go.mod: update golang.org/x dependencies

Update golang.org/x dependencies to their latest tagged versions.

Change-Id: Icf986acf9290649488777328f470200bf9e11442
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/crypto/+/710098
Reviewed-by: David Chase <drchase@google.com>
LUCI-TryBot-Result: Go LUCI <golang-scoped@luci-project-accounts.iam.gserviceaccount.com>
Reviewed-by: Dmitri Shuralyov <dmitshur@google.com>
Auto-Submit: Dmitri Shuralyov <dmitshur@google.com>

acme/acme.go

@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"math/big"
+	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
@@ -589,8 +590,9 @@ func (c *Client) TLSSNI02ChallengeCert(token string, opt ...CertOption) (tls.Cer
 
 // TLSALPN01ChallengeCert creates a certificate for TLS-ALPN-01 challenge response.
 // Servers can present the certificate to validate the challenge and prove control
-// over a domain name. For more details on TLS-ALPN-01 see
-// https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-shoemaker-acme-tls-alpn-00#section-3
+// over an identifier (either a DNS name or the textual form of an IPv4 or IPv6
+// address). For more details on TLS-ALPN-01 see
+// https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8737 and https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8738
 //
 // The token argument is a Challenge.Token value.
 // If a WithKey option is provided, its private part signs the returned cert,
@@ -598,9 +600,13 @@ func (c *Client) TLSSNI02ChallengeCert(token string, opt ...CertOption) (tls.Cer
 // If no WithKey option is provided, a new ECDSA key is generated using P-256 curve.
 //
 // The returned certificate is valid for the next 24 hours and must be presented only when
-// the server name in the TLS ClientHello matches the domain, and the special acme-tls/1 ALPN protocol
+// the server name in the TLS ClientHello matches the identifier, and the special acme-tls/1 ALPN protocol
 // has been specified.
-func (c *Client) TLSALPN01ChallengeCert(token, domain string, opt ...CertOption) (cert tls.Certificate, err error) {
+//
+// Validation requests for IP address identifiers will use the reverse DNS form in the server name
+// in the TLS ClientHello since the SNI extension is not supported for IP addresses.
+// See RFC 8738 Section 6 for more information.
+func (c *Client) TLSALPN01ChallengeCert(token, identifier string, opt ...CertOption) (cert tls.Certificate, err error) {
 	ka, err := keyAuth(c.Key.Public(), token)
 	if err != nil {
 		return tls.Certificate{}, err
@@ -630,7 +636,7 @@ func (c *Client) TLSALPN01ChallengeCert(token, domain string, opt ...CertOption)
 	}
 	tmpl.ExtraExtensions = append(tmpl.ExtraExtensions, acmeExtension)
 	newOpt = append(newOpt, WithTemplate(tmpl))
-	return tlsChallengeCert([]string{domain}, newOpt)
+	return tlsChallengeCert(identifier, newOpt)
 }
 
 // popNonce returns a nonce value previously stored with c.addNonce
@@ -749,10 +755,14 @@ func defaultTLSChallengeCertTemplate() *x509.Certificate {
 }
 
 // tlsChallengeCert creates a temporary certificate for TLS-ALPN challenges
-// with the given SANs and auto-generated public/private key pair.
-// The Subject Common Name is set to the first SAN to aid debugging.
+// for the given identifier, using an auto-generated public/private key pair.
+//
+// If the provided identifier is a domain name, it will be used as a DNS type SAN and for the
+// subject common name. If the provided identifier is an IP address it will be used as an IP type
+// SAN.
+//
 // To create a cert with a custom key pair, specify WithKey option.
-func tlsChallengeCert(san []string, opt []CertOption) (tls.Certificate, error) {
+func tlsChallengeCert(identifier string, opt []CertOption) (tls.Certificate, error) {
 	var key crypto.Signer
 	tmpl := defaultTLSChallengeCertTemplate()
 	for _, o := range opt {
@@ -776,9 +786,12 @@ func tlsChallengeCert(san []string, opt []CertOption) (tls.Certificate, error) {
 			return tls.Certificate{}, err
 		}
 	}
-	tmpl.DNSNames = san
-	if len(san) > 0 {
-		tmpl.Subject.CommonName = san[0]
+
+	if ip := net.ParseIP(identifier); ip != nil {
+		tmpl.IPAddresses = []net.IP{ip}
+	} else {
+		tmpl.DNSNames = []string{identifier}
+		tmpl.Subject.CommonName = identifier
 	}
 
 	der, err := x509.CreateCertificate(rand.Reader, tmpl, tmpl, key.Public(), key)

acme/autocert/autocert_test.go

@@ -561,9 +561,9 @@ func TestHTTPHandlerDefaultFallback(t *testing.T) {
 		{"GET", "http://example.org/foo?a=b", 302, "https://example.org/foo?a=b"},
 		{"GET", "http://example.org:80/foo?a=b", 302, "https://example.org:443/foo?a=b"},
 		{"GET", "http://example.org:80/foo%20bar", 302, "https://example.org:443/foo%20bar"},
-		{"GET", "http://[2602:d1:xxxx::c60a]:1234", 302, "https://[2602:d1:xxxx::c60a]:443/"},
-		{"GET", "http://[2602:d1:xxxx::c60a]", 302, "https://[2602:d1:xxxx::c60a]/"},
-		{"GET", "http://[2602:d1:xxxx::c60a]/foo?a=b", 302, "https://[2602:d1:xxxx::c60a]/foo?a=b"},
+		{"GET", "http://[2602:d1:abcd::c60a]:1234", 302, "https://[2602:d1:abcd::c60a]:443/"},
+		{"GET", "http://[2602:d1:abcd::c60a]", 302, "https://[2602:d1:abcd::c60a]/"},
+		{"GET", "http://[2602:d1:abcd::c60a]/foo?a=b", 302, "https://[2602:d1:abcd::c60a]/foo?a=b"},
 		{"HEAD", "http://example.org", 302, "https://example.org/"},
 		{"HEAD", "http://example.org/foo", 302, "https://example.org/foo"},
 		{"HEAD", "http://example.org/foo/bar/", 302, "https://example.org/foo/bar/"},

acme/pebble_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,809 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package acme_test
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"crypto/elliptic"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"crypto/tls"
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"encoding/pem"
+	"errors"
+	"flag"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"log"
+	"net"
+	"net/http"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"runtime"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/acme"
+)
+
+const (
+	// pebbleModVersion is the module version used for Pebble and Pebble's
+	// challenge test server. It is ignored if `-pebble-local-dir` is provided.
+	pebbleModVersion = "v2.7.0"
+	// startingPort is the first port number used for binding interface
+	// addresses. Each call to takeNextPort() will increment a port number
+	// starting at this value.
+	startingPort = 5555
+)
+
+var (
+	pebbleLocalDir = flag.String(
+		"pebble-local-dir",
+		"",
+		"Local Pebble to use, instead of fetching from source",
+	)
+	nextPort atomic.Uint32
+)
+
+func init() {
+	nextPort.Store(startingPort)
+}
+
+func TestWithPebble(t *testing.T) {
+	// We want to use process groups w/ syscall.Kill, and the acme package
+	// is very platform-agnostic, so skip on non-Linux.
+	if runtime.GOOS != "linux" {
+		t.Skip("skipping pebble tests on non-linux OS")
+	}
+
+	if testing.Short() {
+		t.Skip("skipping pebble tests in short mode")
+	}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		challSrv func(*environment) (challengeServer, string)
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "TLSALPN01-Issuance",
+			challSrv: func(env *environment) (challengeServer, string) {
+				bindAddr := fmt.Sprintf(":%d", env.config.TLSPort)
+				return newChallTLSServer(bindAddr), bindAddr
+			},
+		},
+
+		{
+			name: "HTTP01-Issuance",
+			challSrv: func(env *environment) (challengeServer, string) {
+				bindAddr := fmt.Sprintf(":%d", env.config.HTTPPort)
+				return newChallHTTPServer(bindAddr), bindAddr
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			env := startPebbleEnvironment(t, nil)
+			challSrv, challSrvAddr := tt.challSrv(&env)
+			challSrv.Run()
+
+			t.Cleanup(func() {
+				challSrv.Shutdown()
+			})
+
+			waitForServer(t, challSrvAddr)
+			testIssuance(t, &env, challSrv)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// challengeServer abstracts over the details of running a challenge response
+// server for some supported acme.Challenge type. Responses are provisioned
+// during the test issuance process to be presented to the ACME server's
+// validation authority.
+type challengeServer interface {
+	Run()
+	Shutdown() error
+	Supported(chal *acme.Challenge) bool
+	Provision(client *acme.Client, ident acme.AuthzID, chal *acme.Challenge) error
+}
+
+// challTLSServer is a simple challenge response server that listens for TLS
+// connections on a specific port and if they are TLS-ALPN-01 challenge
+// requests, completes the handshake using the configured challenge response
+// certificate for the SNI value provided.
+type challTLSServer struct {
+	*http.Server
+	// mu protects challCerts.
+	mu sync.RWMutex
+	// challCerts is a map from SNI domain name to challenge response certificate.
+	challCerts map[string]*tls.Certificate
+}
+
+// https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8737#section-4
+const acmeTLSAlpnProtocol = "acme-tls/1"
+
+func newChallTLSServer(address string) *challTLSServer {
+	challServer := &challTLSServer{Server: &http.Server{
+		Addr:         address,
+		ReadTimeout:  5 * time.Second,
+		WriteTimeout: 5 * time.Second,
+	}, challCerts: make(map[string]*tls.Certificate)}
+
+	// Configure the server to support the TLS-ALPN-01 challenge protocol
+	// and to use a callback for selecting the handshake certificate.
+	challServer.Server.TLSConfig = &tls.Config{
+		NextProtos:     []string{acmeTLSAlpnProtocol},
+		GetCertificate: challServer.getCertificate,
+	}
+
+	return challServer
+}
+
+func (c *challTLSServer) Shutdown() error {
+	log.Printf("challTLSServer: shutting down")
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10)
+	defer cancel()
+	return c.Server.Shutdown(ctx)
+}
+
+func (c *challTLSServer) Run() {
+	go func() {
+		// Note: certFile and keyFile are empty because our config uses a
+		// GetCertificate callback.
+		if err := c.Server.ListenAndServeTLS("", ""); err != nil {
+			if !errors.Is(err, http.ErrServerClosed) {
+				log.Printf("challTLSServer error: %v", err)
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+}
+
+func (c *challTLSServer) Supported(chal *acme.Challenge) bool {
+	return chal.Type == "tls-alpn-01"
+}
+
+func (c *challTLSServer) Provision(client *acme.Client, ident acme.AuthzID, chal *acme.Challenge) error {
+	respCert, err := client.TLSALPN01ChallengeCert(chal.Token, ident.Value)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("challTLSServer: failed to generate challlenge response cert for %s: %w",
+			ident.Value, err)
+	}
+
+	log.Printf("challTLSServer: setting challenge response certificate for %s", ident.Value)
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	defer c.mu.Unlock()
+	c.challCerts[ident.Value] = &respCert
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *challTLSServer) getCertificate(clientHello *tls.ClientHelloInfo) (*tls.Certificate, error) {
+	// Verify the request looks like a TLS-ALPN-01 challenge request.
+	if len(clientHello.SupportedProtos) != 1 || clientHello.SupportedProtos[0] != acmeTLSAlpnProtocol {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf(
+			"challTLSServer: non-TLS-ALPN-01 challenge request received with SupportedProtos: %s",
+			clientHello.SupportedProtos)
+	}
+
+	serverName := clientHello.ServerName
+
+	// TLS-ALPN-01 challenge requests for IP addresses are encoded in the SNI
+	// using the reverse-DNS notation. See RFC 8738 Section 6:
+	//   https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8738.html#section-6
+	if strings.HasSuffix(serverName, ".in-addr.arpa") {
+		serverName = strings.TrimSuffix(serverName, ".in-addr.arpa")
+		parts := strings.Split(serverName, ".")
+		for i, j := 0, len(parts)-1; i < j; i, j = i+1, j-1 {
+			parts[i], parts[j] = parts[j], parts[i]
+		}
+		serverName = strings.Join(parts, ".")
+	}
+
+	log.Printf("challTLSServer: selecting certificate for request from %s for %s",
+		clientHello.Conn.RemoteAddr(), serverName)
+
+	c.mu.RLock()
+	defer c.mu.RUnlock()
+	cert := c.challCerts[serverName]
+	if cert == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("challTLSServer: no challenge response certificate configured for %s", serverName)
+	}
+
+	return cert, nil
+}
+
+// challHTTPServer is a simple challenge response server that listens for HTTP
+// connections on a specific port and if they are HTTP-01 challenge requests,
+// serves the challenge response key authorization.
+type challHTTPServer struct {
+	*http.Server
+	// mu protects challMap
+	mu sync.RWMutex
+	// challMap is a mapping from request path to response body.
+	challMap map[string]string
+}
+
+func newChallHTTPServer(address string) *challHTTPServer {
+	challServer := &challHTTPServer{
+		Server: &http.Server{
+			Addr:         address,
+			ReadTimeout:  5 * time.Second,
+			WriteTimeout: 5 * time.Second,
+		},
+		challMap: make(map[string]string),
+	}
+
+	challServer.Server.Handler = challServer
+
+	return challServer
+}
+
+func (c *challHTTPServer) Supported(chal *acme.Challenge) bool {
+	return chal.Type == "http-01"
+}
+
+func (c *challHTTPServer) Provision(client *acme.Client, ident acme.AuthzID, chall *acme.Challenge) error {
+	path := client.HTTP01ChallengePath(chall.Token)
+	body, err := client.HTTP01ChallengeResponse(chall.Token)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to generate HTTP-01 challenge response for %v challenge %s token %s: %w",
+			ident, chall.URI, chall.Token, err)
+	}
+
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	defer c.mu.Unlock()
+	log.Printf("challHTTPServer: setting challenge response for %s", path)
+	c.challMap[path] = body
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *challHTTPServer) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	log.Printf("challHTTPServer: handling %s to %s from %s", r.Method, r.URL.Path, r.RemoteAddr)
+	if r.Method != http.MethodGet {
+		http.Error(w, "method not allowed", http.StatusMethodNotAllowed)
+		return
+	}
+
+	c.mu.RLock()
+	defer c.mu.RUnlock()
+	response, exists := c.challMap[r.URL.Path]
+
+	if !exists {
+		http.NotFound(w, r)
+		return
+	}
+
+	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "text/plain")
+	w.Write([]byte(response))
+}
+
+func (c *challHTTPServer) Shutdown() error {
+	log.Printf("challHTTPServer: shutting down")
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+	return c.Server.Shutdown(ctx)
+}
+
+func (c *challHTTPServer) Run() {
+	go func() {
+		if err := c.Server.ListenAndServe(); err != nil {
+			if !errors.Is(err, http.ErrServerClosed) {
+				log.Printf("challHTTPServer error: %v", err)
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+}
+
+func testIssuance(t *testing.T, env *environment, challSrv challengeServer) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	// Bound the total issuance process by a timeout of 60 seconds.
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 60*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	// Create a new ACME account.
+	client := env.client
+	acct, err := client.Register(ctx, &acme.Account{}, acme.AcceptTOS)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to register account: %v", err)
+	}
+	if acct.Status != acme.StatusValid {
+		t.Fatalf("expected new account status to be valid, got %v", acct.Status)
+	}
+	log.Printf("registered account: %s", acct.URI)
+
+	// Create a new order for some example identifiers
+	identifiers := []acme.AuthzID{
+		{
+			Type:  "dns",
+			Value: "example.com",
+		},
+		{
+			Type:  "dns",
+			Value: "www.example.com",
+		},
+		{
+			Type:  "ip",
+			Value: "127.0.0.1",
+		},
+	}
+	order, err := client.AuthorizeOrder(ctx, identifiers)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create order for %v: %v", identifiers, err)
+	}
+	if order.Status != acme.StatusPending {
+		t.Fatalf("expected new order status to be pending, got %v", order.Status)
+	}
+	orderURL := order.URI
+	log.Printf("created order: %v", orderURL)
+
+	// For each pending authz provision a supported challenge type's response
+	// with the test challenge server, and tell the ACME server to verify it.
+	for _, authzURL := range order.AuthzURLs {
+		authz, err := client.GetAuthorization(ctx, authzURL)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("failed to get order %s authorization %s: %v",
+				orderURL, authzURL, err)
+		}
+
+		if authz.Status != acme.StatusPending {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		for _, challenge := range authz.Challenges {
+			if challenge.Status != acme.StatusPending || !challSrv.Supported(challenge) {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			if err := challSrv.Provision(client, authz.Identifier, challenge); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("failed to provision challenge %s: %v", challenge.URI, err)
+			}
+
+			_, err = client.Accept(ctx, challenge)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("failed to accept order %s challenge %s: %v",
+					orderURL, challenge.URI, err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Wait for the order to become ready for finalization.
+	order, err = client.WaitOrder(ctx, order.URI)
+	if err != nil {
+		var orderErr *acme.OrderError
+		if errors.Is(err, orderErr) {
+			t.Fatalf("failed to wait for order %s: %s: %s", orderURL, err, orderErr.Problem)
+		} else {
+			t.Fatalf("failed to wait for order %s: %s", orderURL, err)
+		}
+	}
+	if order.Status != acme.StatusReady {
+		t.Fatalf("expected order %s status to be ready, got %v",
+			orderURL, order.Status)
+	}
+
+	// Generate a certificate keypair and a CSR for the order identifiers.
+	certKey, err := ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to generate certificate key: %v", err)
+	}
+	var dnsNames []string
+	var ipAddresses []net.IP
+	for _, ident := range identifiers {
+		switch ident.Type {
+		case "dns":
+			dnsNames = append(dnsNames, ident.Value)
+		case "ip":
+			ipAddresses = append(ipAddresses, net.ParseIP(ident.Value))
+		default:
+			t.Fatalf("unsupported identifier type: %s", ident.Type)
+		}
+	}
+	csrDer, err := x509.CreateCertificateRequest(rand.Reader, &x509.CertificateRequest{
+		DNSNames:    dnsNames,
+		IPAddresses: ipAddresses,
+	}, certKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create CSR: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Finalize the order by creating a certificate with our CSR.
+	chain, _, err := client.CreateOrderCert(ctx, order.FinalizeURL, csrDer, true)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to finalize order %s with finalize URL %s: %v",
+			orderURL, order.FinalizeURL, err)
+	}
+
+	// Split the chain into the leaf and any intermediates.
+	leaf := chain[0]
+	intermediatesDER := chain[1:]
+	leafCert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(leaf)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to parse order %s leaf certificate: %v", orderURL, err)
+	}
+	intermediates := x509.NewCertPool()
+	for i, intermediateDER := range intermediatesDER {
+		intermediate, err := x509.ParseCertificate(intermediateDER)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("failed to parse intermediate %d: %v", i, err)
+		}
+		intermediates.AddCert(intermediate)
+	}
+
+	// Verify there is a valid path from the leaf certificate to Pebble's
+	// issuing root using the provided intermediate certificates.
+	roots, err := env.RootCert()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to get Pebble issuer root certs: %v", err)
+	}
+	paths, err := leafCert.Verify(x509.VerifyOptions{
+		Intermediates: intermediates,
+		Roots:         roots,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to verify order %s leaf certificate: %v", orderURL, err)
+	}
+	log.Printf("verified %d path(s) from issued leaf certificate to Pebble root CA", len(paths))
+
+	// Also verify that the leaf cert is valid for each of the DNS names
+	// and IP addresses from our order's identifiers.
+	for _, name := range dnsNames {
+		if err := leafCert.VerifyHostname(name); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("failed to verify order %s leaf certificate for order DNS name %s: %v",
+				orderURL, name, err)
+		}
+	}
+	for _, ip := range ipAddresses {
+		if err := leafCert.VerifyHostname(ip.String()); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("failed to verify order %s leaf certificate for order IP address %s: %v",
+				orderURL, ip, err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+type environment struct {
+	config *environmentConfig
+	client *acme.Client
+}
+
+// RootCert returns the Pebble CA's primary issuing hierarchy root certificate.
+// This is generated randomly at each startup and can be used to verify
+// certificate chains issued by Pebble's ACME interface. Note that this
+// is separate from the static root certificate used by the Pebble ACME
+// HTTPS interface.
+func (e *environment) RootCert() (*x509.CertPool, error) {
+	// NOTE: in the future we may want to consider the alternative chains
+	// 		 returned as Link alternative headers.
+	rootURL := fmt.Sprintf("https://%s/roots/0", e.config.pebbleConfig.ManagementListenAddress)
+	resp, err := e.client.HTTPClient.Get(rootURL)
+	if err != nil || resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to GET Pebble root CA from %s: %v", rootURL, err)
+	}
+
+	roots := x509.NewCertPool()
+	rootPEM, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse Pebble root CA PEM: %v", err)
+	}
+	rootDERBlock, _ := pem.Decode(rootPEM)
+	rootCA, err := x509.ParseCertificate(rootDERBlock.Bytes)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse Pebble root CA DER: %v", err)
+	}
+	roots.AddCert(rootCA)
+
+	return roots, nil
+}
+
+// environmentConfig describes the Pebble configuration, and configuration
+// shared between pebble and pebble-challtestsrv.
+type environmentConfig struct {
+	pebbleConfig
+	dnsPort uint32
+}
+
+// defaultConfig returns an environmentConfig populated with default values.
+// The provided pebbleDir is used to specify certificate/private key paths
+// for the HTTPS ACME interface.
+func defaultConfig(pebbleDir string) environmentConfig {
+	return environmentConfig{
+		pebbleConfig: pebbleConfig{
+			ListenAddress:                  fmt.Sprintf("127.0.0.1:%d", takeNextPort()),
+			ManagementListenAddress:        fmt.Sprintf("127.0.0.1:%d", takeNextPort()),
+			HTTPPort:                       takeNextPort(),
+			TLSPort:                        takeNextPort(),
+			Certificate:                    fmt.Sprintf("%s/test/certs/localhost/cert.pem", pebbleDir),
+			PrivateKey:                     fmt.Sprintf("%s/test/certs/localhost/key.pem", pebbleDir),
+			OCSPResponderURL:               "",
+			ExternalAccountBindingRequired: false,
+			ExternalAccountMACKeys:         make(map[string]string),
+			DomainBlocklist:                []string{"blocked-domain.example"},
+			Profiles: map[string]struct {
+				Description    string
+				ValidityPeriod uint64
+			}{
+				"default": {
+					Description:    "default profile",
+					ValidityPeriod: 3600,
+				},
+			},
+			RetryAfter: struct {
+				Authz int
+				Order int
+			}{
+				3,
+				5,
+			},
+		},
+		dnsPort: takeNextPort(),
+	}
+}
+
+// pebbleConfig matches the JSON structure of the Pebble configuration file.
+type pebbleConfig struct {
+	ListenAddress                  string
+	ManagementListenAddress        string
+	HTTPPort                       uint32
+	TLSPort                        uint32
+	Certificate                    string
+	PrivateKey                     string
+	OCSPResponderURL               string
+	ExternalAccountBindingRequired bool
+	ExternalAccountMACKeys         map[string]string
+	DomainBlocklist                []string
+	Profiles                       map[string]struct {
+		Description    string
+		ValidityPeriod uint64
+	}
+	RetryAfter struct {
+		Authz int
+		Order int
+	}
+}
+
+func takeNextPort() uint32 {
+	return nextPort.Add(1) - 1
+}
+
+// startPebbleEnvironment is a test helper that spawns Pebble and Pebble
+// challenge test server processes based on the provided environmentConfig. The
+// processes will be torn down when the test ends.
+func startPebbleEnvironment(t *testing.T, config *environmentConfig) environment {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	var pebbleDir string
+	if *pebbleLocalDir != "" {
+		pebbleDir = *pebbleLocalDir
+	} else {
+		pebbleDir = fetchModule(t, "github.com/letsencrypt/pebble/v2", pebbleModVersion)
+	}
+
+	binDir := prepareBinaries(t, pebbleDir)
+
+	if config == nil {
+		cfg := defaultConfig(pebbleDir)
+		config = &cfg
+	}
+
+	marshalConfig := struct {
+		Pebble pebbleConfig
+	}{
+		Pebble: config.pebbleConfig,
+	}
+
+	configData, err := json.Marshal(marshalConfig)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to marshal config: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	configFile, err := os.CreateTemp("", "pebble-config-*.json")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create temp config file: %v", err)
+	}
+	t.Cleanup(func() { os.Remove(configFile.Name()) })
+
+	if _, err := configFile.Write(configData); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to write config file: %v", err)
+	}
+	configFile.Close()
+
+	log.Printf("pebble dir: %s", pebbleDir)
+	log.Printf("config file: %s", configFile.Name())
+
+	// Spawn the Pebble CA server. It answers ACME requests and performs
+	// outbound validations. We configure it to use a mock DNS server that
+	// always answers 127.0.0.1 for all A queries so that validation
+	// requests for any domain name will resolve to our local challenge
+	// server instances.
+	spawnServerProcess(t, binDir, "pebble", "-config", configFile.Name(),
+		"-dnsserver", fmt.Sprintf("127.0.0.1:%d", config.dnsPort),
+		"-strict")
+
+	// Spawn the Pebble challenge test server. We'll use it to mock DNS
+	// responses but disable all the other interfaces. We want to stand
+	// up our own challenge response servers for TLS-ALPN-01,
+	// etc.
+	// Note: we specify -defaultIPv6 "" so that no AAAA records are served.
+	// The LUCI CI runners have issues with IPv6 connectivity on localhost.
+	spawnServerProcess(t, binDir, "pebble-challtestsrv",
+		"-dns01", fmt.Sprintf(":%d", config.dnsPort),
+		"-defaultIPv6", "",
+		"-management", fmt.Sprintf(":%d", takeNextPort()),
+		"-doh", "",
+		"-http01", "",
+		"-tlsalpn01", "",
+		"-https01", "")
+
+	waitForServer(t, config.pebbleConfig.ListenAddress)
+	waitForServer(t, fmt.Sprintf("127.0.0.1:%d", config.dnsPort))
+
+	log.Printf("pebble environment ready")
+
+	// Construct a cert pool that contains the CA certificate used by the ACME
+	// interface's certificate chain. This is separate from the issuing
+	// hierarchy and is used for the ACME client to interact with the ACME
+	// interface without cert verification error.
+	caCertPath := filepath.Join(pebbleDir, "test/certs/pebble.minica.pem")
+	caCert, err := os.ReadFile(caCertPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to read CA certificate %s: %v", caCertPath, err)
+	}
+	caCertPool := x509.NewCertPool()
+	if !caCertPool.AppendCertsFromPEM(caCert) {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to parse CA certificate %s", caCertPath)
+	}
+	httpClient := &http.Client{
+		Transport: &http.Transport{
+			TLSClientConfig: &tls.Config{
+				RootCAs: caCertPool,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	// Create an ACME account keypair/client and verify it can discover
+	// the Pebble server's ACME directory without error.
+	key, err := ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to generate account key: %v", err)
+	}
+	client := &acme.Client{
+		Key:          key,
+		HTTPClient:   httpClient,
+		DirectoryURL: fmt.Sprintf("https://%s/dir", config.ListenAddress),
+	}
+	_, err = client.Discover(context.TODO())
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to discover ACME directory: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	return environment{
+		config: config,
+		client: client,
+	}
+}
+
+func waitForServer(t *testing.T, addr string) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	for i := 0; i < 20; i++ {
+		if conn, err := net.Dial("tcp", addr); err == nil {
+			conn.Close()
+			return
+		}
+		time.Sleep(time.Duration(i*100) * time.Millisecond)
+	}
+	t.Fatalf("failed to connect to %q after 20 tries", addr)
+}
+
+// fetchModule fetches the module at the given version and returns the directory
+// containing its source tree. It skips the test if fetching modules is not
+// possible in this environment.
+//
+// Copied from the stdlib cryptotest.FetchModule and adapted to not rely on the
+// stdlib internal testenv package.
+func fetchModule(t *testing.T, module, version string) string {
+	// If the default GOMODCACHE doesn't exist, use a temporary directory
+	// instead. (For example, run.bash sets GOPATH=/nonexist-gopath.)
+	out, err := exec.Command("go", "env", "GOMODCACHE").Output()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("go env GOMODCACHE: %v\n%s", err, out)
+		if ee, ok := err.(*exec.ExitError); ok {
+			t.Logf("%s", ee.Stderr)
+		}
+		t.FailNow()
+	}
+	modcacheOk := false
+	if gomodcache := string(bytes.TrimSpace(out)); gomodcache != "" {
+		if _, err := os.Stat(gomodcache); err == nil {
+			modcacheOk = true
+		}
+	}
+	if !modcacheOk {
+		t.Setenv("GOMODCACHE", t.TempDir())
+		// Allow t.TempDir() to clean up subdirectories.
+		t.Setenv("GOFLAGS", os.Getenv("GOFLAGS")+" -modcacherw")
+	}
+
+	t.Logf("fetching %s@%s\n", module, version)
+
+	output, err := exec.Command("go", "mod", "download", "-json", module+"@"+version).CombinedOutput()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to download %s@%s: %s\n%s\n", module, version, err, output)
+	}
+	var j struct {
+		Dir string
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(output, &j); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to parse 'go mod download': %s\n%s\n", err, output)
+	}
+
+	return j.Dir
+}
+
+func prepareBinaries(t *testing.T, pebbleDir string) string {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	// We don't want to build in the module cache dir, which might not be
+	// writable or to pollute the user's clone with binaries if pebbleLocalDir
+	//is used.
+	binDir := t.TempDir()
+
+	build := func(cmd string) {
+		log.Printf("building %s", cmd)
+		buildCmd := exec.Command(
+			"go",
+			"build", "-o", filepath.Join(binDir, cmd), "-mod", "mod", "./cmd/"+cmd)
+		buildCmd.Dir = pebbleDir
+		output, err := buildCmd.CombinedOutput()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("failed to build %s: %s\n%s\n", cmd, err, output)
+		}
+	}
+
+	build("pebble")
+	build("pebble-challtestsrv")
+
+	return binDir
+}
+
+func spawnServerProcess(t *testing.T, dir string, cmd string, args ...string) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	var stdout, stderr bytes.Buffer
+
+	cmdInstance := exec.Command("./"+cmd, args...)
+	cmdInstance.Dir = dir
+	cmdInstance.Stdout = &stdout
+	cmdInstance.Stderr = &stderr
+
+	if err := cmdInstance.Start(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to start %s: %v", cmd, err)
+	}
+
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		cmdInstance.Process.Kill()
+		cmdInstance.Wait()
+
+		if t.Failed() || testing.Verbose() {
+			t.Logf("=== %s output ===", cmd)
+			if stdout.Len() > 0 {
+				t.Logf("stdout:\n%s", strings.TrimSpace(stdout.String()))
+			}
+			if stderr.Len() > 0 {
+				t.Logf("stderr:\n%s", strings.TrimSpace(stderr.String()))
+			}
+		}
+	})
+}

acme/rfc8555.go

@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ func (c *Client) WaitOrder(ctx context.Context, url string) (*Order, error) {
 		case err != nil:
 			// Skip and retry.
 		case o.Status == StatusInvalid:
-			return nil, &OrderError{OrderURL: o.URI, Status: o.Status}
+			return nil, &OrderError{OrderURL: o.URI, Status: o.Status, Problem: o.Error}
 		case o.Status == StatusReady || o.Status == StatusValid:
 			return o, nil
 		}
@@ -369,7 +369,7 @@ func (c *Client) CreateOrderCert(ctx context.Context, url string, csr []byte, bu
 	}
 	// The only acceptable status post finalize and WaitOrder is "valid".
 	if o.Status != StatusValid {
-		return nil, "", &OrderError{OrderURL: o.URI, Status: o.Status}
+		return nil, "", &OrderError{OrderURL: o.URI, Status: o.Status, Problem: o.Error}
 	}
 	crt, err := c.fetchCertRFC(ctx, o.CertURL, bundle)
 	return crt, o.CertURL, err

acme/rfc8555_test.go

@@ -885,11 +885,17 @@ func TestRFC_WaitOrderError(t *testing.T) {
 	s.handle("/orders/1", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		w.Header().Set("Location", s.url("/orders/1"))
 		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
-		s := StatusPending
 		if count > 0 {
-			s = StatusInvalid
+			// https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8555#section-7.3.3
+			errorData := `{
+				"type": "urn:ietf:params:acme:error:userActionRequired",
+				"detail": "Terms of service have changed",
+				"instance": "https://example.com/acme/agreement/?token=W8Ih3PswD-8"
+			}`
+			fmt.Fprintf(w, `{"status": %q, "error": %s}`, StatusInvalid, errorData)
+		} else {
+			fmt.Fprintf(w, `{"status": %q}`, StatusPending)
 		}
-		fmt.Fprintf(w, `{"status": %q}`, s)
 		count++
 	})
 	s.start()
@@ -910,6 +916,13 @@ func TestRFC_WaitOrderError(t *testing.T) {
 	if e.Status != StatusInvalid {
 		t.Errorf("e.Status = %q; want %q", e.Status, StatusInvalid)
 	}
+	if e.Problem == nil {
+		t.Errorf("e.Problem = nil")
+	}
+	expectedProbType := "urn:ietf:params:acme:error:userActionRequired"
+	if e.Problem.ProblemType != expectedProbType {
+		t.Errorf("e.Problem.ProblemType = %q; want %q", e.Problem.ProblemType, expectedProbType)
+	}
 }
 
 func TestRFC_CreateOrderCert(t *testing.T) {

acme/types.go

@@ -154,13 +154,16 @@ func (a *AuthorizationError) Error() string {
 
 // OrderError is returned from Client's order related methods.
 // It indicates the order is unusable and the clients should start over with
-// AuthorizeOrder.
+// AuthorizeOrder. A Problem description may be provided with details on
+// what caused the order to become unusable.
 //
 // The clients can still fetch the order object from CA using GetOrder
 // to inspect its state.
 type OrderError struct {
 	OrderURL string
 	Status   string
+	// Problem is the error that occurred while processing the order.
+	Problem *Error
 }
 
 func (oe *OrderError) Error() string {
@@ -619,7 +622,7 @@ func (*certOptKey) privateCertOpt() {}
 //
 // In TLS ChallengeCert methods, the template is also used as parent,
 // resulting in a self-signed certificate.
-// The DNSNames field of t is always overwritten for tls-sni challenge certs.
+// The DNSNames or IPAddresses fields of t are always overwritten for tls-alpn challenge certs.
 func WithTemplate(t *x509.Certificate) CertOption {
 	return (*certOptTemplate)(t)
 }

blake2b/blake2x.go

@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ import (
 
 // XOF defines the interface to hash functions that
 // support arbitrary-length output.
+//
+// New callers should prefer the standard library [hash.XOF].
 type XOF interface {
 	// Write absorbs more data into the hash's state. It panics if called
 	// after Read.
@@ -47,6 +49,8 @@ const maxOutputLength = (1 << 32) * 64
 //
 // A non-nil key turns the hash into a MAC. The key must between
 // zero and 32 bytes long.
+//
+// The result can be safely interface-upgraded to [hash.XOF].
 func NewXOF(size uint32, key []byte) (XOF, error) {
 	if len(key) > Size {
 		return nil, errKeySize
@@ -93,6 +97,10 @@ func (x *xof) Clone() XOF {
 	return &clone
 }
 
+func (x *xof) BlockSize() int {
+	return x.d.BlockSize()
+}
+
 func (x *xof) Reset() {
 	x.cfg[0] = byte(Size)
 	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(x.cfg[4:], uint32(Size)) // leaf length

blake2b/go125.go

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+//go:build go1.25
+
+package blake2b
+
+import "hash"
+
+var _ hash.XOF = (*xof)(nil)

curve25519/curve25519.go

@@ -3,11 +3,14 @@
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
 // Package curve25519 provides an implementation of the X25519 function, which
-// performs scalar multiplication on the elliptic curve known as Curve25519.
-// See RFC 7748.
+// performs scalar multiplication on the elliptic curve known as Curve25519
+// according to [RFC 7748].
 //
-// This package is a wrapper for the X25519 implementation
-// in the crypto/ecdh package.
+// The curve25519 package is a wrapper for the X25519 implementation in the
+// crypto/ecdh package. It is [frozen] and is not accepting new features.
+//
+// [RFC 7748]: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7748
+// [frozen]: https://go.dev/wiki/Frozen
 package curve25519
 
 import "crypto/ecdh"
@@ -36,7 +39,7 @@ func ScalarBaseMult(dst, scalar *[32]byte) {
 	curve := ecdh.X25519()
 	priv, err := curve.NewPrivateKey(scalar[:])
 	if err != nil {
-		panic("curve25519: internal error: scalarBaseMult was not 32 bytes")
+		panic("curve25519: " + err.Error())
 	}
 	copy(dst[:], priv.PublicKey().Bytes())
 }

ed25519/ed25519.go

@@ -2,16 +2,19 @@
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
-// Package ed25519 implements the Ed25519 signature algorithm. See
-// https://ed25519.cr.yp.to/.
+// Package ed25519 implements the Ed25519 signature algorithm.
 //
 // These functions are also compatible with the “Ed25519” function defined in
-// RFC 8032. However, unlike RFC 8032's formulation, this package's private key
+// [RFC 8032]. However, unlike RFC 8032's formulation, this package's private key
 // representation includes a public key suffix to make multiple signing
 // operations with the same key more efficient. This package refers to the RFC
 // 8032 private key as the “seed”.
 //
-// This package is a wrapper around the standard library crypto/ed25519 package.
+// The ed25519 package is a wrapper for the Ed25519 implementation in the
+// crypto/ed25519 package. It is [frozen] and is not accepting new features.
+//
+// [RFC 8032]: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8032
+// [frozen]: https://go.dev/wiki/Frozen
 package ed25519
 
 import (

go.mod

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 module golang.org/x/crypto
 
-go 1.23.0
+go 1.24.0
 
 require (
-	golang.org/x/net v0.21.0 // tagx:ignore
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.33.0
-	golang.org/x/term v0.32.0
+	golang.org/x/net v0.45.0 // tagx:ignore
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.37.0
+	golang.org/x/term v0.36.0
 )
 
-require golang.org/x/text v0.26.0 // indirect
+require golang.org/x/text v0.30.0 // indirect

go.sum

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-golang.org/x/net v0.21.0 h1:AQyQV4dYCvJ7vGmJyKki9+PBdyvhkSd8EIx/qb0AYv4=
-golang.org/x/net v0.21.0/go.mod h1:bIjVDfnllIU7BJ2DNgfnXvpSvtn8VRwhlsaeUTyUS44=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.33.0 h1:q3i8TbbEz+JRD9ywIRlyRAQbM0qF7hu24q3teo2hbuw=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.33.0/go.mod h1:BJP2sWEmIv4KK5OTEluFJCKSidICx8ciO85XgH3Ak8k=
-golang.org/x/term v0.32.0 h1:DR4lr0TjUs3epypdhTOkMmuF5CDFJ/8pOnbzMZPQ7bg=
-golang.org/x/term v0.32.0/go.mod h1:uZG1FhGx848Sqfsq4/DlJr3xGGsYMu/L5GW4abiaEPQ=
-golang.org/x/text v0.26.0 h1:P42AVeLghgTYr4+xUnTRKDMqpar+PtX7KWuNQL21L8M=
-golang.org/x/text v0.26.0/go.mod h1:QK15LZJUUQVJxhz7wXgxSy/CJaTFjd0G+YLonydOVQA=
+golang.org/x/net v0.45.0 h1:RLBg5JKixCy82FtLJpeNlVM0nrSqpCRYzVU1n8kj0tM=
+golang.org/x/net v0.45.0/go.mod h1:ECOoLqd5U3Lhyeyo/QDCEVQ4sNgYsqvCZ722XogGieY=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.37.0 h1:fdNQudmxPjkdUTPnLn5mdQv7Zwvbvpaxqs831goi9kQ=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.37.0/go.mod h1:OgkHotnGiDImocRcuBABYBEXf8A9a87e/uXjp9XT3ks=
+golang.org/x/term v0.36.0 h1:zMPR+aF8gfksFprF/Nc/rd1wRS1EI6nDBGyWAvDzx2Q=
+golang.org/x/term v0.36.0/go.mod h1:Qu394IJq6V6dCBRgwqshf3mPF85AqzYEzofzRdZkWss=
+golang.org/x/text v0.30.0 h1:yznKA/E9zq54KzlzBEAWn1NXSQ8DIp/NYMy88xJjl4k=
+golang.org/x/text v0.30.0/go.mod h1:yDdHFIX9t+tORqspjENWgzaCVXgk0yYnYuSZ8UzzBVM=

nacl/auth/auth.go

@@ -2,25 +2,16 @@
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
-/*
-Package auth authenticates a message using a secret key.
-
-The Sum function, viewed as a function of the message for a uniform random
-key, is designed to meet the standard notion of unforgeability. This means
-that an attacker cannot find authenticators for any messages not authenticated
-by the sender, even if the attacker has adaptively influenced the messages
-authenticated by the sender. For a formal definition see, e.g., Section 2.4
-of Bellare, Kilian, and Rogaway, "The security of the cipher block chaining
-message authentication code," Journal of Computer and System Sciences 61 (2000),
-362–399; http://www-cse.ucsd.edu/~mihir/papers/cbc.html.
-
-auth does not make any promises regarding "strong" unforgeability; perhaps
-one valid authenticator can be converted into another valid authenticator for
-the same message. NaCl also does not make any promises regarding "truncated
-unforgeability."
-
-This package is interoperable with NaCl: https://nacl.cr.yp.to/auth.html.
-*/
+// Package auth authenticates a message using a secret key.
+//
+// This package is interoperable with [NaCl].
+//
+// The auth package is essentially a wrapper for HMAC-SHA-512 (implemented by
+// crypto/hmac and crypto/sha512), truncated to 32 bytes. It is [frozen] and is
+// not accepting new features.
+//
+// [NaCl]: https://nacl.cr.yp.to/auth.html
+// [frozen]: https://go.dev/wiki/Frozen
 package auth
 
 import (

nacl/sign/sign.go

@@ -4,20 +4,15 @@
 
 // Package sign signs small messages using public-key cryptography.
 //
-// Sign uses Ed25519 to sign messages. The length of messages is not hidden.
-// Messages should be small because:
-// 1. The whole message needs to be held in memory to be processed.
-// 2. Using large messages pressures implementations on small machines to process
-// plaintext without verifying the signature. This is very dangerous, and this API
-// discourages it, but a protocol that uses excessive message sizes might present
-// some implementations with no other choice.
-// 3. Performance may be improved by working with messages that fit into data caches.
-// Thus large amounts of data should be chunked so that each message is small.
+// This package is interoperable with [libsodium], as well as [TweetNaCl].
 //
-// This package is not interoperable with the current release of NaCl
-// (https://nacl.cr.yp.to/sign.html), which does not support Ed25519 yet. However,
-// it is compatible with the NaCl fork libsodium (https://www.libsodium.org), as well
-// as TweetNaCl (https://tweetnacl.cr.yp.to/).
+// The sign package is essentially a wrapper for the Ed25519 signature
+// algorithm (implemented by crypto/ed25519). It is [frozen] and is not accepting
+// new features.
+//
+// [libsodium]: https://libsodium.gitbook.io/doc/public-key_cryptography/public-key_signatures
+// [TweetNaCl]: https://tweetnacl.cr.yp.to/
+// [frozen]: https://go.dev/wiki/Frozen
 package sign
 
 import (

otr/otr.go

@@ -8,6 +8,10 @@
 // The version of OTR implemented by this package has been deprecated
 // (https://bugs.otr.im/lib/libotr/issues/140). An implementation of OTRv3 is
 // available at https://github.com/coyim/otr3.
+//
+// The otr package is [frozen] and is not accepting new features.
+//
+// [frozen]: https://go.dev/wiki/Frozen
 package otr
 
 import (

pkcs12/pkcs12.go

@@ -4,12 +4,16 @@
 
 // Package pkcs12 implements some of PKCS#12.
 //
-// This implementation is distilled from https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7292
-// and referenced documents. It is intended for decoding P12/PFX-stored
-// certificates and keys for use with the crypto/tls package.
+// This implementation is distilled from [RFC 7292] and referenced documents.
+// It is intended for decoding P12/PFX-stored certificates and keys for use
+// with the crypto/tls package.
 //
-// This package is frozen. If it's missing functionality you need, consider
-// an alternative like software.sslmate.com/src/go-pkcs12.
+// The pkcs12 package is [frozen] and is not accepting new features.
+// If it's missing functionality you need, consider an alternative like
+// software.sslmate.com/src/go-pkcs12.
+//
+// [RFC 7292]: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7292
+// [frozen]: https://go.dev/wiki/Frozen
 package pkcs12
 
 import (

salsa20/salsa/hsalsa20.go

@@ -3,6 +3,10 @@
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
 // Package salsa provides low-level access to functions in the Salsa family.
+//
+// Deprecated: this package exposes unsafe low-level operations. New applications
+// should consider using the AEAD construction in golang.org/x/crypto/chacha20poly1305
+// instead. Existing users should migrate to golang.org/x/crypto/salsa20.
 package salsa
 
 import "math/bits"

ssh/agent/client.go

@@ -430,8 +430,9 @@ func (c *client) List() ([]*Key, error) {
 		return keys, nil
 	case *failureAgentMsg:
 		return nil, errors.New("agent: failed to list keys")
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("agent: failed to list keys, unexpected message type %T", msg)
 	}
-	panic("unreachable")
 }
 
 // Sign has the agent sign the data using a protocol 2 key as defined
@@ -462,8 +463,9 @@ func (c *client) SignWithFlags(key ssh.PublicKey, data []byte, flags SignatureFl
 		return &sig, nil
 	case *failureAgentMsg:
 		return nil, errors.New("agent: failed to sign challenge")
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("agent: failed to sign challenge, unexpected message type %T", msg)
 	}
-	panic("unreachable")
 }
 
 // unmarshal parses an agent message in packet, returning the parsed

ssh/agent/client_test.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ package agent
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"crypto/rand"
+	"encoding/binary"
 	"errors"
 	"io"
 	"net"
@@ -347,6 +348,53 @@ func TestServerResponseTooLarge(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestInvalidResponses(t *testing.T) {
+	a, b, err := netPipe()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("netPipe: %v", err)
+	}
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	defer func() { <-done }()
+
+	defer a.Close()
+	defer b.Close()
+
+	agent := NewClient(a)
+	go func() {
+		defer close(done)
+
+		resp := []byte{agentSuccess}
+		msg := make([]byte, 4+len(resp))
+		binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(msg[:4], uint32(len(resp)))
+		copy(msg[4:], resp)
+
+		if _, err := b.Write(msg); err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("unexpected error sending agent reply: %v", err)
+			b.Close()
+			return
+		}
+
+		if _, err := b.Write(msg); err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("unexpected error sending agent reply: %v", err)
+			b.Close()
+		}
+	}()
+	_, err = agent.List()
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("error expected")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "failed to list keys, unexpected message type") {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	_, err = agent.Sign(testPublicKeys["rsa"], []byte("message"))
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("error expected")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "failed to sign challenge, unexpected message type") {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestAuth(t *testing.T) {
 	agent, _, cleanup := startOpenSSHAgent(t)
 	defer cleanup()

ssh/certs.go

@@ -233,7 +233,11 @@ func parseCert(in []byte, privAlgo string) (*Certificate, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-
+	// The Type() function is intended to return only certificate key types, but
+	// we use certKeyAlgoNames anyway for safety, to match [Certificate.Type].
+	if _, ok := certKeyAlgoNames[k.Type()]; ok {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("ssh: the signature key type %q is invalid for certificates", k.Type())
+	}
 	c.SignatureKey = k
 	c.Signature, rest, ok = parseSignatureBody(g.Signature)
 	if !ok || len(rest) > 0 {
@@ -301,16 +305,13 @@ type CertChecker struct {
 	SupportedCriticalOptions []string
 
 	// IsUserAuthority should return true if the key is recognized as an
-	// authority for the given user certificate. This allows for
-	// certificates to be signed by other certificates. This must be set
-	// if this CertChecker will be checking user certificates.
+	// authority for user certificate. This must be set if this CertChecker
+	// will be checking user certificates.
 	IsUserAuthority func(auth PublicKey) bool
 
 	// IsHostAuthority should report whether the key is recognized as
-	// an authority for this host. This allows for certificates to be
-	// signed by other keys, and for those other keys to only be valid
-	// signers for particular hostnames. This must be set if this
-	// CertChecker will be checking host certificates.
+	// an authority for this host. This must be set if this CertChecker
+	// will be checking host certificates.
 	IsHostAuthority func(auth PublicKey, address string) bool
 
 	// Clock is used for verifying time stamps. If nil, time.Now
@@ -447,12 +448,19 @@ func (c *CertChecker) CheckCert(principal string, cert *Certificate) error {
 // SignCert signs the certificate with an authority, setting the Nonce,
 // SignatureKey, and Signature fields. If the authority implements the
 // MultiAlgorithmSigner interface the first algorithm in the list is used. This
-// is useful if you want to sign with a specific algorithm.
+// is useful if you want to sign with a specific algorithm. As specified in
+// [SSH-CERTS], Section 2.1.1, authority can't be a [Certificate].
 func (c *Certificate) SignCert(rand io.Reader, authority Signer) error {
 	c.Nonce = make([]byte, 32)
 	if _, err := io.ReadFull(rand, c.Nonce); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	// The Type() function is intended to return only certificate key types, but
+	// we use certKeyAlgoNames anyway for safety, to match [Certificate.Type].
+	if _, ok := certKeyAlgoNames[authority.PublicKey().Type()]; ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("ssh: certificates cannot be used as authority (public key type %q)",
+			authority.PublicKey().Type())
+	}
 	c.SignatureKey = authority.PublicKey()
 
 	if v, ok := authority.(MultiAlgorithmSigner); ok {

ssh/certs_test.go

@@ -338,7 +338,9 @@ func TestCertTypes(t *testing.T) {
 				CertType: UserCert,
 				Key:      priv.PublicKey(),
 			}
-			cert.SignCert(rand.Reader, priv)
+			if err := cert.SignCert(rand.Reader, priv); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("error signing certificate: %v", err)
+			}
 
 			certSigner, err := NewCertSigner(cert, priv)
 			if err != nil {
@@ -404,3 +406,32 @@ func TestCertSignWithMultiAlgorithmSigner(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestCertSignWithCertificate(t *testing.T) {
+	cert := &Certificate{
+		Key:         testPublicKeys["rsa"],
+		ValidBefore: CertTimeInfinity,
+		CertType:    UserCert,
+	}
+	if err := cert.SignCert(rand.Reader, testSigners["ecdsa"]); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SignCert: %v", err)
+	}
+	signer, err := NewSignerWithAlgorithms(testSigners["rsa"].(AlgorithmSigner), []string{KeyAlgoRSASHA256})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	certSigner, err := NewCertSigner(cert, signer)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("NewCertSigner: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	cert1 := &Certificate{
+		Key:         testPublicKeys["ecdsa"],
+		ValidBefore: CertTimeInfinity,
+		CertType:    UserCert,
+	}
+
+	if err := cert1.SignCert(rand.Reader, certSigner); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("successfully signed a certificate using another certificate, it is expected to fail")
+	}
+}

ssh/cipher.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"crypto/aes"
 	"crypto/cipher"
 	"crypto/des"
+	"crypto/fips140"
 	"crypto/rc4"
 	"crypto/subtle"
 	"encoding/binary"
@@ -15,6 +16,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"hash"
 	"io"
+	"slices"
 
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/chacha20"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/internal/poly1305"
@@ -93,41 +95,41 @@ func streamCipherMode(skip int, createFunc func(key, iv []byte) (cipher.Stream,
 }
 
 // cipherModes documents properties of supported ciphers. Ciphers not included
-// are not supported and will not be negotiated, even if explicitly requested in
-// ClientConfig.Crypto.Ciphers.
-var cipherModes = map[string]*cipherMode{
-	// Ciphers from RFC 4344, which introduced many CTR-based ciphers. Algorithms
-	// are defined in the order specified in the RFC.
-	CipherAES128CTR: {16, aes.BlockSize, streamCipherMode(0, newAESCTR)},
-	CipherAES192CTR: {24, aes.BlockSize, streamCipherMode(0, newAESCTR)},
-	CipherAES256CTR: {32, aes.BlockSize, streamCipherMode(0, newAESCTR)},
+// are not supported and will not be negotiated, even if explicitly configured.
+// When FIPS mode is enabled, only FIPS-approved algorithms are included.
+var cipherModes = map[string]*cipherMode{}
 
-	// Ciphers from RFC 4345, which introduces security-improved arcfour ciphers.
-	// They are defined in the order specified in the RFC.
-	InsecureCipherRC4128: {16, 0, streamCipherMode(1536, newRC4)},
-	InsecureCipherRC4256: {32, 0, streamCipherMode(1536, newRC4)},
+func init() {
+	cipherModes[CipherAES128CTR] = &cipherMode{16, aes.BlockSize, streamCipherMode(0, newAESCTR)}
+	cipherModes[CipherAES192CTR] = &cipherMode{24, aes.BlockSize, streamCipherMode(0, newAESCTR)}
+	cipherModes[CipherAES256CTR] = &cipherMode{32, aes.BlockSize, streamCipherMode(0, newAESCTR)}
+	//  Use of GCM with arbitrary IVs is not allowed in FIPS 140-only mode,
+	// we'll wire it up to NewGCMForSSH in Go 1.26.
+	//
+	// For now it means we'll work with fips140=on but not fips140=only.
+	cipherModes[CipherAES128GCM] = &cipherMode{16, 12, newGCMCipher}
+	cipherModes[CipherAES256GCM] = &cipherMode{32, 12, newGCMCipher}
 
-	// Cipher defined in RFC 4253, which describes SSH Transport Layer Protocol.
-	// Note that this cipher is not safe, as stated in RFC 4253: "Arcfour (and
-	// RC4) has problems with weak keys, and should be used with caution."
-	// RFC 4345 introduces improved versions of Arcfour.
-	InsecureCipherRC4: {16, 0, streamCipherMode(0, newRC4)},
-
-	// AEAD ciphers
-	CipherAES128GCM:        {16, 12, newGCMCipher},
-	CipherAES256GCM:        {32, 12, newGCMCipher},
-	CipherChaCha20Poly1305: {64, 0, newChaCha20Cipher},
+	if fips140.Enabled() {
+		defaultCiphers = slices.DeleteFunc(defaultCiphers, func(algo string) bool {
+			_, ok := cipherModes[algo]
+			return !ok
+		})
+		return
+	}
 
+	cipherModes[CipherChaCha20Poly1305] = &cipherMode{64, 0, newChaCha20Cipher}
+	// Insecure ciphers not included in the default configuration.
+	cipherModes[InsecureCipherRC4128] = &cipherMode{16, 0, streamCipherMode(1536, newRC4)}
+	cipherModes[InsecureCipherRC4256] = &cipherMode{32, 0, streamCipherMode(1536, newRC4)}
+	cipherModes[InsecureCipherRC4] = &cipherMode{16, 0, streamCipherMode(0, newRC4)}
 	// CBC mode is insecure and so is not included in the default config.
 	// (See https://www.ieee-security.org/TC/SP2013/papers/4977a526.pdf). If absolutely
 	// needed, it's possible to specify a custom Config to enable it.
 	// You should expect that an active attacker can recover plaintext if
 	// you do.
-	InsecureCipherAES128CBC: {16, aes.BlockSize, newAESCBCCipher},
-
-	// 3des-cbc is insecure and is not included in the default
-	// config.
-	InsecureCipherTripleDESCBC: {24, des.BlockSize, newTripleDESCBCCipher},
+	cipherModes[InsecureCipherAES128CBC] = &cipherMode{16, aes.BlockSize, newAESCBCCipher}
+	cipherModes[InsecureCipherTripleDESCBC] = &cipherMode{24, des.BlockSize, newTripleDESCBCCipher}
 }
 
 // prefixLen is the length of the packet prefix that contains the packet length

ssh/client_auth.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
+	"slices"
 	"strings"
 )
 
@@ -83,7 +84,7 @@ func (c *connection) clientAuthenticate(config *ClientConfig) error {
 			// success
 			return nil
 		} else if ok == authFailure {
-			if m := auth.method(); !contains(tried, m) {
+			if m := auth.method(); !slices.Contains(tried, m) {
 				tried = append(tried, m)
 			}
 		}
@@ -97,7 +98,7 @@ func (c *connection) clientAuthenticate(config *ClientConfig) error {
 	findNext:
 		for _, a := range config.Auth {
 			candidateMethod := a.method()
-			if contains(tried, candidateMethod) {
+			if slices.Contains(tried, candidateMethod) {
 				continue
 			}
 			for _, meth := range methods {
@@ -117,15 +118,6 @@ func (c *connection) clientAuthenticate(config *ClientConfig) error {
 	return fmt.Errorf("ssh: unable to authenticate, attempted methods %v, no supported methods remain", tried)
 }
 
-func contains(list []string, e string) bool {
-	for _, s := range list {
-		if s == e {
-			return true
-		}
-	}
-	return false
-}
-
 // An AuthMethod represents an instance of an RFC 4252 authentication method.
 type AuthMethod interface {
 	// auth authenticates user over transport t.
@@ -255,7 +247,7 @@ func pickSignatureAlgorithm(signer Signer, extensions map[string][]byte) (MultiA
 		// Fallback to use if there is no "server-sig-algs" extension or a
 		// common algorithm cannot be found. We use the public key format if the
 		// MultiAlgorithmSigner supports it, otherwise we return an error.
-		if !contains(as.Algorithms(), underlyingAlgo(keyFormat)) {
+		if !slices.Contains(as.Algorithms(), underlyingAlgo(keyFormat)) {
 			return "", fmt.Errorf("ssh: no common public key signature algorithm, server only supports %q for key type %q, signer only supports %v",
 				underlyingAlgo(keyFormat), keyFormat, as.Algorithms())
 		}
@@ -284,12 +276,12 @@ func pickSignatureAlgorithm(signer Signer, extensions map[string][]byte) (MultiA
 	// Filter algorithms based on those supported by MultiAlgorithmSigner.
 	var keyAlgos []string
 	for _, algo := range algorithmsForKeyFormat(keyFormat) {
-		if contains(as.Algorithms(), underlyingAlgo(algo)) {
+		if slices.Contains(as.Algorithms(), underlyingAlgo(algo)) {
 			keyAlgos = append(keyAlgos, algo)
 		}
 	}
 
-	algo, err := findCommon("public key signature algorithm", keyAlgos, serverAlgos)
+	algo, err := findCommon("public key signature algorithm", keyAlgos, serverAlgos, true)
 	if err != nil {
 		// If there is no overlap, return the fallback algorithm to support
 		// servers that fail to list all supported algorithms.
@@ -334,7 +326,7 @@ func (cb publicKeyCallback) auth(session []byte, user string, c packetConn, rand
 		// the key try to use the obtained algorithm as if "server-sig-algs" had
 		// not been implemented if supported from the algorithm signer.
 		if !ok && idx < origSignersLen && isRSACert(algo) && algo != CertAlgoRSAv01 {
-			if contains(as.Algorithms(), KeyAlgoRSA) {
+			if slices.Contains(as.Algorithms(), KeyAlgoRSA) {
 				// We retry using the compat algorithm after all signers have
 				// been tried normally.
 				signers = append(signers, &multiAlgorithmSigner{
@@ -385,7 +377,7 @@ func (cb publicKeyCallback) auth(session []byte, user string, c packetConn, rand
 		// contain the "publickey" method, do not attempt to authenticate with any
 		// other keys.  According to RFC 4252 Section 7, the latter can occur when
 		// additional authentication methods are required.
-		if success == authSuccess || !contains(methods, cb.method()) {
+		if success == authSuccess || !slices.Contains(methods, cb.method()) {
 			return success, methods, err
 		}
 	}
@@ -434,7 +426,7 @@ func confirmKeyAck(key PublicKey, c packetConn) (bool, error) {
 			// servers send the key type instead. OpenSSH allows any algorithm
 			// that matches the public key, so we do the same.
 			// https://github.com/openssh/openssh-portable/blob/86bdd385/sshconnect2.c#L709
-			if !contains(algorithmsForKeyFormat(key.Type()), msg.Algo) {
+			if !slices.Contains(algorithmsForKeyFormat(key.Type()), msg.Algo) {
 				return false, nil
 			}
 			if !bytes.Equal(msg.PubKey, pubKey) {

ssh/client_auth_test.go

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 	"net"
 	"os"
 	"runtime"
+	"slices"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 )
@@ -1214,7 +1215,7 @@ func (cb configurablePublicKeyCallback) auth(session []byte, user string, c pack
 	if err != nil {
 		return authFailure, nil, err
 	}
-	if success == authSuccess || !contains(methods, cb.method()) {
+	if success == authSuccess || !slices.Contains(methods, cb.method()) {
 		return success, methods, err
 	}
 

ssh/common.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ package ssh
 
 import (
 	"crypto"
+	"crypto/fips140"
 	"crypto/rand"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
@@ -83,6 +84,7 @@ var (
 	// supportedKexAlgos specifies key-exchange algorithms implemented by this
 	// package in preference order, excluding those with security issues.
 	supportedKexAlgos = []string{
+		KeyExchangeMLKEM768X25519,
 		KeyExchangeCurve25519,
 		KeyExchangeECDHP256,
 		KeyExchangeECDHP384,
@@ -94,6 +96,7 @@ var (
 	// defaultKexAlgos specifies the default preference for key-exchange
 	// algorithms in preference order.
 	defaultKexAlgos = []string{
+		KeyExchangeMLKEM768X25519,
 		KeyExchangeCurve25519,
 		KeyExchangeECDHP256,
 		KeyExchangeECDHP384,
@@ -254,6 +257,40 @@ type Algorithms struct {
 	PublicKeyAuths []string
 }
 
+func init() {
+	if fips140.Enabled() {
+		defaultHostKeyAlgos = slices.DeleteFunc(defaultHostKeyAlgos, func(algo string) bool {
+			_, err := hashFunc(underlyingAlgo(algo))
+			return err != nil
+		})
+		defaultPubKeyAuthAlgos = slices.DeleteFunc(defaultPubKeyAuthAlgos, func(algo string) bool {
+			_, err := hashFunc(underlyingAlgo(algo))
+			return err != nil
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func hashFunc(format string) (crypto.Hash, error) {
+	switch format {
+	case KeyAlgoRSASHA256, KeyAlgoECDSA256, KeyAlgoSKED25519, KeyAlgoSKECDSA256:
+		return crypto.SHA256, nil
+	case KeyAlgoECDSA384:
+		return crypto.SHA384, nil
+	case KeyAlgoRSASHA512, KeyAlgoECDSA521:
+		return crypto.SHA512, nil
+	case KeyAlgoED25519:
+		// KeyAlgoED25519 doesn't pre-hash.
+		return 0, nil
+	case KeyAlgoRSA, InsecureKeyAlgoDSA:
+		if fips140.Enabled() {
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("ssh: hash algorithm for format %q not allowed in FIPS 140 mode", format)
+		}
+		return crypto.SHA1, nil
+	default:
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("ssh: hash algorithm for format %q not mapped", format)
+	}
+}
+
 // SupportedAlgorithms returns algorithms currently implemented by this package,
 // excluding those with security issues, which are returned by
 // InsecureAlgorithms. The algorithms listed here are in preference order.
@@ -281,21 +318,6 @@ func InsecureAlgorithms() Algorithms {
 
 var supportedCompressions = []string{compressionNone}
 
-// hashFuncs keeps the mapping of supported signature algorithms to their
-// respective hashes needed for signing and verification.
-var hashFuncs = map[string]crypto.Hash{
-	KeyAlgoRSA:         crypto.SHA1,
-	KeyAlgoRSASHA256:   crypto.SHA256,
-	KeyAlgoRSASHA512:   crypto.SHA512,
-	InsecureKeyAlgoDSA: crypto.SHA1,
-	KeyAlgoECDSA256:    crypto.SHA256,
-	KeyAlgoECDSA384:    crypto.SHA384,
-	KeyAlgoECDSA521:    crypto.SHA512,
-	// KeyAlgoED25519 doesn't pre-hash.
-	KeyAlgoSKECDSA256: crypto.SHA256,
-	KeyAlgoSKED25519:  crypto.SHA256,
-}
-
 // algorithmsForKeyFormat returns the supported signature algorithms for a given
 // public key format (PublicKey.Type), in order of preference. See RFC 8332,
 // Section 2. See also the note in sendKexInit on backwards compatibility.
@@ -310,11 +332,40 @@ func algorithmsForKeyFormat(keyFormat string) []string {
 	}
 }
 
+// keyFormatForAlgorithm returns the key format corresponding to the given
+// signature algorithm. It returns an empty string if the signature algorithm is
+// invalid or unsupported.
+func keyFormatForAlgorithm(sigAlgo string) string {
+	switch sigAlgo {
+	case KeyAlgoRSA, KeyAlgoRSASHA256, KeyAlgoRSASHA512:
+		return KeyAlgoRSA
+	case CertAlgoRSAv01, CertAlgoRSASHA256v01, CertAlgoRSASHA512v01:
+		return CertAlgoRSAv01
+	case KeyAlgoED25519,
+		KeyAlgoSKED25519,
+		KeyAlgoSKECDSA256,
+		KeyAlgoECDSA256,
+		KeyAlgoECDSA384,
+		KeyAlgoECDSA521,
+		InsecureKeyAlgoDSA,
+		InsecureCertAlgoDSAv01,
+		CertAlgoECDSA256v01,
+		CertAlgoECDSA384v01,
+		CertAlgoECDSA521v01,
+		CertAlgoSKECDSA256v01,
+		CertAlgoED25519v01,
+		CertAlgoSKED25519v01:
+		return sigAlgo
+	default:
+		return ""
+	}
+}
+
 // isRSA returns whether algo is a supported RSA algorithm, including certificate
 // algorithms.
 func isRSA(algo string) bool {
 	algos := algorithmsForKeyFormat(KeyAlgoRSA)
-	return contains(algos, underlyingAlgo(algo))
+	return slices.Contains(algos, underlyingAlgo(algo))
 }
 
 func isRSACert(algo string) bool {
@@ -336,7 +387,7 @@ func parseError(tag uint8) error {
 	return fmt.Errorf("ssh: parse error in message type %d", tag)
 }
 
-func findCommon(what string, client []string, server []string) (common string, err error) {
+func findCommon(what string, client []string, server []string, isClient bool) (string, error) {
 	for _, c := range client {
 		for _, s := range server {
 			if c == s {
@@ -344,7 +395,32 @@ func findCommon(what string, client []string, server []string) (common string, e
 			}
 		}
 	}
-	return "", fmt.Errorf("ssh: no common algorithm for %s; client offered: %v, server offered: %v", what, client, server)
+	err := &AlgorithmNegotiationError{
+		What: what,
+	}
+	if isClient {
+		err.SupportedAlgorithms = client
+		err.RequestedAlgorithms = server
+	} else {
+		err.SupportedAlgorithms = server
+		err.RequestedAlgorithms = client
+	}
+	return "", err
+}
+
+// AlgorithmNegotiationError defines the error returned if the client and the
+// server cannot agree on an algorithm for key exchange, host key, cipher, MAC.
+type AlgorithmNegotiationError struct {
+	What string
+	// RequestedAlgorithms lists the algorithms supported by the peer.
+	RequestedAlgorithms []string
+	// SupportedAlgorithms lists the algorithms supported on our side.
+	SupportedAlgorithms []string
+}
+
+func (a *AlgorithmNegotiationError) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("ssh: no common algorithm for %s; we offered: %v, peer offered: %v",
+		a.What, a.SupportedAlgorithms, a.RequestedAlgorithms)
 }
 
 // DirectionAlgorithms defines the algorithms negotiated in one direction
@@ -379,12 +455,12 @@ var aeadCiphers = map[string]bool{
 func findAgreedAlgorithms(isClient bool, clientKexInit, serverKexInit *kexInitMsg) (algs *NegotiatedAlgorithms, err error) {
 	result := &NegotiatedAlgorithms{}
 
-	result.KeyExchange, err = findCommon("key exchange", clientKexInit.KexAlgos, serverKexInit.KexAlgos)
+	result.KeyExchange, err = findCommon("key exchange", clientKexInit.KexAlgos, serverKexInit.KexAlgos, isClient)
 	if err != nil {
 		return
 	}
 
-	result.HostKey, err = findCommon("host key", clientKexInit.ServerHostKeyAlgos, serverKexInit.ServerHostKeyAlgos)
+	result.HostKey, err = findCommon("host key", clientKexInit.ServerHostKeyAlgos, serverKexInit.ServerHostKeyAlgos, isClient)
 	if err != nil {
 		return
 	}
@@ -394,36 +470,36 @@ func findAgreedAlgorithms(isClient bool, clientKexInit, serverKexInit *kexInitMs
 		ctos, stoc = stoc, ctos
 	}
 
-	ctos.Cipher, err = findCommon("client to server cipher", clientKexInit.CiphersClientServer, serverKexInit.CiphersClientServer)
+	ctos.Cipher, err = findCommon("client to server cipher", clientKexInit.CiphersClientServer, serverKexInit.CiphersClientServer, isClient)
 	if err != nil {
 		return
 	}
 
-	stoc.Cipher, err = findCommon("server to client cipher", clientKexInit.CiphersServerClient, serverKexInit.CiphersServerClient)
+	stoc.Cipher, err = findCommon("server to client cipher", clientKexInit.CiphersServerClient, serverKexInit.CiphersServerClient, isClient)
 	if err != nil {
 		return
 	}
 
 	if !aeadCiphers[ctos.Cipher] {
-		ctos.MAC, err = findCommon("client to server MAC", clientKexInit.MACsClientServer, serverKexInit.MACsClientServer)
+		ctos.MAC, err = findCommon("client to server MAC", clientKexInit.MACsClientServer, serverKexInit.MACsClientServer, isClient)
 		if err != nil {
 			return
 		}
 	}
 
 	if !aeadCiphers[stoc.Cipher] {
-		stoc.MAC, err = findCommon("server to client MAC", clientKexInit.MACsServerClient, serverKexInit.MACsServerClient)
+		stoc.MAC, err = findCommon("server to client MAC", clientKexInit.MACsServerClient, serverKexInit.MACsServerClient, isClient)
 		if err != nil {
 			return
 		}
 	}
 
-	ctos.compression, err = findCommon("client to server compression", clientKexInit.CompressionClientServer, serverKexInit.CompressionClientServer)
+	ctos.compression, err = findCommon("client to server compression", clientKexInit.CompressionClientServer, serverKexInit.CompressionClientServer, isClient)
 	if err != nil {
 		return
 	}
 
-	stoc.compression, err = findCommon("server to client compression", clientKexInit.CompressionServerClient, serverKexInit.CompressionServerClient)
+	stoc.compression, err = findCommon("server to client compression", clientKexInit.CompressionServerClient, serverKexInit.CompressionServerClient, isClient)
 	if err != nil {
 		return
 	}
@@ -488,7 +564,7 @@ func (c *Config) SetDefaults() {
 		if kexAlgoMap[k] != nil {
 			// Ignore the KEX if we have no kexAlgoMap definition.
 			kexs = append(kexs, k)
-			if k == KeyExchangeCurve25519 && !contains(c.KeyExchanges, keyExchangeCurve25519LibSSH) {
+			if k == KeyExchangeCurve25519 && !slices.Contains(c.KeyExchanges, keyExchangeCurve25519LibSSH) {
 				kexs = append(kexs, keyExchangeCurve25519LibSSH)
 			}
 		}

ssh/common_test.go

@@ -5,7 +5,9 @@
 package ssh
 
 import (
+	"maps"
 	"reflect"
+	"slices"
 	"testing"
 )
 
@@ -174,3 +176,21 @@ func TestFindAgreedAlgorithms(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestKeyFormatAlgorithms(t *testing.T) {
+	supportedAlgos := SupportedAlgorithms()
+	insecureAlgos := InsecureAlgorithms()
+	algoritms := append(supportedAlgos.PublicKeyAuths, insecureAlgos.PublicKeyAuths...)
+	algoritms = append(algoritms, slices.Collect(maps.Keys(certKeyAlgoNames))...)
+
+	for _, algo := range algoritms {
+		keyFormat := keyFormatForAlgorithm(algo)
+		if keyFormat == "" {
+			t.Errorf("got empty key format for algorithm %q", algo)
+		}
+		if !slices.Contains(algorithmsForKeyFormat(keyFormat), algo) {
+			t.Errorf("algorithms for key format %q, does not contain %q", keyFormat, algo)
+		}
+
+	}
+}

ssh/doc.go

@@ -16,8 +16,19 @@ References:
 	[PROTOCOL]: https://cvsweb.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb/src/usr.bin/ssh/PROTOCOL?rev=HEAD
 	[PROTOCOL.certkeys]: http://cvsweb.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb/src/usr.bin/ssh/PROTOCOL.certkeys?rev=HEAD
 	[SSH-PARAMETERS]:    http://www.iana.org/assignments/ssh-parameters/ssh-parameters.xml#ssh-parameters-1
+	[SSH-CERTS]:	https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-miller-ssh-cert-01
+	[FIPS 140-3 mode]: https://go.dev/doc/security/fips140
 
 This package does not fall under the stability promise of the Go language itself,
 so its API may be changed when pressing needs arise.
+
+# FIPS 140-3 mode
+
+When the program is in [FIPS 140-3 mode], this package behaves as if only SP
+800-140C and SP 800-140D approved cipher suites, signature algorithms,
+certificate public key types and sizes, and key exchange and derivation
+algorithms were implemented. Others are silently ignored and not negotiated, or
+rejected. This set may depend on the algorithms supported by the FIPS 140-3 Go
+Cryptographic Module selected with GOFIPS140, and may change across Go versions.
 */
 package ssh

ssh/handshake.go

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"log"
 	"net"
+	"slices"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 )
@@ -527,7 +528,7 @@ func (t *handshakeTransport) sendKexInit() error {
 			switch s := k.(type) {
 			case MultiAlgorithmSigner:
 				for _, algo := range algorithmsForKeyFormat(keyFormat) {
-					if contains(s.Algorithms(), underlyingAlgo(algo)) {
+					if slices.Contains(s.Algorithms(), underlyingAlgo(algo)) {
 						msg.ServerHostKeyAlgos = append(msg.ServerHostKeyAlgos, algo)
 					}
 				}
@@ -679,7 +680,7 @@ func (t *handshakeTransport) enterKeyExchange(otherInitPacket []byte) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	if t.sessionID == nil && ((isClient && contains(serverInit.KexAlgos, kexStrictServer)) || (!isClient && contains(clientInit.KexAlgos, kexStrictClient))) {
+	if t.sessionID == nil && ((isClient && slices.Contains(serverInit.KexAlgos, kexStrictServer)) || (!isClient && slices.Contains(clientInit.KexAlgos, kexStrictClient))) {
 		t.strictMode = true
 		if err := t.conn.setStrictMode(); err != nil {
 			return err
@@ -736,7 +737,7 @@ func (t *handshakeTransport) enterKeyExchange(otherInitPacket []byte) error {
 	// On the server side, after the first SSH_MSG_NEWKEYS, send a SSH_MSG_EXT_INFO
 	// message with the server-sig-algs extension if the client supports it. See
 	// RFC 8308, Sections 2.4 and 3.1, and [PROTOCOL], Section 1.9.
-	if !isClient && firstKeyExchange && contains(clientInit.KexAlgos, "ext-info-c") {
+	if !isClient && firstKeyExchange && slices.Contains(clientInit.KexAlgos, "ext-info-c") {
 		supportedPubKeyAuthAlgosList := strings.Join(t.publicKeyAuthAlgorithms, ",")
 		extInfo := &extInfoMsg{
 			NumExtensions: 2,
@@ -790,7 +791,7 @@ func (a algorithmSignerWrapper) SignWithAlgorithm(rand io.Reader, data []byte, a
 func pickHostKey(hostKeys []Signer, algo string) AlgorithmSigner {
 	for _, k := range hostKeys {
 		if s, ok := k.(MultiAlgorithmSigner); ok {
-			if !contains(s.Algorithms(), underlyingAlgo(algo)) {
+			if !slices.Contains(s.Algorithms(), underlyingAlgo(algo)) {
 				continue
 			}
 		}

ssh/handshake_test.go

@@ -1294,3 +1294,73 @@ func TestNegotiatedAlgorithms(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestAlgorithmNegotiationError(t *testing.T) {
+	c1, c2, err := netPipe()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("netPipe: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer c1.Close()
+	defer c2.Close()
+
+	serverConf := &ServerConfig{
+		Config: Config{
+			Ciphers: []string{CipherAES128CTR, CipherAES256CTR},
+		},
+		PasswordCallback: func(conn ConnMetadata, password []byte) (*Permissions, error) {
+			return &Permissions{}, nil
+		},
+	}
+	serverConf.AddHostKey(testSigners["rsa"])
+
+	srvErrCh := make(chan error, 1)
+	go func() {
+		_, _, _, err := NewServerConn(c1, serverConf)
+		srvErrCh <- err
+	}()
+
+	clientConf := &ClientConfig{
+		Config: Config{
+			Ciphers: []string{CipherAES128GCM, CipherAES256GCM},
+		},
+		User:            "test",
+		Auth:            []AuthMethod{Password("testpw")},
+		HostKeyCallback: FixedHostKey(testSigners["rsa"].PublicKey()),
+	}
+
+	_, _, _, err = NewClientConn(c2, "", clientConf)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("client connection succeded expected algorithm negotiation error")
+	}
+	var negotiationError *AlgorithmNegotiationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &negotiationError) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected algorithm negotiation error, got %v", err)
+	}
+	expectedErrorString := fmt.Sprintf("ssh: handshake failed: ssh: no common algorithm for client to server cipher; we offered: %v, peer offered: %v",
+		clientConf.Ciphers, serverConf.Ciphers)
+	if err.Error() != expectedErrorString {
+		t.Fatalf("expected error string %q, got %q", expectedErrorString, err.Error())
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(negotiationError.RequestedAlgorithms, serverConf.Ciphers) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected requested algorithms %v, got %v", serverConf.Ciphers, negotiationError.RequestedAlgorithms)
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(negotiationError.SupportedAlgorithms, clientConf.Ciphers) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected supported algorithms %v, got %v", clientConf.Ciphers, negotiationError.SupportedAlgorithms)
+	}
+	err = <-srvErrCh
+	negotiationError = nil
+	if !errors.As(err, &negotiationError) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected algorithm negotiation error, got %v", err)
+	}
+	expectedErrorString = fmt.Sprintf("ssh: no common algorithm for client to server cipher; we offered: %v, peer offered: %v",
+		serverConf.Ciphers, clientConf.Ciphers)
+	if err.Error() != expectedErrorString {
+		t.Fatalf("expected error string %q, got %q", expectedErrorString, err.Error())
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(negotiationError.RequestedAlgorithms, clientConf.Ciphers) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected requested algorithms %v, got %v", clientConf.Ciphers, negotiationError.RequestedAlgorithms)
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(negotiationError.SupportedAlgorithms, serverConf.Ciphers) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected supported algorithms %v, got %v", serverConf.Ciphers, negotiationError.SupportedAlgorithms)
+	}
+}

ssh/kex.go

@@ -8,13 +8,14 @@ import (
 	"crypto"
 	"crypto/ecdsa"
 	"crypto/elliptic"
+	"crypto/fips140"
 	"crypto/rand"
-	"crypto/subtle"
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"math/big"
+	"slices"
 
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/curve25519"
 )
@@ -396,9 +397,27 @@ func ecHash(curve elliptic.Curve) crypto.Hash {
 	return crypto.SHA512
 }
 
+// kexAlgoMap defines the supported KEXs. KEXs not included are not supported
+// and will not be negotiated, even if explicitly configured. When FIPS mode is
+// enabled, only FIPS-approved algorithms are included.
 var kexAlgoMap = map[string]kexAlgorithm{}
 
 func init() {
+	// mlkem768x25519-sha256 we'll work with fips140=on but not fips140=only
+	// until Go 1.26.
+	kexAlgoMap[KeyExchangeMLKEM768X25519] = &mlkem768WithCurve25519sha256{}
+	kexAlgoMap[KeyExchangeECDHP521] = &ecdh{elliptic.P521()}
+	kexAlgoMap[KeyExchangeECDHP384] = &ecdh{elliptic.P384()}
+	kexAlgoMap[KeyExchangeECDHP256] = &ecdh{elliptic.P256()}
+
+	if fips140.Enabled() {
+		defaultKexAlgos = slices.DeleteFunc(defaultKexAlgos, func(algo string) bool {
+			_, ok := kexAlgoMap[algo]
+			return !ok
+		})
+		return
+	}
+
 	p, _ := new(big.Int).SetString(oakleyGroup2, 16)
 	kexAlgoMap[InsecureKeyExchangeDH1SHA1] = &dhGroup{
 		g:        new(big.Int).SetInt64(2),
@@ -432,9 +451,6 @@ func init() {
 		hashFunc: crypto.SHA512,
 	}
 
-	kexAlgoMap[KeyExchangeECDHP521] = &ecdh{elliptic.P521()}
-	kexAlgoMap[KeyExchangeECDHP384] = &ecdh{elliptic.P384()}
-	kexAlgoMap[KeyExchangeECDHP256] = &ecdh{elliptic.P256()}
 	kexAlgoMap[KeyExchangeCurve25519] = &curve25519sha256{}
 	kexAlgoMap[keyExchangeCurve25519LibSSH] = &curve25519sha256{}
 	kexAlgoMap[InsecureKeyExchangeDHGEXSHA1] = &dhGEXSHA{hashFunc: crypto.SHA1}
@@ -454,15 +470,17 @@ func (kp *curve25519KeyPair) generate(rand io.Reader) error {
 	if _, err := io.ReadFull(rand, kp.priv[:]); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	curve25519.ScalarBaseMult(&kp.pub, &kp.priv)
+	p, err := curve25519.X25519(kp.priv[:], curve25519.Basepoint)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("curve25519: %w", err)
+	}
+	if len(p) != 32 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("curve25519: internal error: X25519 returned %d bytes, expected 32", len(p))
+	}
+	copy(kp.pub[:], p)
 	return nil
 }
 
-// curve25519Zeros is just an array of 32 zero bytes so that we have something
-// convenient to compare against in order to reject curve25519 points with the
-// wrong order.
-var curve25519Zeros [32]byte
-
 func (kex *curve25519sha256) Client(c packetConn, rand io.Reader, magics *handshakeMagics) (*kexResult, error) {
 	var kp curve25519KeyPair
 	if err := kp.generate(rand); err != nil {
@@ -485,11 +503,9 @@ func (kex *curve25519sha256) Client(c packetConn, rand io.Reader, magics *handsh
 		return nil, errors.New("ssh: peer's curve25519 public value has wrong length")
 	}
 
-	var servPub, secret [32]byte
-	copy(servPub[:], reply.EphemeralPubKey)
-	curve25519.ScalarMult(&secret, &kp.priv, &servPub)
-	if subtle.ConstantTimeCompare(secret[:], curve25519Zeros[:]) == 1 {
-		return nil, errors.New("ssh: peer's curve25519 public value has wrong order")
+	secret, err := curve25519.X25519(kp.priv[:], reply.EphemeralPubKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("ssh: peer's curve25519 public value is not valid: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	h := crypto.SHA256.New()
@@ -531,11 +547,9 @@ func (kex *curve25519sha256) Server(c packetConn, rand io.Reader, magics *handsh
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	var clientPub, secret [32]byte
-	copy(clientPub[:], kexInit.ClientPubKey)
-	curve25519.ScalarMult(&secret, &kp.priv, &clientPub)
-	if subtle.ConstantTimeCompare(secret[:], curve25519Zeros[:]) == 1 {
-		return nil, errors.New("ssh: peer's curve25519 public value has wrong order")
+	secret, err := curve25519.X25519(kp.priv[:], kexInit.ClientPubKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("ssh: peer's curve25519 public value is not valid: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	hostKeyBytes := priv.PublicKey().Marshal()

ssh/keys.go

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"math/big"
+	"slices"
 	"strings"
 
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh/internal/bcrypt_pbkdf"
@@ -89,6 +90,11 @@ func parsePubKey(in []byte, algo string) (pubKey PublicKey, rest []byte, err err
 		}
 		return cert, nil, nil
 	}
+	if keyFormat := keyFormatForAlgorithm(algo); keyFormat != "" {
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("ssh: signature algorithm %q isn't a key format; key is malformed and should be re-encoded with type %q",
+			algo, keyFormat)
+	}
+
 	return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("ssh: unknown key algorithm: %v", algo)
 }
 
@@ -191,9 +197,10 @@ func ParseKnownHosts(in []byte) (marker string, hosts []string, pubKey PublicKey
 	return "", nil, nil, "", nil, io.EOF
 }
 
-// ParseAuthorizedKey parses a public key from an authorized_keys
-// file used in OpenSSH according to the sshd(8) manual page.
+// ParseAuthorizedKey parses a public key from an authorized_keys file used in
+// OpenSSH according to the sshd(8) manual page. Invalid lines are ignored.
 func ParseAuthorizedKey(in []byte) (out PublicKey, comment string, options []string, rest []byte, err error) {
+	var lastErr error
 	for len(in) > 0 {
 		end := bytes.IndexByte(in, '\n')
 		if end != -1 {
@@ -222,6 +229,8 @@ func ParseAuthorizedKey(in []byte) (out PublicKey, comment string, options []str
 
 		if out, comment, err = parseAuthorizedKey(in[i:]); err == nil {
 			return out, comment, options, rest, nil
+		} else {
+			lastErr = err
 		}
 
 		// No key type recognised. Maybe there's an options field at
@@ -264,16 +273,22 @@ func ParseAuthorizedKey(in []byte) (out PublicKey, comment string, options []str
 		if out, comment, err = parseAuthorizedKey(in[i:]); err == nil {
 			options = candidateOptions
 			return out, comment, options, rest, nil
+		} else {
+			lastErr = err
 		}
 
 		in = rest
 		continue
 	}
 
+	if lastErr != nil {
+		return nil, "", nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("ssh: no key found; last parsing error for ignored line: %w", lastErr)
+	}
+
 	return nil, "", nil, nil, errors.New("ssh: no key found")
 }
 
-// ParsePublicKey parses an SSH public key formatted for use in
+// ParsePublicKey parses an SSH public key or certificate formatted for use in
 // the SSH wire protocol according to RFC 4253, section 6.6.
 func ParsePublicKey(in []byte) (out PublicKey, err error) {
 	algo, in, ok := parseString(in)
@@ -395,11 +410,11 @@ func NewSignerWithAlgorithms(signer AlgorithmSigner, algorithms []string) (Multi
 	}
 
 	for _, algo := range algorithms {
-		if !contains(supportedAlgos, algo) {
+		if !slices.Contains(supportedAlgos, algo) {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("ssh: algorithm %q is not supported for key type %q",
 				algo, signer.PublicKey().Type())
 		}
-		if !contains(signerAlgos, algo) {
+		if !slices.Contains(signerAlgos, algo) {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("ssh: algorithm %q is restricted for the provided signer", algo)
 		}
 	}
@@ -486,10 +501,13 @@ func (r *rsaPublicKey) Marshal() []byte {
 
 func (r *rsaPublicKey) Verify(data []byte, sig *Signature) error {
 	supportedAlgos := algorithmsForKeyFormat(r.Type())
-	if !contains(supportedAlgos, sig.Format) {
+	if !slices.Contains(supportedAlgos, sig.Format) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("ssh: signature type %s for key type %s", sig.Format, r.Type())
 	}
-	hash := hashFuncs[sig.Format]
+	hash, err := hashFunc(sig.Format)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	h := hash.New()
 	h.Write(data)
 	digest := h.Sum(nil)
@@ -606,7 +624,11 @@ func (k *dsaPublicKey) Verify(data []byte, sig *Signature) error {
 	if sig.Format != k.Type() {
 		return fmt.Errorf("ssh: signature type %s for key type %s", sig.Format, k.Type())
 	}
-	h := hashFuncs[sig.Format].New()
+	hash, err := hashFunc(sig.Format)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	h := hash.New()
 	h.Write(data)
 	digest := h.Sum(nil)
 
@@ -651,7 +673,11 @@ func (k *dsaPrivateKey) SignWithAlgorithm(rand io.Reader, data []byte, algorithm
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("ssh: unsupported signature algorithm %s", algorithm)
 	}
 
-	h := hashFuncs[k.PublicKey().Type()].New()
+	hash, err := hashFunc(k.PublicKey().Type())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	h := hash.New()
 	h.Write(data)
 	digest := h.Sum(nil)
 	r, s, err := dsa.Sign(rand, k.PrivateKey, digest)
@@ -801,8 +827,11 @@ func (k *ecdsaPublicKey) Verify(data []byte, sig *Signature) error {
 	if sig.Format != k.Type() {
 		return fmt.Errorf("ssh: signature type %s for key type %s", sig.Format, k.Type())
 	}
-
-	h := hashFuncs[sig.Format].New()
+	hash, err := hashFunc(sig.Format)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	h := hash.New()
 	h.Write(data)
 	digest := h.Sum(nil)
 
@@ -905,8 +934,11 @@ func (k *skECDSAPublicKey) Verify(data []byte, sig *Signature) error {
 	if sig.Format != k.Type() {
 		return fmt.Errorf("ssh: signature type %s for key type %s", sig.Format, k.Type())
 	}
-
-	h := hashFuncs[sig.Format].New()
+	hash, err := hashFunc(sig.Format)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	h := hash.New()
 	h.Write([]byte(k.application))
 	appDigest := h.Sum(nil)
 
@@ -1009,7 +1041,11 @@ func (k *skEd25519PublicKey) Verify(data []byte, sig *Signature) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("invalid size %d for Ed25519 public key", l)
 	}
 
-	h := hashFuncs[sig.Format].New()
+	hash, err := hashFunc(sig.Format)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	h := hash.New()
 	h.Write([]byte(k.application))
 	appDigest := h.Sum(nil)
 
@@ -1112,11 +1148,14 @@ func (s *wrappedSigner) SignWithAlgorithm(rand io.Reader, data []byte, algorithm
 		algorithm = s.pubKey.Type()
 	}
 
-	if !contains(s.Algorithms(), algorithm) {
+	if !slices.Contains(s.Algorithms(), algorithm) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("ssh: unsupported signature algorithm %q for key format %q", algorithm, s.pubKey.Type())
 	}
 
-	hashFunc := hashFuncs[algorithm]
+	hashFunc, err := hashFunc(algorithm)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
 	var digest []byte
 	if hashFunc != 0 {
 		h := hashFunc.New()

ssh/keys_test.go

@@ -59,6 +59,17 @@ func TestKeyMarshalParse(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestParsePublicKeyWithSigningAlgoAsKeyFormat(t *testing.T) {
+	key := []byte(`rsa-sha2-256 AAAADHJzYS1zaGEyLTI1NgAAAAMBAAEAAAEBAJ7qMyjLXEJCCJmRknuCLo0uPi5GrPY5pQYr84lhlN8Gor5KVL2LKYCW4e70r5xzj7SrHHSCft1FMlYg1KDO9xrprJh733kQqAPWETmSuH0EfRtGtcH6EarKyVxk6As076/yNiiMKVBtG0RPa1L7FviTfcYK4vnCCVrbv3RmA5CCzuG5BSMbRLxzVb4Ri3p8jhxYT8N4QGe/2yqvJLys5vQ9szpZR3tcFp3DJIVZhBRfR6LnoY23XZniAAMQaUVBX86dXQ++dNwAwZSXSt9Og+AniOCiBYqhNVa5n3DID/H7YtEtG+CbZr3r2KD3fv8AfSLRar4XOp8rsRdD31h/kr8=`)
+	_, _, _, _, err := ParseAuthorizedKey(key)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("parsing a public key using a signature algorithm as the key format succeeded unexpectedly")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), `signature algorithm "rsa-sha2-256" isn't a key format`) {
+		t.Errorf(`got %v, expected 'signature algorithm "rsa-sha2-256" isn't a key format'`, err)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestUnsupportedCurves(t *testing.T) {
 	raw, err := ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P224(), rand.Reader)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -810,3 +821,30 @@ func TestCryptoPublicKey(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestParseCertWithCertSignatureKey(t *testing.T) {
+	certBytes := []byte(`-----BEGIN SSH CERTIFICATE-----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+-----END SSH CERTIFICATE-----
+	`)
+	block, _ := pem.Decode(certBytes)
+	if block == nil {
+		t.Fatal("invalid test certificate")
+	}
+
+	if _, err := ParsePublicKey(block.Bytes); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("parsing an SSH certificate using another certificate as signature key succeeded; expected failure")
+	}
+}

ssh/knownhosts/knownhosts.go

@@ -421,20 +421,26 @@ func New(files ...string) (ssh.HostKeyCallback, error) {
 	return certChecker.CheckHostKey, nil
 }
 
-// Normalize normalizes an address into the form used in known_hosts
+// Normalize normalizes an address into the form used in known_hosts. Supports
+// IPv4, hostnames, bracketed IPv6. Any other non-standard formats are returned
+// with minimal transformation.
 func Normalize(address string) string {
+	const defaultSSHPort = "22"
+
 	host, port, err := net.SplitHostPort(address)
 	if err != nil {
 		host = address
-		port = "22"
+		port = defaultSSHPort
 	}
-	entry := host
-	if port != "22" {
-		entry = "[" + entry + "]:" + port
-	} else if strings.Contains(host, ":") && !strings.HasPrefix(host, "[") {
-		entry = "[" + entry + "]"
+
+	if strings.HasPrefix(host, "[") && strings.HasSuffix(host, "]") {
+		host = host[1 : len(host)-1]
 	}
-	return entry
+
+	if port == defaultSSHPort {
+		return host
+	}
+	return "[" + host + "]:" + port
 }
 
 // Line returns a line to add append to the known_hosts files.

ssh/knownhosts/knownhosts_test.go

@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ func TestLine(t *testing.T) {
 		"server.org":                             "server.org " + edKeyStr,
 		"server.org:22":                          "server.org " + edKeyStr,
 		"server.org:23":                          "[server.org]:23 " + edKeyStr,
-		"[c629:1ec4:102:304:102:304:102:304]:22": "[c629:1ec4:102:304:102:304:102:304] " + edKeyStr,
+		"[c629:1ec4:102:304:102:304:102:304]:22": "c629:1ec4:102:304:102:304:102:304 " + edKeyStr,
 		"[c629:1ec4:102:304:102:304:102:304]:23": "[c629:1ec4:102:304:102:304:102:304]:23 " + edKeyStr,
 	} {
 		if got := Line([]string{in}, edKey); got != want {
@@ -310,14 +310,25 @@ func testHostHash(t *testing.T, hostname, encoded string) {
 
 func TestNormalize(t *testing.T) {
 	for in, want := range map[string]string{
-		"127.0.0.1:22":             "127.0.0.1",
-		"[127.0.0.1]:22":           "127.0.0.1",
-		"[127.0.0.1]:23":           "[127.0.0.1]:23",
-		"127.0.0.1:23":             "[127.0.0.1]:23",
-		"[a.b.c]:22":               "a.b.c",
-		"[abcd:abcd:abcd:abcd]":    "[abcd:abcd:abcd:abcd]",
-		"[abcd:abcd:abcd:abcd]:22": "[abcd:abcd:abcd:abcd]",
-		"[abcd:abcd:abcd:abcd]:23": "[abcd:abcd:abcd:abcd]:23",
+		"127.0.0.1":                 "127.0.0.1",
+		"127.0.0.1:22":              "127.0.0.1",
+		"[127.0.0.1]:22":            "127.0.0.1",
+		"[127.0.0.1]:23":            "[127.0.0.1]:23",
+		"127.0.0.1:23":              "[127.0.0.1]:23",
+		"[a.b.c]:22":                "a.b.c",
+		"[a.b.c]:23":                "[a.b.c]:23",
+		"abcd::abcd:abcd:abcd":      "abcd::abcd:abcd:abcd",
+		"[abcd::abcd:abcd:abcd]":    "abcd::abcd:abcd:abcd",
+		"[abcd::abcd:abcd:abcd]:22": "abcd::abcd:abcd:abcd",
+		"[abcd::abcd:abcd:abcd]:23": "[abcd::abcd:abcd:abcd]:23",
+		"2001:db8::1":               "2001:db8::1",
+		"2001:db8::1:22":            "2001:db8::1:22",
+		"[2001:db8::1]:22":          "2001:db8::1",
+		"2001:db8::1:2200":          "2001:db8::1:2200",
+		"a.b.c.d.com:2200":          "[a.b.c.d.com]:2200",
+		"2001::db8:1":               "2001::db8:1",
+		"2001::db8:1:22":            "2001::db8:1:22",
+		"2001::db8:1:2200":          "2001::db8:1:2200",
 	} {
 		got := Normalize(in)
 		if got != want {

ssh/mac.go

@@ -7,11 +7,13 @@ package ssh
 // Message authentication support
 
 import (
+	"crypto/fips140"
 	"crypto/hmac"
 	"crypto/sha1"
 	"crypto/sha256"
 	"crypto/sha512"
 	"hash"
+	"slices"
 )
 
 type macMode struct {
@@ -46,23 +48,37 @@ func (t truncatingMAC) Size() int {
 
 func (t truncatingMAC) BlockSize() int { return t.hmac.BlockSize() }
 
-var macModes = map[string]*macMode{
-	HMACSHA512ETM: {64, true, func(key []byte) hash.Hash {
+// macModes defines the supported MACs. MACs not included are not supported
+// and will not be negotiated, even if explicitly configured. When FIPS mode is
+// enabled, only FIPS-approved algorithms are included.
+var macModes = map[string]*macMode{}
+
+func init() {
+	macModes[HMACSHA512ETM] = &macMode{64, true, func(key []byte) hash.Hash {
 		return hmac.New(sha512.New, key)
-	}},
-	HMACSHA256ETM: {32, true, func(key []byte) hash.Hash {
+	}}
+	macModes[HMACSHA256ETM] = &macMode{32, true, func(key []byte) hash.Hash {
 		return hmac.New(sha256.New, key)
-	}},
-	HMACSHA512: {64, false, func(key []byte) hash.Hash {
+	}}
+	macModes[HMACSHA512] = &macMode{64, false, func(key []byte) hash.Hash {
 		return hmac.New(sha512.New, key)
-	}},
-	HMACSHA256: {32, false, func(key []byte) hash.Hash {
+	}}
+	macModes[HMACSHA256] = &macMode{32, false, func(key []byte) hash.Hash {
 		return hmac.New(sha256.New, key)
-	}},
-	HMACSHA1: {20, false, func(key []byte) hash.Hash {
+	}}
+
+	if fips140.Enabled() {
+		defaultMACs = slices.DeleteFunc(defaultMACs, func(algo string) bool {
+			_, ok := macModes[algo]
+			return !ok
+		})
+		return
+	}
+
+	macModes[HMACSHA1] = &macMode{20, false, func(key []byte) hash.Hash {
 		return hmac.New(sha1.New, key)
-	}},
-	InsecureHMACSHA196: {20, false, func(key []byte) hash.Hash {
+	}}
+	macModes[InsecureHMACSHA196] = &macMode{20, false, func(key []byte) hash.Hash {
 		return truncatingMAC{12, hmac.New(sha1.New, key)}
-	}},
+	}}
 }

ssh/mlkem.go

@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
-//go:build go1.24
-
 package ssh
 
 import (
@@ -13,23 +11,10 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"runtime"
-	"slices"
 
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/curve25519"
 )
 
-func init() {
-	// After Go 1.24rc1 mlkem swapped the order of return values of Encapsulate.
-	// See #70950.
-	if runtime.Version() == "go1.24rc1" {
-		return
-	}
-	supportedKexAlgos = slices.Insert(supportedKexAlgos, 0, KeyExchangeMLKEM768X25519)
-	defaultKexAlgos = slices.Insert(defaultKexAlgos, 0, KeyExchangeMLKEM768X25519)
-	kexAlgoMap[KeyExchangeMLKEM768X25519] = &mlkem768WithCurve25519sha256{}
-}
-
 // mlkem768WithCurve25519sha256 implements the hybrid ML-KEM768 with
 // curve25519-sha256 key exchange method, as described by
 // draft-kampanakis-curdle-ssh-pq-ke-05 section 2.3.3.

ssh/server.go

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"net"
+	"slices"
 	"strings"
 )
 
@@ -43,6 +44,9 @@ type Permissions struct {
 	// pass data from the authentication callbacks to the server
 	// application layer.
 	Extensions map[string]string
+
+	// ExtraData allows to store user defined data.
+	ExtraData map[any]any
 }
 
 type GSSAPIWithMICConfig struct {
@@ -126,6 +130,21 @@ type ServerConfig struct {
 	// Permissions.Extensions entry.
 	PublicKeyCallback func(conn ConnMetadata, key PublicKey) (*Permissions, error)
 
+	// VerifiedPublicKeyCallback, if non-nil, is called after a client
+	// successfully confirms having control over a key that was previously
+	// approved by PublicKeyCallback. The permissions object passed to the
+	// callback is the one returned by PublicKeyCallback for the given public
+	// key and its ownership is transferred to the callback. The returned
+	// Permissions object can be the same object, optionally modified, or a
+	// completely new object. If VerifiedPublicKeyCallback is non-nil,
+	// PublicKeyCallback is not allowed to return a PartialSuccessError, which
+	// can instead be returned by VerifiedPublicKeyCallback.
+	//
+	// VerifiedPublicKeyCallback does not affect which authentication methods
+	// are included in the list of methods that can be attempted by the client.
+	VerifiedPublicKeyCallback func(conn ConnMetadata, key PublicKey, permissions *Permissions,
+		signatureAlgorithm string) (*Permissions, error)
+
 	// KeyboardInteractiveCallback, if non-nil, is called when
 	// keyboard-interactive authentication is selected (RFC
 	// 4256). The client object's Challenge function should be
@@ -246,7 +265,7 @@ func NewServerConn(c net.Conn, config *ServerConfig) (*ServerConn, <-chan NewCha
 		fullConf.PublicKeyAuthAlgorithms = defaultPubKeyAuthAlgos
 	} else {
 		for _, algo := range fullConf.PublicKeyAuthAlgorithms {
-			if !contains(SupportedAlgorithms().PublicKeyAuths, algo) && !contains(InsecureAlgorithms().PublicKeyAuths, algo) {
+			if !slices.Contains(SupportedAlgorithms().PublicKeyAuths, algo) && !slices.Contains(InsecureAlgorithms().PublicKeyAuths, algo) {
 				c.Close()
 				return nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("ssh: unsupported public key authentication algorithm %s", algo)
 			}
@@ -631,7 +650,7 @@ userAuthLoop:
 				return nil, parseError(msgUserAuthRequest)
 			}
 			algo := string(algoBytes)
-			if !contains(config.PublicKeyAuthAlgorithms, underlyingAlgo(algo)) {
+			if !slices.Contains(config.PublicKeyAuthAlgorithms, underlyingAlgo(algo)) {
 				authErr = fmt.Errorf("ssh: algorithm %q not accepted", algo)
 				break
 			}
@@ -652,6 +671,9 @@ userAuthLoop:
 				candidate.pubKeyData = pubKeyData
 				candidate.perms, candidate.result = authConfig.PublicKeyCallback(s, pubKey)
 				_, isPartialSuccessError := candidate.result.(*PartialSuccessError)
+				if isPartialSuccessError && config.VerifiedPublicKeyCallback != nil {
+					return nil, errors.New("ssh: invalid library usage: PublicKeyCallback must not return partial success when VerifiedPublicKeyCallback is defined")
+				}
 
 				if (candidate.result == nil || isPartialSuccessError) &&
 					candidate.perms != nil &&
@@ -695,7 +717,7 @@ userAuthLoop:
 				// ssh-rsa-cert-v01@openssh.com algorithm with ssh-rsa public
 				// key type. The algorithm and public key type must be
 				// consistent: both must be certificate algorithms, or neither.
-				if !contains(algorithmsForKeyFormat(pubKey.Type()), algo) {
+				if !slices.Contains(algorithmsForKeyFormat(pubKey.Type()), algo) {
 					authErr = fmt.Errorf("ssh: public key type %q not compatible with selected algorithm %q",
 						pubKey.Type(), algo)
 					break
@@ -705,7 +727,7 @@ userAuthLoop:
 				// algorithm name that corresponds to algo with
 				// sig.Format.  This is usually the same, but
 				// for certs, the names differ.
-				if !contains(config.PublicKeyAuthAlgorithms, sig.Format) {
+				if !slices.Contains(config.PublicKeyAuthAlgorithms, sig.Format) {
 					authErr = fmt.Errorf("ssh: algorithm %q not accepted", sig.Format)
 					break
 				}
@@ -722,6 +744,12 @@ userAuthLoop:
 
 				authErr = candidate.result
 				perms = candidate.perms
+				if authErr == nil && config.VerifiedPublicKeyCallback != nil {
+					// Only call VerifiedPublicKeyCallback after the key has been accepted
+					// and successfully verified. If authErr is non-nil, the key is not
+					// considered verified and the callback must not run.
+					perms, authErr = config.VerifiedPublicKeyCallback(s, pubKey, perms, algo)
+				}
 			}
 		case "gssapi-with-mic":
 			if authConfig.GSSAPIWithMICConfig == nil {

ssh/server_test.go

@@ -434,6 +434,380 @@ func TestPreAuthConnAndBanners(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestVerifiedPublicKeyCallback(t *testing.T) {
+	c1, c2, err := netPipe()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("netPipe: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer c1.Close()
+	defer c2.Close()
+
+	extraKey := "extra"
+	extraDataString := "just a string"
+
+	serverConf := &ServerConfig{
+		VerifiedPublicKeyCallback: func(conn ConnMetadata, key PublicKey, permissions *Permissions, signatureAlgorithm string) (*Permissions, error) {
+			if permissions != nil && permissions.ExtraData != nil {
+				if !reflect.DeepEqual(map[any]any{extraKey: extraDataString}, permissions.ExtraData) {
+					t.Errorf("expected extra data: %v; got: %v", extraDataString, permissions.ExtraData)
+				}
+			} else {
+				t.Error("expected extra data is missing")
+			}
+			if signatureAlgorithm != KeyAlgoRSASHA256 {
+				t.Errorf("expected signature algorithm: %q; got: %q", KeyAlgoRSASHA256, signatureAlgorithm)
+			}
+			return permissions, nil
+		},
+		PublicKeyCallback: func(conn ConnMetadata, key PublicKey) (*Permissions, error) {
+			return &Permissions{ExtraData: map[any]any{extraKey: extraDataString}}, nil
+		},
+	}
+	serverConf.AddHostKey(testSigners["rsa"])
+
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		defer close(done)
+		conn, _, _, err := NewServerConn(c1, serverConf)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("unexpected server error: %v", err)
+		}
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(map[any]any{extraKey: extraDataString}, conn.Permissions.ExtraData) {
+			t.Errorf("expected extra data: %v; got: %v", extraDataString, conn.Permissions.ExtraData)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	clientConf := ClientConfig{
+		User: "user",
+		Auth: []AuthMethod{
+			PublicKeys(testSigners["rsa"]),
+		},
+		HostKeyCallback: InsecureIgnoreHostKey(),
+	}
+
+	_, _, _, err = NewClientConn(c2, "", &clientConf)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	<-done
+}
+
+func TestVerifiedPublicCallbackPartialSuccess(t *testing.T) {
+	c1, c2, err := netPipe()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("netPipe: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer c1.Close()
+	defer c2.Close()
+
+	serverConf := &ServerConfig{
+		PublicKeyCallback: func(conn ConnMetadata, key PublicKey) (*Permissions, error) {
+			if bytes.Equal(key.Marshal(), testPublicKeys["rsa"].Marshal()) {
+				return nil, nil
+			}
+			return nil, errors.New("invalid credentials")
+		},
+		VerifiedPublicKeyCallback: func(conn ConnMetadata, key PublicKey, permissions *Permissions, signatureAlgorithm string) (*Permissions, error) {
+			if bytes.Equal(key.Marshal(), testPublicKeys["rsa"].Marshal()) {
+				return nil, &PartialSuccessError{
+					Next: ServerAuthCallbacks{
+						PasswordCallback: func(conn ConnMetadata, password []byte) (*Permissions, error) {
+							if string(password) == clientPassword {
+								return nil, nil
+							}
+							return nil, nil
+						},
+					},
+				}
+			}
+			return nil, errors.New("invalid credentials")
+		},
+	}
+	serverConf.AddHostKey(testSigners["rsa"])
+
+	clientConf := ClientConfig{
+		User: "user",
+		Auth: []AuthMethod{
+			PublicKeys(testSigners["rsa"]),
+			Password(clientPassword),
+		},
+		HostKeyCallback: InsecureIgnoreHostKey(),
+	}
+
+	go NewServerConn(c1, serverConf)
+
+	_, _, _, err = NewClientConn(c2, "", &clientConf)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("client login error: %s", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestVerifiedPublicKeyCallbackPwdAndKey(t *testing.T) {
+	c1, c2, err := netPipe()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("netPipe: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer c1.Close()
+	defer c2.Close()
+
+	serverConf := &ServerConfig{
+		PasswordCallback: func(conn ConnMetadata, password []byte) (*Permissions, error) {
+			if string(password) == clientPassword {
+				return nil, &PartialSuccessError{
+					Next: ServerAuthCallbacks{
+						PublicKeyCallback: func(conn ConnMetadata, key PublicKey) (*Permissions, error) {
+							if bytes.Equal(key.Marshal(), testPublicKeys["rsa"].Marshal()) {
+								return nil, nil
+							}
+							return nil, errors.New("invalid credentials")
+						},
+					},
+				}
+			}
+			return nil, errors.New("invalid credentials")
+
+		},
+		VerifiedPublicKeyCallback: func(conn ConnMetadata, key PublicKey, permissions *Permissions, signatureAlgorithm string) (*Permissions, error) {
+			if bytes.Equal(key.Marshal(), testPublicKeys["rsa"].Marshal()) {
+				return nil, nil
+			}
+			return nil, errors.New("invalid credentials")
+		},
+	}
+	serverConf.AddHostKey(testSigners["rsa"])
+
+	clientConf := ClientConfig{
+		User: "user",
+		Auth: []AuthMethod{
+			Password(clientPassword),
+			PublicKeys(testSigners["rsa"]),
+		},
+		HostKeyCallback: InsecureIgnoreHostKey(),
+	}
+
+	go NewServerConn(c1, serverConf)
+
+	_, _, _, err = NewClientConn(c2, "", &clientConf)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("client login error: %s", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestVerifiedPubKeyCallbackAuthMethods(t *testing.T) {
+	c1, c2, err := netPipe()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("netPipe: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer c1.Close()
+	defer c2.Close()
+
+	serverConf := &ServerConfig{
+		PasswordCallback: func(conn ConnMetadata, password []byte) (*Permissions, error) {
+			return nil, nil
+		},
+		VerifiedPublicKeyCallback: func(conn ConnMetadata, key PublicKey, permissions *Permissions, signatureAlgorithm string) (*Permissions, error) {
+			if bytes.Equal(key.Marshal(), testPublicKeys["rsa"].Marshal()) {
+				return nil, nil
+			}
+			return nil, errors.New("invalid credentials")
+		},
+	}
+	serverConf.AddHostKey(testSigners["rsa"])
+
+	clientConf := ClientConfig{
+		User: "user",
+		Auth: []AuthMethod{
+			PublicKeys(testSigners["rsa"]),
+		},
+		HostKeyCallback: InsecureIgnoreHostKey(),
+	}
+
+	go NewServerConn(c1, serverConf)
+
+	_, _, _, err = NewClientConn(c2, "", &clientConf)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("client login succeed with only VerifiedPublicKeyCallback defined")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestVerifiedPubKeyCallbackError(t *testing.T) {
+	c1, c2, err := netPipe()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("netPipe: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer c1.Close()
+	defer c2.Close()
+
+	serverConf := &ServerConfig{
+		PublicKeyCallback: func(conn ConnMetadata, key PublicKey) (*Permissions, error) {
+			return nil, nil
+		},
+		VerifiedPublicKeyCallback: func(conn ConnMetadata, key PublicKey, permissions *Permissions, signatureAlgorithm string) (*Permissions, error) {
+			return nil, errors.New("invalid credentials")
+		},
+	}
+	serverConf.AddHostKey(testSigners["rsa"])
+
+	clientConf := ClientConfig{
+		User: "user",
+		Auth: []AuthMethod{
+			PublicKeys(testSigners["rsa"]),
+		},
+		HostKeyCallback: InsecureIgnoreHostKey(),
+	}
+
+	go NewServerConn(c1, serverConf)
+
+	_, _, _, err = NewClientConn(c2, "", &clientConf)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("client login succeed with VerifiedPublicKeyCallback returning an error")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestVerifiedPublicCallbackPartialSuccessBadUsage(t *testing.T) {
+	c1, c2, err := netPipe()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("netPipe: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer c1.Close()
+	defer c2.Close()
+
+	serverConf := &ServerConfig{
+		PublicKeyCallback: func(conn ConnMetadata, key PublicKey) (*Permissions, error) {
+			if bytes.Equal(key.Marshal(), testPublicKeys["rsa"].Marshal()) {
+				// Returning PartialSuccessError is not permitted when
+				// VerifiedPublicKeyCallback is defined. This callback is
+				// invoked for both query requests and real authentications,
+				// while VerifiedPublicKeyCallback is only triggered if the
+				// client has proven control of the key.
+				return nil, &PartialSuccessError{
+					Next: ServerAuthCallbacks{
+						PasswordCallback: func(conn ConnMetadata, password []byte) (*Permissions, error) {
+							if string(password) == clientPassword {
+								return nil, nil
+							}
+							return nil, nil
+						},
+					},
+				}
+			}
+			return nil, errors.New("invalid credentials")
+		},
+		VerifiedPublicKeyCallback: func(conn ConnMetadata, key PublicKey, permissions *Permissions, signatureAlgorithm string) (*Permissions, error) {
+			if bytes.Equal(key.Marshal(), testPublicKeys["rsa"].Marshal()) {
+				return nil, &PartialSuccessError{
+					Next: ServerAuthCallbacks{
+						PasswordCallback: func(conn ConnMetadata, password []byte) (*Permissions, error) {
+							if string(password) == clientPassword {
+								return nil, nil
+							}
+							return nil, nil
+						},
+					},
+				}
+			}
+			return nil, errors.New("invalid credentials")
+		},
+	}
+	serverConf.AddHostKey(testSigners["rsa"])
+
+	clientConf := ClientConfig{
+		User: "user",
+		Auth: []AuthMethod{
+			PublicKeys(testSigners["rsa"]),
+			Password(clientPassword),
+		},
+		HostKeyCallback: InsecureIgnoreHostKey(),
+	}
+
+	go NewServerConn(c1, serverConf)
+
+	_, _, _, err = NewClientConn(c2, "", &clientConf)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("authentication suceeded with PartialSuccess returned from PublicKeyCallback and  VerifiedPublicKeyCallback defined")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestVerifiedPublicKeyCallbackOnError(t *testing.T) {
+	c1, c2, err := netPipe()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("netPipe: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer c1.Close()
+	defer c2.Close()
+
+	var verifiedCallbackCalled bool
+
+	serverConf := &ServerConfig{
+		VerifiedPublicKeyCallback: func(conn ConnMetadata, key PublicKey, permissions *Permissions, signatureAlgorithm string) (*Permissions, error) {
+			verifiedCallbackCalled = true
+			return nil, nil
+		},
+		PublicKeyCallback: func(conn ConnMetadata, key PublicKey) (*Permissions, error) {
+			return nil, errors.New("invalid key")
+		},
+	}
+	serverConf.AddHostKey(testSigners["rsa"])
+
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		defer close(done)
+		NewServerConn(c1, serverConf)
+	}()
+
+	clientConf := ClientConfig{
+		User: "user",
+		Auth: []AuthMethod{
+			PublicKeys(testSigners["rsa"]),
+		},
+		HostKeyCallback: InsecureIgnoreHostKey(),
+	}
+
+	_, _, _, err = NewClientConn(c2, "", &clientConf)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("authentication should fail")
+	}
+	<-done
+	if verifiedCallbackCalled {
+		t.Error("VerifiedPublicKeyCallback called after PublicKeyCallback returned an error")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestVerifiedPublicKeyCallbackOnly(t *testing.T) {
+	c1, c2, err := netPipe()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("netPipe: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer c1.Close()
+	defer c2.Close()
+
+	serverConf := &ServerConfig{
+		VerifiedPublicKeyCallback: func(conn ConnMetadata, key PublicKey, permissions *Permissions, signatureAlgorithm string) (*Permissions, error) {
+			return nil, nil
+		},
+	}
+	serverConf.AddHostKey(testSigners["rsa"])
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		defer close(done)
+		NewServerConn(c1, serverConf)
+	}()
+
+	clientConf := ClientConfig{
+		User: "user",
+		Auth: []AuthMethod{
+			PublicKeys(testSigners["rsa"]),
+		},
+		HostKeyCallback: InsecureIgnoreHostKey(),
+	}
+
+	_, _, _, err = NewClientConn(c2, "", &clientConf)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("authentication suceeded with only VerifiedPublicKeyCallback defined")
+	}
+	<-done
+}
+
 type markerConn struct {
 	closed uint32
 	used   uint32

ssh/test/doc.go

@@ -4,4 +4,6 @@
 
 // Package test contains integration tests for the
 // golang.org/x/crypto/ssh package.
+//
+// Deprecated: this package is for internal use only.
 package test

ssh/transport.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"bufio"
 	"bytes"
 	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"log"
 )
@@ -254,6 +255,9 @@ var (
 // (to setup server->client keys) or clientKeys (for client->server keys).
 func newPacketCipher(d direction, algs DirectionAlgorithms, kex *kexResult) (packetCipher, error) {
 	cipherMode := cipherModes[algs.Cipher]
+	if cipherMode == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("ssh: unsupported cipher %v", algs.Cipher)
+	}
 
 	iv := make([]byte, cipherMode.ivSize)
 	key := make([]byte, cipherMode.keySize)

x509roots/fallback/bundle/bundle.go

@@ -0,0 +1,897 @@
+// Code generated by gen_fallback_bundle.go; DO NOT EDIT.
+
+package bundle
+
+var unparsedCertificates = []unparsedCertificate{
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=AC RAIZ FNMT-RCM SERVIDORES SEGUROS,OU=Ceres,O=FNMT-RCM,C=ES,2.5.4.97=#130f56415445532d51323832363030344a",
+		sha256Hash:   "554153b13d2cf9ddb753bfbe1a4e0ae08d0aa4187058fe60a2b862b2e4b87bcb",
+		certStartOff: 0,
+		certLength:   626,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=ACCVRAIZ1,OU=PKIACCV,O=ACCV,C=ES",
+		sha256Hash:   "9a6ec012e1a7da9dbe34194d478ad7c0db1822fb071df12981496ed104384113",
+		certStartOff: 626,
+		certLength:   2007,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=Actalis Authentication Root CA,O=Actalis S.p.A./03358520967,L=Milan,C=IT",
+		sha256Hash:   "55926084ec963a64b96e2abe01ce0ba86a64fbfebcc7aab5afc155b37fd76066",
+		certStartOff: 2633,
+		certLength:   1471,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:            "CN=AffirmTrust Commercial,O=AffirmTrust,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:    "0376ab1d54c5f9803ce4b2e201a0ee7eef7b57b636e8a93c9b8d4860c96f5fa7",
+		certStartOff:  4104,
+		certLength:    848,
+		distrustAfter: "2024-11-30T23:59:59Z",
+	},
+	{
+		cn:            "CN=AffirmTrust Networking,O=AffirmTrust,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:    "0a81ec5a929777f145904af38d5d509f66b5e2c58fcdb531058b0e17f3f0b41b",
+		certStartOff:  4952,
+		certLength:    848,
+		distrustAfter: "2024-11-30T23:59:59Z",
+	},
+	{
+		cn:            "CN=AffirmTrust Premium ECC,O=AffirmTrust,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:    "bd71fdf6da97e4cf62d1647add2581b07d79adf8397eb4ecba9c5e8488821423",
+		certStartOff:  5800,
+		certLength:    514,
+		distrustAfter: "2024-11-30T23:59:59Z",
+	},
+	{
+		cn:            "CN=AffirmTrust Premium,O=AffirmTrust,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:    "70a73f7f376b60074248904534b11482d5bf0e698ecc498df52577ebf2e93b9a",
+		certStartOff:  6314,
+		certLength:    1354,
+		distrustAfter: "2024-11-30T23:59:59Z",
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=Amazon Root CA 1,O=Amazon,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "8ecde6884f3d87b1125ba31ac3fcb13d7016de7f57cc904fe1cb97c6ae98196e",
+		certStartOff: 7668,
+		certLength:   837,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=Amazon Root CA 2,O=Amazon,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "1ba5b2aa8c65401a82960118f80bec4f62304d83cec4713a19c39c011ea46db4",
+		certStartOff: 8505,
+		certLength:   1349,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=Amazon Root CA 3,O=Amazon,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "18ce6cfe7bf14e60b2e347b8dfe868cb31d02ebb3ada271569f50343b46db3a4",
+		certStartOff: 9854,
+		certLength:   442,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=Amazon Root CA 4,O=Amazon,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "e35d28419ed02025cfa69038cd623962458da5c695fbdea3c22b0bfb25897092",
+		certStartOff: 10296,
+		certLength:   502,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=Atos TrustedRoot 2011,O=Atos,C=DE",
+		sha256Hash:   "f356bea244b7a91eb35d53ca9ad7864ace018e2d35d5f8f96ddf68a6f41aa474",
+		certStartOff: 10798,
+		certLength:   891,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=Atos TrustedRoot Root CA ECC TLS 2021,O=Atos,C=DE",
+		sha256Hash:   "b2fae53e14ccd7ab9212064701ae279c1d8988facb775fa8a008914e663988a8",
+		certStartOff: 11689,
+		certLength:   537,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=Atos TrustedRoot Root CA RSA TLS 2021,O=Atos,C=DE",
+		sha256Hash:   "81a9088ea59fb364c548a6f85559099b6f0405efbf18e5324ec9f457ba00112f",
+		certStartOff: 12226,
+		certLength:   1384,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=Autoridad de Certificacion Firmaprofesional CIF A62634068,C=ES",
+		sha256Hash:   "57de0583efd2b26e0361da99da9df4648def7ee8441c3b728afa9bcde0f9b26a",
+		certStartOff: 13610,
+		certLength:   1560,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=BJCA Global Root CA1,O=BEIJING CERTIFICATE AUTHORITY,C=CN",
+		sha256Hash:   "f3896f88fe7c0a882766a7fa6ad2749fb57a7f3e98fb769c1fa7b09c2c44d5ae",
+		certStartOff: 15170,
+		certLength:   1400,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=BJCA Global Root CA2,O=BEIJING CERTIFICATE AUTHORITY,C=CN",
+		sha256Hash:   "574df6931e278039667b720afdc1600fc27eb66dd3092979fb73856487212882",
+		certStartOff: 16570,
+		certLength:   553,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=Buypass Class 2 Root CA,O=Buypass AS-983163327,C=NO",
+		sha256Hash:   "9a114025197c5bb95d94e63d55cd43790847b646b23cdf11ada4a00eff15fb48",
+		certStartOff: 17123,
+		certLength:   1373,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=Buypass Class 3 Root CA,O=Buypass AS-983163327,C=NO",
+		sha256Hash:   "edf7ebbca27a2a384d387b7d4010c666e2edb4843e4c29b4ae1d5b9332e6b24d",
+		certStartOff: 18496,
+		certLength:   1373,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=CA Disig Root R2,O=Disig a.s.,L=Bratislava,C=SK",
+		sha256Hash:   "e23d4a036d7b70e9f595b1422079d2b91edfbb1fb651a0633eaa8a9dc5f80703",
+		certStartOff: 19869,
+		certLength:   1389,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=CFCA EV ROOT,O=China Financial Certification Authority,C=CN",
+		sha256Hash:   "5cc3d78e4e1d5e45547a04e6873e64f90cf9536d1ccc2ef800f355c4c5fd70fd",
+		certStartOff: 21258,
+		certLength:   1425,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=COMODO Certification Authority,O=COMODO CA Limited,L=Salford,ST=Greater Manchester,C=GB",
+		sha256Hash:   "0c2cd63df7806fa399ede809116b575bf87989f06518f9808c860503178baf66",
+		certStartOff: 22683,
+		certLength:   1057,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=COMODO ECC Certification Authority,O=COMODO CA Limited,L=Salford,ST=Greater Manchester,C=GB",
+		sha256Hash:   "1793927a0614549789adce2f8f34f7f0b66d0f3ae3a3b84d21ec15dbba4fadc7",
+		certStartOff: 23740,
+		certLength:   653,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=COMODO RSA Certification Authority,O=COMODO CA Limited,L=Salford,ST=Greater Manchester,C=GB",
+		sha256Hash:   "52f0e1c4e58ec629291b60317f074671b85d7ea80d5b07273463534b32b40234",
+		certStartOff: 24393,
+		certLength:   1500,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=Certainly Root E1,O=Certainly,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "b4585f22e4ac756a4e8612a1361c5d9d031a93fd84febb778fa3068b0fc42dc2",
+		certStartOff: 25893,
+		certLength:   507,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=Certainly Root R1,O=Certainly,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "77b82cd8644c4305f7acc5cb156b45675004033d51c60c6202a8e0c33467d3a0",
+		certStartOff: 26400,
+		certLength:   1355,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=Certigna Root CA,OU=0002 48146308100036,O=Dhimyotis,C=FR",
+		sha256Hash:   "d48d3d23eedb50a459e55197601c27774b9d7b18c94d5a059511a10250b93168",
+		certStartOff: 27755,
+		certLength:   1631,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=Certigna,O=Dhimyotis,C=FR",
+		sha256Hash:   "e3b6a2db2ed7ce48842f7ac53241c7b71d54144bfb40c11f3f1d0b42f5eea12d",
+		certStartOff: 29386,
+		certLength:   940,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=Certum EC-384 CA,OU=Certum Certification Authority,O=Asseco Data Systems S.A.,C=PL",
+		sha256Hash:   "6b328085625318aa50d173c98d8bda09d57e27413d114cf787a0f5d06c030cf6",
+		certStartOff: 30326,
+		certLength:   617,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=Certum Trusted Network CA 2,OU=Certum Certification Authority,O=Unizeto Technologies S.A.,C=PL",
+		sha256Hash:   "b676f2eddae8775cd36cb0f63cd1d4603961f49e6265ba013a2f0307b6d0b804",
+		certStartOff: 30943,
+		certLength:   1494,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=Certum Trusted Network CA,OU=Certum Certification Authority,O=Unizeto Technologies S.A.,C=PL",
+		sha256Hash:   "5c58468d55f58e497e743982d2b50010b6d165374acf83a7d4a32db768c4408e",
+		certStartOff: 32437,
+		certLength:   959,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=Certum Trusted Root CA,OU=Certum Certification Authority,O=Asseco Data Systems S.A.,C=PL",
+		sha256Hash:   "fe7696573855773e37a95e7ad4d9cc96c30157c15d31765ba9b15704e1ae78fd",
+		certStartOff: 33396,
+		certLength:   1476,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=CommScope Public Trust ECC Root-01,O=CommScope,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "11437cda7bb45e41365f45b39a38986b0de00def348e0c7bb0873633800bc38b",
+		certStartOff: 34872,
+		certLength:   545,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=CommScope Public Trust ECC Root-02,O=CommScope,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "2ffb7f813bbbb3c89ab4e8162d0f16d71509a830cc9d73c262e5140875d1ad4a",
+		certStartOff: 35417,
+		certLength:   544,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=CommScope Public Trust RSA Root-01,O=CommScope,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "02bdf96e2a45dd9bf18fc7e1dbdf21a0379ba3c9c2610344cfd8d606fec1ed81",
+		certStartOff: 35961,
+		certLength:   1392,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=CommScope Public Trust RSA Root-02,O=CommScope,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "ffe943d793424b4f7c440c1c3d648d5363f34b82dc87aa7a9f118fc5dee101f1",
+		certStartOff: 37353,
+		certLength:   1392,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=D-TRUST BR Root CA 1 2020,O=D-Trust GmbH,C=DE",
+		sha256Hash:   "e59aaa816009c22bff5b25bad37df306f049797c1f81d85ab089e657bd8f0044",
+		certStartOff: 38745,
+		certLength:   735,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=D-TRUST BR Root CA 2 2023,O=D-Trust GmbH,C=DE",
+		sha256Hash:   "0552e6f83fdf65e8fa9670e666df28a4e21340b510cbe52566f97c4fb94b2bd1",
+		certStartOff: 39480,
+		certLength:   1453,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=D-TRUST EV Root CA 1 2020,O=D-Trust GmbH,C=DE",
+		sha256Hash:   "08170d1aa36453901a2f959245e347db0c8d37abaabc56b81aa100dc958970db",
+		certStartOff: 40933,
+		certLength:   735,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=D-TRUST EV Root CA 2 2023,O=D-Trust GmbH,C=DE",
+		sha256Hash:   "8e8221b2e7d4007836a1672f0dcc299c33bc07d316f132fa1a206d587150f1ce",
+		certStartOff: 41668,
+		certLength:   1453,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=D-TRUST Root Class 3 CA 2 2009,O=D-Trust GmbH,C=DE",
+		sha256Hash:   "49e7a442acf0ea6287050054b52564b650e4f49e42e348d6aa38e039e957b1c1",
+		certStartOff: 43121,
+		certLength:   1079,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=D-TRUST Root Class 3 CA 2 EV 2009,O=D-Trust GmbH,C=DE",
+		sha256Hash:   "eec5496b988ce98625b934092eec2908bed0b0f316c2d4730c84eaf1f3d34881",
+		certStartOff: 44200,
+		certLength:   1095,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=DigiCert Assured ID Root CA,OU=www.digicert.com,O=DigiCert Inc,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "3e9099b5015e8f486c00bcea9d111ee721faba355a89bcf1df69561e3dc6325c",
+		certStartOff: 45295,
+		certLength:   955,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=DigiCert Assured ID Root G2,OU=www.digicert.com,O=DigiCert Inc,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "7d05ebb682339f8c9451ee094eebfefa7953a114edb2f44949452fab7d2fc185",
+		certStartOff: 46250,
+		certLength:   922,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=DigiCert Assured ID Root G3,OU=www.digicert.com,O=DigiCert Inc,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "7e37cb8b4c47090cab36551ba6f45db840680fba166a952db100717f43053fc2",
+		certStartOff: 47172,
+		certLength:   586,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=DigiCert Global Root CA,OU=www.digicert.com,O=DigiCert Inc,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "4348a0e9444c78cb265e058d5e8944b4d84f9662bd26db257f8934a443c70161",
+		certStartOff: 47758,
+		certLength:   947,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=DigiCert Global Root G2,OU=www.digicert.com,O=DigiCert Inc,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "cb3ccbb76031e5e0138f8dd39a23f9de47ffc35e43c1144cea27d46a5ab1cb5f",
+		certStartOff: 48705,
+		certLength:   914,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=DigiCert Global Root G3,OU=www.digicert.com,O=DigiCert Inc,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "31ad6648f8104138c738f39ea4320133393e3a18cc02296ef97c2ac9ef6731d0",
+		certStartOff: 49619,
+		certLength:   579,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=DigiCert High Assurance EV Root CA,OU=www.digicert.com,O=DigiCert Inc,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "7431e5f4c3c1ce4690774f0b61e05440883ba9a01ed00ba6abd7806ed3b118cf",
+		certStartOff: 50198,
+		certLength:   969,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=DigiCert TLS ECC P384 Root G5,O=DigiCert\\, Inc.,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "018e13f0772532cf809bd1b17281867283fc48c6e13be9c69812854a490c1b05",
+		certStartOff: 51167,
+		certLength:   541,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=DigiCert TLS RSA4096 Root G5,O=DigiCert\\, Inc.,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "371a00dc0533b3721a7eeb40e8419e70799d2b0a0f2c1d80693165f7cec4ad75",
+		certStartOff: 51708,
+		certLength:   1386,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=DigiCert Trusted Root G4,OU=www.digicert.com,O=DigiCert Inc,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "552f7bdcf1a7af9e6ce672017f4f12abf77240c78e761ac203d1d9d20ac89988",
+		certStartOff: 53094,
+		certLength:   1428,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:            "CN=Entrust Root Certification Authority - EC1,OU=See www.entrust.net/legal-terms+OU=(c) 2012 Entrust\\, Inc. - for authorized use only,O=Entrust\\, Inc.,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:    "02ed0eb28c14da45165c566791700d6451d7fb56f0b2ab1d3b8eb070e56edff5",
+		certStartOff:  54522,
+		certLength:    765,
+		distrustAfter: "2024-11-30T23:59:59Z",
+	},
+	{
+		cn:            "CN=Entrust Root Certification Authority - G2,OU=See www.entrust.net/legal-terms+OU=(c) 2009 Entrust\\, Inc. - for authorized use only,O=Entrust\\, Inc.,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:    "43df5774b03e7fef5fe40d931a7bedf1bb2e6b42738c4e6d3841103d3aa7f339",
+		certStartOff:  55287,
+		certLength:    1090,
+		distrustAfter: "2024-11-30T23:59:59Z",
+	},
+	{
+		cn:            "CN=Entrust Root Certification Authority,OU=www.entrust.net/CPS is incorporated by reference+OU=(c) 2006 Entrust\\, Inc.,O=Entrust\\, Inc.,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:    "73c176434f1bc6d5adf45b0e76e727287c8de57616c1e6e6141a2b2cbc7d8e4c",
+		certStartOff:  56377,
+		certLength:    1173,
+		distrustAfter: "2024-11-30T23:59:59Z",
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=FIRMAPROFESIONAL CA ROOT-A WEB,O=Firmaprofesional SA,C=ES,2.5.4.97=#130f56415445532d413632363334303638",
+		sha256Hash:   "bef256daf26e9c69bdec1602359798f3caf71821a03e018257c53c65617f3d4a",
+		certStartOff: 57550,
+		certLength:   638,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=GDCA TrustAUTH R5 ROOT,O=GUANG DONG CERTIFICATE AUTHORITY CO.\\,LTD.,C=CN",
+		sha256Hash:   "bfff8fd04433487d6a8aa60c1a29767a9fc2bbb05e420f713a13b992891d3893",
+		certStartOff: 58188,
+		certLength:   1420,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:            "CN=GLOBALTRUST 2020,O=e-commerce monitoring GmbH,C=AT",
+		sha256Hash:    "9a296a5182d1d451a2e37f439b74daafa267523329f90f9a0d2007c334e23c9a",
+		certStartOff:  59608,
+		certLength:    1414,
+		distrustAfter: "2024-06-30T00:00:00Z",
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=GTS Root R1,O=Google Trust Services LLC,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "d947432abde7b7fa90fc2e6b59101b1280e0e1c7e4e40fa3c6887fff57a7f4cf",
+		certStartOff: 61022,
+		certLength:   1371,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=GTS Root R2,O=Google Trust Services LLC,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "8d25cd97229dbf70356bda4eb3cc734031e24cf00fafcfd32dc76eb5841c7ea8",
+		certStartOff: 62393,
+		certLength:   1371,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=GTS Root R3,O=Google Trust Services LLC,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "34d8a73ee208d9bcdb0d956520934b4e40e69482596e8b6f73c8426b010a6f48",
+		certStartOff: 63764,
+		certLength:   525,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=GTS Root R4,O=Google Trust Services LLC,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "349dfa4058c5e263123b398ae795573c4e1313c83fe68f93556cd5e8031b3c7d",
+		certStartOff: 64289,
+		certLength:   525,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=GlobalSign Root E46,O=GlobalSign nv-sa,C=BE",
+		sha256Hash:   "cbb9c44d84b8043e1050ea31a69f514955d7bfd2e2c6b49301019ad61d9f5058",
+		certStartOff: 64814,
+		certLength:   527,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=GlobalSign Root R46,O=GlobalSign nv-sa,C=BE",
+		sha256Hash:   "4fa3126d8d3a11d1c4855a4f807cbad6cf919d3a5a88b03bea2c6372d93c40c9",
+		certStartOff: 65341,
+		certLength:   1374,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=GlobalSign,OU=GlobalSign ECC Root CA - R4,O=GlobalSign",
+		sha256Hash:   "b085d70b964f191a73e4af0d54ae7a0e07aafdaf9b71dd0862138ab7325a24a2",
+		certStartOff: 66715,
+		certLength:   480,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=GlobalSign,OU=GlobalSign ECC Root CA - R5,O=GlobalSign",
+		sha256Hash:   "179fbc148a3dd00fd24ea13458cc43bfa7f59c8182d783a513f6ebec100c8924",
+		certStartOff: 67195,
+		certLength:   546,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=GlobalSign,OU=GlobalSign Root CA - R3,O=GlobalSign",
+		sha256Hash:   "cbb522d7b7f127ad6a0113865bdf1cd4102e7d0759af635a7cf4720dc963c53b",
+		certStartOff: 67741,
+		certLength:   867,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=GlobalSign,OU=GlobalSign Root CA - R6,O=GlobalSign",
+		sha256Hash:   "2cabeafe37d06ca22aba7391c0033d25982952c453647349763a3ab5ad6ccf69",
+		certStartOff: 68608,
+		certLength:   1415,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=Go Daddy Root Certificate Authority - G2,O=GoDaddy.com\\, Inc.,L=Scottsdale,ST=Arizona,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "45140b3247eb9cc8c5b4f0d7b53091f73292089e6e5a63e2749dd3aca9198eda",
+		certStartOff: 70023,
+		certLength:   969,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=HARICA TLS ECC Root CA 2021,O=Hellenic Academic and Research Institutions CA,C=GR",
+		sha256Hash:   "3f99cc474acfce4dfed58794665e478d1547739f2e780f1bb4ca9b133097d401",
+		certStartOff: 70992,
+		certLength:   600,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=HARICA TLS RSA Root CA 2021,O=Hellenic Academic and Research Institutions CA,C=GR",
+		sha256Hash:   "d95d0e8eda79525bf9beb11b14d2100d3294985f0c62d9fabd9cd999eccb7b1d",
+		certStartOff: 71592,
+		certLength:   1448,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=Hellenic Academic and Research Institutions ECC RootCA 2015,O=Hellenic Academic and Research Institutions Cert. Authority,L=Athens,C=GR",
+		sha256Hash:   "44b545aa8a25e65a73ca15dc27fc36d24c1cb9953a066539b11582dc487b4833",
+		certStartOff: 73040,
+		certLength:   711,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=Hellenic Academic and Research Institutions RootCA 2015,O=Hellenic Academic and Research Institutions Cert. Authority,L=Athens,C=GR",
+		sha256Hash:   "a040929a02ce53b4acf4f2ffc6981ce4496f755e6d45fe0b2a692bcd52523f36",
+		certStartOff: 73751,
+		certLength:   1551,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=HiPKI Root CA - G1,O=Chunghwa Telecom Co.\\, Ltd.,C=TW",
+		sha256Hash:   "f015ce3cc239bfef064be9f1d2c417e1a0264a0a94be1f0c8d121864eb6949cc",
+		certStartOff: 75302,
+		certLength:   1390,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=Hongkong Post Root CA 3,O=Hongkong Post,L=Hong Kong,ST=Hong Kong,C=HK",
+		sha256Hash:   "5a2fc03f0c83b090bbfa40604b0988446c7636183df9846e17101a447fb8efd6",
+		certStartOff: 76692,
+		certLength:   1491,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=ISRG Root X1,O=Internet Security Research Group,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "96bcec06264976f37460779acf28c5a7cfe8a3c0aae11a8ffcee05c0bddf08c6",
+		certStartOff: 78183,
+		certLength:   1391,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=ISRG Root X2,O=Internet Security Research Group,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "69729b8e15a86efc177a57afb7171dfc64add28c2fca8cf1507e34453ccb1470",
+		certStartOff: 79574,
+		certLength:   543,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=IdenTrust Commercial Root CA 1,O=IdenTrust,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "5d56499be4d2e08bcfcad08a3e38723d50503bde706948e42f55603019e528ae",
+		certStartOff: 80117,
+		certLength:   1380,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=IdenTrust Public Sector Root CA 1,O=IdenTrust,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "30d0895a9a448a262091635522d1f52010b5867acae12c78ef958fd4f4389f2f",
+		certStartOff: 81497,
+		certLength:   1386,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=Izenpe.com,O=IZENPE S.A.,C=ES",
+		sha256Hash:   "2530cc8e98321502bad96f9b1fba1b099e2d299e0f4548bb914f363bc0d4531f",
+		certStartOff: 82883,
+		certLength:   1525,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=Microsec e-Szigno Root CA 2009,O=Microsec Ltd.,L=Budapest,C=HU,1.2.840.113549.1.9.1=#0c10696e666f40652d737a69676e6f2e6875",
+		sha256Hash:   "3c5f81fea5fab82c64bfa2eaecafcde8e077fc8620a7cae537163df36edbf378",
+		certStartOff: 84408,
+		certLength:   1038,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=Microsoft ECC Root Certificate Authority 2017,O=Microsoft Corporation,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "358df39d764af9e1b766e9c972df352ee15cfac227af6ad1d70e8e4a6edcba02",
+		certStartOff: 85446,
+		certLength:   605,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=Microsoft RSA Root Certificate Authority 2017,O=Microsoft Corporation,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "c741f70f4b2a8d88bf2e71c14122ef53ef10eba0cfa5e64cfa20f418853073e0",
+		certStartOff: 86051,
+		certLength:   1452,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=NAVER Global Root Certification Authority,O=NAVER BUSINESS PLATFORM Corp.,C=KR",
+		sha256Hash:   "88f438dcf8ffd1fa8f429115ffe5f82ae1e06e0c70c375faad717b34a49e7265",
+		certStartOff: 87503,
+		certLength:   1446,
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+	{
+		cn:           "CN=NetLock Arany (Class Gold) Főtanúsítvány,OU=Tanúsítványkiadók (Certification Services),O=NetLock Kft.,L=Budapest,C=HU",
+		sha256Hash:   "6c61dac3a2def031506be036d2a6fe401994fbd13df9c8d466599274c446ec98",
+		certStartOff: 88949,
+		certLength:   1049,
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+	{
+		cn:           "CN=OISTE Server Root ECC G1,O=OISTE Foundation,C=CH",
+		sha256Hash:   "eec997c0c30f216f7e3b8b307d2bae42412d753fc8219dafd1520b2572850f49",
+		certStartOff: 89998,
+		certLength:   569,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=OISTE Server Root RSA G1,O=OISTE Foundation,C=CH",
+		sha256Hash:   "9ae36232a5189ffddb353dfd26520c015395d22777dac59db57b98c089a651e6",
+		certStartOff: 90567,
+		certLength:   1415,
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+	{
+		cn:           "CN=OISTE WISeKey Global Root GB CA,OU=OISTE Foundation Endorsed,O=WISeKey,C=CH",
+		sha256Hash:   "6b9c08e86eb0f767cfad65cd98b62149e5494a67f5845e7bd1ed019f27b86bd6",
+		certStartOff: 91982,
+		certLength:   953,
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+	{
+		cn:           "CN=OISTE WISeKey Global Root GC CA,OU=OISTE Foundation Endorsed,O=WISeKey,C=CH",
+		sha256Hash:   "8560f91c3624daba9570b5fea0dbe36ff11a8323be9486854fb3f34a5571198d",
+		certStartOff: 92935,
+		certLength:   621,
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+	{
+		cn:           "CN=QuoVadis Root CA 1 G3,O=QuoVadis Limited,C=BM",
+		sha256Hash:   "8a866fd1b276b57e578e921c65828a2bed58e9f2f288054134b7f1f4bfc9cc74",
+		certStartOff: 93556,
+		certLength:   1380,
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+	{
+		cn:           "CN=QuoVadis Root CA 2 G3,O=QuoVadis Limited,C=BM",
+		sha256Hash:   "8fe4fb0af93a4d0d67db0bebb23e37c71bf325dcbcdd240ea04daf58b47e1840",
+		certStartOff: 94936,
+		certLength:   1380,
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+	{
+		cn:           "CN=QuoVadis Root CA 2,O=QuoVadis Limited,C=BM",
+		sha256Hash:   "85a0dd7dd720adb7ff05f83d542b209dc7ff4528f7d677b18389fea5e5c49e86",
+		certStartOff: 96316,
+		certLength:   1467,
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+	{
+		cn:           "CN=QuoVadis Root CA 3 G3,O=QuoVadis Limited,C=BM",
+		sha256Hash:   "88ef81de202eb018452e43f864725cea5fbd1fc2d9d205730709c5d8b8690f46",
+		certStartOff: 97783,
+		certLength:   1380,
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+	{
+		cn:           "CN=QuoVadis Root CA 3,O=QuoVadis Limited,C=BM",
+		sha256Hash:   "18f1fc7f205df8adddeb7fe007dd57e3af375a9c4d8d73546bf4f1fed1e18d35",
+		certStartOff: 99163,
+		certLength:   1697,
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+	{
+		cn:           "CN=SSL.com EV Root Certification Authority ECC,O=SSL Corporation,L=Houston,ST=Texas,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "22a2c1f7bded704cc1e701b5f408c310880fe956b5de2a4a44f99c873a25a7c8",
+		certStartOff: 100860,
+		certLength:   664,
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+	{
+		cn:           "CN=SSL.com EV Root Certification Authority RSA R2,O=SSL Corporation,L=Houston,ST=Texas,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "2e7bf16cc22485a7bbe2aa8696750761b0ae39be3b2fe9d0cc6d4ef73491425c",
+		certStartOff: 101524,
+		certLength:   1519,
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+	{
+		cn:           "CN=SSL.com Root Certification Authority ECC,O=SSL Corporation,L=Houston,ST=Texas,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "3417bb06cc6007da1b961c920b8ab4ce3fad820e4aa30b9acbc4a74ebdcebc65",
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+		certLength:   657,
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+	{
+		cn:           "CN=SSL.com Root Certification Authority RSA,O=SSL Corporation,L=Houston,ST=Texas,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "85666a562ee0be5ce925c1d8890a6f76a87ec16d4d7d5f29ea7419cf20123b69",
+		certStartOff: 103700,
+		certLength:   1505,
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+	{
+		cn:           "CN=SSL.com TLS ECC Root CA 2022,O=SSL Corporation,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "c32ffd9f46f936d16c3673990959434b9ad60aafbb9e7cf33654f144cc1ba143",
+		certStartOff: 105205,
+		certLength:   574,
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+	{
+		cn:           "CN=SSL.com TLS RSA Root CA 2022,O=SSL Corporation,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "8faf7d2e2cb4709bb8e0b33666bf75a5dd45b5de480f8ea8d4bfe6bebc17f2ed",
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+		certLength:   1421,
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+	{
+		cn:           "CN=SZAFIR ROOT CA2,O=Krajowa Izba Rozliczeniowa S.A.,C=PL",
+		sha256Hash:   "a1339d33281a0b56e557d3d32b1ce7f9367eb094bd5fa72a7e5004c8ded7cafe",
+		certStartOff: 107200,
+		certLength:   886,
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+	{
+		cn:           "CN=Sectigo Public Server Authentication Root E46,O=Sectigo Limited,C=GB",
+		sha256Hash:   "c90f26f0fb1b4018b22227519b5ca2b53e2ca5b3be5cf18efe1bef47380c5383",
+		certStartOff: 108086,
+		certLength:   574,
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+	{
+		cn:           "CN=Sectigo Public Server Authentication Root R46,O=Sectigo Limited,C=GB",
+		sha256Hash:   "7bb647a62aeeac88bf257aa522d01ffea395e0ab45c73f93f65654ec38f25a06",
+		certStartOff: 108660,
+		certLength:   1422,
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+	{
+		cn:           "CN=Secure Global CA,O=SecureTrust Corporation,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "4200f5043ac8590ebb527d209ed1503029fbcbd41ca1b506ec27f15ade7dac69",
+		certStartOff: 110082,
+		certLength:   960,
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+	{
+		cn:           "CN=SecureSign Root CA12,O=Cybertrust Japan Co.\\, Ltd.,C=JP",
+		sha256Hash:   "3f034bb5704d44b2d08545a02057de93ebf3905fce721acbc730c06ddaee904e",
+		certStartOff: 111042,
+		certLength:   886,
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+	{
+		cn:           "CN=SecureSign Root CA14,O=Cybertrust Japan Co.\\, Ltd.,C=JP",
+		sha256Hash:   "4b009c1034494f9ab56bba3ba1d62731fc4d20d8955adcec10a925607261e338",
+		certStartOff: 111928,
+		certLength:   1398,
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+	{
+		cn:           "CN=SecureSign Root CA15,O=Cybertrust Japan Co.\\, Ltd.,C=JP",
+		sha256Hash:   "e778f0f095fe843729cd1a0082179e5314a9c291442805e1fb1d8fb6b8886c3a",
+		certStartOff: 113326,
+		certLength:   551,
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+	{
+		cn:           "CN=SecureTrust CA,O=SecureTrust Corporation,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "f1c1b50ae5a20dd8030ec9f6bc24823dd367b5255759b4e71b61fce9f7375d73",
+		certStartOff: 113877,
+		certLength:   956,
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+	{
+		cn:           "CN=Security Communication ECC RootCA1,O=SECOM Trust Systems CO.\\,LTD.,C=JP",
+		sha256Hash:   "e74fbda55bd564c473a36b441aa799c8a68e077440e8288b9fa1e50e4bbaca11",
+		certStartOff: 114833,
+		certLength:   572,
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+	{
+		cn:           "CN=Starfield Root Certificate Authority - G2,O=Starfield Technologies\\, Inc.,L=Scottsdale,ST=Arizona,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "2ce1cb0bf9d2f9e102993fbe215152c3b2dd0cabde1c68e5319b839154dbb7f5",
+		certStartOff: 115405,
+		certLength:   993,
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+	{
+		cn:           "CN=Starfield Services Root Certificate Authority - G2,O=Starfield Technologies\\, Inc.,L=Scottsdale,ST=Arizona,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "568d6905a2c88708a4b3025190edcfedb1974a606a13c6e5290fcb2ae63edab5",
+		certStartOff: 116398,
+		certLength:   1011,
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+	{
+		cn:           "CN=SwissSign Gold CA - G2,O=SwissSign AG,C=CH",
+		sha256Hash:   "62dd0be9b9f50a163ea0f8e75c053b1eca57ea55c8688f647c6881f2c8357b95",
+		certStartOff: 117409,
+		certLength:   1470,
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+	{
+		cn:           "CN=SwissSign RSA TLS Root CA 2022 - 1,O=SwissSign AG,C=CH",
+		sha256Hash:   "193144f431e0fddb740717d4de926a571133884b4360d30e272913cbe660ce41",
+		certStartOff: 118879,
+		certLength:   1431,
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+	{
+		cn:           "CN=T-TeleSec GlobalRoot Class 2,OU=T-Systems Trust Center,O=T-Systems Enterprise Services GmbH,C=DE",
+		sha256Hash:   "91e2f5788d5810eba7ba58737de1548a8ecacd014598bc0b143e041b17052552",
+		certStartOff: 120310,
+		certLength:   967,
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+	{
+		cn:           "CN=T-TeleSec GlobalRoot Class 3,OU=T-Systems Trust Center,O=T-Systems Enterprise Services GmbH,C=DE",
+		sha256Hash:   "fd73dad31c644ff1b43bef0ccdda96710b9cd9875eca7e31707af3e96d522bbd",
+		certStartOff: 121277,
+		certLength:   967,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=TWCA CYBER Root CA,OU=Root CA,O=TAIWAN-CA,C=TW",
+		sha256Hash:   "3f63bb2814be174ec8b6439cf08d6d56f0b7c405883a5648a334424d6b3ec558",
+		certStartOff: 122244,
+		certLength:   1425,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=TWCA Global Root CA,OU=Root CA,O=TAIWAN-CA,C=TW",
+		sha256Hash:   "59769007f7685d0fcd50872f9f95d5755a5b2b457d81f3692b610a98672f0e1b",
+		certStartOff: 123669,
+		certLength:   1349,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=TWCA Root Certification Authority,OU=Root CA,O=TAIWAN-CA,C=TW",
+		sha256Hash:   "bfd88fe1101c41ae3e801bf8be56350ee9bad1a6b9bd515edc5c6d5b8711ac44",
+		certStartOff: 125018,
+		certLength:   895,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=Telekom Security TLS ECC Root 2020,O=Deutsche Telekom Security GmbH,C=DE",
+		sha256Hash:   "578af4ded0853f4e5998db4aeaf9cbea8d945f60b620a38d1a3c13b2bc7ba8e1",
+		certStartOff: 125913,
+		certLength:   582,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=Telekom Security TLS RSA Root 2023,O=Deutsche Telekom Security GmbH,C=DE",
+		sha256Hash:   "efc65cadbb59adb6efe84da22311b35624b71b3b1ea0da8b6655174ec8978646",
+		certStartOff: 126495,
+		certLength:   1463,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=Telia Root CA v2,O=Telia Finland Oyj,C=FI",
+		sha256Hash:   "242b69742fcb1e5b2abf98898b94572187544e5b4d9911786573621f6a74b82c",
+		certStartOff: 127958,
+		certLength:   1400,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=TeliaSonera Root CA v1,O=TeliaSonera",
+		sha256Hash:   "dd6936fe21f8f077c123a1a521c12224f72255b73e03a7260693e8a24b0fa389",
+		certStartOff: 129358,
+		certLength:   1340,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=TrustAsia Global Root CA G3,O=TrustAsia Technologies\\, Inc.,C=CN",
+		sha256Hash:   "e0d3226aeb1163c2e48ff9be3b50b4c6431be7bb1eacc5c36b5d5ec509039a08",
+		certStartOff: 130698,
+		certLength:   1449,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=TrustAsia Global Root CA G4,O=TrustAsia Technologies\\, Inc.,C=CN",
+		sha256Hash:   "be4b56cb5056c0136a526df444508daa36a0b54f42e4ac38f72af470e479654c",
+		certStartOff: 132147,
+		certLength:   601,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=TrustAsia TLS ECC Root CA,O=TrustAsia Technologies\\, Inc.,C=CN",
+		sha256Hash:   "c0076b9ef0531fb1a656d67c4ebe97cd5dbaa41ef44598acc2489878c92d8711",
+		certStartOff: 132748,
+		certLength:   565,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=TrustAsia TLS RSA Root CA,O=TrustAsia Technologies\\, Inc.,C=CN",
+		sha256Hash:   "06c08d7dafd876971eb1124fe67f847ec0c7a158d3ea53cbe940e2ea9791f4c3",
+		certStartOff: 133313,
+		certLength:   1412,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=Trustwave Global Certification Authority,O=Trustwave Holdings\\, Inc.,L=Chicago,ST=Illinois,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "97552015f5ddfc3c8788c006944555408894450084f100867086bc1a2bb58dc8",
+		certStartOff: 134725,
+		certLength:   1502,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=Trustwave Global ECC P256 Certification Authority,O=Trustwave Holdings\\, Inc.,L=Chicago,ST=Illinois,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "945bbc825ea554f489d1fd51a73ddf2ea624ac7019a05205225c22a78ccfa8b4",
+		certStartOff: 136227,
+		certLength:   612,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=Trustwave Global ECC P384 Certification Authority,O=Trustwave Holdings\\, Inc.,L=Chicago,ST=Illinois,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "55903859c8c0c3ebb8759ece4e2557225ff5758bbd38ebd48276601e1bd58097",
+		certStartOff: 136839,
+		certLength:   673,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=TunTrust Root CA,O=Agence Nationale de Certification Electronique,C=TN",
+		sha256Hash:   "2e44102ab58cb85419451c8e19d9acf3662cafbc614b6a53960a30f7d0e2eb41",
+		certStartOff: 137512,
+		certLength:   1463,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=UCA Extended Validation Root,O=UniTrust,C=CN",
+		sha256Hash:   "d43af9b35473755c9684fc06d7d8cb70ee5c28e773fb294eb41ee71722924d24",
+		certStartOff: 138975,
+		certLength:   1374,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=UCA Global G2 Root,O=UniTrust,C=CN",
+		sha256Hash:   "9bea11c976fe014764c1be56a6f914b5a560317abd9988393382e5161aa0493c",
+		certStartOff: 140349,
+		certLength:   1354,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=USERTrust ECC Certification Authority,O=The USERTRUST Network,L=Jersey City,ST=New Jersey,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "4ff460d54b9c86dabfbcfc5712e0400d2bed3fbc4d4fbdaa86e06adcd2a9ad7a",
+		certStartOff: 141703,
+		certLength:   659,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=USERTrust RSA Certification Authority,O=The USERTRUST Network,L=Jersey City,ST=New Jersey,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "e793c9b02fd8aa13e21c31228accb08119643b749c898964b1746d46c3d4cbd2",
+		certStartOff: 142362,
+		certLength:   1506,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=e-Szigno Root CA 2017,O=Microsec Ltd.,L=Budapest,C=HU,2.5.4.97=#130e56415448552d3233353834343937",
+		sha256Hash:   "beb00b30839b9bc32c32e4447905950641f26421b15ed089198b518ae2ea1b99",
+		certStartOff: 143868,
+		certLength:   580,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=emSign ECC Root CA - C3,OU=emSign PKI,O=eMudhra Inc,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "bc4d809b15189d78db3e1d8cf4f9726a795da1643ca5f1358e1ddb0edc0d7eb3",
+		certStartOff: 144448,
+		certLength:   559,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=emSign ECC Root CA - G3,OU=emSign PKI,O=eMudhra Technologies Limited,C=IN",
+		sha256Hash:   "86a1ecba089c4a8d3bbe2734c612ba341d813e043cf9e8a862cd5c57a36bbe6b",
+		certStartOff: 145007,
+		certLength:   594,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=emSign Root CA - C1,OU=emSign PKI,O=eMudhra Inc,C=US",
+		sha256Hash:   "125609aa301da0a249b97a8239cb6a34216f44dcac9f3954b14292f2e8c8608f",
+		certStartOff: 145601,
+		certLength:   887,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=emSign Root CA - G1,OU=emSign PKI,O=eMudhra Technologies Limited,C=IN",
+		sha256Hash:   "40f6af0346a99aa1cd1d555a4e9cce62c7f9634603ee406615833dc8c8d00367",
+		certStartOff: 146488,
+		certLength:   920,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=vTrus ECC Root CA,O=iTrusChina Co.\\,Ltd.,C=CN",
+		sha256Hash:   "30fbba2c32238e2a98547af97931e550428b9b3f1c8eeb6633dcfa86c5b27dd3",
+		certStartOff: 147408,
+		certLength:   531,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "CN=vTrus Root CA,O=iTrusChina Co.\\,Ltd.,C=CN",
+		sha256Hash:   "8a71de6559336f426c26e53880d00d88a18da4c6a91f0dcb6194e206c5c96387",
+		certStartOff: 147939,
+		certLength:   1370,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "OU=AC RAIZ FNMT-RCM,O=FNMT-RCM,C=ES",
+		sha256Hash:   "ebc5570c29018c4d67b1aa127baf12f703b4611ebc17b7dab5573894179b93fa",
+		certStartOff: 149309,
+		certLength:   1415,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "OU=Security Communication RootCA2,O=SECOM Trust Systems CO.\\,LTD.,C=JP",
+		sha256Hash:   "513b2cecb810d4cde5dd85391adfc6c2dd60d87bb736d2b521484aa47a0ebef6",
+		certStartOff: 150724,
+		certLength:   891,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "OU=certSIGN ROOT CA G2,O=CERTSIGN SA,C=RO",
+		sha256Hash:   "657cfe2fa73faa38462571f332a2363a46fce7020951710702cdfbb6eeda3305",
+		certStartOff: 151615,
+		certLength:   1355,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "OU=certSIGN ROOT CA,O=certSIGN,C=RO",
+		sha256Hash:   "eaa962c4fa4a6bafebe415196d351ccd888d4f53f3fa8ae6d7c466a94e6042bb",
+		certStartOff: 152970,
+		certLength:   828,
+	},
+	{
+		cn:            "OU=ePKI Root Certification Authority,O=Chunghwa Telecom Co.\\, Ltd.,C=TW",
+		sha256Hash:    "c0a6f4dc63a24bfdcf54ef2a6a082a0a72de35803e2ff5ff527ae5d87206dfd5",
+		certStartOff:  153798,
+		certLength:    1460,
+		distrustAfter: "2025-04-15T23:59:59Z",
+	},
+	{
+		cn:           "SERIALNUMBER=G63287510,CN=ANF Secure Server Root CA,OU=ANF CA Raiz,O=ANF Autoridad de Certificacion,C=ES",
+		sha256Hash:   "fb8fec759169b9106b1e511644c618c51304373f6c0643088d8beffd1b997599",
+		certStartOff: 155258,
+		certLength:   1523,
+	},
+}

x509roots/fallback/bundle/bundle_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package bundle
+
+import (
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestBundle(t *testing.T) {
+	for i, unparsed := range unparsedCertificates {
+		cert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(rawCerts[unparsed.certStartOff : unparsed.certStartOff+unparsed.certLength])
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("ParseCertificate(unparsedCertificates[%v]) unexpected error: %v", i, err)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if unparsed.cn != cert.Subject.String() {
+			t.Errorf("unparsedCertificates[%v].cn = %q; want = %q", i, unparsed.cn, cert.Subject.String())
+		}
+
+		sum := sha256.Sum256(cert.Raw)
+		sumHex := hex.EncodeToString(sum[:])
+		if sumHex != unparsed.sha256Hash {
+			t.Errorf("unparsedCertificates[%v].sha256Hash = %q; want = %q", i, unparsed.sha256Hash, sumHex)
+		}
+	}
+}

x509roots/fallback/bundle/roots.go

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+// Package bundle contains the bundle of root certificates parsed from the NSS
+// trust store, using x509roots/nss.
+package bundle
+
+import (
+	"crypto/x509"
+	_ "embed"
+	"fmt"
+	"iter"
+	"time"
+)
+
+//go:embed bundle.der
+var rawCerts []byte
+
+// Root represents a root certificate parsed from the NSS trust store.
+type Root struct {
+	// Certificate is the DER-encoded certificate (read-only; do not modify!).
+	Certificate []byte
+
+	// Constraint is nil if the root is unconstrained. If Constraint is non-nil,
+	// the certificate has additional constraints that cannot be encoded in
+	// X.509, and when building a certificate chain anchored with this root the
+	// chain should be passed to this function to check its validity. If using a
+	// [crypto/x509.CertPool] the root should be added using
+	// [crypto/x509.CertPool.AddCertWithConstraint].
+	Constraint func([]*x509.Certificate) error
+}
+
+// Roots returns the bundle of root certificates from the NSS trust store. The
+// [Root.Certificate] slice must be treated as read-only and should not be
+// modified.
+func Roots() iter.Seq[Root] {
+	return func(yield func(Root) bool) {
+		for _, unparsed := range unparsedCertificates {
+			root := Root{
+				Certificate: rawCerts[unparsed.certStartOff : unparsed.certStartOff+unparsed.certLength],
+			}
+			// parse possible constraints, this should check all fields of unparsedCertificate.
+			if unparsed.distrustAfter != "" {
+				distrustAfter, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, unparsed.distrustAfter)
+				if err != nil {
+					panic(fmt.Sprintf("failed to parse distrustAfter %q: %s", unparsed.distrustAfter, err))
+				}
+				root.Constraint = func(chain []*x509.Certificate) error {
+					for _, c := range chain {
+						if c.NotBefore.After(distrustAfter) {
+							return fmt.Errorf("certificate issued after distrust-after date %q", distrustAfter)
+						}
+					}
+					return nil
+				}
+			}
+			if !yield(root) {
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+type unparsedCertificate struct {
+	cn           string
+	sha256Hash   string
+	certStartOff int
+	certLength   int
+
+	// possible constraints
+	distrustAfter string
+}

x509roots/fallback/bundle/roots_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package bundle
+
+import (
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestRootsCanBeParsed(t *testing.T) {
+	for root := range Roots() {
+		if _, err := x509.ParseCertificate(root.Certificate); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Could not parse root certificate: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+}

x509roots/fallback/fallback.go

@@ -20,9 +20,8 @@ package fallback
 
 import (
 	"crypto/x509"
-	"encoding/pem"
-	"fmt"
-	"time"
+
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/x509roots/fallback/bundle"
 )
 
 func init() {
@@ -31,71 +30,16 @@ func init() {
 
 func newFallbackCertPool() *x509.CertPool {
 	p := x509.NewCertPool()
-	for _, c := range mustParse(unparsedCertificates) {
-		if len(c.constraints) == 0 {
-			p.AddCert(c.cert)
+	for c := range bundle.Roots() {
+		cert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(c.Certificate)
+		if err != nil {
+			panic(err)
+		}
+		if c.Constraint == nil {
+			p.AddCert(cert)
 		} else {
-			p.AddCertWithConstraint(c.cert, func(chain []*x509.Certificate) error {
-				for _, constraint := range c.constraints {
-					if err := constraint(chain); err != nil {
-						return err
-					}
-				}
-				return nil
-			})
+			p.AddCertWithConstraint(cert, c.Constraint)
 		}
 	}
 	return p
 }
-
-type unparsedCertificate struct {
-	cn         string
-	sha256Hash string
-	pem        string
-
-	// possible constraints
-	distrustAfter string
-}
-
-type parsedCertificate struct {
-	cert        *x509.Certificate
-	constraints []func([]*x509.Certificate) error
-}
-
-func mustParse(unparsedCerts []unparsedCertificate) []parsedCertificate {
-	var b []parsedCertificate
-	for _, unparsed := range unparsedCerts {
-		block, rest := pem.Decode([]byte(unparsed.pem))
-		if block == nil {
-			panic(fmt.Sprintf("unexpected nil PEM block for %q", unparsed.cn))
-		}
-		if len(rest) != 0 {
-			panic(fmt.Sprintf("unexpected trailing data in PEM for %q", unparsed.cn))
-		}
-		if block.Type != "CERTIFICATE" {
-			panic(fmt.Sprintf("unexpected PEM block type for %q: %s", unparsed.cn, block.Type))
-		}
-		cert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(block.Bytes)
-		if err != nil {
-			panic(err)
-		}
-		parsed := parsedCertificate{cert: cert}
-		// parse possible constraints, this should check all fields of unparsedCertificate.
-		if unparsed.distrustAfter != "" {
-			distrustAfter, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, unparsed.distrustAfter)
-			if err != nil {
-				panic(fmt.Sprintf("failed to parse distrustAfter %q: %s", unparsed.distrustAfter, err))
-			}
-			parsed.constraints = append(parsed.constraints, func(chain []*x509.Certificate) error {
-				for _, c := range chain {
-					if c.NotBefore.After(distrustAfter) {
-						return fmt.Errorf("certificate issued after distrust-after date %q", distrustAfter)
-					}
-				}
-				return nil
-			})
-		}
-		b = append(b, parsed)
-	}
-	return b
-}

x509roots/fallback/go.mod

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 module golang.org/x/crypto/x509roots/fallback
 
-go 1.23.0
+go 1.24.0

x509roots/gen_fallback_bundle.go

@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ package main
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"crypto/sha256"
-	"encoding/pem"
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
 	"go/format"
@@ -28,7 +27,7 @@ import (
 
 const tmpl = `// Code generated by gen_fallback_bundle.go; DO NOT EDIT.
 
-package fallback
+package bundle
 
 var unparsedCertificates = []unparsedCertificate{
 `
@@ -36,7 +35,8 @@ var unparsedCertificates = []unparsedCertificate{
 var (
 	certDataURL  = flag.String("certdata-url", "https://hg.mozilla.org/mozilla-central/raw-file/tip/security/nss/lib/ckfw/builtins/certdata.txt", "URL to the raw certdata.txt file to parse (certdata-path overrides this, if provided)")
 	certDataPath = flag.String("certdata-path", "", "Path to the NSS certdata.txt file to parse (this overrides certdata-url, if provided)")
-	output       = flag.String("output", "fallback/bundle.go", "Path to file to write output to")
+	output       = flag.String("output", "fallback/bundle/bundle.go", "Path to file to write output to")
+	derOutput    = flag.String("deroutput", "fallback/bundle/bundle.der", "Path to file to write output to (DER certificate bundle)")
 )
 
 func main() {
@@ -92,8 +92,9 @@ func main() {
 		return subjI < subjJ
 	})
 
-	b := new(bytes.Buffer)
-	b.WriteString(tmpl)
+	rawCertsData := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	goSrcOut := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	goSrcOut.WriteString(tmpl)
 	for _, c := range certs {
 		var constraints []string
 		var skip bool
@@ -110,19 +111,24 @@ func main() {
 		if skip {
 			continue
 		}
-		fmt.Fprintf(b, "{\ncn: %q,\nsha256Hash: \"%x\",\npem: `%s`,\n",
+
+		off := rawCertsData.Len()
+		rawCertsData.Write(c.X509.Raw)
+
+		fmt.Fprintf(goSrcOut, "{\ncn: %q,\nsha256Hash: \"%x\",\ncertStartOff: %v,\ncertLength: %v,\n",
 			c.X509.Subject.String(),
 			sha256.Sum256(c.X509.Raw),
-			string(pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: "CERTIFICATE", Bytes: c.X509.Raw})),
+			off,
+			len(c.X509.Raw),
 		)
 		for _, constraint := range constraints {
-			fmt.Fprintln(b, constraint)
+			fmt.Fprintln(goSrcOut, constraint)
 		}
-		fmt.Fprintln(b, "},")
+		fmt.Fprintln(goSrcOut, "},")
 	}
-	fmt.Fprintln(b, "}")
+	fmt.Fprintln(goSrcOut, "}")
 
-	formatted, err := format.Source(b.Bytes())
+	formatted, err := format.Source(goSrcOut.Bytes())
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Fatalf("failed to format source: %s", err)
 	}
@@ -130,4 +136,8 @@ func main() {
 	if err := os.WriteFile(*output, formatted, 0644); err != nil {
 		log.Fatalf("failed to write to %q: %s", *output, err)
 	}
+
+	if err := os.WriteFile(*derOutput, rawCertsData.Bytes(), 0644); err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("failed to write to %q: %s", *output, err)
+	}
 }

xts/xts.go

@@ -21,6 +21,10 @@
 //
 // Note that XTS is usually not appropriate for any use besides disk encryption.
 // Most users should use an AEAD mode like GCM (from crypto/cipher.NewGCM) instead.
+//
+// The xts package is [frozen] and is not accepting new features.
+//
+// [frozen]: https://go.dev/wiki/Frozen
 package xts
 
 import (