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New skill for building legacy hardware cicuit mockups
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jhauga
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skills/legacy-circuit-mockups/references/t48eeprom-programmer.md
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skills/legacy-circuit-mockups/references/t48eeprom-programmer.md
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# T48 Universal EEPROM / Flash Programmer Specification
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## 1. Overview
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The **T48 Universal Programmer** (also sold as **TL866-3G / TL866II Plus successor**) is a USB-connected device used to **read, program, and verify** a wide range of **EEPROM, Flash, EPROM, GAL, and microcontroller devices**. It is commonly used in **retrocomputing**, **firmware development**, and **electronics repair** workflows.
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The T48 is a modern replacement for the TL866 series, offering expanded device support and improved software compatibility.
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---
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## 2. General Characteristics
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| Feature | Description |
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| ------------------- | ---------------------------------- |
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| Programmer type | Universal device programmer |
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| Interface | USB 2.0 |
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| Socket | ZIF-48 |
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| Supported devices | EEPROM, Flash, EPROM, GAL, MCU |
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| Programming voltage | Generated internally |
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| Host OS | Windows, Linux (open-source tools) |
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| Verification | Read-after-write, checksum |
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---
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## 3. Physical Description
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### 3.1 ZIF Socket
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* **48-pin Zero Insertion Force (ZIF)** socket
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* Supports DIP packages directly
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* PLCC, SOP, TSOP supported via adapters
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### 3.2 Indicators and Controls
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| Item | Description |
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| ------------- | --------------------------- |
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| Status LED | Power / activity indication |
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| ZIF lever | Locks IC into socket |
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| USB connector | Host connection and power |
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---
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## 4. Supported Device Categories
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### 4.1 Memory Devices
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* 27xxx EPROM
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* 28xxx EEPROM (e.g., AT28C256)
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* 29xxx Flash memory
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* Serial EEPROMs (with adapters)
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### 4.2 Programmable Logic
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* GAL16V8, GAL22V10 (read/write/verify)
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### 4.3 Microcontrollers (Limited)
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* Some PIC, AVR, and 8051-family devices
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* Programming support depends on voltage and pinout
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---
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## 5. Electrical Capabilities
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| Parameter | Description |
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| -------------- | ---------------------------------------- |
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| VCC range | 1.8 V - 6.5 V (device dependent) |
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| VPP | Internally generated, device-specific |
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| I/O protection | Over-current and short-circuit protected |
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---
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## 6. Programming Operations
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### 6.1 Common Operations
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* Device identification
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* Blank check
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* Read
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* Program (write)
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* Verify
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* Erase (Flash/EPROM)
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### 6.2 Verification Modes
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* Byte-by-byte comparison
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* Checksum / CRC validation
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---
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## 7. Software Support
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### 7.1 Official Software
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* Windows-based GUI
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* Device database with pin mappings
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* Automatic voltage and timing control
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### 7.2 Open-Source Tools
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| Tool | Notes |
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| --------- | -------------------------------- |
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| `minipro` | Linux / macOS / Windows CLI tool |
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| libusb | USB communication backend |
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Example:
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```bash
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minipro -p AT28C256 -w rom.bin
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```
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---
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## 8. Device Insertion and Pin Mapping
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* Device orientation indicated by **pin 1 marker**
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* Many devices use **lower-left alignment** in ZIF socket
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* Software displays correct insertion diagram
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---
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## 9. Typical Workflow (EEPROM Example)
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1. Select device type (e.g., AT28C256)
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2. Insert chip into ZIF socket
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3. Perform blank check
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4. Load binary image
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5. Program device
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6. Verify written contents
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---
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## 10. Power and Safety Notes
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* Programmer powered entirely via USB
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* Do not insert or remove ICs while programming
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* Use adapters for non-DIP packages
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---
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## 11. Limitations
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* Not all microcontrollers are supported
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* High-voltage EPROMs may require specific adapters
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* Not intended for in-circuit programming (ISP)
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---
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## 12. Common Use Cases
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* Programming EEPROMs for 6502 SBCs
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* Flashing ROM images for retro systems
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* Reading and backing up legacy EPROMs
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* GAL logic development
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---
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## 13. Comparison with TL866II Plus
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| Feature | TL866II Plus | T48 |
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| ----------------- | ------------ | --------------- |
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| Device support | Good | Expanded |
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| OS support | Windows | Windows / Linux |
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| Open-source tools | Limited | Excellent |
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---
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## 14. References
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* <https://www.bulcomp-eng.com/datasheet/XGecu%20T48%20-%20Introduction.pdf>
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* <https://gitlab.com/DavidGriffith/minipro>
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* <https://opensource.com/article/23/1/learn-machine-language-retro-computer>
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---
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