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T48 Universal EEPROM / Flash Programmer Specification

1. Overview

The T48 Universal Programmer (also sold as TL866-3G / TL866II Plus successor) is a USB-connected device used to read, program, and verify a wide range of EEPROM, Flash, EPROM, GAL, and microcontroller devices. It is commonly used in retrocomputing, firmware development, and electronics repair workflows.

The T48 is a modern replacement for the TL866 series, offering expanded device support and improved software compatibility.

2. General Characteristics

Feature	Description
Programmer type	Universal device programmer
Interface	USB 2.0
Socket	ZIF-48
Supported devices	EEPROM, Flash, EPROM, GAL, MCU
Programming voltage	Generated internally
Host OS	Windows, Linux (open-source tools)
Verification	Read-after-write, checksum

3. Physical Description

3.1 ZIF Socket

48-pin Zero Insertion Force (ZIF) socket
Supports DIP packages directly
PLCC, SOP, TSOP supported via adapters

3.2 Indicators and Controls

Item	Description
Status LED	Power / activity indication
ZIF lever	Locks IC into socket
USB connector	Host connection and power

4. Supported Device Categories

4.1 Memory Devices

27xxx EPROM
28xxx EEPROM (e.g., AT28C256)
29xxx Flash memory
Serial EEPROMs (with adapters)

4.2 Programmable Logic

GAL16V8, GAL22V10 (read/write/verify)

4.3 Microcontrollers (Limited)

Some PIC, AVR, and 8051-family devices
Programming support depends on voltage and pinout

5. Electrical Capabilities

Parameter	Description
VCC range	1.8 V - 6.5 V (device dependent)
VPP	Internally generated, device-specific
I/O protection	Over-current and short-circuit protected

6. Programming Operations

6.1 Common Operations

Device identification
Blank check
Read
Program (write)
Verify
Erase (Flash/EPROM)

6.2 Verification Modes

Byte-by-byte comparison
Checksum / CRC validation

7. Software Support

7.1 Official Software

Windows-based GUI
Device database with pin mappings
Automatic voltage and timing control

7.2 Open-Source Tools

Tool	Notes
`minipro`	Linux / macOS / Windows CLI tool
libusb	USB communication backend

Example:

minipro -p AT28C256 -w rom.bin

8. Device Insertion and Pin Mapping

Device orientation indicated by pin 1 marker
Many devices use lower-left alignment in ZIF socket
Software displays correct insertion diagram

9. Typical Workflow (EEPROM Example)

Select device type (e.g., AT28C256)
Insert chip into ZIF socket
Perform blank check
Load binary image
Program device
Verify written contents

10. Power and Safety Notes

Programmer powered entirely via USB
Do not insert or remove ICs while programming
Use adapters for non-DIP packages

11. Limitations

Not all microcontrollers are supported
High-voltage EPROMs may require specific adapters
Not intended for in-circuit programming (ISP)

12. Common Use Cases

Programming EEPROMs for 6502 SBCs
Flashing ROM images for retro systems
Reading and backing up legacy EPROMs
GAL logic development

13. Comparison with TL866II Plus

Feature	TL866II Plus	T48
Device support	Good	Expanded
OS support	Windows	Windows / Linux
Open-source tools	Limited	Excellent

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