := int64(f1_2) * int64(g7)
-	f1g8 := int64(f1) * int64(g8)
-	f1g9_38 := int64(f1_2) * int64(g9_19)
-	f2g0 := int64(f2) * int64(g0)
-	f2g1 := int64(f2) * int64(g1)
-	f2g2 := int64(f2) * int64(g2)
-	f2g3 := int64(f2) * int64(g3)
-	f2g4 := int64(f2) * int64(g4)
-	f2g5 := int64(f2) * int64(g5)
-	f2g6 := int64(f2) * int64(g6)
-	f2g7 := int64(f2) * int64(g7)
-	f2g8_19 := int64(f2) * int64(g8_19)
-	f2g9_19 := int64(f2) * int64(g9_19)
-	f3g0 := int64(f3) * int64(g0)
-	f3g1_2 := int64(f3_2) * int64(g1)
-	f3g2 := int64(f3) * int64(g2)
-	f3g3_2 := int64(f3_2) * int64(g3)
-	f3g4 := int64(f3) * int64(g4)
-	f3g5_2 := int64(f3_2) * int64(g5)
-	f3g6 := int64(f3) * int64(g6)
-	f3g7_38 := int64(f3_2) * int64(g7_19)
-	f3g8_19 := int64(f3) * int64(g8_19)
-	f3g9_38 := int64(f3_2) * int64(g9_19)
-	f4g0 := int64(f4) * int64(g0)
-	f4g1 := int64(f4) * int64(g1)
-	f4g2 := int64(f4) * int64(g2)
-	f4g3 := int64(f4) * int64(g3)
-	f4g4 := int64(f4) * int64(g4)
-	f4g5 := int64(f4) * int64(g5)
-	f4g6_19 := int64(f4) * int64(g6_19)
-	f4g7_19 := int64(f4) * int64(g7_19)
-	f4g8_19 := int64(f4) * int64(g8_19)
-	f4g9_19 := int64(f4) * int64(g9_19)
-	f5g0 := int64(f5) * int64(g0)
-	f5g1_2 := int64(f5_2) * int64(g1)
-	f5g2 := int64(f5) * int64(g2)
-	f5g3_2 := int64(f5_2) * int64(g3)
-	f5g4 := int64(f5) * int64(g4)
-	f5g5_38 := int64(f5_2) * int64(g5_19)
-	f5g6_19 := int64(f5) * int64(g6_19)
-	f5g7_38 := int64(f5_2) * int64(g7_19)
-	f5g8_19 := int64(f5) * int64(g8_19)
-	f5g9_38 := int64(f5_2) * int64(g9_19)
-	f6g0 := int64(f6) * int64(g0)
-	f6g1 := int64(f6) * int64(g1)
-	f6g2 := int64(f6) * int64(g2)
-	f6g3 := int64(f6) * int64(g3)
-	f6g4_19 := int64(f6) * int64(g4_19)
-	f6g5_19 := int64(f6) * int64(g5_19)
-	f6g6_19 := int64(f6) * int64(g6_19)
-	f6g7_19 := int64(f6) * int64(g7_19)
-	f6g8_19 := int64(f6) * int64(g8_19)
-	f6g9_19 := int64(f6) * int64(g9_19)
-	f7g0 := int64(f7) * int64(g0)
-	f7g1_2 := int64(f7_2) * int64(g1)
-	f7g2 := int64(f7) * int64(g2)
-	f7g3_38 := int64(f7_2) * int64(g3_19)
-	f7g4_19 := int64(f7) * int64(g4_19)
-	f7g5_38 := int64(f7_2) * int64(g5_19)
-	f7g6_19 := int64(f7) * int64(g6_19)
-	f7g7_38 := int64(f7_2) * int64(g7_19)
-	f7g8_19 := int64(f7) * int64(g8_19)
-	f7g9_38 := int64(f7_2) * int64(g9_19)
-	f8g0 := int64(f8) * int64(g0)
-	f8g1 := int64(f8) * int64(g1)
-	f8g2_19 := int64(f8) * int64(g2_19)
-	f8g3_19 := int64(f8) * int64(g3_19)
-	f8g4_19 := int64(f8) * int64(g4_19)
-	f8g5_19 := int64(f8) * int64(g5_19)
-	f8g6_19 := int64(f8) * int64(g6_19)
-	f8g7_19 := int64(f8) * int64(g7_19)
-	f8g8_19 := int64(f8) * int64(g8_19)
-	f8g9_19 := int64(f8) * int64(g9_19)
-	f9g0 := int64(f9) * int64(g0)
-	f9g1_38 := int64(f9_2) * int64(g1_19)
-	f9g2_19 := int64(f9) * int64(g2_19)
-	f9g3_38 := int64(f9_2) * int64(g3_19)
-	f9g4_19 := int64(f9) * int64(g4_19)
-	f9g5_38 := int64(f9_2) * int64(g5_19)
-	f9g6_19 := int64(f9) * int64(g6_19)
-	f9g7_38 := int64(f9_2) * int64(g7_19)
-	f9g8_19 := int64(f9) * int64(g8_19)
-	f9g9_38 := int64(f9_2) * int64(g9_19)
-	h0 := f0g0 + f1g9_38 + f2g8_19 + f3g7_38 + f4g6_19 + f5g5_38 + f6g4_19 + f7g3_38 + f8g2_19 + f9g1_38
-	h1 := f0g1 + f1g0 + f2g9_19 + f3g8_19 + f4g7_19 + f5g6_19 + f6g5_19 + f7g4_19 + f8g3_19 + f9g2_19
-	h2 := f0g2 + f1g1_2 + f2g0 + f3g9_38 + f4g8_19 + f5g7_38 + f6g6_19 + f7g5_38 + f8g4_19 + f9g3_38
-	h3 := f0g3 + f1g2 + f2g1 + f3g0 + f4g9_19 + f5g8_19 + f6g7_19 + f7g6_19 + f8g5_19 + f9g4_19
-	h4 := f0g4 + f1g3_2 + f2g2 + f3g1_2 + f4g0 + f5g9_38 + f6g8_19 + f7g7_38 + f8g6_19 + f9g5_38
-	h5 := f0g5 + f1g4 + f2g3 + f3g2 + f4g1 + f5g0 + f6g9_19 + f7g8_19 + f8g7_19 + f9g6_19
-	h6 := f0g6 + f1g5_2 + f2g4 + f3g3_2 + f4g2 + f5g1_2 + f6g0 + f7g9_38 + f8g8_19 + f9g7_38
-	h7 := f0g7 + f1g6 + f2g5 + f3g4 + f4g3 + f5g2 + f6g1 + f7g0 + f8g9_19 + f9g8_19
-	h8 := f0g8 + f1g7_2 + f2g6 + f3g5_2 + f4g4 + f5g3_2 + f6g2 + f7g1_2 + f8g0 + f9g9_38
-	h9 := f0g9 + f1g8 + f2g7 + f3g6 + f4g5 + f5g4 + f6g3 + f7g2 + f8g1 + f9g0
-	var carry [10]int64
-
-	// |h0| <= (1.1*1.1*2^52*(1+19+19+19+19)+1.1*1.1*2^50*(38+38+38+38+38))
-	//   i.e. |h0| <= 1.2*2^59; narrower ranges for h2, h4, h6, h8
-	// |h1| <= (1.1*1.1*2^51*(1+1+19+19+19+19+19+19+19+19))
-	//   i.e. |h1| <= 1.5*2^58; narrower ranges for h3, h5, h7, h9
-
-	carry[0] = (h0 + (1 << 25)) >> 26
-	h1 += carry[0]
-	h0 -= carry[0] << 26
-	carry[4] = (h4 + (1 << 25)) >> 26
-	h5 += carry[4]
-	h4 -= carry[4] << 26
-	// |h0| <= 2^25
-	// |h4| <= 2^25
-	// |h1| <= 1.51*2^58
-	// |h5| <= 1.51*2^58
-
-	carry[1] = (h1 + (1 << 24)) >> 25
-	h2 += carry[1]
-	h1 -= carry[1] << 25
-	carry[5] = (h5 + (1 << 24)) >> 25
-	h6 += carry[5]
-	h5 -= carry[5] << 25
-	// |h1| <= 2^24; from now on fits into int32
-	// |h5| <= 2^24; from now on fits into int32
-	// |h2| <= 1.21*2^59
-	// |h6| <= 1.21*2^59
-
-	carry[2] = (h2 + (1 << 25)) >> 26
-	h3 += carry[2]
-	h2 -= carry[2] << 26
-	carry[6] = (h6 + (1 << 25)) >> 26
-	h7 += carry[6]
-	h6 -= carry[6] << 26
-	// |h2| <= 2^25; from now on fits into int32 unchanged
-	// |h6| <= 2^25; from now on fits into int32 unchanged
-	// |h3| <= 1.51*2^58
-	// |h7| <= 1.51*2^58
-
-	carry[3] = (h3 + (1 << 24)) >> 25
-	h4 += carry[3]
-	h3 -= carry[3] << 25
-	carry[7] = (h7 + (1 << 24)) >> 25
-	h8 += carry[7]
-	h7 -= carry[7] << 25
-	// |h3| <= 2^24; from now on fits into int32 unchanged
-	// |h7| <= 2^24; from now on fits into int32 unchanged
-	// |h4| <= 1.52*2^33
-	// |h8| <= 1.52*2^33
-
-	carry[4] = (h4 + (1 << 25)) >> 26
-	h5 += carry[4]
-	h4 -= carry[4] << 26
-	carry[8] = (h8 + (1 << 25)) >> 26
-	h9 += carry[8]
-	h8 -= carry[8] << 26
-	// |h4| <= 2^25; from now on fits into int32 unchanged
-	// |h8| <= 2^25; from now on fits into int32 unchanged
-	// |h5| <= 1.01*2^24
-	// |h9| <= 1.51*2^58
-
-	carry[9] = (h9 + (1 << 24)) >> 25
-	h0 += carry[9] * 19
-	h9 -= carry[9] << 25
-	// |h9| <= 2^24; from now on fits into int32 unchanged
-	// |h0| <= 1.8*2^37
-
-	carry[0] = (h0 + (1 << 25)) >> 26
-	h1 += carry[0]
-	h0 -= carry[0] << 26
-	// |h0| <= 2^25; from now on fits into int32 unchanged
-	// |h1| <= 1.01*2^24
-
-	h[0] = int32(h0)
-	h[1] = int32(h1)
-	h[2] = int32(h2)
-	h[3] = int32(h3)
-	h[4] = int32(h4)
-	h[5] = int32(h5)
-	h[6] = int32(h6)
-	h[7] = int32(h7)
-	h[8] = int32(h8)
-	h[9] = int32(h9)
-}
-
-// feSquare calculates h = f*f. Can overlap h with f.
-//
-// Preconditions:
-//    |f| bounded by 1.1*2^26,1.1*2^25,1.1*2^26,1.1*2^25,etc.
-//
-// Postconditions:
-//    |h| bounded by 1.1*2^25,1.1*2^24,1.1*2^25,1.1*2^24,etc.
-func feSquare(h, f *fieldElement) {
-	f0 := f[0]
-	f1 := f[1]
-	f2 := f[2]
-	f3 := f[3]
-	f4 := f[4]
-	f5 := f[5]
-	f6 := f[6]
-	f7 := f[7]
-	f8 := f[8]
-	f9 := f[9]
-	f0_2 := 2 * f0
-	f1_2 := 2 * f1
-	f2_2 := 2 * f2
-	f3_2 := 2 * f3
-	f4_2 := 2 * f4
-	f5_2 := 2 * f5
-	f6_2 := 2 * f6
-	f7_2 := 2 * f7
-	f5_38 := 38 * f5 // 1.31*2^30
-	f6_19 := 19 * f6 // 1.31*2^30
-	f7_38 := 38 * f7 // 1.31*2^30
-	f8_19 := 19 * f8 // 1.31*2^30
-	f9_38 := 38 * f9 // 1.31*2^30
-	f0f0 := int64(f0) * int64(f0)
-	f0f1_2 := int64(f0_2) * int64(f1)
-	f0f2_2 := int64(f0_2) * int64(f2)
-	f0f3_2 := int64(f0_2) * int64(f3)
-	f0f4_2 := int64(f0_2) * int64(f4)
-	f0f5_2 := int64(f0_2) * int64(f5)
-	f0f6_2 := int64(f0_2) * int64(f6)
-	f0f7_2 := int64(f0_2) * int64(f7)
-	f0f8_2 := int64(f0_2) * int64(f8)
-	f0f9_2 := int64(f0_2) * int64(f9)
-	f1f1_2 := int64(f1_2) * int64(f1)
-	f1f2_2 := int64(f1_2) * int64(f2)
-	f1f3_4 := int64(f1_2) * int64(f3_2)
-	f1f4_2 := int64(f1_2) * int64(f4)
-	f1f5_4 := int64(f1_2) * int64(f5_2)
-	f1f6_2 := int64(f1_2) * int64(f6)
-	f1f7_4 := int64(f1_2) * int64(f7_2)
-	f1f8_2 := int64(f1_2) * int64(f8)
-	f1f9_76 := int64(f1_2) * int64(f9_38)
-	f2f2 := int64(f2) * int64(f2)
-	f2f3_2 := int64(f2_2) * int64(f3)
-	f2f4_2 := int64(f2_2) * int64(f4)
-	f2f5_2 := int64(f2_2) * int64(f5)
-	f2f6_2 := int64(f2_2) * int64(f6)
-	f2f7_2 := int64(f2_2) * int64(f7)
-	f2f8_38 := int64(f2_2) * int64(f8_19)
-	f2f9_38 := int64(f2) * int64(f9_38)
-	f3f3_2 := int64(f3_2) * int64(f3)
-	f3f4_2 := int64(f3_2) * int64(f4)
-	f3f5_4 := int64(f3_2) * int64(f5_2)
-	f3f6_2 := int64(f3_2) * int64(f6)
-	f3f7_76 := int64(f3_2) * int64(f7_38)
-	f3f8_38 := int64(f3_2) * int64(f8_19)
-	f3f9_76 := int64(f3_2) * int64(f9_38)
-	f4f4 := int64(f4) * int64(f4)
-	f4f5_2 := int64(f4_2) * int64(f5)
-	f4f6_38 := int64(f4_2) * int64(f6_19)
-	f4f7_38 := int64(f4) * int64(f7_38)
-	f4f8_38 := int64(f4_2) * int64(f8_19)
-	f4f9_38 := int64(f4) * int64(f9_38)
-	f5f5_38 := int64(f5) * int64(f5_38)
-	f5f6_38 := int64(f5_2) * int64(f6_19)
-	f5f7_76 := int64(f5_2) * int64(f7_38)
-	f5f8_38 := int64(f5_2) * int64(f8_19)
-	f5f9_76 := int64(f5_2) * int64(f9_38)
-	f6f6_19 := int64(f6) * int64(f6_19)
-	f6f7_38 := int64(f6) * int64(f7_38)
-	f6f8_38 := int64(f6_2) * int64(f8_19)
-	f6f9_38 := int64(f6) * int64(f9_38)
-	f7f7_38 := int64(f7) * int64(f7_38)
-	f7f8_38 := int64(f7_2) * int64(f8_19)
-	f7f9_76 := int64(f7_2) * int64(f9_38)
-	f8f8_19 := int64(f8) * int64(f8_19)
-	f8f9_38 := int64(f8) * int64(f9_38)
-	f9f9_38 := int64(f9) * int64(f9_38)
-	h0 := f0f0 + f1f9_76 + f2f8_38 + f3f7_76 + f4f6_38 + f5f5_38
-	h1 := f0f1_2 + f2f9_38 + f3f8_38 + f4f7_38 + f5f6_38
-	h2 := f0f2_2 + f1f1_2 + f3f9_76 + f4f8_38 + f5f7_76 + f6f6_19
-	h3 := f0f3_2 + f1f2_2 + f4f9_38 + f5f8_38 + f6f7_38
-	h4 := f0f4_2 + f1f3_4 + f2f2 + f5f9_76 + f6f8_38 + f7f7_38
-	h5 := f0f5_2 + f1f4_2 + f2f3_2 + f6f9_38 + f7f8_38
-	h6 := f0f6_2 + f1f5_4 + f2f4_2 + f3f3_2 + f7f9_76 + f8f8_19
-	h7 := f0f7_2 + f1f6_2 + f2f5_2 + f3f4_2 + f8f9_38
-	h8 := f0f8_2 + f1f7_4 + f2f6_2 + f3f5_4 + f4f4 + f9f9_38
-	h9 := f0f9_2 + f1f8_2 + f2f7_2 + f3f6_2 + f4f5_2
-	var carry [10]int64
-
-	carry[0] = (h0 + (1 << 25)) >> 26
-	h1 += carry[0]
-	h0 -= carry[0] << 26
-	carry[4] = (h4 + (1 << 25)) >> 26
-	h5 += carry[4]
-	h4 -= carry[4] << 26
-
-	carry[1] = (h1 + (1 << 24)) >> 25
-	h2 += carry[1]
-	h1 -= carry[1] << 25
-	carry[5] = (h5 + (1 << 24)) >> 25
-	h6 += carry[5]
-	h5 -= carry[5] << 25
-
-	carry[2] = (h2 + (1 << 25)) >> 26
-	h3 += carry[2]
-	h2 -= carry[2] << 26
-	carry[6] = (h6 + (1 << 25)) >> 26
-	h7 += carry[6]
-	h6 -= carry[6] << 26
-
-	carry[3] = (h3 + (1 << 24)) >> 25
-	h4 += carry[3]
-	h3 -= carry[3] << 25
-	carry[7] = (h7 + (1 << 24)) >> 25
-	h8 += carry[7]
-	h7 -= carry[7] << 25
-
-	carry[4] = (h4 + (1 << 25)) >> 26
-	h5 += carry[4]
-	h4 -= carry[4] << 26
-	carry[8] = (h8 + (1 << 25)) >> 26
-	h9 += carry[8]
-	h8 -= carry[8] << 26
-
-	carry[9] = (h9 + (1 << 24)) >> 25
-	h0 += carry[9] * 19
-	h9 -= carry[9] << 25
-
-	carry[0] = (h0 + (1 << 25)) >> 26
-	h1 += carry[0]
-	h0 -= carry[0] << 26
-
-	h[0] = int32(h0)
-	h[1] = int32(h1)
-	h[2] = int32(h2)
-	h[3] = int32(h3)
-	h[4] = int32(h4)
-	h[5] = int32(h5)
-	h[6] = int32(h6)
-	h[7] = int32(h7)
-	h[8] = int32(h8)
-	h[9] = int32(h9)
-}
-
-// feMul121666 calculates h = f * 121666. Can overlap h with f.
-//
-// Preconditions:
-//    |f| bounded by 1.1*2^26,1.1*2^25,1.1*2^26,1.1*2^25,etc.
-//
-// Postconditions:
-//    |h| bounded by 1.1*2^25,1.1*2^24,1.1*2^25,1.1*2^24,etc.
-func feMul121666(h, f *fieldElement) {
-	h0 := int64(f[0]) * 121666
-	h1 := int64(f[1]) * 121666
-	h2 := int64(f[2]) * 121666
-	h3 := int64(f[3]) * 121666
-	h4 := int64(f[4]) * 121666
-	h5 := int64(f[5]) * 121666
-	h6 := int64(f[6]) * 121666
-	h7 := int64(f[7]) * 121666
-	h8 := int64(f[8]) * 121666
-	h9 := int64(f[9]) * 121666
-	var carry [10]int64
-
-	carry[9] = (h9 + (1 << 24)) >> 25
-	h0 += carry[9] * 19
-	h9 -= carry[9] << 25
-	carry[1] = (h1 + (1 << 24)) >> 25
-	h2 += carry[1]
-	h1 -= carry[1] << 25
-	carry[3] = (h3 + (1 << 24)) >> 25
-	h4 += carry[3]
-	h3 -= carry[3] << 25
-	carry[5] = (h5 + (1 << 24)) >> 25
-	h6 += carry[5]
-	h5 -= carry[5] << 25
-	carry[7] = (h7 + (1 << 24)) >> 25
-	h8 += carry[7]
-	h7 -= carry[7] << 25
-
-	carry[0] = (h0 + (1 << 25)) >> 26
-	h1 += carry[0]
-	h0 -= carry[0] << 26
-	carry[2] = (h2 + (1 << 25)) >> 26
-	h3 += carry[2]
-	h2 -= carry[2] << 26
-	carry[4] = (h4 + (1 << 25)) >> 26
-	h5 += carry[4]
-	h4 -= carry[4] << 26
-	carry[6] = (h6 + (1 << 25)) >> 26
-	h7 += carry[6]
-	h6 -= carry[6] << 26
-	carry[8] = (h8 + (1 << 25)) >> 26
-	h9 += carry[8]
-	h8 -= carry[8] << 26
-
-	h[0] = int32(h0)
-	h[1] = int32(h1)
-	h[2] = int32(h2)
-	h[3] = int32(h3)
-	h[4] = int32(h4)
-	h[5] = int32(h5)
-	h[6] = int32(h6)
-	h[7] = int32(h7)
-	h[8] = int32(h8)
-	h[9] = int32(h9)
-}
-
-// feInvert sets out = z^-1.
-func feInvert(out, z *fieldElement) {
-	var t0, t1, t2, t3 fieldElement
-	var i int
-
-	feSquare(&t0, z)
-	for i = 1; i < 1; i++ {
-		feSquare(&t0, &t0)
-	}
-	feSquare(&t1, &t0)
-	for i = 1; i < 2; i++ {
-		feSquare(&t1, &t1)
-	}
-	feMul(&t1, z, &t1)
-	feMul(&t0, &t0, &t1)
-	feSquare(&t2, &t0)
-	for i = 1; i < 1; i++ {
-		feSquare(&t2, &t2)
-	}
-	feMul(&t1, &t1, &t2)
-	feSquare(&t2, &t1)
-	for i = 1; i < 5; i++ {
-		feSquare(&t2, &t2)
-	}
-	feMul(&t1, &t2, &t1)
-	feSquare(&t2, &t1)
-	for i = 1; i < 10; i++ {
-		feSquare(&t2, &t2)
-	}
-	feMul(&t2, &t2, &t1)
-	feSquare(&t3, &t2)
-	for i = 1; i < 20; i++ {
-		feSquare(&t3, &t3)
-	}
-	feMul(&t2, &t3, &t2)
-	feSquare(&t2, &t2)
-	for i = 1; i < 10; i++ {
-		feSquare(&t2, &t2)
-	}
-	feMul(&t1, &t2, &t1)
-	feSquare(&t2, &t1)
-	for i = 1; i < 50; i++ {
-		feSquare(&t2, &t2)
-	}
-	feMul(&t2, &t2, &t1)
-	feSquare(&t3, &t2)
-	for i = 1; i < 100; i++ {
-		feSquare(&t3, &t3)
-	}
-	feMul(&t2, &t3, &t2)
-	feSquare(&t2, &t2)
-	for i = 1; i < 50; i++ {
-		feSquare(&t2, &t2)
-	}
-	feMul(&t1, &t2, &t1)
-	feSquare(&t1, &t1)
-	for i = 1; i < 5; i++ {
-		feSquare(&t1, &t1)
-	}
-	feMul(out, &t1, &t0)
-}
-
-func scalarMultGeneric(out, in, base *[32]byte) {
-	var e [32]byte
-
-	copy(e[:], in[:])
-	e[0] &= 248
-	e[31] &= 127
-	e[31] |= 64
-
-	var x1, x2, z2, x3, z3, tmp0, tmp1 fieldElement
-	feFromBytes(&x1, base)
-	feOne(&x2)
-	feCopy(&x3, &x1)
-	feOne(&z3)
-
-	swap := int32(0)
-	for pos := 254; pos >= 0; pos-- {
-		b := e[pos/8] >> uint(pos&7)
-		b &= 1
-		swap ^= int32(b)
-		feCSwap(&x2, &x3, swap)
-		feCSwap(&z2, &z3, swap)
-		swap = int32(b)
-
-		feSub(&tmp0, &x3, &z3)
-		feSub(&tmp1, &x2, &z2)
-		feAdd(&x2, &x2, &z2)
-		feAdd(&z2, &x3, &z3)
-		feMul(&z3, &tmp0, &x2)
-		feMul(&z2, &z2, &tmp1)
-		feSquare(&tmp0, &tmp1)
-		feSquare(&tmp1, &x2)
-		feAdd(&x3, &z3, &z2)
-		feSub(&z2, &z3, &z2)
-		feMul(&x2, &tmp1, &tmp0)
-		feSub(&tmp1, &tmp1, &tmp0)
-		feSquare(&z2, &z2)
-		feMul121666(&z3, &tmp1)
-		feSquare(&x3, &x3)
-		feAdd(&tmp0, &tmp0, &z3)
-		feMul(&z3, &x1, &z2)
-		feMul(&z2, &tmp1, &tmp0)
-	}
-
-	feCSwap(&x2, &x3, swap)
-	feCSwap(&z2, &z3, swap)
-
-	feInvert(&z2, &z2)
-	feMul(&x2, &x2, &z2)
-	feToBytes(out, &x2)
-}

curve25519/curve25519_noasm.go

@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2019 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-// +build !amd64 gccgo appengine purego
-
-package curve25519
-
-func scalarMult(out, in, base *[32]byte) {
-	scalarMultGeneric(out, in, base)
-}

curve25519/curve25519_test.go

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ package curve25519
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"crypto/rand"
-	"fmt"
+	"encoding/hex"
 	"testing"
 )
 
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ func TestX25519Basepoint(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	result := fmt.Sprintf("%x", x)
+	result := hex.EncodeToString(x)
 	if result != expectedHex {
 		t.Errorf("incorrect result: got %s, want %s", result, expectedHex)
 	}
@@ -48,8 +48,7 @@ func TestLowOrderPoints(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestTestVectors(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("Generic", func(t *testing.T) { testTestVectors(t, scalarMultGeneric) })
-	t.Run("Native", func(t *testing.T) { testTestVectors(t, ScalarMult) })
+	t.Run("Legacy", func(t *testing.T) { testTestVectors(t, ScalarMult) })
 	t.Run("X25519", func(t *testing.T) {
 		testTestVectors(t, func(dst, scalar, point *[32]byte) {
 			out, err := X25519(scalar[:], point[:])
@@ -99,12 +98,43 @@ func TestHighBitIgnored(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func BenchmarkScalarBaseMult(b *testing.B) {
-	var in, out [32]byte
-	in[0] = 1
+var benchmarkSink byte
 
-	b.SetBytes(32)
+func BenchmarkX25519Basepoint(b *testing.B) {
+	scalar := make([]byte, ScalarSize)
+	if _, err := rand.Read(scalar); err != nil {
+		b.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	b.ResetTimer()
 	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		ScalarBaseMult(&out, &in)
+		out, err := X25519(scalar, Basepoint)
+		if err != nil {
+			b.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		benchmarkSink ^= out[0]
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkX25519(b *testing.B) {
+	scalar := make([]byte, ScalarSize)
+	if _, err := rand.Read(scalar); err != nil {
+		b.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	point, err := X25519(scalar, Basepoint)
+	if err != nil {
+		b.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if _, err := rand.Read(scalar); err != nil {
+		b.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		out, err := X25519(scalar, point)
+		if err != nil {
+			b.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		benchmarkSink ^= out[0]
 	}
 }

curve25519/internal/field/README

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+This package is kept in sync with crypto/ed25519/internal/edwards25519/field in
+the standard library.
+
+If there are any changes in the standard library that need to be synced to this
+package, run sync.sh. It will not overwrite any local changes made since the
+previous sync, so it's ok to land changes in this package first, and then sync
+to the standard library later.

curve25519/internal/field/_asm/fe_amd64_asm.go

@@ -0,0 +1,298 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2021 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	. "github.com/mmcloughlin/avo/build"
+	. "github.com/mmcloughlin/avo/gotypes"
+	. "github.com/mmcloughlin/avo/operand"
+	. "github.com/mmcloughlin/avo/reg"
+
+	// Ensure "go mod tidy" doesn't remove the golang.org/x/crypto module
+	// dependency, which is necessary to access the field.Element type.
+	_ "golang.org/x/crypto/curve25519"
+)
+
+//go:generate go run . -out ../fe_amd64.s -stubs ../fe_amd64.go -pkg field
+
+func main() {
+	Package("golang.org/x/crypto/curve25519/internal/field")
+	ConstraintExpr("amd64,gc,!purego")
+	feMul()
+	feSquare()
+	Generate()
+}
+
+type namedComponent struct {
+	Component
+	name string
+}
+
+func (c namedComponent) String() string { return c.name }
+
+type uint128 struct {
+	name   string
+	hi, lo GPVirtual
+}
+
+func (c uint128) String() string { return c.name }
+
+func feSquare() {
+	TEXT("feSquare", NOSPLIT, "func(out, a *Element)")
+	Doc("feSquare sets out = a * a. It works like feSquareGeneric.")
+	Pragma("noescape")
+
+	a := Dereference(Param("a"))
+	l0 := namedComponent{a.Field("l0"), "l0"}
+	l1 := namedComponent{a.Field("l1"), "l1"}
+	l2 := namedComponent{a.Field("l2"), "l2"}
+	l3 := namedComponent{a.Field("l3"), "l3"}
+	l4 := namedComponent{a.Field("l4"), "l4"}
+
+	// r0 = l0×l0 + 19×2×(l1×l4 + l2×l3)
+	r0 := uint128{"r0", GP64(), GP64()}
+	mul64(r0, 1, l0, l0)
+	addMul64(r0, 38, l1, l4)
+	addMul64(r0, 38, l2, l3)
+
+	// r1 = 2×l0×l1 + 19×2×l2×l4 + 19×l3×l3
+	r1 := uint128{"r1", GP64(), GP64()}
+	mul64(r1, 2, l0, l1)
+	addMul64(r1, 38, l2, l4)
+	addMul64(r1, 19, l3, l3)
+
+	// r2 = = 2×l0×l2 + l1×l1 + 19×2×l3×l4
+	r2 := uint128{"r2", GP64(), GP64()}
+	mul64(r2, 2, l0, l2)
+	addMul64(r2, 1, l1, l1)
+	addMul64(r2, 38, l3, l4)
+
+	// r3 = = 2×l0×l3 + 2×l1×l2 + 19×l4×l4
+	r3 := uint128{"r3", GP64(), GP64()}
+	mul64(r3, 2, l0, l3)
+	addMul64(r3, 2, l1, l2)
+	addMul64(r3, 19, l4, l4)
+
+	// r4 = = 2×l0×l4 + 2×l1×l3 + l2×l2
+	r4 := uint128{"r4", GP64(), GP64()}
+	mul64(r4, 2, l0, l4)
+	addMul64(r4, 2, l1, l3)
+	addMul64(r4, 1, l2, l2)
+
+	Comment("First reduction chain")
+	maskLow51Bits := GP64()
+	MOVQ(Imm((1<<51)-1), maskLow51Bits)
+	c0, r0lo := shiftRightBy51(&r0)
+	c1, r1lo := shiftRightBy51(&r1)
+	c2, r2lo := shiftRightBy51(&r2)
+	c3, r3lo := shiftRightBy51(&r3)
+	c4, r4lo := shiftRightBy51(&r4)
+	maskAndAdd(r0lo, maskLow51Bits, c4, 19)
+	maskAndAdd(r1lo, maskLow51Bits, c0, 1)
+	maskAndAdd(r2lo, maskLow51Bits, c1, 1)
+	maskAndAdd(r3lo, maskLow51Bits, c2, 1)
+	maskAndAdd(r4lo, maskLow51Bits, c3, 1)
+
+	Comment("Second reduction chain (carryPropagate)")
+	// c0 = r0 >> 51
+	MOVQ(r0lo, c0)
+	SHRQ(Imm(51), c0)
+	// c1 = r1 >> 51
+	MOVQ(r1lo, c1)
+	SHRQ(Imm(51), c1)
+	// c2 = r2 >> 51
+	MOVQ(r2lo, c2)
+	SHRQ(Imm(51), c2)
+	// c3 = r3 >> 51
+	MOVQ(r3lo, c3)
+	SHRQ(Imm(51), c3)
+	// c4 = r4 >> 51
+	MOVQ(r4lo, c4)
+	SHRQ(Imm(51), c4)
+	maskAndAdd(r0lo, maskLow51Bits, c4, 19)
+	maskAndAdd(r1lo, maskLow51Bits, c0, 1)
+	maskAndAdd(r2lo, maskLow51Bits, c1, 1)
+	maskAndAdd(r3lo, maskLow51Bits, c2, 1)
+	maskAndAdd(r4lo, maskLow51Bits, c3, 1)
+
+	Comment("Store output")
+	out := Dereference(Param("out"))
+	Store(r0lo, out.Field("l0"))
+	Store(r1lo, out.Field("l1"))
+	Store(r2lo, out.Field("l2"))
+	Store(r3lo, out.Field("l3"))
+	Store(r4lo, out.Field("l4"))
+
+	RET()
+}
+
+func feMul() {
+	TEXT("feMul", NOSPLIT, "func(out, a, b *Element)")
+	Doc("feMul sets out = a * b. It works like feMulGeneric.")
+	Pragma("noescape")
+
+	a := Dereference(Param("a"))
+	a0 := namedComponent{a.Field("l0"), "a0"}
+	a1 := namedComponent{a.Field("l1"), "a1"}
+	a2 := namedComponent{a.Field("l2"), "a2"}
+	a3 := namedComponent{a.Field("l3"), "a3"}
+	a4 := namedComponent{a.Field("l4"), "a4"}
+
+	b := Dereference(Param("b"))
+	b0 := namedComponent{b.Field("l0"), "b0"}
+	b1 := namedComponent{b.Field("l1"), "b1"}
+	b2 := namedComponent{b.Field("l2"), "b2"}
+	b3 := namedComponent{b.Field("l3"), "b3"}
+	b4 := namedComponent{b.Field("l4"), "b4"}
+
+	// r0 = a0×b0 + 19×(a1×b4 + a2×b3 + a3×b2 + a4×b1)
+	r0 := uint128{"r0", GP64(), GP64()}
+	mul64(r0, 1, a0, b0)
+	addMul64(r0, 19, a1, b4)
+	addMul64(r0, 19, a2, b3)
+	addMul64(r0, 19, a3, b2)
+	addMul64(r0, 19, a4, b1)
+
+	// r1 = a0×b1 + a1×b0 + 19×(a2×b4 + a3×b3 + a4×b2)
+	r1 := uint128{"r1", GP64(), GP64()}
+	mul64(r1, 1, a0, b1)
+	addMul64(r1, 1, a1, b0)
+	addMul64(r1, 19, a2, b4)
+	addMul64(r1, 19, a3, b3)
+	addMul64(r1, 19, a4, b2)
+
+	// r2 = a0×b2 + a1×b1 + a2×b0 + 19×(a3×b4 + a4×b3)
+	r2 := uint128{"r2", GP64(), GP64()}
+	mul64(r2, 1, a0, b2)
+	addMul64(r2, 1, a1, b1)
+	addMul64(r2, 1, a2, b0)
+	addMul64(r2, 19, a3, b4)
+	addMul64(r2, 19, a4, b3)
+
+	// r3 = a0×b3 + a1×b2 + a2×b1 + a3×b0 + 19×a4×b4
+	r3 := uint128{"r3", GP64(), GP64()}
+	mul64(r3, 1, a0, b3)
+	addMul64(r3, 1, a1, b2)
+	addMul64(r3, 1, a2, b1)
+	addMul64(r3, 1, a3, b0)
+	addMul64(r3, 19, a4, b4)
+
+	// r4 = a0×b4 + a1×b3 + a2×b2 + a3×b1 + a4×b0
+	r4 := uint128{"r4", GP64(), GP64()}
+	mul64(r4, 1, a0, b4)
+	addMul64(r4, 1, a1, b3)
+	addMul64(r4, 1, a2, b2)
+	addMul64(r4, 1, a3, b1)
+	addMul64(r4, 1, a4, b0)
+
+	Comment("First reduction chain")
+	maskLow51Bits := GP64()
+	MOVQ(Imm((1<<51)-1), maskLow51Bits)
+	c0, r0lo := shiftRightBy51(&r0)
+	c1, r1lo := shiftRightBy51(&r1)
+	c2, r2lo := shiftRightBy51(&r2)
+	c3, r3lo := shiftRightBy51(&r3)
+	c4, r4lo := shiftRightBy51(&r4)
+	maskAndAdd(r0lo, maskLow51Bits, c4, 19)
+	maskAndAdd(r1lo, maskLow51Bits, c0, 1)
+	maskAndAdd(r2lo, maskLow51Bits, c1, 1)
+	maskAndAdd(r3lo, maskLow51Bits, c2, 1)
+	maskAndAdd(r4lo, maskLow51Bits, c3, 1)
+
+	Comment("Second reduction chain (carryPropagate)")
+	// c0 = r0 >> 51
+	MOVQ(r0lo, c0)
+	SHRQ(Imm(51), c0)
+	// c1 = r1 >> 51
+	MOVQ(r1lo, c1)
+	SHRQ(Imm(51), c1)
+	// c2 = r2 >> 51
+	MOVQ(r2lo, c2)
+	SHRQ(Imm(51), c2)
+	// c3 = r3 >> 51
+	MOVQ(r3lo, c3)
+	SHRQ(Imm(51), c3)
+	// c4 = r4 >> 51
+	MOVQ(r4lo, c4)
+	SHRQ(Imm(51), c4)
+	maskAndAdd(r0lo, maskLow51Bits, c4, 19)
+	maskAndAdd(r1lo, maskLow51Bits, c0, 1)
+	maskAndAdd(r2lo, maskLow51Bits, c1, 1)
+	maskAndAdd(r3lo, maskLow51Bits, c2, 1)
+	maskAndAdd(r4lo, maskLow51Bits, c3, 1)
+
+	Comment("Store output")
+	out := Dereference(Param("out"))
+	Store(r0lo, out.Field("l0"))
+	Store(r1lo, out.Field("l1"))
+	Store(r2lo, out.Field("l2"))
+	Store(r3lo, out.Field("l3"))
+	Store(r4lo, out.Field("l4"))
+
+	RET()
+}
+
+// mul64 sets r to i * aX * bX.
+func mul64(r uint128, i int, aX, bX namedComponent) {
+	switch i {
+	case 1:
+		Comment(fmt.Sprintf("%s = %s×%s", r, aX, bX))
+		Load(aX, RAX)
+	case 2:
+		Comment(fmt.Sprintf("%s = 2×%s×%s", r, aX, bX))
+		Load(aX, RAX)
+		SHLQ(Imm(1), RAX)
+	default:
+		panic("unsupported i value")
+	}
+	MULQ(mustAddr(bX)) // RDX, RAX = RAX * bX
+	MOVQ(RAX, r.lo)
+	MOVQ(RDX, r.hi)
+}
+
+// addMul64 sets r to r + i * aX * bX.
+func addMul64(r uint128, i uint64, aX, bX namedComponent) {
+	switch i {
+	case 1:
+		Comment(fmt.Sprintf("%s += %s×%s", r, aX, bX))
+		Load(aX, RAX)
+	default:
+		Comment(fmt.Sprintf("%s += %d×%s×%s", r, i, aX, bX))
+		IMUL3Q(Imm(i), Load(aX, GP64()), RAX)
+	}
+	MULQ(mustAddr(bX)) // RDX, RAX = RAX * bX
+	ADDQ(RAX, r.lo)
+	ADCQ(RDX, r.hi)
+}
+
+// shiftRightBy51 returns r >> 51 and r.lo.
+//
+// After this function is called, the uint128 may not be used anymore.
+func shiftRightBy51(r *uint128) (out, lo GPVirtual) {
+	out = r.hi
+	lo = r.lo
+	SHLQ(Imm(64-51), r.lo, r.hi)
+	r.lo, r.hi = nil, nil // make sure the uint128 is unusable
+	return
+}
+
+// maskAndAdd sets r = r&mask + c*i.
+func maskAndAdd(r, mask, c GPVirtual, i uint64) {
+	ANDQ(mask, r)
+	if i != 1 {
+		IMUL3Q(Imm(i), c, c)
+	}
+	ADDQ(c, r)
+}
+
+func mustAddr(c Component) Op {
+	b, err := c.Resolve()
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return b.Addr
+}

curve25519/internal/field/_asm/go.mod

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+module asm
+
+go 1.16
+
+require (
+	github.com/mmcloughlin/avo v0.4.0
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0
+)
+
+replace golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0 => ../../../..

curve25519/internal/field/_asm/go.sum

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+github.com/mmcloughlin/avo v0.4.0 h1:jeHDRktVD+578ULxWpQHkilor6pkdLF7u7EiTzDbfcU=
+github.com/mmcloughlin/avo v0.4.0/go.mod h1:RW9BfYA3TgO9uCdNrKU2h6J8cPD8ZLznvfgHAeszb1s=
+github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.4.0/go.mod h1:mwnBkeHKe2W/ZEtQ+71ViKU8L12m81fl3OWwC1Zlc8k=
+golang.org/x/arch v0.0.0-20210923205945-b76863e36670/go.mod h1:5om86z9Hs0C8fWVUuoMHwpExlXzs5Tkyp9hOrfG7pp8=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190308221718-c2843e01d9a2/go.mod h1:djNgcEr1/C05ACkg1iLfiJU5Ep61QUkGW8qpdssI0+w=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20191011191535-87dc89f01550/go.mod h1:yigFU9vqHzYiE8UmvKecakEJjdnWj3jj499lnFckfCI=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.4.2 h1:Gz96sIWK3OalVv/I/qNygP42zyoKp3xptRVCWRFEBvo=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.4.2/go.mod h1:s0Qsj1ACt9ePp/hMypM3fl4fZqREWJwdYDEqhRiZZUA=
+golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190404232315-eb5bcb51f2a3/go.mod h1:t9HGtf8HONx5eT2rtn7q6eTqICYqUVnKs3thJo3Qplg=
+golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190620200207-3b0461eec859/go.mod h1:z5CRVTTTmAJ677TzLLGU+0bjPO0LkuOLi4/5GtJWs/s=
+golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210805182204-aaa1db679c0d/go.mod h1:9nx3DQGgdP8bBQD5qxJ1jj9UTztislL4KSBs9R2vV5Y=
+golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20211112202133-69e39bad7dc2/go.mod h1:9nx3DQGgdP8bBQD5qxJ1jj9UTztislL4KSBs9R2vV5Y=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20190423024810-112230192c58/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20210220032951-036812b2e83c/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190215142949-d0b11bdaac8a/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190412213103-97732733099d/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20201119102817-f84b799fce68/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210423082822-04245dca01da/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210615035016-665e8c7367d1/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210809222454-d867a43fc93e/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20211030160813-b3129d9d1021 h1:giLT+HuUP/gXYrG2Plg9WTjj4qhfgaW424ZIFog3rlk=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20211030160813-b3129d9d1021/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201126162022-7de9c90e9dd1/go.mod h1:bj7SfCRtBDWHUb9snDiAeCFNEtKQo2Wmx5Cou7ajbmo=
+golang.org/x/text v0.3.0/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
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curve25519/internal/field/fe.go

@@ -0,0 +1,416 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+// Package field implements fast arithmetic modulo 2^255-19.
+package field
+
+import (
+	"crypto/subtle"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"math/bits"
+)
+
+// Element represents an element of the field GF(2^255-19). Note that this
+// is not a cryptographically secure group, and should only be used to interact
+// with edwards25519.Point coordinates.
+//
+// This type works similarly to math/big.Int, and all arguments and receivers
+// are allowed to alias.
+//
+// The zero value is a valid zero element.
+type Element struct {
+	// An element t represents the integer
+	//     t.l0 + t.l1*2^51 + t.l2*2^102 + t.l3*2^153 + t.l4*2^204
+	//
+	// Between operations, all limbs are expected to be lower than 2^52.
+	l0 uint64
+	l1 uint64
+	l2 uint64
+	l3 uint64
+	l4 uint64
+}
+
+const maskLow51Bits uint64 = (1 << 51) - 1
+
+var feZero = &Element{0, 0, 0, 0, 0}
+
+// Zero sets v = 0, and returns v.
+func (v *Element) Zero() *Element {
+	*v = *feZero
+	return v
+}
+
+var feOne = &Element{1, 0, 0, 0, 0}
+
+// One sets v = 1, and returns v.
+func (v *Element) One() *Element {
+	*v = *feOne
+	return v
+}
+
+// reduce reduces v modulo 2^255 - 19 and returns it.
+func (v *Element) reduce() *Element {
+	v.carryPropagate()
+
+	// After the light reduction we now have a field element representation
+	// v < 2^255 + 2^13 * 19, but need v < 2^255 - 19.
+
+	// If v >= 2^255 - 19, then v + 19 >= 2^255, which would overflow 2^255 - 1,
+	// generating a carry. That is, c will be 0 if v < 2^255 - 19, and 1 otherwise.
+	c := (v.l0 + 19) >> 51
+	c = (v.l1 + c) >> 51
+	c = (v.l2 + c) >> 51
+	c = (v.l3 + c) >> 51
+	c = (v.l4 + c) >> 51
+
+	// If v < 2^255 - 19 and c = 0, this will be a no-op. Otherwise, it's
+	// effectively applying the reduction identity to the carry.
+	v.l0 += 19 * c
+
+	v.l1 += v.l0 >> 51
+	v.l0 = v.l0 & maskLow51Bits
+	v.l2 += v.l1 >> 51
+	v.l1 = v.l1 & maskLow51Bits
+	v.l3 += v.l2 >> 51
+	v.l2 = v.l2 & maskLow51Bits
+	v.l4 += v.l3 >> 51
+	v.l3 = v.l3 & maskLow51Bits
+	// no additional carry
+	v.l4 = v.l4 & maskLow51Bits
+
+	return v
+}
+
+// Add sets v = a + b, and returns v.
+func (v *Element) Add(a, b *Element) *Element {
+	v.l0 = a.l0 + b.l0
+	v.l1 = a.l1 + b.l1
+	v.l2 = a.l2 + b.l2
+	v.l3 = a.l3 + b.l3
+	v.l4 = a.l4 + b.l4
+	// Using the generic implementation here is actually faster than the
+	// assembly. Probably because the body of this function is so simple that
+	// the compiler can figure out better optimizations by inlining the carry
+	// propagation. TODO
+	return v.carryPropagateGeneric()
+}
+
+// Subtract sets v = a - b, and returns v.
+func (v *Element) Subtract(a, b *Element) *Element {
+	// We first add 2 * p, to guarantee the subtraction won't underflow, and
+	// then subtract b (which can be up to 2^255 + 2^13 * 19).
+	v.l0 = (a.l0 + 0xFFFFFFFFFFFDA) - b.l0
+	v.l1 = (a.l1 + 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFE) - b.l1
+	v.l2 = (a.l2 + 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFE) - b.l2
+	v.l3 = (a.l3 + 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFE) - b.l3
+	v.l4 = (a.l4 + 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFE) - b.l4
+	return v.carryPropagate()
+}
+
+// Negate sets v = -a, and returns v.
+func (v *Element) Negate(a *Element) *Element {
+	return v.Subtract(feZero, a)
+}
+
+// Invert sets v = 1/z mod p, and returns v.
+//
+// If z == 0, Invert returns v = 0.
+func (v *Element) Invert(z *Element) *Element {
+	// Inversion is implemented as exponentiation with exponent p − 2. It uses the
+	// same sequence of 255 squarings and 11 multiplications as [Curve25519].
+	var z2, z9, z11, z2_5_0, z2_10_0, z2_20_0, z2_50_0, z2_100_0, t Element
+
+	z2.Square(z)             // 2
+	t.Square(&z2)            // 4
+	t.Square(&t)             // 8
+	z9.Multiply(&t, z)       // 9
+	z11.Multiply(&z9, &z2)   // 11
+	t.Square(&z11)           // 22
+	z2_5_0.Multiply(&t, &z9) // 31 = 2^5 - 2^0
+
+	t.Square(&z2_5_0) // 2^6 - 2^1
+	for i := 0; i < 4; i++ {
+		t.Square(&t) // 2^10 - 2^5
+	}
+	z2_10_0.Multiply(&t, &z2_5_0) // 2^10 - 2^0
+
+	t.Square(&z2_10_0) // 2^11 - 2^1
+	for i := 0; i < 9; i++ {
+		t.Square(&t) // 2^20 - 2^10
+	}
+	z2_20_0.Multiply(&t, &z2_10_0) // 2^20 - 2^0
+
+	t.Square(&z2_20_0) // 2^21 - 2^1
+	for i := 0; i < 19; i++ {
+		t.Square(&t) // 2^40 - 2^20
+	}
+	t.Multiply(&t, &z2_20_0) // 2^40 - 2^0
+
+	t.Square(&t) // 2^41 - 2^1
+	for i := 0; i < 9; i++ {
+		t.Square(&t) // 2^50 - 2^10
+	}
+	z2_50_0.Multiply(&t, &z2_10_0) // 2^50 - 2^0
+
+	t.Square(&z2_50_0) // 2^51 - 2^1
+	for i := 0; i < 49; i++ {
+		t.Square(&t) // 2^100 - 2^50
+	}
+	z2_100_0.Multiply(&t, &z2_50_0) // 2^100 - 2^0
+
+	t.Square(&z2_100_0) // 2^101 - 2^1
+	for i := 0; i < 99; i++ {
+		t.Square(&t) // 2^200 - 2^100
+	}
+	t.Multiply(&t, &z2_100_0) // 2^200 - 2^0
+
+	t.Square(&t) // 2^201 - 2^1
+	for i := 0; i < 49; i++ {
+		t.Square(&t) // 2^250 - 2^50
+	}
+	t.Multiply(&t, &z2_50_0) // 2^250 - 2^0
+
+	t.Square(&t) // 2^251 - 2^1
+	t.Square(&t) // 2^252 - 2^2
+	t.Square(&t) // 2^253 - 2^3
+	t.Square(&t) // 2^254 - 2^4
+	t.Square(&t) // 2^255 - 2^5
+
+	return v.Multiply(&t, &z11) // 2^255 - 21
+}
+
+// Set sets v = a, and returns v.
+func (v *Element) Set(a *Element) *Element {
+	*v = *a
+	return v
+}
+
+// SetBytes sets v to x, which must be a 32-byte little-endian encoding.
+//
+// Consistent with RFC 7748, the most significant bit (the high bit of the
+// last byte) is ignored, and non-canonical values (2^255-19 through 2^255-1)
+// are accepted. Note that this is laxer than specified by RFC 8032.
+func (v *Element) SetBytes(x []byte) *Element {
+	if len(x) != 32 {
+		panic("edwards25519: invalid field element input size")
+	}
+
+	// Bits 0:51 (bytes 0:8, bits 0:64, shift 0, mask 51).
+	v.l0 = binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(x[0:8])
+	v.l0 &= maskLow51Bits
+	// Bits 51:102 (bytes 6:14, bits 48:112, shift 3, mask 51).
+	v.l1 = binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(x[6:14]) >> 3
+	v.l1 &= maskLow51Bits
+	// Bits 102:153 (bytes 12:20, bits 96:160, shift 6, mask 51).
+	v.l2 = binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(x[12:20]) >> 6
+	v.l2 &= maskLow51Bits
+	// Bits 153:204 (bytes 19:27, bits 152:216, shift 1, mask 51).
+	v.l3 = binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(x[19:27]) >> 1
+	v.l3 &= maskLow51Bits
+	// Bits 204:251 (bytes 24:32, bits 192:256, shift 12, mask 51).
+	// Note: not bytes 25:33, shift 4, to avoid overread.
+	v.l4 = binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(x[24:32]) >> 12
+	v.l4 &= maskLow51Bits
+
+	return v
+}
+
+// Bytes returns the canonical 32-byte little-endian encoding of v.
+func (v *Element) Bytes() []byte {
+	// This function is outlined to make the allocations inline in the caller
+	// rather than happen on the heap.
+	var out [32]byte
+	return v.bytes(&out)
+}
+
+func (v *Element) bytes(out *[32]byte) []byte {
+	t := *v
+	t.reduce()
+
+	var buf [8]byte
+	for i, l := range [5]uint64{t.l0, t.l1, t.l2, t.l3, t.l4} {
+		bitsOffset := i * 51
+		binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(buf[:], l<<uint(bitsOffset%8))
+		for i, bb := range buf {
+			off := bitsOffset/8 + i
+			if off >= len(out) {
+				break
+			}
+			out[off] |= bb
+		}
+	}
+
+	return out[:]
+}
+
+// Equal returns 1 if v and u are equal, and 0 otherwise.
+func (v *Element) Equal(u *Element) int {
+	sa, sv := u.Bytes(), v.Bytes()
+	return subtle.ConstantTimeCompare(sa, sv)
+}
+
+// mask64Bits returns 0xffffffff if cond is 1, and 0 otherwise.
+func mask64Bits(cond int) uint64 { return ^(uint64(cond) - 1) }
+
+// Select sets v to a if cond == 1, and to b if cond == 0.
+func (v *Element) Select(a, b *Element, cond int) *Element {
+	m := mask64Bits(cond)
+	v.l0 = (m & a.l0) | (^m & b.l0)
+	v.l1 = (m & a.l1) | (^m & b.l1)
+	v.l2 = (m & a.l2) | (^m & b.l2)
+	v.l3 = (m & a.l3) | (^m & b.l3)
+	v.l4 = (m & a.l4) | (^m & b.l4)
+	return v
+}
+
+// Swap swaps v and u if cond == 1 or leaves them unchanged if cond == 0, and returns v.
+func (v *Element) Swap(u *Element, cond int) {
+	m := mask64Bits(cond)
+	t := m & (v.l0 ^ u.l0)
+	v.l0 ^= t
+	u.l0 ^= t
+	t = m & (v.l1 ^ u.l1)
+	v.l1 ^= t
+	u.l1 ^= t
+	t = m & (v.l2 ^ u.l2)
+	v.l2 ^= t
+	u.l2 ^= t
+	t = m & (v.l3 ^ u.l3)
+	v.l3 ^= t
+	u.l3 ^= t
+	t = m & (v.l4 ^ u.l4)
+	v.l4 ^= t
+	u.l4 ^= t
+}
+
+// IsNegative returns 1 if v is negative, and 0 otherwise.
+func (v *Element) IsNegative() int {
+	return int(v.Bytes()[0] & 1)
+}
+
+// Absolute sets v to |u|, and returns v.
+func (v *Element) Absolute(u *Element) *Element {
+	return v.Select(new(Element).Negate(u), u, u.IsNegative())
+}
+
+// Multiply sets v = x * y, and returns v.
+func (v *Element) Multiply(x, y *Element) *Element {
+	feMul(v, x, y)
+	return v
+}
+
+// Square sets v = x * x, and returns v.
+func (v *Element) Square(x *Element) *Element {
+	feSquare(v, x)
+	return v
+}
+
+// Mult32 sets v = x * y, and returns v.
+func (v *Element) Mult32(x *Element, y uint32) *Element {
+	x0lo, x0hi := mul51(x.l0, y)
+	x1lo, x1hi := mul51(x.l1, y)
+	x2lo, x2hi := mul51(x.l2, y)
+	x3lo, x3hi := mul51(x.l3, y)
+	x4lo, x4hi := mul51(x.l4, y)
+	v.l0 = x0lo + 19*x4hi // carried over per the reduction identity
+	v.l1 = x1lo + x0hi
+	v.l2 = x2lo + x1hi
+	v.l3 = x3lo + x2hi
+	v.l4 = x4lo + x3hi
+	// The hi portions are going to be only 32 bits, plus any previous excess,
+	// so we can skip the carry propagation.
+	return v
+}
+
+// mul51 returns lo + hi * 2⁵¹ = a * b.
+func mul51(a uint64, b uint32) (lo uint64, hi uint64) {
+	mh, ml := bits.Mul64(a, uint64(b))
+	lo = ml & maskLow51Bits
+	hi = (mh << 13) | (ml >> 51)
+	return
+}
+
+// Pow22523 set v = x^((p-5)/8), and returns v. (p-5)/8 is 2^252-3.
+func (v *Element) Pow22523(x *Element) *Element {
+	var t0, t1, t2 Element
+
+	t0.Square(x)             // x^2
+	t1.Square(&t0)           // x^4
+	t1.Square(&t1)           // x^8
+	t1.Multiply(x, &t1)      // x^9
+	t0.Multiply(&t0, &t1)    // x^11
+	t0.Square(&t0)           // x^22
+	t0.Multiply(&t1, &t0)    // x^31
+	t1.Square(&t0)           // x^62
+	for i := 1; i < 5; i++ { // x^992
+		t1.Square(&t1)
+	}
+	t0.Multiply(&t1, &t0)     // x^1023 -> 1023 = 2^10 - 1
+	t1.Square(&t0)            // 2^11 - 2
+	for i := 1; i < 10; i++ { // 2^20 - 2^10
+		t1.Square(&t1)
+	}
+	t1.Multiply(&t1, &t0)     // 2^20 - 1
+	t2.Square(&t1)            // 2^21 - 2
+	for i := 1; i < 20; i++ { // 2^40 - 2^20
+		t2.Square(&t2)
+	}
+	t1.Multiply(&t2, &t1)     // 2^40 - 1
+	t1.Square(&t1)            // 2^41 - 2
+	for i := 1; i < 10; i++ { // 2^50 - 2^10
+		t1.Square(&t1)
+	}
+	t0.Multiply(&t1, &t0)     // 2^50 - 1
+	t1.Square(&t0)            // 2^51 - 2
+	for i := 1; i < 50; i++ { // 2^100 - 2^50
+		t1.Square(&t1)
+	}
+	t1.Multiply(&t1, &t0)      // 2^100 - 1
+	t2.Square(&t1)             // 2^101 - 2
+	for i := 1; i < 100; i++ { // 2^200 - 2^100
+		t2.Square(&t2)
+	}
+	t1.Multiply(&t2, &t1)     // 2^200 - 1
+	t1.Square(&t1)            // 2^201 - 2
+	for i := 1; i < 50; i++ { // 2^250 - 2^50
+		t1.Square(&t1)
+	}
+	t0.Multiply(&t1, &t0)     // 2^250 - 1
+	t0.Square(&t0)            // 2^251 - 2
+	t0.Square(&t0)            // 2^252 - 4
+	return v.Multiply(&t0, x) // 2^252 - 3 -> x^(2^252-3)
+}
+
+// sqrtM1 is 2^((p-1)/4), which squared is equal to -1 by Euler's Criterion.
+var sqrtM1 = &Element{1718705420411056, 234908883556509,
+	2233514472574048, 2117202627021982, 765476049583133}
+
+// SqrtRatio sets r to the non-negative square root of the ratio of u and v.
+//
+// If u/v is square, SqrtRatio returns r and 1. If u/v is not square, SqrtRatio
+// sets r according to Section 4.3 of draft-irtf-cfrg-ristretto255-decaf448-00,
+// and returns r and 0.
+func (r *Element) SqrtRatio(u, v *Element) (rr *Element, wasSquare int) {
+	var a, b Element
+
+	// r = (u * v3) * (u * v7)^((p-5)/8)
+	v2 := a.Square(v)
+	uv3 := b.Multiply(u, b.Multiply(v2, v))
+	uv7 := a.Multiply(uv3, a.Square(v2))
+	r.Multiply(uv3, r.Pow22523(uv7))
+
+	check := a.Multiply(v, a.Square(r)) // check = v * r^2
+
+	uNeg := b.Negate(u)
+	correctSignSqrt := check.Equal(u)
+	flippedSignSqrt := check.Equal(uNeg)
+	flippedSignSqrtI := check.Equal(uNeg.Multiply(uNeg, sqrtM1))
+
+	rPrime := b.Multiply(r, sqrtM1) // r_prime = SQRT_M1 * r
+	// r = CT_SELECT(r_prime IF flipped_sign_sqrt | flipped_sign_sqrt_i ELSE r)
+	r.Select(rPrime, r, flippedSignSqrt|flippedSignSqrtI)
+
+	r.Absolute(r) // Choose the nonnegative square root.
+	return r, correctSignSqrt | flippedSignSqrt
+}

curve25519/internal/field/fe_alias_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2019 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package field
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"testing/quick"
+)
+
+func checkAliasingOneArg(f func(v, x *Element) *Element) func(v, x Element) bool {
+	return func(v, x Element) bool {
+		x1, v1 := x, x
+
+		// Calculate a reference f(x) without aliasing.
+		if out := f(&v, &x); out != &v && isInBounds(out) {
+			return false
+		}
+
+		// Test aliasing the argument and the receiver.
+		if out := f(&v1, &v1); out != &v1 || v1 != v {
+			return false
+		}
+
+		// Ensure the arguments was not modified.
+		return x == x1
+	}
+}
+
+func checkAliasingTwoArgs(f func(v, x, y *Element) *Element) func(v, x, y Element) bool {
+	return func(v, x, y Element) bool {
+		x1, y1, v1 := x, y, Element{}
+
+		// Calculate a reference f(x, y) without aliasing.
+		if out := f(&v, &x, &y); out != &v && isInBounds(out) {
+			return false
+		}
+
+		// Test aliasing the first argument and the receiver.
+		v1 = x
+		if out := f(&v1, &v1, &y); out != &v1 || v1 != v {
+			return false
+		}
+		// Test aliasing the second argument and the receiver.
+		v1 = y
+		if out := f(&v1, &x, &v1); out != &v1 || v1 != v {
+			return false
+		}
+
+		// Calculate a reference f(x, x) without aliasing.
+		if out := f(&v, &x, &x); out != &v {
+			return false
+		}
+
+		// Test aliasing the first argument and the receiver.
+		v1 = x
+		if out := f(&v1, &v1, &x); out != &v1 || v1 != v {
+			return false
+		}
+		// Test aliasing the second argument and the receiver.
+		v1 = x
+		if out := f(&v1, &x, &v1); out != &v1 || v1 != v {
+			return false
+		}
+		// Test aliasing both arguments and the receiver.
+		v1 = x
+		if out := f(&v1, &v1, &v1); out != &v1 || v1 != v {
+			return false
+		}
+
+		// Ensure the arguments were not modified.
+		return x == x1 && y == y1
+	}
+}
+
+// TestAliasing checks that receivers and arguments can alias each other without
+// leading to incorrect results. That is, it ensures that it's safe to write
+//
+//	v.Invert(v)
+//
+// or
+//
+//	v.Add(v, v)
+//
+// without any of the inputs getting clobbered by the output being written.
+func TestAliasing(t *testing.T) {
+	type target struct {
+		name     string
+		oneArgF  func(v, x *Element) *Element
+		twoArgsF func(v, x, y *Element) *Element
+	}
+	for _, tt := range []target{
+		{name: "Absolute", oneArgF: (*Element).Absolute},
+		{name: "Invert", oneArgF: (*Element).Invert},
+		{name: "Negate", oneArgF: (*Element).Negate},
+		{name: "Set", oneArgF: (*Element).Set},
+		{name: "Square", oneArgF: (*Element).Square},
+		{name: "Multiply", twoArgsF: (*Element).Multiply},
+		{name: "Add", twoArgsF: (*Element).Add},
+		{name: "Subtract", twoArgsF: (*Element).Subtract},
+		{
+			name: "Select0",
+			twoArgsF: func(v, x, y *Element) *Element {
+				return (*Element).Select(v, x, y, 0)
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Select1",
+			twoArgsF: func(v, x, y *Element) *Element {
+				return (*Element).Select(v, x, y, 1)
+			},
+		},
+	} {
+		var err error
+		switch {
+		case tt.oneArgF != nil:
+			err = quick.Check(checkAliasingOneArg(tt.oneArgF), &quick.Config{MaxCountScale: 1 << 8})
+		case tt.twoArgsF != nil:
+			err = quick.Check(checkAliasingTwoArgs(tt.twoArgsF), &quick.Config{MaxCountScale: 1 << 8})
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("%v: %v", tt.name, err)
+		}
+	}
+}

curve25519/internal/field/fe_amd64.go

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+// Code generated by command: go run fe_amd64_asm.go -out ../fe_amd64.s -stubs ../fe_amd64.go -pkg field. DO NOT EDIT.
+
+//go:build amd64 && gc && !purego
+// +build amd64,gc,!purego
+
+package field
+
+// feMul sets out = a * b. It works like feMulGeneric.
+//
+//go:noescape
+func feMul(out *Element, a *Element, b *Element)
+
+// feSquare sets out = a * a. It works like feSquareGeneric.
+//
+//go:noescape
+func feSquare(out *Element, a *Element)

curve25519/internal/field/fe_amd64.s

@@ -0,0 +1,379 @@
+// Code generated by command: go run fe_amd64_asm.go -out ../fe_amd64.s -stubs ../fe_amd64.go -pkg field. DO NOT EDIT.
+
+//go:build amd64 && gc && !purego
+// +build amd64,gc,!purego
+
+#include "textflag.h"
+
+// func feMul(out *Element, a *Element, b *Element)
+TEXT ·feMul(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-24
+	MOVQ a+8(FP), CX
+	MOVQ b+16(FP), BX
+
+	// r0 = a0×b0
+	MOVQ (CX), AX
+	MULQ (BX)
+	MOVQ AX, DI
+	MOVQ DX, SI
+
+	// r0 += 19×a1×b4
+	MOVQ   8(CX), AX
+	IMUL3Q $0x13, AX, AX
+	MULQ   32(BX)
+	ADDQ   AX, DI
+	ADCQ   DX, SI
+
+	// r0 += 19×a2×b3
+	MOVQ   16(CX), AX
+	IMUL3Q $0x13, AX, AX
+	MULQ   24(BX)
+	ADDQ   AX, DI
+	ADCQ   DX, SI
+
+	// r0 += 19×a3×b2
+	MOVQ   24(CX), AX
+	IMUL3Q $0x13, AX, AX
+	MULQ   16(BX)
+	ADDQ   AX, DI
+	ADCQ   DX, SI
+
+	// r0 += 19×a4×b1
+	MOVQ   32(CX), AX
+	IMUL3Q $0x13, AX, AX
+	MULQ   8(BX)
+	ADDQ   AX, DI
+	ADCQ   DX, SI
+
+	// r1 = a0×b1
+	MOVQ (CX), AX
+	MULQ 8(BX)
+	MOVQ AX, R9
+	MOVQ DX, R8
+
+	// r1 += a1×b0
+	MOVQ 8(CX), AX
+	MULQ (BX)
+	ADDQ AX, R9
+	ADCQ DX, R8
+
+	// r1 += 19×a2×b4
+	MOVQ   16(CX), AX
+	IMUL3Q $0x13, AX, AX
+	MULQ   32(BX)
+	ADDQ   AX, R9
+	ADCQ   DX, R8
+
+	// r1 += 19×a3×b3
+	MOVQ   24(CX), AX
+	IMUL3Q $0x13, AX, AX
+	MULQ   24(BX)
+	ADDQ   AX, R9
+	ADCQ   DX, R8
+
+	// r1 += 19×a4×b2
+	MOVQ   32(CX), AX
+	IMUL3Q $0x13, AX, AX
+	MULQ   16(BX)
+	ADDQ   AX, R9
+	ADCQ   DX, R8
+
+	// r2 = a0×b2
+	MOVQ (CX), AX
+	MULQ 16(BX)
+	MOVQ AX, R11
+	MOVQ DX, R10
+
+	// r2 += a1×b1
+	MOVQ 8(CX), AX
+	MULQ 8(BX)
+	ADDQ AX, R11
+	ADCQ DX, R10
+
+	// r2 += a2×b0
+	MOVQ 16(CX), AX
+	MULQ (BX)
+	ADDQ AX, R11
+	ADCQ DX, R10
+
+	// r2 += 19×a3×b4
+	MOVQ   24(CX), AX
+	IMUL3Q $0x13, AX, AX
+	MULQ   32(BX)
+	ADDQ   AX, R11
+	ADCQ   DX, R10
+
+	// r2 += 19×a4×b3
+	MOVQ   32(CX), AX
+	IMUL3Q $0x13, AX, AX
+	MULQ   24(BX)
+	ADDQ   AX, R11
+	ADCQ   DX, R10
+
+	// r3 = a0×b3
+	MOVQ (CX), AX
+	MULQ 24(BX)
+	MOVQ AX, R13
+	MOVQ DX, R12
+
+	// r3 += a1×b2
+	MOVQ 8(CX), AX
+	MULQ 16(BX)
+	ADDQ AX, R13
+	ADCQ DX, R12
+
+	// r3 += a2×b1
+	MOVQ 16(CX), AX
+	MULQ 8(BX)
+	ADDQ AX, R13
+	ADCQ DX, R12
+
+	// r3 += a3×b0
+	MOVQ 24(CX), AX
+	MULQ (BX)
+	ADDQ AX, R13
+	ADCQ DX, R12
+
+	// r3 += 19×a4×b4
+	MOVQ   32(CX), AX
+	IMUL3Q $0x13, AX, AX
+	MULQ   32(BX)
+	ADDQ   AX, R13
+	ADCQ   DX, R12
+
+	// r4 = a0×b4
+	MOVQ (CX), AX
+	MULQ 32(BX)
+	MOVQ AX, R15
+	MOVQ DX, R14
+
+	// r4 += a1×b3
+	MOVQ 8(CX), AX
+	MULQ 24(BX)
+	ADDQ AX, R15
+	ADCQ DX, R14
+
+	// r4 += a2×b2
+	MOVQ 16(CX), AX
+	MULQ 16(BX)
+	ADDQ AX, R15
+	ADCQ DX, R14
+
+	// r4 += a3×b1
+	MOVQ 24(CX), AX
+	MULQ 8(BX)
+	ADDQ AX, R15
+	ADCQ DX, R14
+
+	// r4 += a4×b0
+	MOVQ 32(CX), AX
+	MULQ (BX)
+	ADDQ AX, R15
+	ADCQ DX, R14
+
+	// First reduction chain
+	MOVQ   $0x0007ffffffffffff, AX
+	SHLQ   $0x0d, DI, SI
+	SHLQ   $0x0d, R9, R8
+	SHLQ   $0x0d, R11, R10
+	SHLQ   $0x0d, R13, R12
+	SHLQ   $0x0d, R15, R14
+	ANDQ   AX, DI
+	IMUL3Q $0x13, R14, R14
+	ADDQ   R14, DI
+	ANDQ   AX, R9
+	ADDQ   SI, R9
+	ANDQ   AX, R11
+	ADDQ   R8, R11
+	ANDQ   AX, R13
+	ADDQ   R10, R13
+	ANDQ   AX, R15
+	ADDQ   R12, R15
+
+	// Second reduction chain (carryPropagate)
+	MOVQ   DI, SI
+	SHRQ   $0x33, SI
+	MOVQ   R9, R8
+	SHRQ   $0x33, R8
+	MOVQ   R11, R10
+	SHRQ   $0x33, R10
+	MOVQ   R13, R12
+	SHRQ   $0x33, R12
+	MOVQ   R15, R14
+	SHRQ   $0x33, R14
+	ANDQ   AX, DI
+	IMUL3Q $0x13, R14, R14
+	ADDQ   R14, DI
+	ANDQ   AX, R9
+	ADDQ   SI, R9
+	ANDQ   AX, R11
+	ADDQ   R8, R11
+	ANDQ   AX, R13
+	ADDQ   R10, R13
+	ANDQ   AX, R15
+	ADDQ   R12, R15
+
+	// Store output
+	MOVQ out+0(FP), AX
+	MOVQ DI, (AX)
+	MOVQ R9, 8(AX)
+	MOVQ R11, 16(AX)
+	MOVQ R13, 24(AX)
+	MOVQ R15, 32(AX)
+	RET
+
+// func feSquare(out *Element, a *Element)
+TEXT ·feSquare(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-16
+	MOVQ a+8(FP), CX
+
+	// r0 = l0×l0
+	MOVQ (CX), AX
+	MULQ (CX)
+	MOVQ AX, SI
+	MOVQ DX, BX
+
+	// r0 += 38×l1×l4
+	MOVQ   8(CX), AX
+	IMUL3Q $0x26, AX, AX
+	MULQ   32(CX)
+	ADDQ   AX, SI
+	ADCQ   DX, BX
+
+	// r0 += 38×l2×l3
+	MOVQ   16(CX), AX
+	IMUL3Q $0x26, AX, AX
+	MULQ   24(CX)
+	ADDQ   AX, SI
+	ADCQ   DX, BX
+
+	// r1 = 2×l0×l1
+	MOVQ (CX), AX
+	SHLQ $0x01, AX
+	MULQ 8(CX)
+	MOVQ AX, R8
+	MOVQ DX, DI
+
+	// r1 += 38×l2×l4
+	MOVQ   16(CX), AX
+	IMUL3Q $0x26, AX, AX
+	MULQ   32(CX)
+	ADDQ   AX, R8
+	ADCQ   DX, DI
+
+	// r1 += 19×l3×l3
+	MOVQ   24(CX), AX
+	IMUL3Q $0x13, AX, AX
+	MULQ   24(CX)
+	ADDQ   AX, R8
+	ADCQ   DX, DI
+
+	// r2 = 2×l0×l2
+	MOVQ (CX), AX
+	SHLQ $0x01, AX
+	MULQ 16(CX)
+	MOVQ AX, R10
+	MOVQ DX, R9
+
+	// r2 += l1×l1
+	MOVQ 8(CX), AX
+	MULQ 8(CX)
+	ADDQ AX, R10
+	ADCQ DX, R9
+
+	// r2 += 38×l3×l4
+	MOVQ   24(CX), AX
+	IMUL3Q $0x26, AX, AX
+	MULQ   32(CX)
+	ADDQ   AX, R10
+	ADCQ   DX, R9
+
+	// r3 = 2×l0×l3
+	MOVQ (CX), AX
+	SHLQ $0x01, AX
+	MULQ 24(CX)
+	MOVQ AX, R12
+	MOVQ DX, R11
+
+	// r3 += 2×l1×l2
+	MOVQ   8(CX), AX
+	IMUL3Q $0x02, AX, AX
+	MULQ   16(CX)
+	ADDQ   AX, R12
+	ADCQ   DX, R11
+
+	// r3 += 19×l4×l4
+	MOVQ   32(CX), AX
+	IMUL3Q $0x13, AX, AX
+	MULQ   32(CX)
+	ADDQ   AX, R12
+	ADCQ   DX, R11
+
+	// r4 = 2×l0×l4
+	MOVQ (CX), AX
+	SHLQ $0x01, AX
+	MULQ 32(CX)
+	MOVQ AX, R14
+	MOVQ DX, R13
+
+	// r4 += 2×l1×l3
+	MOVQ   8(CX), AX
+	IMUL3Q $0x02, AX, AX
+	MULQ   24(CX)
+	ADDQ   AX, R14
+	ADCQ   DX, R13
+
+	// r4 += l2×l2
+	MOVQ 16(CX), AX
+	MULQ 16(CX)
+	ADDQ AX, R14
+	ADCQ DX, R13
+
+	// First reduction chain
+	MOVQ   $0x0007ffffffffffff, AX
+	SHLQ   $0x0d, SI, BX
+	SHLQ   $0x0d, R8, DI
+	SHLQ   $0x0d, R10, R9
+	SHLQ   $0x0d, R12, R11
+	SHLQ   $0x0d, R14, R13
+	ANDQ   AX, SI
+	IMUL3Q $0x13, R13, R13
+	ADDQ   R13, SI
+	ANDQ   AX, R8
+	ADDQ   BX, R8
+	ANDQ   AX, R10
+	ADDQ   DI, R10
+	ANDQ   AX, R12
+	ADDQ   R9, R12
+	ANDQ   AX, R14
+	ADDQ   R11, R14
+
+	// Second reduction chain (carryPropagate)
+	MOVQ   SI, BX
+	SHRQ   $0x33, BX
+	MOVQ   R8, DI
+	SHRQ   $0x33, DI
+	MOVQ   R10, R9
+	SHRQ   $0x33, R9
+	MOVQ   R12, R11
+	SHRQ   $0x33, R11
+	MOVQ   R14, R13
+	SHRQ   $0x33, R13
+	ANDQ   AX, SI
+	IMUL3Q $0x13, R13, R13
+	ADDQ   R13, SI
+	ANDQ   AX, R8
+	ADDQ   BX, R8
+	ANDQ   AX, R10
+	ADDQ   DI, R10
+	ANDQ   AX, R12
+	ADDQ   R9, R12
+	ANDQ   AX, R14
+	ADDQ   R11, R14
+
+	// Store output
+	MOVQ out+0(FP), AX
+	MOVQ SI, (AX)
+	MOVQ R8, 8(AX)
+	MOVQ R10, 16(AX)
+	MOVQ R12, 24(AX)
+	MOVQ R14, 32(AX)
+	RET

curve25519/internal/field/fe_amd64_noasm.go

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2019 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+//go:build !amd64 || !gc || purego
+// +build !amd64 !gc purego
+
+package field
+
+func feMul(v, x, y *Element) { feMulGeneric(v, x, y) }
+
+func feSquare(v, x *Element) { feSquareGeneric(v, x) }

curve25519/internal/field/fe_arm64.go

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2020 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+//go:build arm64 && gc && !purego
+// +build arm64,gc,!purego
+
+package field
+
+//go:noescape
+func carryPropagate(v *Element)
+
+func (v *Element) carryPropagate() *Element {
+	carryPropagate(v)
+	return v
+}

curve25519/internal/field/fe_arm64.s

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2020 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+//go:build arm64 && gc && !purego
+// +build arm64,gc,!purego
+
+#include "textflag.h"
+
+// carryPropagate works exactly like carryPropagateGeneric and uses the
+// same AND, ADD, and LSR+MADD instructions emitted by the compiler, but
+// avoids loading R0-R4 twice and uses LDP and STP.
+//
+// See https://golang.org/issues/43145 for the main compiler issue.
+//
+// func carryPropagate(v *Element)
+TEXT ·carryPropagate(SB),NOFRAME|NOSPLIT,$0-8
+	MOVD v+0(FP), R20
+
+	LDP 0(R20), (R0, R1)
+	LDP 16(R20), (R2, R3)
+	MOVD 32(R20), R4
+
+	AND $0x7ffffffffffff, R0, R10
+	AND $0x7ffffffffffff, R1, R11
+	AND $0x7ffffffffffff, R2, R12
+	AND $0x7ffffffffffff, R3, R13
+	AND $0x7ffffffffffff, R4, R14
+
+	ADD R0>>51, R11, R11
+	ADD R1>>51, R12, R12
+	ADD R2>>51, R13, R13
+	ADD R3>>51, R14, R14
+	// R4>>51 * 19 + R10 -> R10
+	LSR $51, R4, R21
+	MOVD $19, R22
+	MADD R22, R10, R21, R10
+
+	STP (R10, R11), 0(R20)
+	STP (R12, R13), 16(R20)
+	MOVD R14, 32(R20)
+
+	RET

curve25519/internal/field/fe_arm64_noasm.go

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2021 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+//go:build !arm64 || !gc || purego
+// +build !arm64 !gc purego
+
+package field
+
+func (v *Element) carryPropagate() *Element {
+	return v.carryPropagateGeneric()
+}

curve25519/internal/field/fe_bench_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2019 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package field
+
+import "testing"
+
+func BenchmarkAdd(b *testing.B) {
+	var x, y Element
+	x.One()
+	y.Add(feOne, feOne)
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		x.Add(&x, &y)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkMultiply(b *testing.B) {
+	var x, y Element
+	x.One()
+	y.Add(feOne, feOne)
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		x.Multiply(&x, &y)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkMult32(b *testing.B) {
+	var x Element
+	x.One()
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		x.Mult32(&x, 0xaa42aa42)
+	}
+}

curve25519/internal/field/fe_generic.go

@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package field
+
+import "math/bits"
+
+// uint128 holds a 128-bit number as two 64-bit limbs, for use with the
+// bits.Mul64 and bits.Add64 intrinsics.
+type uint128 struct {
+	lo, hi uint64
+}
+
+// mul64 returns a * b.
+func mul64(a, b uint64) uint128 {
+	hi, lo := bits.Mul64(a, b)
+	return uint128{lo, hi}
+}
+
+// addMul64 returns v + a * b.
+func addMul64(v uint128, a, b uint64) uint128 {
+	hi, lo := bits.Mul64(a, b)
+	lo, c := bits.Add64(lo, v.lo, 0)
+	hi, _ = bits.Add64(hi, v.hi, c)
+	return uint128{lo, hi}
+}
+
+// shiftRightBy51 returns a >> 51. a is assumed to be at most 115 bits.
+func shiftRightBy51(a uint128) uint64 {
+	return (a.hi << (64 - 51)) | (a.lo >> 51)
+}
+
+func feMulGeneric(v, a, b *Element) {
+	a0 := a.l0
+	a1 := a.l1
+	a2 := a.l2
+	a3 := a.l3
+	a4 := a.l4
+
+	b0 := b.l0
+	b1 := b.l1
+	b2 := b.l2
+	b3 := b.l3
+	b4 := b.l4
+
+	// Limb multiplication works like pen-and-paper columnar multiplication, but
+	// with 51-bit limbs instead of digits.
+	//
+	//                          a4   a3   a2   a1   a0  x
+	//                          b4   b3   b2   b1   b0  =
+	//                         ------------------------
+	//                        a4b0 a3b0 a2b0 a1b0 a0b0  +
+	//                   a4b1 a3b1 a2b1 a1b1 a0b1       +
+	//              a4b2 a3b2 a2b2 a1b2 a0b2            +
+	//         a4b3 a3b3 a2b3 a1b3 a0b3                 +
+	//    a4b4 a3b4 a2b4 a1b4 a0b4                      =
+	//   ----------------------------------------------
+	//      r8   r7   r6   r5   r4   r3   r2   r1   r0
+	//
+	// We can then use the reduction identity (a * 2²⁵⁵ + b = a * 19 + b) to
+	// reduce the limbs that would overflow 255 bits. r5 * 2²⁵⁵ becomes 19 * r5,
+	// r6 * 2³⁰⁶ becomes 19 * r6 * 2⁵¹, etc.
+	//
+	// Reduction can be carried out simultaneously to multiplication. For
+	// example, we do not compute r5: whenever the result of a multiplication
+	// belongs to r5, like a1b4, we multiply it by 19 and add the result to r0.
+	//
+	//            a4b0    a3b0    a2b0    a1b0    a0b0  +
+	//            a3b1    a2b1    a1b1    a0b1 19×a4b1  +
+	//            a2b2    a1b2    a0b2 19×a4b2 19×a3b2  +
+	//            a1b3    a0b3 19×a4b3 19×a3b3 19×a2b3  +
+	//            a0b4 19×a4b4 19×a3b4 19×a2b4 19×a1b4  =
+	//           --------------------------------------
+	//              r4      r3      r2      r1      r0
+	//
+	// Finally we add up the columns into wide, overlapping limbs.
+
+	a1_19 := a1 * 19
+	a2_19 := a2 * 19
+	a3_19 := a3 * 19
+	a4_19 := a4 * 19
+
+	// r0 = a0×b0 + 19×(a1×b4 + a2×b3 + a3×b2 + a4×b1)
+	r0 := mul64(a0, b0)
+	r0 = addMul64(r0, a1_19, b4)
+	r0 = addMul64(r0, a2_19, b3)
+	r0 = addMul64(r0, a3_19, b2)
+	r0 = addMul64(r0, a4_19, b1)
+
+	// r1 = a0×b1 + a1×b0 + 19×(a2×b4 + a3×b3 + a4×b2)
+	r1 := mul64(a0, b1)
+	r1 = addMul64(r1, a1, b0)
+	r1 = addMul64(r1, a2_19, b4)
+	r1 = addMul64(r1, a3_19, b3)
+	r1 = addMul64(r1, a4_19, b2)
+
+	// r2 = a0×b2 + a1×b1 + a2×b0 + 19×(a3×b4 + a4×b3)
+	r2 := mul64(a0, b2)
+	r2 = addMul64(r2, a1, b1)
+	r2 = addMul64(r2, a2, b0)
+	r2 = addMul64(r2, a3_19, b4)
+	r2 = addMul64(r2, a4_19, b3)
+
+	// r3 = a0×b3 + a1×b2 + a2×b1 + a3×b0 + 19×a4×b4
+	r3 := mul64(a0, b3)
+	r3 = addMul64(r3, a1, b2)
+	r3 = addMul64(r3, a2, b1)
+	r3 = addMul64(r3, a3, b0)
+	r3 = addMul64(r3, a4_19, b4)
+
+	// r4 = a0×b4 + a1×b3 + a2×b2 + a3×b1 + a4×b0
+	r4 := mul64(a0, b4)
+	r4 = addMul64(r4, a1, b3)
+	r4 = addMul64(r4, a2, b2)
+	r4 = addMul64(r4, a3, b1)
+	r4 = addMul64(r4, a4, b0)
+
+	// After the multiplication, we need to reduce (carry) the five coefficients
+	// to obtain a result with limbs that are at most slightly larger than 2⁵¹,
+	// to respect the Element invariant.
+	//
+	// Overall, the reduction works the same as carryPropagate, except with
+	// wider inputs: we take the carry for each coefficient by shifting it right
+	// by 51, and add it to the limb above it. The top carry is multiplied by 19
+	// according to the reduction identity and added to the lowest limb.
+	//
+	// The largest coefficient (r0) will be at most 111 bits, which guarantees
+	// that all carries are at most 111 - 51 = 60 bits, which fits in a uint64.
+	//
+	//     r0 = a0×b0 + 19×(a1×b4 + a2×b3 + a3×b2 + a4×b1)
+	//     r0 < 2⁵²×2⁵² + 19×(2⁵²×2⁵² + 2⁵²×2⁵² + 2⁵²×2⁵² + 2⁵²×2⁵²)
+	//     r0 < (1 + 19 × 4) × 2⁵² × 2⁵²
+	//     r0 < 2⁷ × 2⁵² × 2⁵²
+	//     r0 < 2¹¹¹
+	//
+	// Moreover, the top coefficient (r4) is at most 107 bits, so c4 is at most
+	// 56 bits, and c4 * 19 is at most 61 bits, which again fits in a uint64 and
+	// allows us to easily apply the reduction identity.
+	//
+	//     r4 = a0×b4 + a1×b3 + a2×b2 + a3×b1 + a4×b0
+	//     r4 < 5 × 2⁵² × 2⁵²
+	//     r4 < 2¹⁰⁷
+	//
+
+	c0 := shiftRightBy51(r0)
+	c1 := shiftRightBy51(r1)
+	c2 := shiftRightBy51(r2)
+	c3 := shiftRightBy51(r3)
+	c4 := shiftRightBy51(r4)
+
+	rr0 := r0.lo&maskLow51Bits + c4*19
+	rr1 := r1.lo&maskLow51Bits + c0
+	rr2 := r2.lo&maskLow51Bits + c1
+	rr3 := r3.lo&maskLow51Bits + c2
+	rr4 := r4.lo&maskLow51Bits + c3
+
+	// Now all coefficients fit into 64-bit registers but are still too large to
+	// be passed around as a Element. We therefore do one last carry chain,
+	// where the carries will be small enough to fit in the wiggle room above 2⁵¹.
+	*v = Element{rr0, rr1, rr2, rr3, rr4}
+	v.carryPropagate()
+}
+
+func feSquareGeneric(v, a *Element) {
+	l0 := a.l0
+	l1 := a.l1
+	l2 := a.l2
+	l3 := a.l3
+	l4 := a.l4
+
+	// Squaring works precisely like multiplication above, but thanks to its
+	// symmetry we get to group a few terms together.
+	//
+	//                          l4   l3   l2   l1   l0  x
+	//                          l4   l3   l2   l1   l0  =
+	//                         ------------------------
+	//                        l4l0 l3l0 l2l0 l1l0 l0l0  +
+	//                   l4l1 l3l1 l2l1 l1l1 l0l1       +
+	//              l4l2 l3l2 l2l2 l1l2 l0l2            +
+	//         l4l3 l3l3 l2l3 l1l3 l0l3                 +
+	//    l4l4 l3l4 l2l4 l1l4 l0l4                      =
+	//   ----------------------------------------------
+	//      r8   r7   r6   r5   r4   r3   r2   r1   r0
+	//
+	//            l4l0    l3l0    l2l0    l1l0    l0l0  +
+	//            l3l1    l2l1    l1l1    l0l1 19×l4l1  +
+	//            l2l2    l1l2    l0l2 19×l4l2 19×l3l2  +
+	//            l1l3    l0l3 19×l4l3 19×l3l3 19×l2l3  +
+	//            l0l4 19×l4l4 19×l3l4 19×l2l4 19×l1l4  =
+	//           --------------------------------------
+	//              r4      r3      r2      r1      r0
+	//
+	// With precomputed 2×, 19×, and 2×19× terms, we can compute each limb with
+	// only three Mul64 and four Add64, instead of five and eight.
+
+	l0_2 := l0 * 2
+	l1_2 := l1 * 2
+
+	l1_38 := l1 * 38
+	l2_38 := l2 * 38
+	l3_38 := l3 * 38
+
+	l3_19 := l3 * 19
+	l4_19 := l4 * 19
+
+	// r0 = l0×l0 + 19×(l1×l4 + l2×l3 + l3×l2 + l4×l1) = l0×l0 + 19×2×(l1×l4 + l2×l3)
+	r0 := mul64(l0, l0)
+	r0 = addMul64(r0, l1_38, l4)
+	r0 = addMul64(r0, l2_38, l3)
+
+	// r1 = l0×l1 + l1×l0 + 19×(l2×l4 + l3×l3 + l4×l2) = 2×l0×l1 + 19×2×l2×l4 + 19×l3×l3
+	r1 := mul64(l0_2, l1)
+	r1 = addMul64(r1, l2_38, l4)
+	r1 = addMul64(r1, l3_19, l3)
+
+	// r2 = l0×l2 + l1×l1 + l2×l0 + 19×(l3×l4 + l4×l3) = 2×l0×l2 + l1×l1 + 19×2×l3×l4
+	r2 := mul64(l0_2, l2)
+	r2 = addMul64(r2, l1, l1)
+	r2 = addMul64(r2, l3_38, l4)
+
+	// r3 = l0×l3 + l1×l2 + l2×l1 + l3×l0 + 19×l4×l4 = 2×l0×l3 + 2×l1×l2 + 19×l4×l4
+	r3 := mul64(l0_2, l3)
+	r3 = addMul64(r3, l1_2, l2)
+	r3 = addMul64(r3, l4_19, l4)
+
+	// r4 = l0×l4 + l1×l3 + l2×l2 + l3×l1 + l4×l0 = 2×l0×l4 + 2×l1×l3 + l2×l2
+	r4 := mul64(l0_2, l4)
+	r4 = addMul64(r4, l1_2, l3)
+	r4 = addMul64(r4, l2, l2)
+
+	c0 := shiftRightBy51(r0)
+	c1 := shiftRightBy51(r1)
+	c2 := shiftRightBy51(r2)
+	c3 := shiftRightBy51(r3)
+	c4 := shiftRightBy51(r4)
+
+	rr0 := r0.lo&maskLow51Bits + c4*19
+	rr1 := r1.lo&maskLow51Bits + c0
+	rr2 := r2.lo&maskLow51Bits + c1
+	rr3 := r3.lo&maskLow51Bits + c2
+	rr4 := r4.lo&maskLow51Bits + c3
+
+	*v = Element{rr0, rr1, rr2, rr3, rr4}
+	v.carryPropagate()
+}
+
+// carryPropagateGeneric brings the limbs below 52 bits by applying the reduction
+// identity (a * 2²⁵⁵ + b = a * 19 + b) to the l4 carry. TODO inline
+func (v *Element) carryPropagateGeneric() *Element {
+	c0 := v.l0 >> 51
+	c1 := v.l1 >> 51
+	c2 := v.l2 >> 51
+	c3 := v.l3 >> 51
+	c4 := v.l4 >> 51
+
+	v.l0 = v.l0&maskLow51Bits + c4*19
+	v.l1 = v.l1&maskLow51Bits + c0
+	v.l2 = v.l2&maskLow51Bits + c1
+	v.l3 = v.l3&maskLow51Bits + c2
+	v.l4 = v.l4&maskLow51Bits + c3
+
+	return v
+}

curve25519/internal/field/fe_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,558 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package field
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"io"
+	"math/big"
+	"math/bits"
+	mathrand "math/rand"
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+	"testing/quick"
+)
+
+func (v Element) String() string {
+	return hex.EncodeToString(v.Bytes())
+}
+
+// quickCheckConfig1024 will make each quickcheck test run (1024 * -quickchecks)
+// times. The default value of -quickchecks is 100.
+var quickCheckConfig1024 = &quick.Config{MaxCountScale: 1 << 10}
+
+func generateFieldElement(rand *mathrand.Rand) Element {
+	const maskLow52Bits = (1 << 52) - 1
+	return Element{
+		rand.Uint64() & maskLow52Bits,
+		rand.Uint64() & maskLow52Bits,
+		rand.Uint64() & maskLow52Bits,
+		rand.Uint64() & maskLow52Bits,
+		rand.Uint64() & maskLow52Bits,
+	}
+}
+
+// weirdLimbs can be combined to generate a range of edge-case field elements.
+// 0 and -1 are intentionally more weighted, as they combine well.
+var (
+	weirdLimbs51 = []uint64{
+		0, 0, 0, 0,
+		1,
+		19 - 1,
+		19,
+		0x2aaaaaaaaaaaa,
+		0x5555555555555,
+		(1 << 51) - 20,
+		(1 << 51) - 19,
+		(1 << 51) - 1, (1 << 51) - 1,
+		(1 << 51) - 1, (1 << 51) - 1,
+	}
+	weirdLimbs52 = []uint64{
+		0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+		1,
+		19 - 1,
+		19,
+		0x2aaaaaaaaaaaa,
+		0x5555555555555,
+		(1 << 51) - 20,
+		(1 << 51) - 19,
+		(1 << 51) - 1, (1 << 51) - 1,
+		(1 << 51) - 1, (1 << 51) - 1,
+		(1 << 51) - 1, (1 << 51) - 1,
+		1 << 51,
+		(1 << 51) + 1,
+		(1 << 52) - 19,
+		(1 << 52) - 1,
+	}
+)
+
+func generateWeirdFieldElement(rand *mathrand.Rand) Element {
+	return Element{
+		weirdLimbs52[rand.Intn(len(weirdLimbs52))],
+		weirdLimbs51[rand.Intn(len(weirdLimbs51))],
+		weirdLimbs51[rand.Intn(len(weirdLimbs51))],
+		weirdLimbs51[rand.Intn(len(weirdLimbs51))],
+		weirdLimbs51[rand.Intn(len(weirdLimbs51))],
+	}
+}
+
+func (Element) Generate(rand *mathrand.Rand, size int) reflect.Value {
+	if rand.Intn(2) == 0 {
+		return reflect.ValueOf(generateWeirdFieldElement(rand))
+	}
+	return reflect.ValueOf(generateFieldElement(rand))
+}
+
+// isInBounds returns whether the element is within the expected bit size bounds
+// after a light reduction.
+func isInBounds(x *Element) bool {
+	return bits.Len64(x.l0) <= 52 &&
+		bits.Len64(x.l1) <= 52 &&
+		bits.Len64(x.l2) <= 52 &&
+		bits.Len64(x.l3) <= 52 &&
+		bits.Len64(x.l4) <= 52
+}
+
+func TestMultiplyDistributesOverAdd(t *testing.T) {
+	multiplyDistributesOverAdd := func(x, y, z Element) bool {
+		// Compute t1 = (x+y)*z
+		t1 := new(Element)
+		t1.Add(&x, &y)
+		t1.Multiply(t1, &z)
+
+		// Compute t2 = x*z + y*z
+		t2 := new(Element)
+		t3 := new(Element)
+		t2.Multiply(&x, &z)
+		t3.Multiply(&y, &z)
+		t2.Add(t2, t3)
+
+		return t1.Equal(t2) == 1 && isInBounds(t1) && isInBounds(t2)
+	}
+
+	if err := quick.Check(multiplyDistributesOverAdd, quickCheckConfig1024); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMul64to128(t *testing.T) {
+	a := uint64(5)
+	b := uint64(5)
+	r := mul64(a, b)
+	if r.lo != 0x19 || r.hi != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("lo-range wide mult failed, got %d + %d*(2**64)", r.lo, r.hi)
+	}
+
+	a = uint64(18014398509481983) // 2^54 - 1
+	b = uint64(18014398509481983) // 2^54 - 1
+	r = mul64(a, b)
+	if r.lo != 0xff80000000000001 || r.hi != 0xfffffffffff {
+		t.Errorf("hi-range wide mult failed, got %d + %d*(2**64)", r.lo, r.hi)
+	}
+
+	a = uint64(1125899906842661)
+	b = uint64(2097155)
+	r = mul64(a, b)
+	r = addMul64(r, a, b)
+	r = addMul64(r, a, b)
+	r = addMul64(r, a, b)
+	r = addMul64(r, a, b)
+	if r.lo != 16888498990613035 || r.hi != 640 {
+		t.Errorf("wrong answer: %d + %d*(2**64)", r.lo, r.hi)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSetBytesRoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
+	f1 := func(in [32]byte, fe Element) bool {
+		fe.SetBytes(in[:])
+
+		// Mask the most significant bit as it's ignored by SetBytes. (Now
+		// instead of earlier so we check the masking in SetBytes is working.)
+		in[len(in)-1] &= (1 << 7) - 1
+
+		return bytes.Equal(in[:], fe.Bytes()) && isInBounds(&fe)
+	}
+	if err := quick.Check(f1, nil); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("failed bytes->FE->bytes round-trip: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	f2 := func(fe, r Element) bool {
+		r.SetBytes(fe.Bytes())
+
+		// Intentionally not using Equal not to go through Bytes again.
+		// Calling reduce because both Generate and SetBytes can produce
+		// non-canonical representations.
+		fe.reduce()
+		r.reduce()
+		return fe == r
+	}
+	if err := quick.Check(f2, nil); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("failed FE->bytes->FE round-trip: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Check some fixed vectors from dalek
+	type feRTTest struct {
+		fe Element
+		b  []byte
+	}
+	var tests = []feRTTest{
+		{
+			fe: Element{358744748052810, 1691584618240980, 977650209285361, 1429865912637724, 560044844278676},
+			b:  []byte{74, 209, 69, 197, 70, 70, 161, 222, 56, 226, 229, 19, 112, 60, 25, 92, 187, 74, 222, 56, 50, 153, 51, 233, 40, 74, 57, 6, 160, 185, 213, 31},
+		},
+		{
+			fe: Element{84926274344903, 473620666599931, 365590438845504, 1028470286882429, 2146499180330972},
+			b:  []byte{199, 23, 106, 112, 61, 77, 216, 79, 186, 60, 11, 118, 13, 16, 103, 15, 42, 32, 83, 250, 44, 57, 204, 198, 78, 199, 253, 119, 146, 172, 3, 122},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		b := tt.fe.Bytes()
+		if !bytes.Equal(b, tt.b) || new(Element).SetBytes(tt.b).Equal(&tt.fe) != 1 {
+			t.Errorf("Failed fixed roundtrip: %v", tt)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func swapEndianness(buf []byte) []byte {
+	for i := 0; i < len(buf)/2; i++ {
+		buf[i], buf[len(buf)-i-1] = buf[len(buf)-i-1], buf[i]
+	}
+	return buf
+}
+
+func TestBytesBigEquivalence(t *testing.T) {
+	f1 := func(in [32]byte, fe, fe1 Element) bool {
+		fe.SetBytes(in[:])
+
+		in[len(in)-1] &= (1 << 7) - 1 // mask the most significant bit
+		b := new(big.Int).SetBytes(swapEndianness(in[:]))
+		fe1.fromBig(b)
+
+		if fe != fe1 {
+			return false
+		}
+
+		buf := make([]byte, 32) // pad with zeroes
+		copy(buf, swapEndianness(fe1.toBig().Bytes()))
+
+		return bytes.Equal(fe.Bytes(), buf) && isInBounds(&fe) && isInBounds(&fe1)
+	}
+	if err := quick.Check(f1, nil); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}
+
+// fromBig sets v = n, and returns v. The bit length of n must not exceed 256.
+func (v *Element) fromBig(n *big.Int) *Element {
+	if n.BitLen() > 32*8 {
+		panic("edwards25519: invalid field element input size")
+	}
+
+	buf := make([]byte, 0, 32)
+	for _, word := range n.Bits() {
+		for i := 0; i < bits.UintSize; i += 8 {
+			if len(buf) >= cap(buf) {
+				break
+			}
+			buf = append(buf, byte(word))
+			word >>= 8
+		}
+	}
+
+	return v.SetBytes(buf[:32])
+}
+
+func (v *Element) fromDecimal(s string) *Element {
+	n, ok := new(big.Int).SetString(s, 10)
+	if !ok {
+		panic("not a valid decimal: " + s)
+	}
+	return v.fromBig(n)
+}
+
+// toBig returns v as a big.Int.
+func (v *Element) toBig() *big.Int {
+	buf := v.Bytes()
+
+	words := make([]big.Word, 32*8/bits.UintSize)
+	for n := range words {
+		for i := 0; i < bits.UintSize; i += 8 {
+			if len(buf) == 0 {
+				break
+			}
+			words[n] |= big.Word(buf[0]) << big.Word(i)
+			buf = buf[1:]
+		}
+	}
+
+	return new(big.Int).SetBits(words)
+}
+
+func TestDecimalConstants(t *testing.T) {
+	sqrtM1String := "19681161376707505956807079304988542015446066515923890162744021073123829784752"
+	if exp := new(Element).fromDecimal(sqrtM1String); sqrtM1.Equal(exp) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("sqrtM1 is %v, expected %v", sqrtM1, exp)
+	}
+	// d is in the parent package, and we don't want to expose d or fromDecimal.
+	// dString := "37095705934669439343138083508754565189542113879843219016388785533085940283555"
+	// if exp := new(Element).fromDecimal(dString); d.Equal(exp) != 1 {
+	// 	t.Errorf("d is %v, expected %v", d, exp)
+	// }
+}
+
+func TestSetBytesRoundTripEdgeCases(t *testing.T) {
+	// TODO: values close to 0, close to 2^255-19, between 2^255-19 and 2^255-1,
+	// and between 2^255 and 2^256-1. Test both the documented SetBytes
+	// behavior, and that Bytes reduces them.
+}
+
+// Tests self-consistency between Multiply and Square.
+func TestConsistency(t *testing.T) {
+	var x Element
+	var x2, x2sq Element
+
+	x = Element{1, 1, 1, 1, 1}
+	x2.Multiply(&x, &x)
+	x2sq.Square(&x)
+
+	if x2 != x2sq {
+		t.Fatalf("all ones failed\nmul: %x\nsqr: %x\n", x2, x2sq)
+	}
+
+	var bytes [32]byte
+
+	_, err := io.ReadFull(rand.Reader, bytes[:])
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	x.SetBytes(bytes[:])
+
+	x2.Multiply(&x, &x)
+	x2sq.Square(&x)
+
+	if x2 != x2sq {
+		t.Fatalf("all ones failed\nmul: %x\nsqr: %x\n", x2, x2sq)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEqual(t *testing.T) {
+	x := Element{1, 1, 1, 1, 1}
+	y := Element{5, 4, 3, 2, 1}
+
+	eq := x.Equal(&x)
+	if eq != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("wrong about equality")
+	}
+
+	eq = x.Equal(&y)
+	if eq != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("wrong about inequality")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestInvert(t *testing.T) {
+	x := Element{1, 1, 1, 1, 1}
+	one := Element{1, 0, 0, 0, 0}
+	var xinv, r Element
+
+	xinv.Invert(&x)
+	r.Multiply(&x, &xinv)
+	r.reduce()
+
+	if one != r {
+		t.Errorf("inversion identity failed, got: %x", r)
+	}
+
+	var bytes [32]byte
+
+	_, err := io.ReadFull(rand.Reader, bytes[:])
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	x.SetBytes(bytes[:])
+
+	xinv.Invert(&x)
+	r.Multiply(&x, &xinv)
+	r.reduce()
+
+	if one != r {
+		t.Errorf("random inversion identity failed, got: %x for field element %x", r, x)
+	}
+
+	zero := Element{}
+	x.Set(&zero)
+	if xx := xinv.Invert(&x); xx != &xinv {
+		t.Errorf("inverting zero did not return the receiver")
+	} else if xinv.Equal(&zero) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("inverting zero did not return zero")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSelectSwap(t *testing.T) {
+	a := Element{358744748052810, 1691584618240980, 977650209285361, 1429865912637724, 560044844278676}
+	b := Element{84926274344903, 473620666599931, 365590438845504, 1028470286882429, 2146499180330972}
+
+	var c, d Element
+
+	c.Select(&a, &b, 1)
+	d.Select(&a, &b, 0)
+
+	if c.Equal(&a) != 1 || d.Equal(&b) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("Select failed")
+	}
+
+	c.Swap(&d, 0)
+
+	if c.Equal(&a) != 1 || d.Equal(&b) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("Swap failed")
+	}
+
+	c.Swap(&d, 1)
+
+	if c.Equal(&b) != 1 || d.Equal(&a) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("Swap failed")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMult32(t *testing.T) {
+	mult32EquivalentToMul := func(x Element, y uint32) bool {
+		t1 := new(Element)
+		for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+			t1.Mult32(&x, y)
+		}
+
+		ty := new(Element)
+		ty.l0 = uint64(y)
+
+		t2 := new(Element)
+		for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+			t2.Multiply(&x, ty)
+		}
+
+		return t1.Equal(t2) == 1 && isInBounds(t1) && isInBounds(t2)
+	}
+
+	if err := quick.Check(mult32EquivalentToMul, quickCheckConfig1024); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSqrtRatio(t *testing.T) {
+	// From draft-irtf-cfrg-ristretto255-decaf448-00, Appendix A.4.
+	type test struct {
+		u, v      string
+		wasSquare int
+		r         string
+	}
+	var tests = []test{
+		// If u is 0, the function is defined to return (0, TRUE), even if v
+		// is zero. Note that where used in this package, the denominator v
+		// is never zero.
+		{
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+			1, "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+		},
+		// 0/1 == 0²
+		{
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+			"0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+			1, "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+		},
+		// If u is non-zero and v is zero, defined to return (0, FALSE).
+		{
+			"0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+			"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+			0, "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+		},
+		// 2/1 is not square in this field.
+		{
+			"0200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+			"0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+			0, "3c5ff1b5d8e4113b871bd052f9e7bcd0582804c266ffb2d4f4203eb07fdb7c54",
+		},
+		// 4/1 == 2²
+		{
+			"0400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+			"0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+			1, "0200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+		},
+		// 1/4 == (2⁻¹)² == (2^(p-2))² per Euler's theorem
+		{
+			"0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+			"0400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+			1, "f6ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff3f",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for i, tt := range tests {
+		u := new(Element).SetBytes(decodeHex(tt.u))
+		v := new(Element).SetBytes(decodeHex(tt.v))
+		want := new(Element).SetBytes(decodeHex(tt.r))
+		got, wasSquare := new(Element).SqrtRatio(u, v)
+		if got.Equal(want) == 0 || wasSquare != tt.wasSquare {
+			t.Errorf("%d: got (%v, %v), want (%v, %v)", i, got, wasSquare, want, tt.wasSquare)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCarryPropagate(t *testing.T) {
+	asmLikeGeneric := func(a [5]uint64) bool {
+		t1 := &Element{a[0], a[1], a[2], a[3], a[4]}
+		t2 := &Element{a[0], a[1], a[2], a[3], a[4]}
+
+		t1.carryPropagate()
+		t2.carryPropagateGeneric()
+
+		if *t1 != *t2 {
+			t.Logf("got: %#v,\nexpected: %#v", t1, t2)
+		}
+
+		return *t1 == *t2 && isInBounds(t2)
+	}
+
+	if err := quick.Check(asmLikeGeneric, quickCheckConfig1024); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+
+	if !asmLikeGeneric([5]uint64{0xffffffffffffffff, 0xffffffffffffffff, 0xffffffffffffffff, 0xffffffffffffffff, 0xffffffffffffffff}) {
+		t.Errorf("failed for {0xffffffffffffffff, 0xffffffffffffffff, 0xffffffffffffffff, 0xffffffffffffffff, 0xffffffffffffffff}")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFeSquare(t *testing.T) {
+	asmLikeGeneric := func(a Element) bool {
+		t1 := a
+		t2 := a
+
+		feSquareGeneric(&t1, &t1)
+		feSquare(&t2, &t2)
+
+		if t1 != t2 {
+			t.Logf("got: %#v,\nexpected: %#v", t1, t2)
+		}
+
+		return t1 == t2 && isInBounds(&t2)
+	}
+
+	if err := quick.Check(asmLikeGeneric, quickCheckConfig1024); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFeMul(t *testing.T) {
+	asmLikeGeneric := func(a, b Element) bool {
+		a1 := a
+		a2 := a
+		b1 := b
+		b2 := b
+
+		feMulGeneric(&a1, &a1, &b1)
+		feMul(&a2, &a2, &b2)
+
+		if a1 != a2 || b1 != b2 {
+			t.Logf("got: %#v,\nexpected: %#v", a1, a2)
+			t.Logf("got: %#v,\nexpected: %#v", b1, b2)
+		}
+
+		return a1 == a2 && isInBounds(&a2) &&
+			b1 == b2 && isInBounds(&b2)
+	}
+
+	if err := quick.Check(asmLikeGeneric, quickCheckConfig1024); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func decodeHex(s string) []byte {
+	b, err := hex.DecodeString(s)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return b
+}

curve25519/internal/field/sync.checkpoint

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+b0c49ae9f59d233526f8934262c5bbbe14d4358d

curve25519/internal/field/sync.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#! /bin/bash
+set -euo pipefail
+
+cd "$(git rev-parse --show-toplevel)"
+
+STD_PATH=src/crypto/ed25519/internal/edwards25519/field
+LOCAL_PATH=curve25519/internal/field
+LAST_SYNC_REF=$(cat $LOCAL_PATH/sync.checkpoint)
+
+git fetch https://go.googlesource.com/go master
+
+if git diff --quiet $LAST_SYNC_REF:$STD_PATH FETCH_HEAD:$STD_PATH; then
+    echo "No changes."
+else
+    NEW_REF=$(git rev-parse FETCH_HEAD | tee $LOCAL_PATH/sync.checkpoint)
+    echo "Applying changes from $LAST_SYNC_REF to $NEW_REF..."
+    git diff $LAST_SYNC_REF:$STD_PATH FETCH_HEAD:$STD_PATH | \
+        git apply -3 --directory=$LOCAL_PATH
+fi

ed25519/ed25519.go

@@ -1,12 +1,7 @@
-// Copyright 2016 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2019 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
-// In Go 1.13, the ed25519 package was promoted to the standard library as
-// crypto/ed25519, and this package became a wrapper for the standard library one.
-//
-// +build !go1.13
-
 // Package ed25519 implements the Ed25519 signature algorithm. See
 // https://ed25519.cr.yp.to/.
 //
@@ -15,21 +10,15 @@
 // representation includes a public key suffix to make multiple signing
 // operations with the same key more efficient. This package refers to the RFC
 // 8032 private key as the “seed”.
+//
+// Beginning with Go 1.13, the functionality of this package was moved to the
+// standard library as crypto/ed25519. This package only acts as a compatibility
+// wrapper.
 package ed25519
 
-// This code is a port of the public domain, “ref10” implementation of ed25519
-// from SUPERCOP.
-
 import (
-	"bytes"
-	"crypto"
-	cryptorand "crypto/rand"
-	"crypto/sha512"
-	"errors"
+	"crypto/ed25519"
 	"io"
-	"strconv"
-
-	"golang.org/x/crypto/ed25519/internal/edwards25519"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -44,57 +33,21 @@ const (
 )
 
 // PublicKey is the type of Ed25519 public keys.
-type PublicKey []byte
+//
+// This type is an alias for crypto/ed25519's PublicKey type.
+// See the crypto/ed25519 package for the methods on this type.
+type PublicKey = ed25519.PublicKey
 
 // PrivateKey is the type of Ed25519 private keys. It implements crypto.Signer.
-type PrivateKey []byte
-
-// Public returns the PublicKey corresponding to priv.
-func (priv PrivateKey) Public() crypto.PublicKey {
-	publicKey := make([]byte, PublicKeySize)
-	copy(publicKey, priv[32:])
-	return PublicKey(publicKey)
-}
-
-// Seed returns the private key seed corresponding to priv. It is provided for
-// interoperability with RFC 8032. RFC 8032's private keys correspond to seeds
-// in this package.
-func (priv PrivateKey) Seed() []byte {
-	seed := make([]byte, SeedSize)
-	copy(seed, priv[:32])
-	return seed
-}
-
-// Sign signs the given message with priv.
-// Ed25519 performs two passes over messages to be signed and therefore cannot
-// handle pre-hashed messages. Thus opts.HashFunc() must return zero to
-// indicate the message hasn't been hashed. This can be achieved by passing
-// crypto.Hash(0) as the value for opts.
-func (priv PrivateKey) Sign(rand io.Reader, message []byte, opts crypto.SignerOpts) (signature []byte, err error) {
-	if opts.HashFunc() != crypto.Hash(0) {
-		return nil, errors.New("ed25519: cannot sign hashed message")
-	}
-
-	return Sign(priv, message), nil
-}
+//
+// This type is an alias for crypto/ed25519's PrivateKey type.
+// See the crypto/ed25519 package for the methods on this type.
+type PrivateKey = ed25519.PrivateKey
 
 // GenerateKey generates a public/private key pair using entropy from rand.
 // If rand is nil, crypto/rand.Reader will be used.
 func GenerateKey(rand io.Reader) (PublicKey, PrivateKey, error) {
-	if rand == nil {
-		rand = cryptorand.Reader
-	}
-
-	seed := make([]byte, SeedSize)
-	if _, err := io.ReadFull(rand, seed); err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, err
-	}
-
-	privateKey := NewKeyFromSeed(seed)
-	publicKey := make([]byte, PublicKeySize)
-	copy(publicKey, privateKey[32:])
-
-	return publicKey, privateKey, nil
+	return ed25519.GenerateKey(rand)
 }
 
 // NewKeyFromSeed calculates a private key from a seed. It will panic if
@@ -102,121 +55,17 @@ func GenerateKey(rand io.Reader) (PublicKey, PrivateKey, error) {
 // with RFC 8032. RFC 8032's private keys correspond to seeds in this
 // package.
 func NewKeyFromSeed(seed []byte) PrivateKey {
-	if l := len(seed); l != SeedSize {
-		panic("ed25519: bad seed length: " + strconv.Itoa(l))
-	}
-
-	digest := sha512.Sum512(seed)
-	digest[0] &= 248
-	digest[31] &= 127
-	digest[31] |= 64
-
-	var A edwards25519.ExtendedGroupElement
-	var hBytes [32]byte
-	copy(hBytes[:], digest[:])
-	edwards25519.GeScalarMultBase(&A, &hBytes)
-	var publicKeyBytes [32]byte
-	A.ToBytes(&publicKeyBytes)
-
-	privateKey := make([]byte, PrivateKeySize)
-	copy(privateKey, seed)
-	copy(privateKey[32:], publicKeyBytes[:])
-
-	return privateKey
+	return ed25519.NewKeyFromSeed(seed)
 }
 
 // Sign signs the message with privateKey and returns a signature. It will
 // panic if len(privateKey) is not PrivateKeySize.
 func Sign(privateKey PrivateKey, message []byte) []byte {
-	if l := len(privateKey); l != PrivateKeySize {
-		panic("ed25519: bad private key length: " + strconv.Itoa(l))
-	}
-
-	h := sha512.New()
-	h.Write(privateKey[:32])
-
-	var digest1, messageDigest, hramDigest [64]byte
-	var expandedSecretKey [32]byte
-	h.Sum(digest1[:0])
-	copy(expandedSecretKey[:], digest1[:])
-	expandedSecretKey[0] &= 248
-	expandedSecretKey[31] &= 63
-	expandedSecretKey[31] |= 64
-
-	h.Reset()
-	h.Write(digest1[32:])
-	h.Write(message)
-	h.Sum(messageDigest[:0])
-
-	var messageDigestReduced [32]byte
-	edwards25519.ScReduce(&messageDigestReduced, &messageDigest)
-	var R edwards25519.ExtendedGroupElement
-	edwards25519.GeScalarMultBase(&R, &messageDigestReduced)
-
-	var encodedR [32]byte
-	R.ToBytes(&encodedR)
-
-	h.Reset()
-	h.Write(encodedR[:])
-	h.Write(privateKey[32:])
-	h.Write(message)
-	h.Sum(hramDigest[:0])
-	var hramDigestReduced [32]byte
-	edwards25519.ScReduce(&hramDigestReduced, &hramDigest)
-
-	var s [32]byte
-	edwards25519.ScMulAdd(&s, &hramDigestReduced, &expandedSecretKey, &messageDigestReduced)
-
-	signature := make([]byte, SignatureSize)
-	copy(signature[:], encodedR[:])
-	copy(signature[32:], s[:])
-
-	return signature
+	return ed25519.Sign(privateKey, message)
 }
 
 // Verify reports whether sig is a valid signature of message by publicKey. It
 // will panic if len(publicKey) is not PublicKeySize.
 func Verify(publicKey PublicKey, message, sig []byte) bool {
-	if l := len(publicKey); l != PublicKeySize {
-		panic("ed25519: bad public key length: " + strconv.Itoa(l))
-	}
-
-	if len(sig) != SignatureSize || sig[63]&224 != 0 {
-		return false
-	}
-
-	var A edwards25519.ExtendedGroupElement
-	var publicKeyBytes [32]byte
-	copy(publicKeyBytes[:], publicKey)
-	if !A.FromBytes(&publicKeyBytes) {
-		return false
-	}
-	edwards25519.FeNeg(&A.X, &A.X)
-	edwards25519.FeNeg(&A.T, &A.T)
-
-	h := sha512.New()
-	h.Write(sig[:32])
-	h.Write(publicKey[:])
-	h.Write(message)
-	var digest [64]byte
-	h.Sum(digest[:0])
-
-	var hReduced [32]byte
-	edwards25519.ScReduce(&hReduced, &digest)
-
-	var R edwards25519.ProjectiveGroupElement
-	var s [32]byte
-	copy(s[:], sig[32:])
-
-	// https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8032#section-5.1.7 requires that s be in
-	// the range [0, order) in order to prevent signature malleability.
-	if !edwards25519.ScMinimal(&s) {
-		return false
-	}
-
-	edwards25519.GeDoubleScalarMultVartime(&R, &hReduced, &A, &s)
-
-	var checkR [32]byte
-	R.ToBytes(&checkR)
-	return bytes.Equal(sig[:32], checkR[:])
+	return ed25519.Verify(publicKey, message, sig)
 }

ed25519/ed25519_go113.go

@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2019 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-// +build go1.13
-
-// Package ed25519 implements the Ed25519 signature algorithm. See
-// https://ed25519.cr.yp.to/.
-//
-// These functions are also compatible with the “Ed25519” function defined in
-// RFC 8032. However, unlike RFC 8032's formulation, this package's private key
-// representation includes a public key suffix to make multiple signing
-// operations with the same key more efficient. This package refers to the RFC
-// 8032 private key as the “seed”.
-//
-// Beginning with Go 1.13, the functionality of this package was moved to the
-// standard library as crypto/ed25519. This package only acts as a compatibility
-// wrapper.
-package ed25519
-
-import (
-	"crypto/ed25519"
-	"io"
-)
-
-const (
-	// PublicKeySize is the size, in bytes, of public keys as used in this package.
-	PublicKeySize = 32
-	// PrivateKeySize is the size, in bytes, of private keys as used in this package.
-	PrivateKeySize = 64
-	// SignatureSize is the size, in bytes, of signatures generated and verified by this package.
-	SignatureSize = 64
-	// SeedSize is the size, in bytes, of private key seeds. These are the private key representations used by RFC 8032.
-	SeedSize = 32
-)
-
-// PublicKey is the type of Ed25519 public keys.
-//
-// This type is an alias for crypto/ed25519's PublicKey type.
-// See the crypto/ed25519 package for the methods on this type.
-type PublicKey = ed25519.PublicKey
-
-// PrivateKey is the type of Ed25519 private keys. It implements crypto.Signer.
-//
-// This type is an alias for crypto/ed25519's PrivateKey type.
-// See the crypto/ed25519 package for the methods on this type.
-type PrivateKey = ed25519.PrivateKey
-
-// GenerateKey generates a public/private key pair using entropy from rand.
-// If rand is nil, crypto/rand.Reader will be used.
-func GenerateKey(rand io.Reader) (PublicKey, PrivateKey, error) {
-	return ed25519.GenerateKey(rand)
-}
-
-// NewKeyFromSeed calculates a private key from a seed. It will panic if
-// len(seed) is not SeedSize. This function is provided for interoperability
-// with RFC 8032. RFC 8032's private keys correspond to seeds in this
-// package.
-func NewKeyFromSeed(seed []byte) PrivateKey {
-	return ed25519.NewKeyFromSeed(seed)
-}
-
-// Sign signs the message with privateKey and returns a signature. It will
-// panic if len(privateKey) is not PrivateKeySize.
-func Sign(privateKey PrivateKey, message []byte) []byte {
-	return ed25519.Sign(privateKey, message)
-}
-
-// Verify reports whether sig is a valid signature of message by publicKey. It
-// will panic if len(publicKey) is not PublicKeySize.
-func Verify(publicKey PublicKey, message, sig []byte) bool {
-	return ed25519.Verify(publicKey, message, sig)
-}

ed25519/ed25519_test.go

@@ -1,221 +1,22 @@
-// Copyright 2016 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2019 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
 package ed25519_test
 
 import (
-	"bufio"
-	"bytes"
-	"compress/gzip"
-	"crypto"
-	"crypto/rand"
-	"encoding/hex"
-	"os"
-	"strings"
+	ed25519std "crypto/ed25519"
 	"testing"
 
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/ed25519"
-	"golang.org/x/crypto/ed25519/internal/edwards25519"
 )
 
-type zeroReader struct{}
-
-func (zeroReader) Read(buf []byte) (int, error) {
-	for i := range buf {
-		buf[i] = 0
-	}
-	return len(buf), nil
-}
-
-func TestUnmarshalMarshal(t *testing.T) {
-	pub, _, _ := ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
-
-	var A edwards25519.ExtendedGroupElement
-	var pubBytes [32]byte
-	copy(pubBytes[:], pub)
-	if !A.FromBytes(&pubBytes) {
-		t.Fatalf("ExtendedGroupElement.FromBytes failed")
-	}
-
-	var pub2 [32]byte
-	A.ToBytes(&pub2)
-
-	if pubBytes != pub2 {
-		t.Errorf("FromBytes(%v)->ToBytes does not round-trip, got %x\n", pubBytes, pub2)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestSignVerify(t *testing.T) {
-	var zero zeroReader
-	public, private, _ := ed25519.GenerateKey(zero)
+func TestTypeAlias(t *testing.T) {
+	public, private, _ := ed25519std.GenerateKey(nil)
 
 	message := []byte("test message")
 	sig := ed25519.Sign(private, message)
 	if !ed25519.Verify(public, message, sig) {
 		t.Errorf("valid signature rejected")
 	}
-
-	wrongMessage := []byte("wrong message")
-	if ed25519.Verify(public, wrongMessage, sig) {
-		t.Errorf("signature of different message accepted")
-	}
-}
-
-func TestCryptoSigner(t *testing.T) {
-	var zero zeroReader
-	public, private, _ := ed25519.GenerateKey(zero)
-
-	signer := crypto.Signer(private)
-
-	publicInterface := signer.Public()
-	public2, ok := publicInterface.(ed25519.PublicKey)
-	if !ok {
-		t.Fatalf("expected PublicKey from Public() but got %T", publicInterface)
-	}
-
-	if !bytes.Equal(public, public2) {
-		t.Errorf("public keys do not match: original:%x vs Public():%x", public, public2)
-	}
-
-	message := []byte("message")
-	var noHash crypto.Hash
-	signature, err := signer.Sign(zero, message, noHash)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("error from Sign(): %s", err)
-	}
-
-	if !ed25519.Verify(public, message, signature) {
-		t.Errorf("Verify failed on signature from Sign()")
-	}
-}
-
-func TestGolden(t *testing.T) {
-	// sign.input.gz is a selection of test cases from
-	// https://ed25519.cr.yp.to/python/sign.input
-	testDataZ, err := os.Open("testdata/sign.input.gz")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	defer testDataZ.Close()
-	testData, err := gzip.NewReader(testDataZ)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	defer testData.Close()
-
-	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(testData)
-	lineNo := 0
-
-	for scanner.Scan() {
-		lineNo++
-
-		line := scanner.Text()
-		parts := strings.Split(line, ":")
-		if len(parts) != 5 {
-			t.Fatalf("bad number of parts on line %d", lineNo)
-		}
-
-		privBytes, _ := hex.DecodeString(parts[0])
-		pubKey, _ := hex.DecodeString(parts[1])
-		msg, _ := hex.DecodeString(parts[2])
-		sig, _ := hex.DecodeString(parts[3])
-		// The signatures in the test vectors also include the message
-		// at the end, but we just want R and S.
-		sig = sig[:ed25519.SignatureSize]
-
-		if l := len(pubKey); l != ed25519.PublicKeySize {
-			t.Fatalf("bad public key length on line %d: got %d bytes", lineNo, l)
-		}
-
-		var priv [ed25519.PrivateKeySize]byte
-		copy(priv[:], privBytes)
-		copy(priv[32:], pubKey)
-
-		sig2 := ed25519.Sign(priv[:], msg)
-		if !bytes.Equal(sig, sig2[:]) {
-			t.Errorf("different signature result on line %d: %x vs %x", lineNo, sig, sig2)
-		}
-
-		if !ed25519.Verify(pubKey, msg, sig2) {
-			t.Errorf("signature failed to verify on line %d", lineNo)
-		}
-
-		priv2 := ed25519.NewKeyFromSeed(priv[:32])
-		if !bytes.Equal(priv[:], priv2) {
-			t.Errorf("recreating key pair gave different private key on line %d: %x vs %x", lineNo, priv[:], priv2)
-		}
-
-		if pubKey2 := priv2.Public().(ed25519.PublicKey); !bytes.Equal(pubKey, pubKey2) {
-			t.Errorf("recreating key pair gave different public key on line %d: %x vs %x", lineNo, pubKey, pubKey2)
-		}
-
-		if seed := priv2.Seed(); !bytes.Equal(priv[:32], seed) {
-			t.Errorf("recreating key pair gave different seed on line %d: %x vs %x", lineNo, priv[:32], seed)
-		}
-	}
-
-	if err := scanner.Err(); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("error reading test data: %s", err)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestMalleability(t *testing.T) {
-	// https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8032#section-5.1.7 adds an additional test
-	// that s be in [0, order). This prevents someone from adding a multiple of
-	// order to s and obtaining a second valid signature for the same message.
-	msg := []byte{0x54, 0x65, 0x73, 0x74}
-	sig := []byte{
-		0x7c, 0x38, 0xe0, 0x26, 0xf2, 0x9e, 0x14, 0xaa, 0xbd, 0x05, 0x9a,
-		0x0f, 0x2d, 0xb8, 0xb0, 0xcd, 0x78, 0x30, 0x40, 0x60, 0x9a, 0x8b,
-		0xe6, 0x84, 0xdb, 0x12, 0xf8, 0x2a, 0x27, 0x77, 0x4a, 0xb0, 0x67,
-		0x65, 0x4b, 0xce, 0x38, 0x32, 0xc2, 0xd7, 0x6f, 0x8f, 0x6f, 0x5d,
-		0xaf, 0xc0, 0x8d, 0x93, 0x39, 0xd4, 0xee, 0xf6, 0x76, 0x57, 0x33,
-		0x36, 0xa5, 0xc5, 0x1e, 0xb6, 0xf9, 0x46, 0xb3, 0x1d,
-	}
-	publicKey := []byte{
-		0x7d, 0x4d, 0x0e, 0x7f, 0x61, 0x53, 0xa6, 0x9b, 0x62, 0x42, 0xb5,
-		0x22, 0xab, 0xbe, 0xe6, 0x85, 0xfd, 0xa4, 0x42, 0x0f, 0x88, 0x34,
-		0xb1, 0x08, 0xc3, 0xbd, 0xae, 0x36, 0x9e, 0xf5, 0x49, 0xfa,
-	}
-
-	if ed25519.Verify(publicKey, msg, sig) {
-		t.Fatal("non-canonical signature accepted")
-	}
-}
-
-func BenchmarkKeyGeneration(b *testing.B) {
-	var zero zeroReader
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		if _, _, err := ed25519.GenerateKey(zero); err != nil {
-			b.Fatal(err)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func BenchmarkSigning(b *testing.B) {
-	var zero zeroReader
-	_, priv, err := ed25519.GenerateKey(zero)
-	if err != nil {
-		b.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	message := []byte("Hello, world!")
-	b.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		ed25519.Sign(priv, message)
-	}
-}
-
-func BenchmarkVerification(b *testing.B) {
-	var zero zeroReader
-	pub, priv, err := ed25519.GenerateKey(zero)
-	if err != nil {
-		b.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	message := []byte("Hello, world!")
-	signature := ed25519.Sign(priv, message)
-	b.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		ed25519.Verify(pub, message, signature)
-	}
 }

ed25519/go113_test.go

@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2019 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-// +build go1.13
-
-package ed25519_test
-
-import (
-	ed25519std "crypto/ed25519"
-	"golang.org/x/crypto/ed25519"
-	"testing"
-)
-
-func TestTypeAlias(t *testing.T) {
-	var zero zeroReader
-	public, private, _ := ed25519std.GenerateKey(zero)
-
-	message := []byte("test message")
-	sig := ed25519.Sign(private, message)
-	if !ed25519.Verify(public, message, sig) {
-		t.Errorf("valid signature rejected")
-	}
-}

go.mod

@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 module golang.org/x/crypto
 
-go 1.11
+go 1.17
 
 require (
-	golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190404232315-eb5bcb51f2a3
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190412213103-97732733099d
+	golang.org/x/net v0.8.0
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.6.0
+	golang.org/x/term v0.6.0
 )
+
+require golang.org/x/text v0.8.0 // indirect