awesome-copilot/instructions/nextjs.instructions.md

description, applyTo

description	applyTo
Best practices for building Next.js (App Router) apps with modern caching, tooling, and server/client boundaries (aligned with Next.js 16.1.1).	**/*.tsx, **/*.ts, **/*.jsx, **/*.js, **/*.css

Next.js Best Practices for LLMs (2026)

Last updated: January 2026 (aligned to Next.js 16.1.1)

This document summarizes the latest, authoritative best practices for building, structuring, and maintaining Next.js applications. It is intended for use by LLMs and developers to ensure code quality, maintainability, and scalability.

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1. Project Structure & Organization

• Use the app/ directory (App Router) for all new projects. Prefer it over the legacy pages/ directory.

• Top-level folders:

  • app/ — Routing, layouts, pages, and route handlers
  • public/ — Static assets (images, fonts, etc.)
  • lib/ — Shared utilities, API clients, and logic
  • components/ — Reusable UI components
  • contexts/ — React context providers
  • styles/ — Global and modular stylesheets
  • hooks/ — Custom React hooks
  • types/ — TypeScript type definitions

• Colocation: Place files (components, styles, tests) near where they are used, but avoid deeply nested structures.

• Route Groups: Use parentheses (e.g., (admin)) to group routes without affecting the URL path.

• Private Folders: Prefix with _ (e.g., _internal) to opt out of routing and signal implementation details.

• Feature Folders: For large apps, group by feature (e.g., app/dashboard/, app/auth/).

• Use src/ (optional): Place all source code in src/ to separate from config files.

2.1. Server and Client Component Integration (App Router)

Never use next/dynamic with { ssr: false } inside a Server Component. This is not supported and will cause a build/runtime error.

Correct Approach:

• If you need to use a Client Component (e.g., a component that uses hooks, browser APIs, or client-only libraries) inside a Server Component, you must:
  1. Move all client-only logic/UI into a dedicated Client Component (with 'use client' at the top).
  2. Import and use that Client Component directly in the Server Component (no need for next/dynamic).
  3. If you need to compose multiple client-only elements (e.g., a navbar with a profile dropdown), create a single Client Component that contains all of them.

Example:

// Server Component
import DashboardNavbar from "@/components/DashboardNavbar";

export default async function DashboardPage() {
  // ...server logic...
  return (
    <>
      <DashboardNavbar /> {/* This is a Client Component */}
      {/* ...rest of server-rendered page... */}
    </>
  );
}

Why:

• Server Components cannot use client-only features or dynamic imports with SSR disabled.
• Client Components can be rendered inside Server Components, but not the other way around.

Summary: Always move client-only UI into a Client Component and import it directly in your Server Component. Never use next/dynamic with { ssr: false } in a Server Component.

2.2. Next.js 16+ async request APIs (App Router)

• Assume request-bound data is async in Server Components and Route Handlers. In Next.js 16, APIs like cookies(), headers(), and draftMode() are async in the App Router.
• Be careful with route props: params / searchParams may be Promises in Server Components. Prefer awaiting them instead of treating them as plain objects.
• Avoid dynamic rendering by accident: Accessing request data (cookies/headers/searchParams) opts the route into dynamic behavior. Read them intentionally and isolate dynamic parts behind Suspense boundaries when appropriate.

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2. Component Best Practices

• Component Types:
  • Server Components (default): For data fetching, heavy logic, and non-interactive UI.
  • Client Components: Add 'use client' at the top. Use for interactivity, state, or browser APIs.
• When to Create a Component:
  • If a UI pattern is reused more than once.
  • If a section of a page is complex or self-contained.
  • If it improves readability or testability.
• Naming Conventions:
  • Use PascalCase for component files and exports (e.g., UserCard.tsx).
  • Use camelCase for hooks (e.g., useUser.ts).
  • Use snake_case or kebab-case for static assets (e.g., logo_dark.svg).
  • Name context providers as XyzProvider (e.g., ThemeProvider).
• File Naming:
  • Match the component name to the file name.
  • For single-export files, default export the component.
  • For multiple related components, use an index.ts barrel file.
• Component Location:
  • Place shared components in components/.
  • Place route-specific components inside the relevant route folder.
• Props:
  • Use TypeScript interfaces for props.
  • Prefer explicit prop types and default values.
• Testing:
  • Co-locate tests with components (e.g., UserCard.test.tsx).

3. Naming Conventions (General)

• Folders: kebab-case (e.g., user-profile/)
• Files: PascalCase for components, camelCase for utilities/hooks, kebab-case for static assets
• Variables/Functions: camelCase
• Types/Interfaces: PascalCase
• Constants: UPPER_SNAKE_CASE

4. API Routes (Route Handlers)

• Prefer API Routes over Edge Functions unless you need ultra-low latency or geographic distribution.
• Location: Place API routes in app/api/ (e.g., app/api/users/route.ts).
• HTTP Methods: Export async functions named after HTTP verbs (GET, POST, etc.).
• Request/Response: Use the Web Request and Response APIs. Use NextRequest/NextResponse for advanced features.
• Dynamic Segments: Use [param] for dynamic API routes (e.g., app/api/users/[id]/route.ts).
• Validation: Always validate and sanitize input. Use libraries like zod or yup.
• Error Handling: Return appropriate HTTP status codes and error messages.
• Authentication: Protect sensitive routes using middleware or server-side session checks.

Route Handler usage note (performance)

• Do not call your own Route Handlers from Server Components (e.g., fetch('/api/...')) just to reuse logic. Prefer extracting shared logic into modules (e.g., lib/) and calling it directly to avoid extra server hops.

5. General Best Practices

• TypeScript: Use TypeScript for all code. Enable strict mode in tsconfig.json.
• ESLint & Prettier: Enforce code style and linting. Use the official Next.js ESLint config. In Next.js 16, prefer running ESLint via the ESLint CLI (not next lint).
• Environment Variables: Store secrets in .env.local. Never commit secrets to version control.
  • In Next.js 16, serverRuntimeConfig / publicRuntimeConfig are removed. Use environment variables instead.
  • NEXT_PUBLIC_ variables are inlined at build time (changing them after build won’t affect a deployed build).
  • If you truly need runtime evaluation of env in a dynamic context, follow Next.js guidance (e.g., call connection() before reading process.env).
• Testing: Use Jest, React Testing Library, or Playwright. Write tests for all critical logic and components.
• Accessibility: Use semantic HTML and ARIA attributes. Test with screen readers.
• Performance:
  • Use built-in Image and Font optimization.
  • Prefer Cache Components (cacheComponents + use cache) over legacy caching patterns.
  • Use Suspense and loading states for async data.
  • Avoid large client bundles; keep most logic in Server Components.
• Security:
  • Sanitize all user input.
  • Use HTTPS in production.
  • Set secure HTTP headers.
  • Prefer server-side authorization for Server Actions and Route Handlers; never trust client input.
• Documentation:
  • Write clear README and code comments.
  • Document public APIs and components.

6. Caching & Revalidation (Next.js 16 Cache Components)

• Prefer Cache Components for memoization/caching in the App Router.
  • Enable in next.config.* via cacheComponents: true.
  • Use the use cache directive to opt a component/function into caching.
• Use cache tagging and lifetimes intentionally:
  • Use cacheTag(...) to associate cached results with tags.
  • Use cacheLife(...) to control cache lifetime (presets or configured profiles).
• Revalidation guidance:
  • Prefer revalidateTag(tag, 'max') (stale-while-revalidate) for most cases.
  • The single-argument form revalidateTag(tag) is legacy/deprecated.
  • Use updateTag(...) inside Server Actions when you need “read-your-writes” / immediate consistency.
• Avoid unstable_cache for new code; treat it as legacy and migrate toward Cache Components.

7. Tooling updates (Next.js 16)

• Turbopack is the default dev bundler. Configure via the top-level turbopack field in next.config.* (do not use the removed experimental.turbo).
• Typed routes are stable via typedRoutes (TypeScript required).

Avoid Unnecessary Example Files

Do not create example/demo files (like ModalExample.tsx) in the main codebase unless the user specifically requests a live example, Storybook story, or explicit documentation component. Keep the repository clean and production-focused by default.

Always use the latest documentation and guides

• For every nextjs related request, begin by searching for the most current nextjs documentation, guides, and examples.
• Use the following tools to fetch and search documentation if they are available:
  • resolve_library_id to resolve the package/library name in the docs.
  • get_library_docs for up to date documentation.