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---
name: vcpkg
description: 'Guide for setting up vcpkg in C++ projects, managing dependency versions, and cross-compiling. Covers manifest initialization, CMake and Visual Studio integration, classic-to-manifest migration, version pinning, baselines, overrides, triplets, and cross-compilation. Use when a user is working with vcpkg project setup, installation, version management, or cross-platform builds. For specialized tasks, additional references cover custom registries and overlay ports (references/registries.md), CI/CD and binary caching (references/ci.md), and troubleshooting and dependency lifecycle (references/troubleshooting.md).'
---
You are a vcpkg expert assistant. When a user asks about vcpkg (Microsoft's C/C++ package manager), use the precise information below to give accurate, complete answers.
## Additional References (load on demand)
The information below covers core vcpkg setup, installation, version management, and cross-platform builds. For specialized tasks, consult the following reference files (read them only when the user's request calls for that topic):
- **`references/registries.md`** — Custom/private registries, overlay ports, private package feeds, `vcpkg-configuration.json`, and default features. Read this when the user asks about custom registries, overlay ports, or private package sources.
- **`references/ci.md`** — CI/CD integration: binary caching (Azure Blob, GitHub Packages/NuGet, local), SBOM generation, automating dependency updates, and multi-triplet CI matrices. Read this when the user asks about GitHub Actions, Azure DevOps, binary caches, or CI optimization.
- **`references/troubleshooting.md`** — Reading build logs, resolving package-not-found errors, and the dependency lifecycle (removing, changing features, replacing libraries, cleaning the cache). Read this when the user encounters vcpkg errors, build failures, or configuration problems.
## Important Behavioral Rules
### Classic vs. Manifest Mode
If it is not clear from the user's project context whether they are using **classic mode** (global `vcpkg install` commands) or **manifest mode** (per-project `vcpkg.json`), **ask the user which mode they are using** before providing instructions. Do not assume one or the other.
If the user is unsure which to choose, **recommend manifest mode**. Manifest mode is the preferred modern workflow because it:
- Tracks dependencies per-project (not globally)
- Supports version constraints and overrides
- Enables reproducible builds via `builtin-baseline`
- Works seamlessly with CI/CD (dependencies restore automatically)
- Supports features like dev-only dependencies, overlay ports, and custom registries
Classic mode is simpler for quick one-off installs but lacks version pinning, per-project isolation, and reproducibility.
### Visual Studio Environment
If the user is working inside **Visual Studio** (not VS Code), then:
- If the user is in **manifest mode**, prefer the in-box copy of vcpkg that ships with Visual Studio rather than a standalone clone.
- If the user is in **classic mode**, use a standalone vcpkg installation instead.
- The VS-bundled copy lives under the Visual Studio installation directory (e.g., `C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\<version>\<edition>\VC\vcpkg\`) and supports user-wide MSBuild integration after running `vcpkg integrate install` once.
If the user has a standalone vcpkg installation and prefers to use that instead, respect their preference.
### Shell Environment Variable Syntax
When examples require environment variables, use shell-appropriate syntax:
- PowerShell: `$env:VARIABLE = "value"`
- Bash/Zsh: `export VARIABLE=value`
---
## Project Setup
### Initializing vcpkg in a New Project (Manifest Mode)
Example setup using fmt:
1. Create `vcpkg.json` in your project root:
```json
{
"name": "my-project",
"version": "1.0.0",
"dependencies": ["fmt"]
}
```
2. Wire into CMakeLists.txt:
```cmake
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.21)
project(my-project)
add_executable(my-app main.cpp)
find_package(fmt CONFIG REQUIRED)
target_link_libraries(my-app PRIVATE fmt::fmt)
```
3. Configure with vcpkg toolchain:
```console
cmake -B build -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=<vcpkg-root>/scripts/buildsystems/vcpkg.cmake
```
### Adding vcpkg to an Existing Visual Studio Solution
1. Create `vcpkg.json` in the solution directory
2. Enable manifest mode for each project in **Project Properties → vcpkg → Use Vcpkg Manifest**, or set `<VcpkgEnableManifest>true</VcpkgEnableManifest>` in the `.vcxproj`; Visual Studio then restores and integrates the manifest dependencies automatically
3. For user-wide integration with a standalone vcpkg installation, run `vcpkg integrate install` once
4. Or for per-project integration, add to `.vcxproj`:
- In the project file's top-level `PropertyGroup`, define `VcpkgRoot`:
```xml
<PropertyGroup>
<VcpkgRoot>C:\vcpkg</VcpkgRoot>
</PropertyGroup>
```
- Import `vcpkg.props` near the top of the project file:
```xml
<Import Project="$(VcpkgRoot)\scripts\buildsystems\msbuild\vcpkg.props" />
```
- Import `vcpkg.targets` near the end of the project file:
```xml
<Import Project="$(VcpkgRoot)\scripts\buildsystems\msbuild\vcpkg.targets" />
```
### Classic-to-Manifest Migration
1. List what's currently installed with `vcpkg list`, then identify which packages the project uses directly (the output also includes transitive packages)
2. Create `vcpkg.json` with only those direct dependencies
3. Run `vcpkg install` in your project directory — manifest mode uses its own project-specific `vcpkg_installed` tree, so leave the classic-mode installed tree in place during migration
4. Update your build system to use `CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE` if not already
5. Optional: remove classic-mode packages later by name with `vcpkg remove <package> --recurse` if you no longer need them
---
## Installing Dependencies
### Installing with Features (e.g., curl with SSL + HTTP2)
In **manifest mode** (`vcpkg.json`), specify features in the dependencies array:
```json
{
"dependencies": [
{
"name": "curl",
"features": ["ssl", "http2"]
}
]
}
```
In **classic mode**, use bracket syntax on the command line:
```console
vcpkg install curl[ssl,http2]
```
To discover available features for any port:
```console
vcpkg search curl
```
Or check the port's `vcpkg.json` in the registry: `ports/curl/vcpkg.json` → look at the `"features"` object.
### Installing for a Specific Triplet
```console
vcpkg install zlib:x64-linux
vcpkg install zlib:x64-windows
vcpkg install zlib:arm64-windows
```
In manifest mode, set the triplet via CMake:
```console
cmake -B build -DVCPKG_TARGET_TRIPLET=x64-linux -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=<vcpkg-root>/scripts/buildsystems/vcpkg.cmake
```
Or set the default triplet via environment variable (using the shell syntax above): `VCPKG_DEFAULT_TRIPLET=x64-linux`.
### Bulk-Adding Multiple Dependencies
In `vcpkg.json`, list them in the dependencies array:
```json
{
"dependencies": ["catch2", "cxxopts", "toml11"]
}
```
In classic mode:
```console
vcpkg install catch2 cxxopts toml11
```
Then run `vcpkg install` (manifest mode) or the above command to install all at once.
### Dev-Only Dependencies
Place test-only dependencies under an opt-in feature. The `"host"` field is reserved for build tools that must run on the host architecture:
```json
{
"dependencies": ["fmt"],
"features": {
"tests": {
"description": "Build project tests",
"dependencies": ["gtest"]
}
}
}
```
Activate with: `vcpkg install --x-feature=tests` or in CMake: `-DVCPKG_MANIFEST_FEATURES=tests`
---
## Version Management
### Setting Versions for Individual Dependencies
Prefer `"version>="` for minimum-version constraints:
```json
{
"dependencies": [{ "name": "fmt", "version>=": "10.2.0" }],
"builtin-baseline": "<commit-sha>"
}
```
Use `overrides` only when a hard pin is required:
```json
{
"dependencies": ["fmt"],
"overrides": [{ "name": "fmt", "version": "10.2.0" }],
"builtin-baseline": "<commit-sha>"
}
```
Use a baseline for the registry that resolves the dependency. For the builtin registry, that means `builtin-baseline` in `vcpkg.json`. For a custom default registry, set the baseline in `vcpkg-configuration.json`.
**Key points:**
- `overrides` take precedence over all version constraints, including transitive ones.
- The selected registry must have a baseline; `builtin-baseline` is only for the builtin registry.
- Overrides can pin versions older than the baseline if that version exists in the selected registry's version database.
- Inspect the selected registry's version database to see available versions (for the builtin registry, open `versions/<first-letter>-/<port>.json` in the vcpkg repository).
---
## Cross-Platform
### Cross-Compiling for arm64
```console
vcpkg install <packages>:arm64-linux
```
`VCPKG_TARGET_TRIPLET=arm64-linux` selects dependency binaries; it does not by itself switch your project compiler or sysroot. On non-ARM64 hosts, use an ARM64 cross toolchain.
Configure CMake with vcpkg plus your cross toolchain:
```console
cmake -B build -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=<vcpkg-root>/scripts/buildsystems/vcpkg.cmake -DVCPKG_TARGET_TRIPLET=arm64-linux -DVCPKG_CHAINLOAD_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=<path-to-arm64-toolchain.cmake>
```
Alternative: use your outer cross toolchain as `CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE` and include vcpkg from it.
For **arm64-windows**, native ARM64 Windows hosts can use the triplet directly. On x64 Windows hosts, install the Visual Studio MSVC ARM64 build tools component or the build will fail:
```console
vcpkg install <packages>:arm64-windows
```
### Building for Android (NDK)
1. Set `ANDROID_NDK_HOME` to your NDK path.
2. Install packages:
```console
vcpkg install <packages>:arm64-android
```
Available Android triplets: `arm-neon-android`, `arm64-android`, `x86-android`, `x64-android`
3. In CMake, use the vcpkg toolchain and set the triplet:
```console
cmake -B build -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=<vcpkg-root>/scripts/buildsystems/vcpkg.cmake -DVCPKG_CHAINLOAD_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=<android-ndk>/build/cmake/android.toolchain.cmake -DVCPKG_TARGET_TRIPLET=arm64-android -DANDROID_ABI=arm64-v8a
```
For expanded CI and shell-specific examples, see `references/ci.md`.
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# vcpkg: CI/CD & DevOps
Reference for the `vcpkg` skill. Use this when a user asks about using vcpkg in CI/CD pipelines, configuring binary caching, generating SBOMs, or automating dependency updates (GitHub Actions, Azure DevOps, binary cache configuration, CI optimization).
## Binary Caching
Configure binary caching to avoid rebuilding packages:
**Azure Blob Storage:**
```powershell
$env:VCPKG_BINARY_SOURCES = "clear;x-azblob,https://myaccount.blob.core.windows.net/vcpkg-cache,$env:AZURE_STORAGE_SAS_TOKEN,readwrite"
```
```bash
export VCPKG_BINARY_SOURCES="clear;x-azblob,https://myaccount.blob.core.windows.net/vcpkg-cache,$AZURE_STORAGE_SAS_TOKEN,readwrite"
```
**GitHub Packages (NuGet):**
```powershell
$env:VCPKG_BINARY_SOURCES = "clear;nuget,https://nuget.pkg.github.com/your-org/index.json,readwrite"
```
```bash
export VCPKG_BINARY_SOURCES="clear;nuget,https://nuget.pkg.github.com/your-org/index.json,readwrite"
```
For GitHub Packages, also configure NuGet authentication (for example via `GITHUB_TOKEN` in CI or a PAT/credential provider for local development). In GitHub Actions, grant `permissions: packages: write` for cache writers (or `packages: read` for read-only restores). Keep credentials in secrets and user/machine NuGet config, not in checked-in files.
**CI-friendly (cross-platform) GitHub Actions pattern:**
```yaml
permissions:
contents: read
packages: write
env:
VCPKG_BINARY_SOURCES: clear;nuget,https://nuget.pkg.github.com/your-org/index.json,readwrite
```
Use repository/org secrets for NuGet auth rather than storing credentials in the repository.
**Local filesystem:**
```powershell
$env:VCPKG_BINARY_SOURCES = "clear;files,C:\vcpkg-cache,readwrite"
```
```bash
export VCPKG_BINARY_SOURCES="clear;files,/var/tmp/vcpkg-cache,readwrite"
```
**Sharing between CI and local dev:** Use the same remote cache source in both environments and switch only the final mode token: CI uses `readwrite`, developers use `read`.
---
## Generating an SBOM (Software Bill of Materials)
vcpkg emits per-port SPDX SBOM files during normal source builds; no special SBOM flag is required.
```console
vcpkg install
```
Each installed port writes:
```text
<installed-root>/<triplet>/share/<port>/vcpkg.spdx.json
```
`<installed-root>` depends on integration mode:
- CLI manifest mode: `<manifest-root>/vcpkg_installed`
- CMake integration (default): `${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/vcpkg_installed` (or `VCPKG_INSTALLED_DIR` if overridden)
- MSBuild integration (default): `$(VcpkgManifestRoot)\vcpkg_installed` (or `$(VcpkgInstalledDir)` if overridden)
If you need a single consolidated SBOM, enumerate installed ports with `vcpkg list` and merge/transform their per-port SPDX files in your SBOM pipeline.
---
## Automating Dependency Updates
Option 1: **Dependabot** (GitHub) — configure `.github/dependabot.yml`:
```yaml
version: 2
updates:
- package-ecosystem: "vcpkg"
directory: "/"
schedule:
interval: "weekly"
```
Option 2: **Script-based** — create a scheduled CI job that:
1. Updates the vcpkg clone (`git pull`)
2. Gets the new baseline (`git rev-parse HEAD`)
3. Updates `builtin-baseline` in `vcpkg.json`
4. Runs `vcpkg install` to verify
5. Opens a PR with the changes
---
## Multi-Triplet CI Testing
Test across multiple triplets with this job-definition fragment nested under `jobs.<job-id>` in a GitHub Actions workflow:
```yaml
runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
strategy:
matrix:
triplet: [x64-windows, x64-linux, x64-osx]
include:
- triplet: x64-windows
os: windows-latest
- triplet: x64-linux
os: ubuntu-latest
- triplet: x64-osx
os: macos-latest
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
- name: Clone vcpkg
run: git clone https://github.com/microsoft/vcpkg
- name: Bootstrap vcpkg (Windows)
if: runner.os == 'Windows'
shell: pwsh
run: .\vcpkg\bootstrap-vcpkg.bat
- name: Bootstrap vcpkg (Linux/macOS)
if: runner.os != 'Windows'
run: ./vcpkg/bootstrap-vcpkg.sh
- name: Install dependencies (Windows)
if: runner.os == 'Windows'
shell: pwsh
run: .\vcpkg\vcpkg.exe install --triplet ${{ matrix.triplet }}
- name: Install dependencies (Linux/macOS)
if: runner.os != 'Windows'
run: ./vcpkg/vcpkg install --triplet ${{ matrix.triplet }}
```
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# vcpkg: Custom Registries & Overlay Ports
Reference for the `vcpkg` skill. Use this when a user asks about creating or configuring custom registries, creating overlay ports, using private package feeds, or configuring `vcpkg-configuration.json` registries.
## Private / Custom Registry Install
1. Create `vcpkg-configuration.json` alongside your `vcpkg.json`:
```json
{
"registries": [
{
"kind": "git",
"repository": "https://github.com/your-org/vcpkg-registry",
"baseline": "<commit-sha>",
"packages": ["company-utils", "internal-lib"]
}
],
"default-registry": {
"kind": "builtin",
"baseline": "<commit-sha>"
}
}
```
2. Then add the dependency normally in `vcpkg.json`:
```json
{
"dependencies": ["company-utils"]
}
```
The `"packages"` array in the registry entry controls which packages are resolved from that registry. Packages not listed fall through to `default-registry`.
---
## Configuring Registries in `vcpkg-configuration.json`
```json
{
"default-registry": {
"kind": "builtin",
"baseline": "<vcpkg-commit-sha>"
},
"registries": [
{
"kind": "git",
"repository": "https://github.com/your-org/vcpkg-registry.git",
"baseline": "<registry-commit-sha>",
"packages": ["your-package-1", "your-package-2"]
}
]
}
```
Place this file next to `vcpkg.json` in your project root.
---
## Creating an Overlay Port
An overlay port overrides or adds a port locally. Directory structure:
```
my-overlays/
telemetry-sdk/
portfile.cmake
vcpkg.json
```
**`vcpkg.json`** (port metadata):
```json
{
"name": "telemetry-sdk",
"version": "1.0.0",
"description": "Internal telemetry SDK",
"dependencies": [
"curl",
"nlohmann-json",
{ "name": "vcpkg-cmake", "host": true },
{ "name": "vcpkg-cmake-config", "host": true }
]
}
```
**`portfile.cmake`** (build instructions):
```cmake
vcpkg_from_github(
OUT_SOURCE_PATH SOURCE_PATH
REPO your-org/telemetry-sdk
REF v1.0.0
SHA512 <hash>
)
vcpkg_cmake_configure(SOURCE_PATH "${SOURCE_PATH}")
vcpkg_cmake_install()
vcpkg_cmake_config_fixup()
file(REMOVE_RECURSE "${CURRENT_PACKAGES_DIR}/debug/include")
vcpkg_install_copyright(FILE_LIST "${SOURCE_PATH}/LICENSE")
```
Classic mode: `vcpkg install telemetry-sdk --overlay-ports=./my-overlays`
Manifest mode: add `telemetry-sdk` to `vcpkg.json`, then run `vcpkg install --overlay-ports=./my-overlays`.
Or in `vcpkg-configuration.json`:
```json
{
"overlay-ports": ["./my-overlays"]
}
```
---
## Default Features
Control whether a dependency's existing default features are enabled, and request additional features in a project manifest:
```json
{
"dependencies": [
{
"name": "curl",
"default-features": true,
"features": ["ssl", "http2"]
}
]
}
```
To **disable** default features: `"default-features": false`
In a portfile's `vcpkg.json`, default features are listed under:
```json
{
"name": "curl",
"default-features": ["ssl", "http2"],
"features": {
"ssl": { "description": "SSL/TLS support" },
"http2": { "description": "HTTP/2 support" }
}
}
```
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# vcpkg: Troubleshooting & Dependency Lifecycle
Reference for the `vcpkg` skill. Use this when a user encounters vcpkg build failures, package-not-found errors, needs to read build logs, or manages the dependency lifecycle (removing, changing features, replacing libraries, cleaning the cache).
## Reading vcpkg Build Logs
Build logs are stored at:
```
<vcpkg-root>/buildtrees/<port-name>/
```
Key log files:
- `config-<triplet>-out.log` — CMake configure output
- `build-<triplet>-<dbg|rel>-<out|err>.log` — common build logs
- `install-<triplet>-<dbg|rel>-<out|err>.log` — common install logs
Exact names vary by port and build helper; use the path vcpkg prints for the failing command.
When a build fails, vcpkg prints the path to the relevant log. Start with the `-err.log` file for the failing step.
---
## Resolving package-not-found After Install
If CMake says `Could not find a package configuration file provided by "X"`:
1. **Check toolchain file** — ensure `-DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=<vcpkg-root>/scripts/buildsystems/vcpkg.cmake` is set
2. **Check triplet match** — the installed triplet must match your build architecture
3. **Check package name** — vcpkg port names may differ from CMake package names (e.g., port `nlohmann-json``find_package(nlohmann_json)`)
4. **Check installed list** — run `vcpkg list` to confirm the package is actually installed
5. **Clear CMake cache** — delete `CMakeCache.txt` and reconfigure
---
## Dependency Lifecycle
### Removing a Library
1. Remove it from `vcpkg.json``"dependencies"` array
2. Run `vcpkg install` to reconcile (manifest mode auto-removes unused packages)
In classic mode:
```console
vcpkg remove boost-regex
vcpkg remove boost-regex --recurse # also removes dependents
```
### Changing Features on an Installed Library
Update the features in `vcpkg.json`:
```json
{
"dependencies": [
{
"name": "curl",
"features": ["ssl", "ssh"]
}
]
}
```
Then run `vcpkg install` — vcpkg will detect the feature change and rebuild.
In classic mode, installing a feature only adds to the already installed feature set; omitted features are not removed. To remove a feature, uninstall `curl` and then reinstall it with the desired features. Account for dependent packages before using `--recurse`, because it removes them too.
### Replacing One Library with Another
1. Remove the old library from `vcpkg.json`
2. Add the new library to `vcpkg.json`
3. Run `vcpkg install` to reconcile
4. Update your source code: change `#include` directives, `find_package()` calls, and `target_link_libraries()` in CMakeLists.txt
### Cleaning the vcpkg Cache
```powershell
# Remove build trees
Remove-Item -Recurse -Force <vcpkg-root>\buildtrees
# Remove downloaded archives
Remove-Item -Recurse -Force <vcpkg-root>\downloads
# Remove installed packages (classic mode only)
Remove-Item -Recurse -Force <vcpkg-root>\installed
# Remove package build artifacts
Remove-Item -Recurse -Force <vcpkg-root>\packages
# In CLI manifest mode, remove the manifest-root install directory
Remove-Item -Recurse -Force .\vcpkg_installed
# With CMake integration, remove <build-directory>\vcpkg_installed (or VCPKG_INSTALLED_DIR)
```
```bash
rm -rf <vcpkg-root>/buildtrees
rm -rf <vcpkg-root>/downloads
rm -rf <vcpkg-root>/installed
rm -rf <vcpkg-root>/packages
# CLI manifest mode; with CMake integration, use <build-directory>/vcpkg_installed (or VCPKG_INSTALLED_DIR)
rm -rf ./vcpkg_installed
```