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282 lines
6.4 KiB
Markdown
282 lines
6.4 KiB
Markdown
# Common Breadboard Electronic Components
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A practical reference for **breadboard-based electronics**, covering common components, formulas, tables, pinouts, and learning references. Suitable for beginners through intermediate hardware builders.
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---
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## 1. Resistors
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### Description
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Resistors limit current, divide voltage, and set bias points.
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### Common Types
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| Type | Notes | Typical Use |
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| ------------- | ----------- | ------------------ |
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| Carbon Film | Cheap, ±5% | General purpose |
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| Metal Film | Stable, ±1% | Precision circuits |
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| Wirewound | High power | Power dissipation |
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| Potentiometer | Adjustable | Volume, tuning |
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### Standard Values (E12 Series)
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`10, 12, 15, 18, 22, 27, 33, 39, 47, 56, 68, 82 x 10^n`
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### Color Code
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| Band | Meaning |
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| ---- | ------------ |
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| 1 | First digit |
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| 2 | Second digit |
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| 3 | Multiplier |
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| 4 | Tolerance |
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### Power Ratings
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| Rating | Typical Size |
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| ------ | ------------------- |
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| 1/8 W | Small |
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| 1/4 W | Breadboard standard |
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| 1/2 W | Large |
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### Formulas
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* **Ohm's Law:** `V = I x R`
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* **Power:** `P = V × I = I² × R = V² / R`
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### Reference
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* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor)
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---
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## 2. Capacitors
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### Description
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Capacitors store electrical energy and block DC while passing AC.
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### Common Types
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| Type | Polarized | Typical Use |
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| ------------ | --------- | ------------------ |
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| Ceramic | No | Decoupling, bypass |
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| Electrolytic | Yes | Bulk filtering |
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| Tantalum | Yes | Compact filtering |
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| Film | No | Signal coupling |
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### Common Values
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| Range | Example |
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| ----- | ---------------- |
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| pF | 10pF, 100pF |
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| nF | 100nF (0.1µF) |
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| µF | 1µF, 10µF, 100µF |
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### Voltage Rating Rule
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> Capacitor voltage rating ≥ **2x circuit voltage**
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### Formulas
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* **Capacitive Reactance:** `Xc = 1 / (2πfC)`
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* **Energy Stored:** `E = ½ C V²`
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### Reference
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* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor)
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---
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## 3. Inductors
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### Description
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Inductors store energy in a magnetic field and resist changes in current.
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### Common Types
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| Type | Use |
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| ------------ | ----------------- |
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| Air-core | RF circuits |
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| Ferrite-core | Power filtering |
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| Choke | Noise suppression |
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### Formula
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* **Inductive Reactance:** `XL = 2πfL`
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### Reference
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* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductor)
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---
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## 4. Diodes
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### Description
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Diodes allow current flow in one direction only.
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### Common Types
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| Type | Typical Part | Use |
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| --------- | ------------ | --------------------- |
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| Rectifier | 1N4007 | Power |
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| Signal | 1N4148 | Logic, fast switching |
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| Zener | 1N4733A | Voltage regulation |
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| Schottky | 1N5819 | Low drop |
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### Key Parameters
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| Parameter | Typical |
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| --------------- | -------------------------- |
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| Forward Voltage | 0.7V (Si), 0.3V (Schottky) |
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| Reverse Voltage | Device-specific |
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### Reference
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* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode)
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---
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## 5. LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes)
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### Description
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LEDs emit light when forward biased.
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### Typical Forward Voltage
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| Color | Vf |
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| ----- | -------- |
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| Red | 1.8-2.2V |
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| Green | 2.0-3.0V |
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| Blue | 3.0-3.3V |
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### Current Limiting Resistor
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`R = (V_supply - V_LED) / I_LED`
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### Reference
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* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode)
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---
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## 6. Transistors
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### BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor)
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| Type | Example | Use |
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| ---- | ------- | ------------------------ |
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| NPN | 2N3904 | Switching, amplification |
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| PNP | 2N3906 | High-side switching |
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**Key Formula:**
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* `Ic ≈ β × Ib`
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### MOSFET
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| Type | Example | Use |
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| --------- | ------- | --------------------- |
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| N-channel | IRLZ44N | Logic-level switching |
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| P-channel | IRF9540 | High-side control |
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### Reference
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* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor)
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---
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## 7. Integrated Circuits (DIP)
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### Common Logic Families
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| Family | Voltage | Notes |
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| ----------- | ------- | ------------------- |
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| TTL (74LS) | 5V | Legacy |
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| CMOS (74HC) | 2-6V | Breadboard-friendly |
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### Decoupling Rule
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> Place **0.1µF ceramic capacitor** across Vcc and GND per IC
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### Reference
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* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit)
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---
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## 8. Switches & Buttons
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| Type | Use |
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| ------- | --------------- |
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| Tactile | Momentary input |
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| Slide | Mode select |
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| Toggle | Power |
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### Debounce (RC Approximation)
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* Typical: `10kΩ + 100nF`
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---
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## 9. Breadboards
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### Description
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Solderless prototyping boards with internal bus connections.
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### Internal Wiring
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* Rows: connected horizontally (5 holes)
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* Rails: connected vertically (power)
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### Limitations
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* Not suitable for high-frequency or high-current circuits
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### Reference
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* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadboard)
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---
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## 10. Common Accessories
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| Item | Purpose |
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| ---------------- | ----------------- |
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| Jumper wires | Connections |
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| USB power module | 5V / 3.3V supply |
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| Multimeter | Measurement |
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| Logic probe | Digital debugging |
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---
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## 11. Quick Reference Formulas
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| Formula | Description |
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| --------------- | -------------------- |
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| `V = IR` | Ohm's Law |
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| `P = VI` | Power |
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| `Xc = 1/(2πfC)` | Capacitive reactance |
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| `XL = 2πfL` | Inductive reactance |
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| `E = ½CV²` | Capacitor energy |
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---
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## 12. Learning Resources
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* [https://learn.sparkfun.com](https://learn.sparkfun.com)
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* [https://www.allaboutcircuits.com](https://www.allaboutcircuits.com)
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* [https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws](https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws)
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* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics)
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---
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**Document Purpose:** Practical breadboard electronics reference
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**Scope:** Hobbyist, education, prototyping
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