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87 lines
2.7 KiB
Markdown
87 lines
2.7 KiB
Markdown
# Basic Electronic Components
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This document covers four fundamental electronic components: Resistors, Capacitors, Buttons, and Switches, including common values, formulas, and types.
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## 1. Resistors (R)
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Resistors limit the flow of electrical current and dissipate energy as heat.
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### Common Formulas
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* **Ohm's Law:** $V = I \times R$ (Voltage = Current $\times$ Resistance)
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* **Series Resistance:** $R_{total} = R_1 + R_2 + ... + R_n$
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* **Parallel Resistance:** $\frac{1}{R_{total}} = \frac{1}{R_1} + \frac{1}{R_2} + ... + \frac{1}{R_n}$
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### Common Values (E12/E24 Series - 5% Tolerance)
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Values are multiplied by powers of 10 (e.g., 10$\Omega$, 100$\Omega$, 1k$\Omega$, 10k$\Omega$, 100k$\Omega$, 1M$\Omega$):
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**1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.5, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.2, 2.4, 2.7, 3.0, 3.3, 3.6, 3.9, 4.3, 4.7, 5.1, 5.6, 6.2, 6.8, 7.5, 8.2, 9.1**
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## 2. Capacitors (C)
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Capacitors store electrical charge in an electric field.
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### Common Formulas
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* **Capacitance:** $C = \frac{Q}{V}$ (Charge / Voltage)
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* **Current:** $i = C \frac{dV}{dt}$
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* **Parallel Capacitance:** $C_{total} = C_1 + C_2 + ... + C_n$
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* **Series Capacitance:** $\frac{1}{C_{total}} = \frac{1}{C_1} + \frac{1}{C_2} + ... + \frac{1}{C_n}$
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* **Energy Stored:** $W = \frac{1}{2} C V^2$
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### Common Values
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* **Ceramic (picoFarads/nanoFarads):** 10pF, 22pF, 100pF, 1nF, 10nF, 100nF (often labeled "104")
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* **Electrolytic (microFarads):** 1µF, 10µF, 22µF, 47µF, 100µF, 220µF, 470µF, 1000µF
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## 3. Buttons (Push Button)
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A momentary switch that completes a circuit only when pressed.
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### Common Types
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* **Normally Open (NO):** Circuit is open (off) until pushed.
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* **Normally Closed (NC):** Circuit is closed (on) until pushed.
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* **Tactile Switch:** Small, standard button for PCB mounting.
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## 4. Switches (SW)
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An electromechanical device that breaks or connects a circuit, staying in position until flipped.
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### Common Types
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* **SPST:** Single Pole, Single Throw (On/Off)
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* **SPDT:** Single Pole, Double Throw (Toggle between two paths)
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* **DPST/DPDT:** Double Pole variants (controls two independent circuits simultaneously)
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* **DIP Switch:** Small array of switches for circuit boards.
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## Quick Reference Summary Table
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| Component | Symbol (Ref) | Key Formula | Common Use |
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| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
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| **Resistor** | Zigzag / Box | $V=IR$ | Current limiting, voltage divider |
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| **Capacitor**| Two Parallel Lines| $i=C \frac{dV}{dt}$ | Filtering, timing, coupling |
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| **Button** | Momentary | N/A | User input (momentary) |
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| **Switch** | Toggle/Lever | N/A | Power control, signal routing |
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## Common Suffixes
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* **k** = kilo ($10^3$)
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* **M** = Mega ($10^6$)
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* **m** = milli ($10^{-3}$)
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* **µ** = micro ($10^{-6}$)
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* **n** = nano ($10^{-9}$)
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* **p** = pico ($10^{-12}$)
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