ssh: add diffie-hellman-group14-sha256 kex

RFC 9142 made diffie-hellman-group14-sha256 from RFC 8268 a MUST, and
it's strictly better than diffie-hellman-group14-sha1, which we already
have, and trivial to add.

> The method of key exchange used for the name "diffie-hellman-
> group14-sha256" is the same as that for "diffie-hellman-group14-sha1"
> except that the SHA256 hash algorithm is used.

Ignore the bigger groups which have a meaningful performance cost, and
don't share the same interoperability benefit.

Adapted from CL 387994.

Fixes golang/go#31731

Co-authored-by: Nicola Murino <nicola.murino@gmail.com>
Change-Id: Id4ce345a2065840f193986739ea890f105a1e929
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/crypto/+/392014
Trust: Filippo Valsorda <filippo@golang.org>
Run-TryBot: Filippo Valsorda <filippo@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gopher Robot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Roland Shoemaker <roland@golang.org>

ssh/common.go

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ var supportedKexAlgos = []string{
 	// P384 and P521 are not constant-time yet, but since we don't
 	// reuse ephemeral keys, using them for ECDH should be OK.
 	kexAlgoECDH256, kexAlgoECDH384, kexAlgoECDH521,
-	kexAlgoDH14SHA1, kexAlgoDH1SHA1,
+	kexAlgoDH14SHA256, kexAlgoDH14SHA1, kexAlgoDH1SHA1,
 }
 
 // serverForbiddenKexAlgos contains key exchange algorithms, that are forbidden
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ var serverForbiddenKexAlgos = map[string]struct{}{
 var preferredKexAlgos = []string{
 	kexAlgoCurve25519SHA256, kexAlgoCurve25519SHA256LibSSH,
 	kexAlgoECDH256, kexAlgoECDH384, kexAlgoECDH521,
-	kexAlgoDH14SHA1,
+	kexAlgoDH14SHA256, kexAlgoDH14SHA1,
 }
 
 // supportedHostKeyAlgos specifies the supported host-key algorithms (i.e. methods