Common Breadboard Electronic Components
A practical reference for breadboard-based electronics, covering common components, formulas, tables, pinouts, and learning references. Suitable for beginners through intermediate hardware builders.
1. Resistors
Description
Resistors limit current, divide voltage, and set bias points.
Common Types
| Type |
Notes |
Typical Use |
| Carbon Film |
Cheap, ±5% |
General purpose |
| Metal Film |
Stable, ±1% |
Precision circuits |
| Wirewound |
High power |
Power dissipation |
| Potentiometer |
Adjustable |
Volume, tuning |
Standard Values (E12 Series)
10, 12, 15, 18, 22, 27, 33, 39, 47, 56, 68, 82 x 10^n
Color Code
| Band |
Meaning |
| 1 |
First digit |
| 2 |
Second digit |
| 3 |
Multiplier |
| 4 |
Tolerance |
Power Ratings
| Rating |
Typical Size |
| 1/8 W |
Small |
| 1/4 W |
Breadboard standard |
| 1/2 W |
Large |
Formulas
- Ohm's Law:
V = I x R
- Power:
P = V × I = I² × R = V² / R
Reference
2. Capacitors
Description
Capacitors store electrical energy and block DC while passing AC.
Common Types
| Type |
Polarized |
Typical Use |
| Ceramic |
No |
Decoupling, bypass |
| Electrolytic |
Yes |
Bulk filtering |
| Tantalum |
Yes |
Compact filtering |
| Film |
No |
Signal coupling |
Common Values
| Range |
Example |
| pF |
10pF, 100pF |
| nF |
100nF (0.1µF) |
| µF |
1µF, 10µF, 100µF |
Voltage Rating Rule
Capacitor voltage rating ≥ 2x circuit voltage
Formulas
- Capacitive Reactance:
Xc = 1 / (2πfC)
- Energy Stored:
E = ½ C V²
Reference
3. Inductors
Description
Inductors store energy in a magnetic field and resist changes in current.
Common Types
| Type |
Use |
| Air-core |
RF circuits |
| Ferrite-core |
Power filtering |
| Choke |
Noise suppression |
Formula
- Inductive Reactance:
XL = 2πfL
Reference
4. Diodes
Description
Diodes allow current flow in one direction only.
Common Types
| Type |
Typical Part |
Use |
| Rectifier |
1N4007 |
Power |
| Signal |
1N4148 |
Logic, fast switching |
| Zener |
1N4733A |
Voltage regulation |
| Schottky |
1N5819 |
Low drop |
Key Parameters
| Parameter |
Typical |
| Forward Voltage |
0.7V (Si), 0.3V (Schottky) |
| Reverse Voltage |
Device-specific |
Reference
5. LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes)
Description
LEDs emit light when forward biased.
Typical Forward Voltage
| Color |
Vf |
| Red |
1.8-2.2V |
| Green |
2.0-3.0V |
| Blue |
3.0-3.3V |
Current Limiting Resistor
R = (V_supply - V_LED) / I_LED
Reference
6. Transistors
BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor)
| Type |
Example |
Use |
| NPN |
2N3904 |
Switching, amplification |
| PNP |
2N3906 |
High-side switching |
Key Formula:
MOSFET
| Type |
Example |
Use |
| N-channel |
IRLZ44N |
Logic-level switching |
| P-channel |
IRF9540 |
High-side control |
Reference
7. Integrated Circuits (DIP)
Common Logic Families
| Family |
Voltage |
Notes |
| TTL (74LS) |
5V |
Legacy |
| CMOS (74HC) |
2-6V |
Breadboard-friendly |
Decoupling Rule
Place 0.1µF ceramic capacitor across Vcc and GND per IC
Reference
8. Switches & Buttons
| Type |
Use |
| Tactile |
Momentary input |
| Slide |
Mode select |
| Toggle |
Power |
Debounce (RC Approximation)
9. Breadboards
Description
Solderless prototyping boards with internal bus connections.
Internal Wiring
- Rows: connected horizontally (5 holes)
- Rails: connected vertically (power)
Limitations
- Not suitable for high-frequency or high-current circuits
Reference
10. Common Accessories
| Item |
Purpose |
| Jumper wires |
Connections |
| USB power module |
5V / 3.3V supply |
| Multimeter |
Measurement |
| Logic probe |
Digital debugging |
11. Quick Reference Formulas
| Formula |
Description |
V = IR |
Ohm's Law |
P = VI |
Power |
Xc = 1/(2πfC) |
Capacitive reactance |
XL = 2πfL |
Inductive reactance |
E = ½CV² |
Capacitor energy |
12. Learning Resources
Document Purpose: Practical breadboard electronics reference
Scope: Hobbyist, education, prototyping
