mirror of
https://github.com/github/awesome-copilot.git
synced 2026-02-23 20:05:12 +00:00
New skill for building legacy hardware cicuit mockups
This commit is contained in:
jhauga
@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
|
||||
# Common Breadboard Electronic Components
|
||||
|
||||
A practical reference for **breadboard-based electronics**, covering common components, formulas, tables, pinouts, and learning references. Suitable for beginners through intermediate hardware builders.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 1. Resistors
|
||||
|
||||
### Description
|
||||
|
||||
Resistors limit current, divide voltage, and set bias points.
|
||||
|
||||
### Common Types
|
||||
|
||||
| Type | Notes | Typical Use |
|
||||
| ------------- | ----------- | ------------------ |
|
||||
| Carbon Film | Cheap, ±5% | General purpose |
|
||||
| Metal Film | Stable, ±1% | Precision circuits |
|
||||
| Wirewound | High power | Power dissipation |
|
||||
| Potentiometer | Adjustable | Volume, tuning |
|
||||
|
||||
### Standard Values (E12 Series)
|
||||
|
||||
`10, 12, 15, 18, 22, 27, 33, 39, 47, 56, 68, 82 x 10^n`
|
||||
|
||||
### Color Code
|
||||
|
||||
| Band | Meaning |
|
||||
| ---- | ------------ |
|
||||
| 1 | First digit |
|
||||
| 2 | Second digit |
|
||||
| 3 | Multiplier |
|
||||
| 4 | Tolerance |
|
||||
|
||||
### Power Ratings
|
||||
|
||||
| Rating | Typical Size |
|
||||
| ------ | ------------------- |
|
||||
| 1/8 W | Small |
|
||||
| 1/4 W | Breadboard standard |
|
||||
| 1/2 W | Large |
|
||||
|
||||
### Formulas
|
||||
|
||||
* **Ohm's Law:** `V = I x R`
|
||||
* **Power:** `P = V × I = I² × R = V² / R`
|
||||
|
||||
### Reference
|
||||
|
||||
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor)
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 2. Capacitors
|
||||
|
||||
### Description
|
||||
|
||||
Capacitors store electrical energy and block DC while passing AC.
|
||||
|
||||
### Common Types
|
||||
|
||||
| Type | Polarized | Typical Use |
|
||||
| ------------ | --------- | ------------------ |
|
||||
| Ceramic | No | Decoupling, bypass |
|
||||
| Electrolytic | Yes | Bulk filtering |
|
||||
| Tantalum | Yes | Compact filtering |
|
||||
| Film | No | Signal coupling |
|
||||
|
||||
### Common Values
|
||||
|
||||
| Range | Example |
|
||||
| ----- | ---------------- |
|
||||
| pF | 10pF, 100pF |
|
||||
| nF | 100nF (0.1µF) |
|
||||
| µF | 1µF, 10µF, 100µF |
|
||||
|
||||
### Voltage Rating Rule
|
||||
|
||||
> Capacitor voltage rating ≥ **2x circuit voltage**
|
||||
|
||||
### Formulas
|
||||
|
||||
* **Capacitive Reactance:** `Xc = 1 / (2πfC)`
|
||||
* **Energy Stored:** `E = ½ C V²`
|
||||
|
||||
### Reference
|
||||
|
||||
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor)
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 3. Inductors
|
||||
|
||||
### Description
|
||||
|
||||
Inductors store energy in a magnetic field and resist changes in current.
|
||||
|
||||
### Common Types
|
||||
|
||||
| Type | Use |
|
||||
| ------------ | ----------------- |
|
||||
| Air-core | RF circuits |
|
||||
| Ferrite-core | Power filtering |
|
||||
| Choke | Noise suppression |
|
||||
|
||||
### Formula
|
||||
|
||||
* **Inductive Reactance:** `XL = 2πfL`
|
||||
|
||||
### Reference
|
||||
|
||||
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductor)
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 4. Diodes
|
||||
|
||||
### Description
|
||||
|
||||
Diodes allow current flow in one direction only.
|
||||
|
||||
### Common Types
|
||||
|
||||
| Type | Typical Part | Use |
|
||||
| --------- | ------------ | --------------------- |
|
||||
| Rectifier | 1N4007 | Power |
|
||||
| Signal | 1N4148 | Logic, fast switching |
|
||||
| Zener | 1N4733A | Voltage regulation |
|
||||
| Schottky | 1N5819 | Low drop |
|
||||
|
||||
### Key Parameters
|
||||
|
||||
| Parameter | Typical |
|
||||
| --------------- | -------------------------- |
|
||||
| Forward Voltage | 0.7V (Si), 0.3V (Schottky) |
|
||||
| Reverse Voltage | Device-specific |
|
||||
|
||||
### Reference
|
||||
|
||||
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode)
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 5. LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes)
|
||||
|
||||
### Description
|
||||
|
||||
LEDs emit light when forward biased.
|
||||
|
||||
### Typical Forward Voltage
|
||||
|
||||
| Color | Vf |
|
||||
| ----- | -------- |
|
||||
| Red | 1.8-2.2V |
|
||||
| Green | 2.0-3.0V |
|
||||
| Blue | 3.0-3.3V |
|
||||
|
||||
### Current Limiting Resistor
|
||||
|
||||
`R = (V_supply - V_LED) / I_LED`
|
||||
|
||||
### Reference
|
||||
|
||||
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode)
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 6. Transistors
|
||||
|
||||
### BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor)
|
||||
|
||||
| Type | Example | Use |
|
||||
| ---- | ------- | ------------------------ |
|
||||
| NPN | 2N3904 | Switching, amplification |
|
||||
| PNP | 2N3906 | High-side switching |
|
||||
|
||||
**Key Formula:**
|
||||
|
||||
* `Ic ≈ β × Ib`
|
||||
|
||||
### MOSFET
|
||||
|
||||
| Type | Example | Use |
|
||||
| --------- | ------- | --------------------- |
|
||||
| N-channel | IRLZ44N | Logic-level switching |
|
||||
| P-channel | IRF9540 | High-side control |
|
||||
|
||||
### Reference
|
||||
|
||||
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor)
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 7. Integrated Circuits (DIP)
|
||||
|
||||
### Common Logic Families
|
||||
|
||||
| Family | Voltage | Notes |
|
||||
| ----------- | ------- | ------------------- |
|
||||
| TTL (74LS) | 5V | Legacy |
|
||||
| CMOS (74HC) | 2-6V | Breadboard-friendly |
|
||||
|
||||
### Decoupling Rule
|
||||
|
||||
> Place **0.1µF ceramic capacitor** across Vcc and GND per IC
|
||||
|
||||
### Reference
|
||||
|
||||
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit)
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 8. Switches & Buttons
|
||||
|
||||
| Type | Use |
|
||||
| ------- | --------------- |
|
||||
| Tactile | Momentary input |
|
||||
| Slide | Mode select |
|
||||
| Toggle | Power |
|
||||
|
||||
### Debounce (RC Approximation)
|
||||
|
||||
* Typical: `10kΩ + 100nF`
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 9. Breadboards
|
||||
|
||||
### Description
|
||||
|
||||
Solderless prototyping boards with internal bus connections.
|
||||
|
||||
### Internal Wiring
|
||||
|
||||
* Rows: connected horizontally (5 holes)
|
||||
* Rails: connected vertically (power)
|
||||
|
||||
### Limitations
|
||||
|
||||
* Not suitable for high-frequency or high-current circuits
|
||||
|
||||
### Reference
|
||||
|
||||
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadboard)
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 10. Common Accessories
|
||||
|
||||
| Item | Purpose |
|
||||
| ---------------- | ----------------- |
|
||||
| Jumper wires | Connections |
|
||||
| USB power module | 5V / 3.3V supply |
|
||||
| Multimeter | Measurement |
|
||||
| Logic probe | Digital debugging |
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 11. Quick Reference Formulas
|
||||
|
||||
| Formula | Description |
|
||||
| --------------- | -------------------- |
|
||||
| `V = IR` | Ohm's Law |
|
||||
| `P = VI` | Power |
|
||||
| `Xc = 1/(2πfC)` | Capacitive reactance |
|
||||
| `XL = 2πfL` | Inductive reactance |
|
||||
| `E = ½CV²` | Capacitor energy |
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 12. Learning Resources
|
||||
|
||||
* [https://learn.sparkfun.com](https://learn.sparkfun.com)
|
||||
* [https://www.allaboutcircuits.com](https://www.allaboutcircuits.com)
|
||||
* [https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws](https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws)
|
||||
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics)
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
**Document Purpose:** Practical breadboard electronics reference
|
||||
**Scope:** Hobbyist, education, prototyping
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user